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Okamoto M, Fujiwara M, Hori M, Okada K, Yazama F, Konishi H, Xiao Y, Qi G, Shimamoto F, Ota T, Temme A, Tatsuka M. tRNA modifying enzymes, NSUN2 and METTL1, determine sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil in HeLa cells. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004639. [PMID: 25233213 PMCID: PMC4169382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonessential tRNA modifications by methyltransferases are evolutionarily conserved and have been reported to stabilize mature tRNA molecules and prevent rapid tRNA decay (RTD). The tRNA modifying enzymes, NSUN2 and METTL1, are mammalian orthologs of yeast Trm4 and Trm8, which are required for protecting tRNA against RTD. A simultaneous overexpression of NSUN2 and METTL1 is widely observed among human cancers suggesting that targeting of both proteins provides a novel powerful strategy for cancer chemotherapy. Here, we show that combined knockdown of NSUN2 and METTL1 in HeLa cells drastically potentiate sensitivity of cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) whereas heat stress of cells revealed no effects. Since NSUN2 and METTL1 are phosphorylated by Aurora-B and Akt, respectively, and their tRNA modifying activities are suppressed by phosphorylation, overexpression of constitutively dephosphorylated forms of both methyltransferases is able to suppress 5-FU sensitivity. Thus, NSUN2 and METTL1 are implicated in 5-FU sensitivity in HeLa cells. Interfering with methylation of tRNAs might provide a promising rationale to improve 5-FU chemotherapy of cancer. The cellular mechanisms for sensing and responding to stress on nucleic acid metabolism or to genotoxic stress are the fundamental and ancient evolutionary biological activities with conserved and diverse biological functions. In yeast, hypomodified mature tRNA species are rapidly decayed under heat stress by the RTD pathway. Yet, it has been shown that tRNA-specific methyltransferases Trm4 and Trm8 protect from tRNA decay. 5-FU, a pyrimidine analog used for cancer treatment, is generally known to act as a thymidylate synthase inhibitor although other ways for the mechanisms of action are suggested. We studied NSUN2 and METTL1, the human orthologs of Trm4 and Trm8 in yeast, and demonstrated that these RTD-related tRNA modifying enzymes are involved in 5-FU sensitivity in cervical cancer HeLa cells. We conclude that the evolutionarily conserved regulation of tRNA modifications is a potential mechanism of chemotherapy resistance in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Okamoto
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mamoru Fujiwara
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masato Hori
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kaoru Okada
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Futoshi Yazama
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Konishi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yegui Xiao
- Department of Management Information Systems, Faculty of Management and Information System, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Guangying Qi
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Culture and Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fumio Shimamoto
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Culture and Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takahide Ota
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Achim Temme
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Masaaki Tatsuka
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Montenegro Álvarez de Tejera P, Cabanes-Mariscal M, Gutiérrez-Ortega C, Medina Font J, Villa-Corbatón M, Gómez de Terreros J. Catabolismo muscular en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Rev Clin Esp 2011; 211:511-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gehrke CW, Hage DS. Chromatography-Advances and Applications in Environmental, Space, Biological, and Medical Sciences. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470555729.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Simionato AVC, Carrilho E, Maggi Tavares MF. CE-MS and related techniques as a valuable tool in tumor biomarkers research. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1214-1226. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Farkas WR. Queuine, The Q-Containing tRNAs and the Enzymes Responsible for Their Formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328318308078845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zhao X, Wang W, Wang J, Yang J, Xu G. Urinary profiling investigation of metabolites withcis-diol structure from cancer patients based on UPLC-MS and HPLC-MS as well as multivariate statistical analysis. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:2444-51. [PMID: 17154124 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosides are an important class of metabolites and have been investigated as potential tumor biomarkers. A method based on ultra peerformance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-TOF MS was developed to analyze urinary nucleosides and other metabolites with cis-diol structure to distinguish between cancer patients and healthy persons and compare the results with those obtained by HPLC. The data showed that the UPLC method used about one third of the time required by HPLC and achieved a much better chromatographic resolution and increased sensitivity, the number of peaks detected by UV being 79 and 94 for HPLC and UPLC, respectively. With UPLC-TOF MS, more information was obtained about metabolites, the separation of cancer patients from healthy persons was significantly improved, and more potential biomarkers were found. The method based on UPLC-TOF MS is a powerful technique for the study of metabolite profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
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7
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Cho SH, Jung BH, Lee SH, Lee WY, Kong G, Chung BC. Direct determination of nucleosides in the urine of patients with breast cancer using column-switching liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:1229-36. [PMID: 16799933 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We developed an analytical method for a simple, sensitive and simultaneous determination of oxidized nucleosides in urine using column-switching liquid chromatography-electrospray/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS). We connected two columns through a six-way switching valve and effectively separated nucleosides in the urine from the interference by column-switching liquid chromatography. We monitored separated nucleosides using positive ionization tandem mass spectrometry in selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The calibration ranges of nucleosides were 0.2-100 nmol/mL. The linearity of the method was 0.994-0.999, and the limits-of-detection (LOD) at a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 3 were 0.1-0.2 nmol/mL. The coefficients of variation were in the range 2.28-11.74% for within-day variation and 4.36-11.15% for day-to-day variation, respectively. To explore the relationship between breast cancer and the nucleosides level in human urine, we measured the concentrations of nucleosides in female patients with breast cancer (n = 30) and in normal female subjects (n = 30). The concentration of nucleosides was significantly increased in patients with breast cancer when compared with the normal controls (1-methyladenosine; p < 0.005, N(2),N(2)-dimethylguanosine; p < 0.01, 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine; p < 0.001, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine; p < 0.001). Therefore, the elevated levels of nucleosides could be used as an important biomarker for breast-cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Cho
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation Research Center, KIST, Chengryang, Seoul 130-605, Korea
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Zheng YF, Yang J, Zhao XJ, Feng B, Kong HW, Chen YJ, Lv S, Zheng MH, Xu GW. Urinary nucleosides as biological markers for patients with colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:3871-6. [PMID: 15991285 PMCID: PMC4504888 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i25.3871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: Fourteen urinary nucleosides, primary degradation products of tRNA, were evaluated to know the potential as biological markers for patients with colorectal cancer.
