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Marglous S, Brown CE, Padler-Karavani V, Cummings RD, Gildersleeve JC. Serum antibody screening using glycan arrays. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2603-2642. [PMID: 38305761 PMCID: PMC7616341 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00693j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Humans and other animals produce a diverse collection of antibodies, many of which bind to carbohydrate chains, referred to as glycans. These anti-glycan antibodies are a critical part of our immune systems' defenses. Whether induced by vaccination or natural exposure to a pathogen, anti-glycan antibodies can provide protection against infections and cancers. Alternatively, when an immune response goes awry, antibodies that recognize self-glycans can mediate autoimmune diseases. In any case, serum anti-glycan antibodies provide a rich source of information about a patient's overall health, vaccination history, and disease status. Glycan microarrays provide a high-throughput platform to rapidly interrogate serum anti-glycan antibodies and identify new biomarkers for a variety of conditions. In addition, glycan microarrays enable detailed analysis of the immune system's response to vaccines and other treatments. Herein we review applications of glycan microarray technology for serum anti-glycan antibody profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Marglous
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Claire E Brown
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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2
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Temme JS, Gildersleeve JC. General Strategies for Glycan Microarray Data Processing and Analysis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2460:67-87. [PMID: 34972931 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2148-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycan microarrays provide a high-throughput technology for rapidly profiling interactions between carbohydrates and glycan-binding proteins (GBPs). Use of glycan microarrays involves several general steps, including construction of the microarray, carrying out the assay, detection of binding events, and analysis of the results. While multiple platforms have been developed to construct microarrays, most utilize fluorescence for detection of binding events. This chapter describes methods to acquire and process microarray images, including generating GAL files, imaging of the slide, aligning the grid, detecting problematic spots, and evaluating the quality of the data. The chapter focuses on processing our neoglycoprotein microarrays, but many of the lessons we have learned are applicable to other array formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sebastian Temme
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
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3
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DeLaitsch AT, Pridgen JR, Tytla A, Peach ML, Hu R, Farnsworth DW, McMillan AK, Flanagan N, Temme JS, Nicklaus MC, Gildersleeve JC. Selective Recognition of Carbohydrate Antigens by Germline Antibodies Isolated from AID Knockout Mice. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4925-4941. [PMID: 35282679 PMCID: PMC10506689 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Germline antibodies, the initial set of antibodies produced by the immune system, are critical for host defense, and information about their binding properties can be useful for designing vaccines, understanding the origins of autoantibodies, and developing monoclonal antibodies. Numerous studies have found that germline antibodies are polyreactive with malleable, flexible binding pockets. While insightful, it remains unclear how broadly this model applies, as there are many families of antibodies that have not yet been studied. In addition, the methods used to obtain germline antibodies typically rely on assumptions and do not work well for many antibodies. Herein, we present a distinct approach for isolating germline antibodies that involves immunizing activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) knockout mice. This strategy amplifies antigen-specific B cells, but somatic hypermutation does not occur because AID is absent. Using synthetic haptens, glycoproteins, and whole cells, we obtained germline antibodies to an assortment of clinically important tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens, including Lewis Y, the Tn antigen, sialyl Lewis C, and Lewis X (CD15/SSEA-1). Through glycan microarray profiling and cell binding, we demonstrate that all but one of these germline antibodies had high selectivity for their glycan targets. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we provide insights into the structural basis of glycan recognition. The results have important implications for designing carbohydrate-based vaccines, developing anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies, and understanding antibody evolution within the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T DeLaitsch
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jacey R Pridgen
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Avery Tytla
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Megan L Peach
- Basic Science Program, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Rayleen Hu
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - David W Farnsworth
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Aislinn K McMillan
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Natalie Flanagan
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - J Sebastian Temme
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Marc C Nicklaus
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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4
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Gabius HJ, Cudic M, Diercks T, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, Mayo KH, Murphy PV, Oscarson S, Roy R, Schedlbauer A, Toegel S, Romero A. What is the Sugar Code? Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100327. [PMID: 34496130 PMCID: PMC8901795 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A code is defined by the nature of the symbols, which are used to generate information‐storing combinations (e. g. oligo‐ and polymers). Like nucleic acids and proteins, oligo‐ and polysaccharides are ubiquitous, and they are a biochemical platform for establishing molecular messages. Of note, the letters of the sugar code system (third alphabet of life) excel in coding capacity by making an unsurpassed versatility for isomer (code word) formation possible by variability in anomery and linkage position of the glycosidic bond, ring size and branching. The enzymatic machinery for glycan biosynthesis (writers) realizes this enormous potential for building a large vocabulary. It includes possibilities for dynamic editing/erasing as known from nucleic acids and proteins. Matching the glycome diversity, a large panel of sugar receptors (lectins) has developed based on more than a dozen folds. Lectins ‘read’ the glycan‐encoded information. Hydrogen/coordination bonding and ionic pairing together with stacking and C−H/π‐interactions as well as modes of spatial glycan presentation underlie the selectivity and specificity of glycan‐lectin recognition. Modular design of lectins together with glycan display and the nature of the cognate glycoconjugate account for the large number of post‐binding events. They give an entry to the glycan vocabulary its functional, often context‐dependent meaning(s), hereby building the dictionary of the sugar code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Maré Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431, USA
| | - Tammo Diercks
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801 A, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Paul V Murphy
- CÚRAM - SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices and the, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - René Roy
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 888, Succ. Centre-Ville Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Andreas Schedlbauer
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801 A, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Romero
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, CIB Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Hill J, Hettikankanamalage AA, Crich D. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of N, N, O-Trisubstituted Hydroxylamines from Alcohols and Amines by N-O Bond Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14820-14825. [PMID: 32803971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium dialkylamides react with alcohol-derived 2-methyl-2-tetrahydropyranyl alkyl peroxides (MTHPs) in tetrahydrofuran at 0 °C to give N,N,O-trisubstituted hydroxylamines suitable for medicinal chemistry purposes in good to excellent yields. A wide range of secondary alkyl and aryl amines and primary and secondary alcohol-derived MTHPs are compatible with the described reaction which, coupled with the enormous diversity of commercially available alcohols and secondary amines, suggests broad applicability of the reaction in fragment-based library design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarvis Hill
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Asiri A Hettikankanamalage
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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6
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Temme JS, Campbell CT, Gildersleeve JC. Factors contributing to variability of glycan microarray binding profiles. Faraday Discuss 2019; 219:90-111. [PMID: 31338503 PMCID: PMC9335900 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00021f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Protein-carbohydrate interactions play significant roles in a wide variety of biological systems. Glycan microarrays are commonly utilized to interrogate the selectivity, sensitivity, and breadth of these complex protein-carbohydrate interactions. During the past two decades, numerous distinct glycan microarray platforms have been developed, each assembled from a variety of slide-surface chemistries, glycan-attachment chemistries, glycan presentations, linkers, and glycan densities. Comparative analyses of glycan microarray data have shown that while many protein-carbohydrate interactions behave predictably across microarrays, there are instances when various array formats produce different results. For optimal construction and use of this technology, it is important to understand sources of variances across array platforms. In this study, we performed a systematic comparison of microarray data from 8 lectins across a range of concentrations on the CFG and neoglycoprotein array platforms. While there was good general agreement on the binding specificity of the lectins on the two arrays, there were some cases of large discrepancies. Differences in glycan density and linker composition contributed significantly to variability. The results provide insights for interpreting microarray data and designing future glycan microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sebastian Temme
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Huang Y, Hu L, Huang S, Xu W, Wan J, Wang D, Zheng G, Xia Z. Curcumin-loaded galactosylated BSA nanoparticles as targeted drug delivery carriers inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and migration. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:8309-8323. [PMID: 30584302 PMCID: PMC6289229 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s184379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The main objective of this study was to develop novel BSA nanoparticles (BSA NPs) for improving the bioavailability of curcumin as an anticancer drug, and those BSA NPs were galactosylated for forming the curcumin-loaded galactosylated BSA nanoparticles (Gal-BSA-Cur NPs), thus enhancing their ability to target asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) overexpressed on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Materials and methods Gal-BSA-Cur NPs were prepared by the desolvation method and showed a spherical shape and well distribution with the average particle size of 116.24 nm. Results In vitro drug release assay exhibited that Gal-BSA-Cur NPs had higher release rates and improved the curcumin solubility. Cell uptake studies confirmed that Gal-BSA-Cur NPs could selectively recognize receptors on the surface of HCC (HepG2) cells and improve internalization ability of drug compared with BSA NPs-loaded curcumin (BSA-Cur NPs), which might be due to high affinity to galactose. Further, the effects of Gal-BSA-Cur NPs were evaluated by cytotoxicity assay, crystal violet assay, cell apoptosis assay, and wound healing assay, respectively, which revealed that Gal-BSA-Cur NPs could inhibit HepG2 cells proliferation, induce cell apoptosis, and inhibit cell migration. Conclusion Immunofluorescence staining has proved that the effects of Gal-BSA-Cur NPs related to the suppression of the nuclear factor κB-p65 (NF-κB-p65) expression in HepG2 cell nucleus. Therefore, these results indicate that novel Gal-BSA-Cur NPs are potential candidates for targeted curcumin delivery to HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Centre, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China,