METHODS: The concentrations of 14 kinds of urinary nucleosides from 52 patients with colorectal cancer, 10 patients with intestinal villous adenoma and 60 healthy adults were determined by column switching high performance liquid chromatography method.
RESULTS: The mean levels of 12 kinds of urinary nucleosides (except uridine and guanosine) in the patients with colorectal cancer were significantly higher than those in patients with intestinal villous adenoma or the healthy adults. Using the levels of 14 kinds of urinary nucleosides as the data vectors for principal component analysis, 71% (37/52) patients with colorectal cancer were correctly classified from healthy adults, in which the identification rate was much higher than that of CEA method (29%). Only 10% (1/10) of patients with intestinal villous adenoma were indistinguishable from patients with colorectal cancer. The levels of m1G, Pseu and m1A were positively related with tumor size and Duke’s stages of colorectal cancer. When monitoring the changes in urinary nucleoside concentrations of patients with colorectal cancer associated with surgery, it was found that the overall correlations with clinical assessment were 84% (27/32) and 91% (10/11) in response group and progressive group, respectively.
CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that urinary nucleosides determined by column switching high performance liquid chromatography method may be useful as biological markers for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Zheng
- National Chromatographic R and A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning Province, China
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Buszewski B, Kowalska S, Krupczyńska K. New Generation of Chromatographic Packings and Columns for Determination of Biologically Active Compounds. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340500207367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Zheng YF, Kong HW, Xiong JH, Lv S, Xu GW. Clinical significance and prognostic value of urinary nucleosides in breast cancer patients. Clin Biochem 2005; 38:24-30. [PMID: 15607313 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Revised: 02/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thirteen urinary nucleosides, primarily degradation products of tRNA, were evaluated as potential tumor markers for breast cancer patients. DESIGN AND METHODS The micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method has been used to analyze the urinary nucleosides in 41 healthy controls, 20 patients with benign breast tumors, and 26 breast cancer patients. RESULTS Urinary nucleoside concentrations of breast cancer patients were found to increase significantly compared to those of patients with benign breast tumors and healthy controls. By using 13 nucleoside concentrations as data vectors for principal component analysis (PCA), 73% (19/26) of breast cancer patients were correctly identified from healthy controls, while only 20% (4/20) of patients with benign breast tumors were indistinguishable from breast cancer patients. The mean level of all forms of urinary nucleosides in patients with metastatic breast cancer was higher than that in patients with primary breast cancer. The levels of modified nucleosides tended to decrease and return to normal after surgery. CONCLUSION The results indicate that urinary nucleosides may be useful as tumor markers for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Zheng
- National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116011, PR China
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Bolton CE, Ionescu AA, Shiels KM, Pettit RJ, Edwards PH, Stone MD, Nixon LS, Evans WD, Griffiths TL, Shale DJ. Associated loss of fat-free mass and bone mineral density in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170:1286-93. [PMID: 15374843 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200406-754oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, loss of fat-free mass (FFM) and loss of bone mineral density (BMD) were related to (1) each other and may be clinically inapparent, (2) urinary markers of cellular and bone collagen protein breakdown, and (3) severity of lung disease. Eight-one patients and 38 healthy subjects underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to determine body composition and BMD. Urinary protein breakdown markers, inflammatory mediators, and their soluble receptors were determined. Thirty-three patients had a low fat-free mass index (kg/m(2)), 17 of whom had a normal body mass index. Thirty-two percent of patients (13% of healthy subjects) had osteoporosis at the hip or lumbar spine. The marker of cellular protein breakdown was elevated in patients and related to lung disease severity and body composition. The marker of bone collagen breakdown was greater in patients with osteoporosis. Inflammatory mediators were elevated in patients. Loss of FFM and loss of BMD were related, occurred commonly, and could be subclinical in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Loss of both was greatest with severe lung disease. Increased excretion of cellular and bone collagen protein breakdown products in those with low FFM and BMD indicates a protein catabolic state in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Bolton
- Section of Respiratory and Communicable Diseases, University of Wales College of Medicine, Academic Centre, Llandough Hospital, Penarth, Vale of Glamorgan CF64 2XX, UK
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Liebich HM, Lehmann R, Xu G, Wahl HG, Häring HU. Application of capillary electrophoresis in clinical chemistry: the clinical value of urinary modified nucleosides. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 745:189-96. [PMID: 10997714 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Urinary modified nucleosides were determined by capillary electrophoresis using a 300 mM SDS-25 mM sodium tetraborate-50 mM sodium dihydrogenphosphate buffer. The nucleosides were extracted from urine by phenylboronate affinity gel chromatography. In cancer patients the levels of the modified nucleosides are generally elevated. By an artificial neural network method breast cancer patients were differentiated from normal individuals, which indicates that the modified nucleosides could be of clinical value as tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Liebich
- Medizinische Universitaetsklinik, Abteilung IV, Zentrallabor, Tübingen, Germany