| | - Lu Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Centre, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China,
| | - Wanjun Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Centre, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China,
| | - Jingyuan Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Centre, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China,
| | - Guocan Zheng
- Analytical and Testing Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhining Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Centre, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China,
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Ledeen RW, Kopitz J, Abad-Rodríguez J, Gabius HJ. Glycan Chains of Gangliosides: Functional Ligands for Tissue Lectins (Siglecs/Galectins). PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:289-324. [PMID: 29747818 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular signals on the cell surface are responsible for adhesion and communication. Of relevance in this respect, their chemical properties endow carbohydrates with the capacity to store a maximum of information in a minimum of space. One way to present glycans on the cell surface is their covalent conjugation to a ceramide anchor. Among the resulting glycosphingolipids, gangliosides are special due to the presence of at least one sialic acid in the glycan chains. Their spatial accessibility and the dynamic regulation of their profile are factors that argue in favor of a role of glycans of gangliosides as ligands (counterreceptors) for carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins). Indeed, as discovered first for a bacterial toxin, tissue lectins bind gangliosides and mediate contact formation (trans) and signaling (cis). While siglecs have a preference for higher sialylated glycans, certain galectins also target the monosialylated pentasaccharide of ganglioside GM1. Enzymatic interconversion of ganglioside glycans by sialidase action, relevant for neuroblastoma cell differentiation and growth control in vitro, for axonogenesis and axon regeneration, as well as for proper communication between effector and regulatory T cells, changes lectin-binding affinity profoundly. The GD1a-to-GM1 "editing" is recognized by such lectins, for example, myelin-associated glycoprotein (siglec-4) losing affinity and galectin-1 gaining reactivity, and then translated into postbinding signaling. Orchestrations of loss/gain of affinity, of ganglioside/lectin expression, and of lectin presence in a network offer ample opportunities for fine-tuning. Thus glycans of gangliosides such as GD1a and GM1 are functional counterreceptors by a pairing with tissue lectins, an emerging aspect of ganglioside and lectin functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Ledeen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States.
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Lucas JL, Tacheny EA, Ferris A, Galusha M, Srivastava AK, Ganguly A, Williams PM, Sachs MC, Thurin M, Tricoli JV, Ricker W, Gildersleeve JC. Development and validation of a Luminex assay for detection of a predictive biomarker for PROSTVAC-VF therapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182739. [PMID: 28771597 PMCID: PMC5542629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapies can provide substantially improved survival in some patients while other seemingly similar patients receive little or no benefit. Strategies to identify patients likely to respond well to a given therapy could significantly improve health care outcomes by maximizing clinical benefits while reducing toxicities and adverse effects. Using a glycan microarray assay, we recently reported that pretreatment serum levels of IgM specific to blood group A trisaccharide (BG-Atri) correlate positively with overall survival of cancer patients on PROSTVAC-VF therapy. The results suggested anti-BG-Atri IgM measured prior to treatment could serve as a biomarker for identifying patients likely to benefit from PROSTVAC-VF. For continued development and clinical application of serum IgM specific to BG-Atri as a predictive biomarker, a clinical assay was needed. In this study, we developed and validated a Luminex-based clinical assay for measuring serum IgM specific to BG-Atri. IgM levels were measured with the Luminex assay and compared to levels measured using the microarray for 126 healthy individuals and 77 prostate cancer patients. This assay provided reproducible and consistent results with low %CVs, and tolerance ranges were established for the assay. IgM levels measured using the Luminex assay were found to be highly correlated to the microarray results with R values of 0.93–0.95. This assay is a Laboratory Developed Test (LDT) and is suitable for evaluating thousands of serum samples in CLIA certified laboratories that have validated the assay. In addition, the study demonstrates that discoveries made using neoglycoprotein-based microarrays can be readily migrated to a clinical assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L. Lucas
- MRIGlobal, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Allison Ferris
- MRIGlobal, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Apurva K. Srivastava
- Pharmacodynamics Biomarker Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aniruddha Ganguly
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - P. Mickey Williams
- Molecular Characterization and Clinical Assay Development Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Sachs
- Biostatistics Branch, Biometric Research Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Magdalena Thurin
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James V. Tricoli
- Diagnostic Biomarkers and Technology Branch, Cancer Diagnosis Program Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Winnie Ricker
- Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Karbasi M, Madadlou A. Interface-related attributes of the Maillard reaction-born glycoproteins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1595-1603. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1270894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Karbasi
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ashkan Madadlou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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11
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Factors Affecting Anti-Glycan IgG and IgM Repertoires in Human Serum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19509. [PMID: 26781493 PMCID: PMC4726023 DOI: 10.1038/srep19509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum anti-glycan antibodies play important roles in many immune processes and are of particular interest as biomarkers for many diseases. Changes in anti-glycan antibodies can occur with the onset of disease or in response to stimuli such as pathogens and vaccination. Understanding relationships between anti-glycan antibody repertoires and genetic and environment factors is critical for basic research and clinical applications, but little information is available. In this study we evaluated the effects of age, race, gender, and blood type on anti-glycan antibody profiles in the serum of 135 healthy subjects. As expected, IgG and IgM antibody signals to blood group antigens correlated strongly with blood type. Interestingly, antibodies to other non-ABH glycans, such as the alpha-Gal antigen, also correlated with blood type. A statistically significant decline in IgM signals with age was observed for many antibody subpopulations, but not for IgG. Moreover, statistically significant correlations between race and IgG levels to certain LacNAc-containing glycans were observed. The results have important implications for designing studies and interpreting results in the area of biomarker discovery and for the development of vaccines. The study also highlights the importance of collecting and reporting patient information that could affect serum anti-glycan antibody levels.
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12
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Böcker S, Laaf D, Elling L. Galectin Binding to Neo-Glycoproteins: LacDiNAc Conjugated BSA as Ligand for Human Galectin-3. Biomolecules 2015. [PMID: 26213980 PMCID: PMC4598770 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-lectin interactions are relatively weak. As they play an important role in biological recognition processes, multivalent glycan ligands are designed to enhance binding affinity and inhibitory potency. We here report on novel neo-glycoproteins based on bovine serum albumin as scaffold for multivalent presentation of ligands for galectins. We prepared two kinds of tetrasaccharides (N-acetyllactosamine and N,N-diacetyllactosamine terminated) by multi-step chemo-enzymatic synthesis utilizing recombinant glycosyltransferases. Subsequent conjugation of these glycans to lysine groups of bovine serum albumin via squaric acid diethyl ester yielded a set of 22 different neo-glycoproteins with tuned ligand density. The neo-glycoproteins were analyzed by biochemical and chromatographic methods proving various modification degrees. The neo-glycoproteins were used for binding and inhibition studies with human galectin-3 showing high affinity. Binding strength and inhibition potency are closely related to modification density and show binding enhancement by multivalent ligand presentation. At galectin-3 concentrations comparable to serum levels of cancer patients, we detect the highest avidities. Selectivity of N,N-diacetyllactosamine terminated structures towards galectin-3 in comparison to galectin-1 is demonstrated. Moreover, we also see strong inhibitory potency of our scaffolds towards galectin-3 binding. These novel neo-glycoproteins may therefore serve as selective and strong galectin-3 ligands in cancer related biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Böcker
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Dominic Laaf
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Antioxidative Ability of Chicken Myofibrillar Protein Developed by Glycosylation and Changes in the Solubility and Thermal Stability. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:247-54. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Solís D, Bovin NV, Davis AP, Jiménez-Barbero J, Romero A, Roy R, Smetana K, Gabius HJ. A guide into glycosciences: How chemistry, biochemistry and biology cooperate to crack the sugar code. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:186-235. [PMID: 24685397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most demanding challenge in research on molecular aspects within the flow of biological information is posed by the complex carbohydrates (glycan part of cellular glycoconjugates). How the 'message' encoded in carbohydrate 'letters' is 'read' and 'translated' can only be unraveled by interdisciplinary efforts. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review provides a didactic step-by-step survey of the concept of the sugar code and the way strategic combination of experimental approaches characterizes structure-function relationships, with resources for teaching. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The unsurpassed coding capacity of glycans is an ideal platform for generating a broad range of molecular 'messages'. Structural and functional analyses of complex carbohydrates have been made possible by advances in chemical synthesis, rendering production of oligosaccharides, glycoclusters and neoglycoconjugates possible. This availability facilitates to test the glycans as ligands for natural sugar receptors (lectins). Their interaction is a means to turn sugar-encoded information into cellular effects. Glycan/lectin structures and their spatial modes of presentation underlie the exquisite specificity of the endogenous lectins in counterreceptor selection, that is, to home in on certain cellular glycoproteins or glycolipids. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding how sugar-encoded 'messages' are 'read' and 'translated' by lectins provides insights into fundamental mechanisms of life, with potential for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Solís
- Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 07110 Bunyola, Mallorca, Illes Baleares, Spain.