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Zambonin CG, Aresta A, Palmisano F, Specchia G, Liso V. Liquid chromatographic determination of urinary 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine and pseudouridine as potential biological markers for leukaemia. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 21:1045-51. [PMID: 10703973 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A simple reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (LC) method for the determination of urinary 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (m5dCyd), recently claimed (on the basis of an imuno-technique) to be a potential marker for leukaemia, has been developed. Sample pre-treatment is based on a microcolumn clean-up step with an average recovery of 79% and a RSD of 3%. Detection limit was 0.2 microg/ml which is about tenfold lower than levels previously measured by an ELISA method in urine of healthy individuals. The creatinine (Cre) excretion, necessary for normalising the m5dCyd excretion, was evaluated by ion-pair liquid chromatography which permitted the simultaneous determination of pseudouridine (psi), a modified nucleoside also potentially useful as a marker for leukaemia. The described LC procedures were applied to the analysis of urine samples from healthy individuals and leukaemia patients. While the urinary psi/Cre ratio was found significantly increased for leukaemia patients, the urinary m5dCyd levels in healthy individuals were below the detection limits and did not increase in presence of the malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Zambonin
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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Zhao H, Bojanowski K, Ingber DE, Panigrahy D, Pepper MS, Montesano R, Shing Y. New role for tRNA and its fragment purified from human urinary bladder carcinoma conditioned medium: inhibition of endothelial cell growth. J Cell Biochem 1999; 76:109-17. [PMID: 10581005 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(20000101)76:1<109::aid-jcb11>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The growth of endothelial cells is necessary for angiogenesis, which in turn is required for later steps of tumor progression. In an attempt to purify new modulators of endothelial cell growth from the conditioned medium of human urinary bladder carcinoma cells, we isolated a small and stable oligonucleotide containing 10 to 16 bases. This oligonucleotide inhibited the growth of endothelial cells in vitro and was identified as a fragment of transfer RNA (tRNA). When unfractionated bovine tRNA was added to the cell culture, it specifically inhibited growth of endothelial cells, but not smooth muscle cells, bovine kidney cells, 3T3 fibroblasts, and several cancer cell lines. In contrast, ribosomal RNA, total yeast RNA, and single nucleosides from tRNA hydrolysate had no effect. These results demonstrate a new role for tRNA and its fragment as a selective endothelial cell inhibitor in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
The methods of analysis, origins, and clinical significance of urinary nucleosides are reviewed through 1997. Structures, chromatographic and mass spectral data and references to the clinical literature are presented for each of the 57 nucleosides currently identified in normal and pathogenic human urine samples. Data from the HPLC separation and GC/MS analysis of 37 individual HPLC fractions are presented and discussed. Methods, including sample preparation techniques, used for the analysis of urinary nucleosides including GC, HPLC, GC/MS, HPLC/MS and immunoassays are compared and the advantages and limitations of each method described. The conclusion is drawn that the urinary nucleosides do serve as biomarkers of cancer and other diseases, but analytical methods need further improvement if clinical decisions are to be made based on the levels of nucleosides in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Schram
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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Kanduc D. Changes of tRNA population during compensatory cell proliferation: differential expression of methionine-tRNA species. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 342:1-5. [PMID: 9185607 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1996.9869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Changes of tRNA species, as both relative percentage of total tRNA and absolute concentration, occur during liver cell proliferation induced by partial hepatectomy. Transfer RNAs which are abundant under quiescence are found to decrease during hepatocyte proliferation, and vice versa. One consequence of these changes is the differential expression of methionine-isoaccepting tRNA species. Initiator tRNA(Met) is present in scarce amounts under quiescent conditions and increases during cell-cycle progression. Elongator tRNA(Met) shows the opposite behavior. Both the quantitative and qualitative tRNA changes return to control levels as the liver returns to resting conditions. These changes might have mechanistic implications in modulating the protein synthesis required by cell proliferation. Moreover, the increase of initiator tRNA(Met) species might be necessary to translate protooncogene, growth factor, and receptor mRNAs, the translation of which is hindered by inhibitory AUG triplets upstream from the coding sequence. Thus the tRNA changes described herein could be involved in regulating translation of transcripts encoding cell-cycle associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kanduc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, and CARSO Cancer Research Center, University of Bari, Italy
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Sasco AJ, Rey F, Reynaud C, Bobin JY, Clavel M, Niveleau A. Breast cancer prognostic significance of some modified urinary nucleosides. Cancer Lett 1996; 108:157-62. [PMID: 8973589 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(96)04393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The prognostic significance of six urinary modified nucleosides, 5-methylcytidine (5-MeCyd), 4-acetylcytidine (4-AcCyd), 1-methylinosine (1-MeIno), 1-methyladenosine (1-MeAdo), 7-methylguanosine (7-MeGua) and pseudouridine (psi-Urd) was evaluated in 68 breast cancer patients of the specialized cancer hospital of Lyon (France). Excretions of 1-MeIno and 1-MeAdo were significantly higher in patients hospitalized in the medical rather than surgical ward, reflecting more advanced disease, and also among patients who died within 5 years of follow-up as compared to those still alive. These results suggest an unfavourable prognostic significance of high urinary excretion of 1-MeIno and 1-MeAdo in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Sasco