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117871 GSP-7, V-437, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Anthony P Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Romero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - René Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Karel Smetana
- Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 München, Germany.
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Villalonga ML, Díez P, Sánchez A, Gamella M, Pingarrón JM, Villalonga R. Neoglycoenzymes. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4868-917. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400290x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Díez
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Sánchez
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gamella
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Pingarrón
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA
Nanoscience, Cantoblanco Universitary City, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - Reynaldo Villalonga
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA
Nanoscience, Cantoblanco Universitary City, 28049-Madrid, Spain
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16
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Gabius HJ, Kayser K. Introduction to glycopathology: the concept, the tools and the perspectives. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:4. [PMID: 24443956 PMCID: PMC4029355 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual slides The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1670639891114983. Analyzing the flow of biological information is a fundamental challenge for basic sciences. The emerging results will then lend themselves to the development of new approaches for medical applications. Toward this end, the products of protein/lipid glycosylation deserve special attention. The covalent attachment of sugars to these carriers means much more than just a change of the carriers’ physicochemical properties. In principle, the ubiquitous presence of glycoconjugates and the close inspection of the particular structural ‘talents’ of carbohydrates provide suggestive evidence for information coding by sugars. In fact, the theoretical number of ‘words’ (oligomers) formed by ‘letters’ (monosaccharides) is by far higher than by using nucleotides or amino acids. In other words, glycans harbor an unsurpassed coding capacity. The cyto- and histochemical detection of dynamic changes in the profile of cellular glycans (glycome, the equivalent of the proteome) by sugar receptors such as antibodies used as tools underscores the suitability of carbohydrates for such a task. The resulting staining patterns can be likened to a molecular fingerprint. By acting as ligand (counterreceptor) for endogenous receptors (tissue lectins), glycan epitopes become partners in a specific recognition pair, and the sugar-encoded information can then be translated into effects, e.g. in growth regulation. Of note, expression of both sides of such a pair, i.e. lectin and cognate glycan, can physiologically be orchestrated for optimal efficiency. Indeed, examples how to prevent autoimmune diseases by regulatory T cells and restrict carcinoma growth by a tumor suppressor attest occurrence of co-regulation. In consequence, these glycans have potential to establish a new class of functional biomarkers, and mapping presence of their receptors is warranted. In this review, the cyto- and histochemical methods, which contribute to explore information storage and transfer within the sugar code, are described. This introduction to the toolbox is flanked by illustrating the application of each type of tool in histopathology, with focus on adhesion/growth-regulating galectins. Together with an introduction to fundamental principles of the sugar code, the review is designed to guide into this field and to inspire respective research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Chair of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr 13, D-80539, Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
Various enzyme-conjugated probes have been widely used for detection of specific interactions between biomolecules. In the case of glycan-protein interaction, horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated glycoproteins (HRP-GPs) are useful for the detection of carbohydrate-binding activity of plant and animal lectins. In this chapter, a typical solid-phase assay of the carbohydrate-binding activity of Sophora japonica agglutinin I, a Gal/GalNAc-specific lectin, using HRP-conjugated asialofetuin is described. HRP-GPs are versatile tools for probing lectin activities in crude extracts, screening many samples at one time, and applicable not only for solid-phase binding assays but also samples which are dot- or Western-blotted onto the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Kojima-Aikawa
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan,
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18
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Cohen M, Varki A. Modulation of glycan recognition by clustered saccharide patches. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 308:75-125. [PMID: 24411170 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800097-7.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
All cells in nature are covered with a dense and complex array of glycan chains. Specific recognition and binding of glycans is a critical aspect of cellular interactions, both within and between species. Glycan-protein interactions tend to be of low affinity but high specificity, typically utilizing multivalency to generate the affinity required for biologically relevant binding. This review focuses on a higher level of glycan organization, the formation of clustered saccharide patches (CSPs), which can constitute unique ligands for highly specific interactions. Due to technical challenges, this aspect of glycan recognition remains poorly understood. We present a wealth of evidence for CSPs-mediated interactions, and discuss recent advances in experimental tools that are beginning to provide new insights into the composition and organization of CSPs. The examples presented here are likely the tip of the iceberg, and much further work is needed to elucidate fully this higher level of glycan organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cohen
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
| | - Ajit Varki
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA; Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
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19
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van Boeckel CAA. Some recent applications of carbohydrates and their derivatives in the pharmaceutical industry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19861050202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Gingras M, Chabre YM, Roy M, Roy R. How do multivalent glycodendrimers benefit from sulfur chemistry? Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4823-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60090d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Liu J, Ru Q, Ding Y. Glycation a promising method for food protein modification: Physicochemical properties and structure, a review. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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Hollenbeck JJ, Danner DJ, Landgren RM, Rainbolt TK, Roberts DS. Designed ankyrin repeat proteins as scaffolds for multivalent recognition. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:1996-2002. [PMID: 22681396 DOI: 10.1021/bm300455f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ankyrin repeat (AR) proteins are composed of tandem repeats of a basic structural motif of ca. 33 amino acid residues that form a β-turn followed by two antiparallel α-helices. Multiple repeats stack together in a modular fashion to form a scaffold that is ideally suited for the presentation of multiple functional groups and/or recognition elements. Here we describe a biosynthetic strategy that takes advantage of the modular nature of these proteins to generate multivalent ligands that are both chemically homogeneous and structurally well-defined. Glycosylated AR proteins cluster the tetrameric lectin concanavalin A (Con A) at a rate that is comparable to the rate of Con A aggregation mediated by globular protein conjugates and variable density linear polymers. Thus, AR proteins define a new class of multivalent ligand scaffolds that have significant potential application in the study and control of a variety of multivalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Hollenbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States.
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23
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General procedure for the synthesis of neoglycoproteins and immobilization on epoxide-modified glass slides. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 808:155-65. [PMID: 22057524 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-373-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neoglycoproteins, such as BSA-glycosides, contain carbohydrates covalently attached to a protein carrier via nonnaturally occurring linkages. These conjugates have been used for decades to study carbohydrate-protein interactions and are frequently used as immunogens to raise antibodies to carbohydrate antigens. In fact, neoglycoproteins have been used extensively as vaccine antigens and several have obtained FDA approval. More recently, neoglycoproteins have been used in the construction of glycan arrays to produce "neoglycoprotein microarrays." In this chapter, two methods for preparing neoglycoproteins are described along with methods to immobilize these conjugates on epoxide-coated glass microscope slides to produce arrays.
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24
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Nikolaev AV, Sizova OV. Synthetic neoglycoconjugates of cell-surface phosphoglycans of Leishmania as potential anti-parasite carbohydrate vaccines. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2011; 76:761-73. [PMID: 21999537 PMCID: PMC5496670 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911070066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania are a genus of sandfly-transmitted protozoan parasites that cause a spectrum of debilitating and often fatal diseases in humans throughout the tropics and subtropics. During the parasite life cycle, Leishmania survive and proliferate in highly hostile environments. Their survival strategies involve the formation of an elaborate and dense cell-surface glycocalyx composed of diverse stage-specific glycoconjugates that form a protective barrier. Phosphoglycans constitute the variable structural and functional domain of major cell-surface lipophosphoglycan and secreted proteophosphoglycans. In this paper, we discuss structural aspects of various phosphoglycans from Leishmania with the major emphasis on the chemical preparation of neoglycoconjugates (neoglycoproteins and neoglycolipids) based on Leishmania lipophosphoglycan structures as well as the immunological evaluation for some of them as potential anti-leishmaniasis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Nikolaev
- College of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, UK.