- Program of Epidemiology for Cancer Prevention, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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Martin Orue SM, Balcells J, Guada JA, Castrillo C. Endogenous purine and pyrimidine derivative excretion in pregnant sows. Br J Nutr 1995; 73:375-85. [PMID: 7766561 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19950040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The present experiment was carried out to study the endogenous losses of purine and pyrimidine derivatives from pregnant sows. Three pregnant and three non-pregnant Large White x Landrace sows were fed on a purine-free diet composed of starch, glucose, sucrose and vegetable oil, with casein as the protein source. The experiment began, for the six animals, after diagnosis of pregnancy and was divided into six 12 d periods. Urine was collected during the first 3 d of each experimental period by means of a urethral catheter for determination of allantoin, uric acid, xanthine, hypoxanthine and pseudouridine concentrations. In the absence of dietary nucleic acids (NA), allantoin and, as a consequence, excretion of total purine derivatives (PD) decreased significantly to a constant value (128.3 (SE 7.07) mumol/kg metabolic live weight (W0.75) per d), an amount assumed to represent endogenous excretion. Excretion of uric acid (38.7 (SE 2.15) mumol/kg W0.75 per d), hypoxanthine (21.0 (SE 2.58) mumol/kg W0.75 per d) and xanthine (11.2 (SE 0.83) mumol/kg W0.75 per d) were not affected by the experimental treatment, although there was a significant decrease in hypoxanthine excretion in pregnant sows (from 25.5 to 5.2 mumol/kg W0.75 per d) compared with non-pregnant sows (from 26.7 to 44.8 mumol/kg W0.75 per d). Creatinine excretion was not affected by pregnancy and was used as an internal urinary marker. Purine excretion, either expressed as mumol/kg W0.75 per d or as the ratio PD: creatinine, was not affected by experimental treatment, although an apparent increase in pseudouridine excretion, a modified unsalvageable catabolite of RNA-pyrimidine, was found in late pregnancy (3.6 v. 5.2 mol/100 mol creatinine in non-pregnant sows compared with pregnant sows at 102 d collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Martin Orue
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad Veterinaria, Zaragoza, Spain
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Lorenzini L, De Martino A, Testi W, Sorbellini F, Catinella S, Traldi P, Marinello E, Porcelli B. Pattern of methylated purine bases in urine of cancer patients. Analysis by mass spectrometry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 370:269-73. [PMID: 7660905 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2584-4_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Lorenzini
- Institute of General Surgery, University of Siena, Italy
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Masuda M, Nishihira T, Itoh K, Mizugaki M, Ishida N, Mori S. An immunohistochemical analysis for cancer of the esophagus using monoclonal antibodies specific for modified nucleosides. Cancer 1993; 72:3571-8. [PMID: 8252470 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19931215)72:12<3571::aid-cncr2820721205>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modified nucleosides such as 1-methyl-adenosine and pseudouridine exist as minute components of transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) and are excreted in the urine in large amounts in the presence of malignancy. Although use of these modified nucleosides as tumor markers has long been studied and many reports have detailed their relationship with malignant tumors and the urinary excretion of various modified nucleosides, there have been no reports on modified nucleosides in esophageal carcinoma. METHODS Monoclonal antibody patterns against 1-methyladenosine and pseudouridine were studied in esophageal carcinoma, freshly resected esophageal carcinoma tissue specimens fixed in 10% neutral formaldehyde solution, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned for immunohistochemical study. Inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to examine urinary excretion of these modified nucleosides in patients with esophageal carcinoma. RESULTS Although rare in normal esophageal epithelium, these modified nucleosides were strongly stained in esophageal carcinoma cells. Most carcinoma cells exhibited a cytoplasmic pattern, although some cells at the infiltrating edge displayed a nuclear pattern. These modified nucleosides were intensely imaged in 11 of 12 cultured esophageal cell lines, the exception being one line that had a much longer doubling time. Using ELISA, urinary excretion of these modified nucleosides was found to be significantly higher in patients with esophageal carcinoma than in healthy subjects; such excretion correlated with carcinoma size and stage and tended to decrease after treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the modified nucleosides 1-methyladenosine and pseudouridine may be useful as tumor markers for esophageal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Masuda
- Second Department of Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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23
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Langridge JI, McClure TD, el-Shakawi S, Fielding A, Schram KH, Newton RP. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of urinary nucleosides in cancer patients; potential of modified nucleosides as tumour markers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 1993; 7:427-434. [PMID: 8329765 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1290070605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of urine from cancer patients by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry positively identified 14 urinary nucleosides including several modified nucleosides. Levels of the modified nucleosides 1-methyl-adenosine, 2-methylguanosine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine and 1-methylinosine as well as the total nucleoside level were elevated in the urine when a malignant tumour was present; the levels of N2,N2-dimethylguanosine were found to correlate with the stage of the cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Langridge
- Biochemistry Research Group (SoBS), University College of Swansea, UK
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24
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Puchala R, Shelford JA, Barej W, Kulasek GW, Pior H, Keyserlingk M, Makoni N. Urinary excretion of pseudouridine and purine metabolites in ruminants. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1993.tb00804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Mitchell EP, Evans L, Schultz P, Madsen R, Yarbro JW, Gehrke CW, Kuo K. Modified nucleosides in human serum. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1992; 581:31-40. [PMID: 1430005 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80444-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Methylated purines and pyrimidines derived from the degradation of transfer ribonucleic acid have been shown to be excreted in abnormal amounts in the urine of patients with cancer. Recent technology developed by Gehrke and Kuo has allowed the separation and quantification of modified nucleosides in serum using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array measurement. Serum levels of ten modified nucleosides were measured in 37 normal healthy adults to establish normal values and to correlate activity with age and sex. In addition, serum levels of patients with several malignancies were measured to determine activity in these diseases. Levels of modified nucleosides in normal individuals were consistently reproducible and showed no significant variation among males versus females or with age. Patients with malignant diseases showed consistent elevations and these were highest in patients with more advanced disease. The evidence of no significant differences in the mean levels of modified nucleosides in serum with age or sex in normal adults and elevations in patients with malignancies demonstrate the potential value of modified nucleosides as cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia 65201
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26
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Li Y, Wang S, Zhong N. Simultaneous determination of pseudouridine and creatinine in urine of normal children and patients with leukaemia by high performance liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 1992; 6:191-3. [PMID: 1643387 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130060407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of pseudouridine (PU) and creatinine (Cr) in urine is described. The mobile phase was 0.01 mol phosphate buffer (pH 6.1) containing 2.5 mmol octanesulphonic acid as the ion pairing agent. UV detection was set at 250 nm. Variation in pH value affected the retention time of PU and Cr significantly; Their separation from interfering peaks was also affected. The recoveries of PU and Cr were 89.93% and 90.35%, respectively. The standard deviation of the method for PU was 48.69 +/- 0.063 (nmol/mumol Cr, mean +/- SD, n = 5). The urine samples from 233 normal children of different ages and 119 patients with leukaemia were analysed by this method. The normal reference value was appraised by comparison with the percentage of immature cells in the bone marrow. The results showed that the sensitivity of the method was 94.12%, the specificity was 95.86%, the accuracy was 95.50%, the positive predictive value was 82.05% and the negative predictive value was 98.78%. The method can be used to evaluate the state of the leukaemia, and to monitor the effect of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Paediatrics, 202 Hospital, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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27
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Itoh K, Konno T, Sasaki T, Ishiwata S, Ishida N, Misugaki M. Relationship of urinary pseudouridine and 1-methyladenosine to activity of leukemia and lymphoma. Clin Chim Acta 1992; 206:181-9. [PMID: 1606704 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(92)90087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Urinary levels of pseudouridine and 1-methyladenosine in patients with leukemia and lymphoma were measured by the inhibition ELISA using monoclonal antibodies to determine the correlation of nucleosides excretion with disease activity. Significantly elevated levels of these nucleosides were detected in patients with all types of disease tested. Seventy-seven percent (46/60) and 62% (37/62) of patients had elevated levels of pseudouridine and 1-methyladenosine above normal mean + 2S.D., respectively, and combination assay of these nucleosides gave higher positive rate (87%; 52/60) than either single assay. The changes of urinary pseudouridine and 1-methyladenosine reflected the disease status of patients in remission or in relapse and the effect of chemotherapy. These results suggest that urinary pseudouridine and 1-methyladenosine might be clinically useful as complementary markers to the monitoring of the disease status of patients with leukemia and lymphoma by hematological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Itoh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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28
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Reynaud C, Bruno C, Boullanger P, Grange J, Barbesti S, Niveleau A. Monitoring of urinary excretion of modified nucleosides in cancer patients using a set of six monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Lett 1992; 61:255-62. [PMID: 1739950 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(92)90296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies were produced and characterized in order to allow the monitoring of the urinary excretion of six modified nucleosides. The specificity of each antibody was determined and competitive solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoassays were designed, the sensitivity of which lay in the pmol range. Detection and quantitation of 5-methylcytidine (5-MeCyd), 4-acetylcytidine (4-AcCyd), 1-methylinosine (1-MeIno), 1-methyladenosine (1-MeAdo), 7-methylguanosine (7-MeGuo) and pseudouridine (psi-Urd) can be performed in small volumes (70 microliters) of untreated urine. Results can be obtained from as many as 20 different samples, for one molecule, within 3 h. With this technique, values observed for three commonly measured nucleosides in urine from healthy subjects (psi-Urd, 1-MeAdo and 1-MeIno) are in good agreement with those reported by other authors after analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. Results obtained in urine from cancer patients show significantly increased levels of the six haptens quantitated by this immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reynaud