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25
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Zhou Y, Kawasaki H, Hsu SC, Lee RT, Yao X, Plunkett B, Fu J, Yang K, Lee YC, Huang SK. Oral tolerance to food-induced systemic anaphylaxis mediated by the C-type lectin SIGNR1. Nat Med 2010; 16:1128-33. [PMID: 20835248 PMCID: PMC3058254 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We propose that a C-type lectin receptor, SIGNR-1, plays a role in conditioning gastrointestinal lamina propria (LP) DC subset for the induction of oral tolerance in a model of food-induced anaphylaxis. Oral delivery of bovine serum albumin (BSA) bearing 51 mols of mannosides (Man51-BSA) significantly reduced the levels of BSA-induced anaphylactic response. Man51-BSA was found to, selectively, target the LPDC subset expressing a member of the CLRs, SIGNR1, and induce the expression of IL-10, but not IL-6 and IL-12p70. This was noted also in Man51-BSA-treated IL-10-GFPknockin (tiger) mice. The Man51-BSA–SIGNR1 axis in LPDCs, both in vitro and in vivo, promoted the generation of CD4+ Tr1-like cells expressing IL-10 and IFN-γ, in a SIGNR-1- and IL-10-dependent manner, but not of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs. The in vivo-generated Tr1-like cells were capable of transferring tolerance. These results suggest the potential utility of sugar-modified antigen in oral tolerance through targeting of SIGNR1 and LPDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhou
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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26
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Rodriguez LG, Gildersleeve JC. An array-based method to identify multivalent inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:9653-62. [PMID: 20583754 PMCID: PMC2923827 DOI: 10.1021/ja100608w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-protein interactions play a critical role in a variety of biological processes, and agonists/antagonists of these interactions are useful as biological probes and therapeutic agents. Most carbohydrate-binding proteins achieve tight binding through formation of a multivalent complex. Therefore, both ligand structure and presentation contribute to recognition. Since there are many potential combinations of structure, spacing, and orientation to consider and the optimal one cannot be predicted, high-throughput approaches for analyzing carbohydrate-protein interactions and designing inhibitors are appealing. In this report, we develop a strategy to vary neoglycoprotein density on a surface of a glycan array. This feature of presentation was combined with variations in glycan structure and glycan density to produce an array with approximately 600 combinations of glycan structure and presentation. The unique array platform allows one to distinguish between different types of multivalent complexes on the array surface. To illustrate the advantages of this format, it was used to rapidly identify multivalent probes for various lectins. The new array was first tested with several plant lectins, including concanavalin A (conA), Vicia villosa isolectin B4 (VVL-B(4)), and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA120). Next, it was used to rapidly identify potent multivalent inhibitors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectin I (PA-IL), a key protein involved in opportunistic infections of P. aeruginosa , and mouse macrophage galactose-type lectin (mMGL-2), a protein expressed on antigen presenting cells that may be useful as a vaccine targeting receptor. An advantage of the approach is that structural information about the lectin/receptor is not required to obtain a multivalent inhibitor/probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Zhang
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Qian Li
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Luis G. Rodriguez
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Advanced Technology Program, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
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27
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Lu J, Zhu D, Zhang ZR, Hai L, Wu Y, Sun X. Novel synthetic LPDs consisting of different cholesterol derivatives for gene transfer into hepatocytes. J Drug Target 2010; 18:520-35. [DOI: 10.3109/10611860903548370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
From the authors' opinion, this chapter constitutes a modest extension of the seminal and inspiring contribution of Stowell and Lee on neoglycoconjugates published in this series [C. P. Stowell and Y. C. Lee, Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 37 (1980) 225-281]. The outstanding progresses achieved since then in the field of the "glycoside cluster effect" has witnessed considerable creativity in the design and synthetic strategies toward a vast array of novel carbohydrate structures and reflects the dynamic activity in the field even since the recent chapter by the Nicotra group in this series [F. Nicotra, L. Cipolla, F. Peri, B. La Ferla, and C. Radaelli, Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 61 (2007) 353-398]. Beyond the more classical neoglycoproteins and glycopolymers (not covered in this work) a wide range of unprecedented and often artistically beautiful multivalent and monodisperse nanostructures, termed glycodendrimers for the first time in 1993, has been created. This chapter briefly surveys the concept of multivalency involved in carbohydrate-protein interactions. The topic is also discussed in regard to recent steps undertaken in glycobiology toward identification of lead candidates using microarrays and modern analytical tools. A systematic description of glycocluster and glycodendrimer synthesis follows, starting from the simplest architectures and ending in the most complex ones. Presentation of multivalent glycostructures of intermediate size and comprising, calix[n]arene, porphyrin, cyclodextrin, peptide, and carbohydrate scaffolds, has also been intercalated to better appreciate the growing synthetic complexity involved. A subsection describing novel all-carbon-based glycoconjugates such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes is inserted, followed by a promising strategy involving dendrons self-assembling around metal chelates. The chapter then ends with those glycodendrimers that have been prepared using commercially available dendrimers possessing varied functionalities, or systematically synthesized using either divergent or convergent strategies.