- Laboratoire de Genie Enzymatique Umr 106, CNRS-Universite Lyon I, France
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29
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Parniak MA, Andrejchyshyn S, Marx S, Kleiman L. Alterations in cell tetrahydrobiopterin levels may regulate queuine hypomodification of tRNA during differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells. Exp Cell Res 1991; 195:114-8. [PMID: 2055260 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(91)90506-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The base at the first anticodon ("wobble") position of certain eukaryotic tRNA species is either guanine or the hypermodified base queuine. These tRNA species are synthesized with guanine in the wobble position (tRNAG); this guanine can then be replaced with queuine by the action of the enzyme tRNA-guanine ribosyltransferase. In the present report, we show that tRNAG levels increased in response to the induction of erythroid differentiation of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. We also found that tRNA-guanine ribosyltransferase was significantly inhibited by tetrahydrobiopterin. MEL cells showed a transient threefold increase in tetrahydrobiopterin levels 6 to 12 h after exposure of the cells to inducers such as DMSO or tetramethylurea. The increase in tetrahydrobiopterin preceded the increase in tRNAG which in turn preceded the appearance of phenotypic changes characteristic of differentiation. By contrast, a mutant MEL cell line unable to differentiate in response to inducers showed no change in the level of tetrahydrobiopterin or of tRNAG upon exposure to DMSO. N-acetylserotonin, a well-characterized inhibitor of tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis, prevented the DMSO-mediated increase in tetrahydrobiopterin in normal MEL cells. N-acetylserotonin also inhibited the increase in tRNAG levels and the appearance of phenotypic differentiation in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Parniak
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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30
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Shimizu K, Abe M, Yokoyama S, Takahashi H, Sawada N, Mori M, Tsukada K. Decreased activities of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase isozymes in hereditary hepatitis in Long-Evans rats. Life Sci 1990; 46:1837-42. [PMID: 2362543 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(90)90235-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Isozyme patterns of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase have been measured with or without dimethylsulfoxide in liver of LEC rat hereditary hepatitis. The activities of the alpha- and beta-forms are decreased with age after birth, and decreased to a half level of 36 weeks after birth. Concentration of S-adenosylmethionine in the liver is almost a half level of control rat. However, the activity of glycine- and tRNA-methyltransferases in the liver shows no significant change.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shimizu
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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31
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Schöch G, Sander G, Topp H, Heller-Schoch G. Chapter 13 Modified Nucleosides and Nucleobases in Urine and Serum as Selective Markers for The Whole-Body Turnover of tRNA, rRNA and mRNA-CAP - Future Prospects and Impact. CHROMATOGRAPHY AND MODIFICATION OF NUCLEOSIDES - MODIFIED NUCLEOSIDES IN CANCER AND NORMAL METABOLISM METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)61551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Chapter 5 Isolation and Characterization of Modified Nucleo-Sides From human Urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)61543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
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33
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Abstract
Pig brain tRNA was assayed for the presence of queuosine in the first position of the anticodon for each of the Q-family of tRNAs (aspartyl, asparaginyl, histidyl and tyrosyl). The brain tRNA was aminoacylated with each of the four amino acids and the aminoacylated tRNA's analyzed by RPC-5 chromatography. The results of this study show that for all four tRNAs of the family, queuine is substituted for guanine in virtually 100% of the anticodons. Therefore, it can be concluded that queuine is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and that brain contains guanine-queuine tRNA transglycosylase, the enzyme responsible for the excision of guanine from the original transcripts of these tRNAs and insertion of queuine. The determination of whether the tRNA contained queuine was made from the elution profile of the RPC-5 chromatograms and the results confirmed by a change in the RPC-5 elution profile when the tRNAs were reacted with BrCN or NaIO4.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood-Brain Barrier
- Brain/metabolism
- Guanine/analogs & derivatives
- Guanine/metabolism
- Guanine/pharmacokinetics
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Asn
- RNA, Transfer, Asp
- RNA, Transfer, His
- RNA, Transfer, Tyr
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Siard
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville 37901-1071
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34
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Palmisano F, Rotunno T, Guerrieri A, Zambonin PG. Simultaneous determination of pseudouridine and creatinine in untreated urine by ion-pair liquid chromatography with diode-array ultraviolet detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 493:35-43. [PMID: 2778020 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A simple procedure for the simultaneous determination of pseudouridine and creatinine in urine using ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection is described. It consists of simply diluting the filtered urine with mobile phase (1:20) followed by direct chromatographic injection. A single analysis takes only 10 min. This method has been applied to the analysis of urine samples from normal donors and patients with different types of cancer. The mean values, means, of the peak-area ratio of pseudouridine to creatinine were 61.79.10(-3) and 81.92.10(-3) for male and female normal donors, respectively. Out of twenty-five urine samples of patients with cancer examined, nineteen (all the forteen males included) had values higher than means + 2 sigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Chimica dell'Universitá Bari Italy
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35
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Chheda GB, Tworek HA, Bhargava AK, Rachlin E, Dutta SP, Patrzyc HB. Isolation and Characterization of 3-(3-Amino-3-Carboxypropyl)Uridine from Human Urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1080/07328318808075388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Vreken P, Tavenier P. Urinary excretion of six modified nucleosides by patients with breast carcinoma. Ann Clin Biochem 1987; 24 ( Pt 6):598-603. [PMID: 3426126 DOI: 10.1177/000456328702400608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this preliminary study we investigated the urinary excretion of pseudo-uridine, 1-methyl-adenosine, 1-methyl-inosine, 1-methyl-guanosine, 2-methyl-guanosine and N2,N2-dimethyl-guanosine in 22 patients with breast carcinoma, 16 with metastases. In 88% of the patients with metastatic breast carcinoma, at least one nucleoside level was elevated above the reference range; in 69% of cases at least two nucleoside levels were elevated; whereas three patients had all the six modified nucleosides elevated. Of the six patients without metastases, only one had one modified nucleoside level that was elevated. The others showed no elevated levels. The probability of finding an elevated level of 1-methyladenosine in breast carcinoma is high, when metastasis is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vreken
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam
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37
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Tworek HA, Bolanowska W, Bhargava AK, Rachlin EM, Chheda GB. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Nucleoside from Human Cancer Urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1080/07328318608069976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Trewyn RW, Grever MR. Urinary nucleosides in leukemia: laboratory and clinical applications. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1986; 24:71-93. [PMID: 3539520 DOI: 10.3109/10408368609111597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Urinary nucleosides offer a number of useful laboratory and clinical applications in the study and analysis of leukemia. There are significant differences in the excretion of modified nucleosides between normal individuals and individuals with various forms of leukemia, as well as between leukemia patients at opposite ends of the clinical spectrum, i.e., those with active disease and those in remission. The nucleoside excretion levels correlate to bone marrow tumor burden in certain forms of leukemia, and limited serial data indicate the potential value of the nucleosides for predicting relapse before the disease deterioration can be recognized clinically. In addition, it may be feasible to assess the effectiveness of chemotherapy used in the treatment of leukemia much more rapidly with the urinary nucleoside markers than with conventional invasive methods.
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39
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Nakano K, Shindo K, Yasaka T, Yamamoto H. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic investigation of mucosal nucleosides and bases and urinary modified nucleosides of gastrointestinal cancer patients. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1985; 343:21-33. [PMID: 4066857 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the levels of nucleosides, bases and their metabolites in perchloric acid extracts of gastrointestinal mucosa. By comparing the levels of these compounds in the normal portion with the neoplastic portion of mucosa resected from malignant cancer patients, it was found that there was significant elevation of the uracil level in the neoplastic mucosa of all eight patients with colorectal cancer (2.7-fold in normal mucosa), but only in the neoplastic mucosa of one out of four patients with gastric cancer. The levels of hypoxanthine and uridine in the colorectal cancer mucosa samples and the inosine in gastric cancer samples were also significantly higher than those in normal mucosa. The urinary modified nucleosides were prefractionated with a boronate affinity gel column, and their levels were determined by the same HPLC method. There was no significant difference in the concentrations of pseudouridine, 1-methylguanosine N2-methylguanosine and N2,N2-dimethylguanosine between urine samples taken before and after surgery from eight patients with malignant colorectal cancer. Contrary to other reports, no significant differences in modified nucleoside levels were observed between urine samples from patients with colorectal cancer and those from normal subjects.
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40
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Transfer RNA methylases and carcinogenesis. J Biosci 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02716826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Koshida K, Harmenberg J, Stendahl U, Wahren B, Borgström E, Helström L, Andersson L. Urinary modified nucleosides as tumor markers in cancer of the urinary organs or female genital tract. UROLOGICAL RESEARCH 1985; 13:213-8. [PMID: 4060364 DOI: 10.1007/bf00261578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Using a sensitive and specific method involving high-performance liquid chromatography, urinary levels of four modified nucleosides--pseudouridine (psi), 1-methylinosine (m1I), 1-methyladenosine (m1A), and 1-methylguanosine (m1G)--were investigated before and after treatment in 31 patients with cancer of the urinary organs or the female genital tract. Before treatment m1I was the most frequently elevated nucleoside (77%). Pretreatment urinary levels of psi, m1I, and m1A in patients with stage 2-4 cancer of the female genital tract were significantly elevated compared to human healthy volunteers (p less than 0.005). Compared with the other nucleosides, psi appeared to correlate more closely with the clinical outcome (progression or regression) of patients with cancer of the female genital tract. In the case of patients with cancer of the urinary organs, m1I followed the clinical outcome better than the other nucleosides measured. Therefore psi and m1I seem to be useful for monitoring genito-urinary cancers.
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42
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Koshida K, Harmenberg J, Borgström E, Wahren B, Andersson L. Pseudouridine and uridine in normal kidney and kidney cancer tissues. UROLOGICAL RESEARCH 1985; 13:219-21. [PMID: 4060365 DOI: 10.1007/bf00261579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The tissue concentrations of a modified nucleoside, pseudouridine, and a normal nucleoside, uridine, were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography. Human kidneys were obtained from five patients with renal cell carcinoma and divided into a noncancerous part and a cancerous part. The pseudouridine concentration in the cancerous part of the kidneys ranged between less than 2-2.8 nmoles/g and in the noncancerous part 4.3-19.4 nmoles/g (mean 10,9 nmoles/g). The uridine concentration in the cancerous and noncancerous parts of the kidney ranged between 19.6-179.1 nmoles/g (mean 110.7 nmoles/g) and 117.5-235.6 nmoles/g (mean 191.5 nmoles/g), respectively. The pseudouridine concentration appeared to be approximately seven times higher in the noncancerous part as compared to the cancerous part of the kidney. In the case of uridine, the difference was less pronounced.
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43
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Abstract
1-Methylguanine and 7-methylguanine, both metabolic products of tRNA degradation, are known to induce transformation of Chinese hamster fibroblasts in culture. The effects of these compounds on the cell membrane have been studied by the method of Concanavalin A-mediated hemadsorption. 1-Methylguanine or 7-methylguanine induced a 50% increase of Con A-mediated hemadsorption within 20 hours of exposure of the cells to the agent at a concentration of 10(-5) M. This alteration was reversed within 13 days when the cells were grown in the control medium. Prolonged treatment with 1-methylguanine or 7-methylguanine resulted in changes which were only slowly reversed during growth of the cells in the control medium. The effect of the methylated purines on the cell membrane could be completely inhibited by simultaneous addition of dibutyryl-cAMP at a concentration of 10(-5) M. The possible mechanism of cell membrane alteration by methylated purines and its relevance to transformation in vitro are discussed.
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44
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45
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Elliott MS, Trewyn RW. Inosine biosynthesis in transfer RNA by an enzymatic insertion of hypoxanthine. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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46
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Kersten H. On the biological significance of modified nucleosides in tRNA. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1984; 31:59-114. [PMID: 6397775 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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47
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Nyce J, Weinhouse S, Magee PN. 5-Methylcytosine depletion during tumour development: an extension of the miscoding concept. Br J Cancer 1983; 48:463-75. [PMID: 6354237 PMCID: PMC2011508 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1983.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a general model for neoplastic development which postulates that the loss of methyl groups from 5-methylcytosines (5-mC) involved in the control of gene expression may initiate neoplastic transformation and give rise to the aberrant phenotype of the transformed cell. Interference with normal patterns of methylation can be envisioned to occur by a number of mechanisms: as a result of carcinogen-induced G:C leads to A:T transition leading to a loss of potentially methylatable cytosines; by mutations or chromosome rearrangement which disrupt the integrity of active DNA methylase genes; by separating methylated repressor regions of the genome from the genes they control; by direct interference with DNA methylation, as proposed for ethionine and 5-azacytidine; by spontaneous deamination of 5-mC to thymine, leading to accumulation of 5-mC:G leads to T:A transitions, by virus-induced perturbations in host cell methylation patterns; and by activation of DNA demethylases.
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48
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Borek E, Sharma OK, Brewer JI. Urinary nucleic acid breakdown products as markers for trophoblastic diseases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 146:906-10. [PMID: 6309006 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(83)90962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A feasibility study on the use of urinary nucleoside markers for the management of trophoblastic disease is presented. The markers return to normal rapidly after effective therapy, whereas the human chorionic gonadotropin levels remain elevated longer before reaching normal. If this finding is valid in a larger number of patients, it may spare patients with trophoblastic disease needless continuation of chemotherapy.
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49
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Yanokura M, Horii M, Tsukada K. Studies on the activities of some methyltransferases in the livers and tumor cells from tumor-bearing mice. Life Sci 1983; 32:2843-8. [PMID: 6855473 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(83)90320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The activities of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase isozymes and some methyltransferases have been measured in liver and tumor cells of tumor-bearing mice. Following intraperitoneal transplantation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells into mice, the activity of the beta-form of the synthetase isozymes markedly increased, whereas that of the alpha-form did not increase so much, and the activity of tRNA methyltransferases increased gradually, while that of phospholipid, glycine and guanidoacetate methyltransferases did not. It was shown that tumor cells have only the gamma-form of the synthetase and that the activity of tRNA methyltransferases in the tumor cells was very high, while that of other methyltransferases was not detectable.
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50
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Colonna A, Russo T, Esposito F, Salvatore F, Cimino F. Determination of pseudouridine and other nucleosides in human blood serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1983; 130:19-26. [PMID: 6869800 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A specific, sensitive, and rapid method to measure pseudouridine in human blood serum is described. The method is based on the following steps: (i) deproteinization of serum samples by filtration on membrane cones or by acetonitrile; (ii) purification of nucleosides and concentration of the sample by affinity chromatography on phenylboronate gel followed by lyophilization; and (iii) separation of nucleosides and their quantitation by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The pseudouridine mean value in 30 normal subjects was 2.52 +/- 0.28 nmol/ml. The procedure also allows the identification of inosine, uridine, guanosine, and adenosine. Nevertheless, the presence in human blood serum of enzymatic activities which convert adenosine to inosine and cytidine to uridine prevents the precise quantitation of these nucleosides. All the compounds were identified by comparing their retention times and absorbance ratios (A280/A254) with those of pure compounds, as well as by cochromatography.
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