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Oyelaran O, Li Q, Farnsworth D, Gildersleeve JC. Microarrays with varying carbohydrate density reveal distinct subpopulations of serum antibodies. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3529-38. [PMID: 19366269 DOI: 10.1021/pr9002245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antigen arrays have become important tools for profiling complex mixtures of proteins such as serum antibodies. These arrays can be used to better understand immune responses, discover new biomarkers, and guide the development of vaccines. Nevertheless, they are not perfect and improved array designs would enhance the information derived from this technology. In this study, we describe and evaluate a strategy for varying antigen density on an array and then use the array to study binding of lectins, monoclonal antibodies, and serum antibodies. To vary density, neoglycoproteins containing differing amounts of carbohydrate were synthesized and used to make a carbohydrate microarray with variations in both structure and density. We demonstrate that this method provides variations in density on the array surface within a range that is relevant for biological recognition events. The array was used to evaluate density dependent binding properties of three lectins (Vicia villosa lectin B4, Helix pomatia agglutinin, and soybean agglutinin) and three monoclonal antibodies (HBTn-1, B1.1, and Bric111) that bind the tumor-associated Tn antigen. In addition, serum antibodies were profiled from 30 healthy donors. The results show that variations in antigen density are required to detect the full spectrum of antibodies that bind a particular antigen and can be used to reveal differences in antibody populations between individuals that are not detectable using a single antigen density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyindasola Oyelaran
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Luyai A, Lasanajak Y, Smith DF, Cummings RD, Song X. Facile preparation of fluorescent neoglycoproteins using p-nitrophenyl anthranilate as a heterobifunctional linker. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1618-24. [PMID: 19624117 PMCID: PMC2729569 DOI: 10.1021/bc900189h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A facile preparation of neoglycoconjugates has been developed with a commercially available chemical, p-nitrophenyl anthranilate (PNPA), as a heterobifunctional linker. The two functional groups of PNPA, the aromatic amine and the p-nitrophenyl ester, are fully differentiated to selectively conjugate with glycans and other biomolecules containing nucleophiles. PNPA is efficiently conjugated with free reducing glycans via reductive amination. The glycan−PNPA conjugates (GPNPAs) can be easily purified and quantified by UV absorption. The active p-nitrophenyl ester in the GPNPA conjugates readily reacts with amines under mild conditions, and the resulting conjugates acquire strong fluorescence. This approach was used to prepare several fluorescent neoglycoproteins. The neoglycoproteins were covalently printed on activated glass slides and were bound by appropriate lectins recognizing the glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Luyai
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Crich D, Yang F. Synthesis of neoglycoconjugates by the desulfurative rearrangement of allylic disulfides. J Org Chem 2008; 73:7017-27. [PMID: 18729514 PMCID: PMC2742710 DOI: 10.1021/jo8015314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Two series of neoglycosyl donors are prepared on the basis of connection of an allylic disulfide motif to the anomeric center via a simple O-glycosyl linkage or N-glycosyl amide unit. Conjugation of both sets of donors to cysteine in peptides is demonstrated through classical disulfide exchange followed by the phosphine-mediated desulfurative allylic rearrangement resulting in neoglycopeptides characterized by a simple thioether spacer. The conjugation reaction functions in the absence of protecting groups on both the neoglycosyl donor and peptide in aqueous media at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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33
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Hegde VL, Venkatesh YP. Generation of antibodies specific to D-mannitol, a unique haptenic allergen, using reductively aminated D-mannose-bovine serum albumin conjugate as the immunogen. Immunobiology 2006; 212:119-28. [PMID: 17336832 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
D-mannitol is commonly used as a food additive and excipient due to its sweetness, non-toxicity, and low calorific value. However, several cases of hypersensitivity reactions to mannitol have been reported. Owing to its inert nature, mannitol cannot produce an immunological response. In order to explain the mechanism of immunogenicity of mannitol, a method to obtain mannitol epitopes on a carrier protein, which serves as an immunogen to generate antibodies against mannitol, is described. In the present investigation, D-mannitol-specific polyclonal antibodies were generated by immunizing rabbits with reductively aminated mannose-bovine serum albumin (BSA) (33 haptens/molecule) as the hapten-carrier conjugate. Anti-mannitol IgG antibodies were purified from the immune serum by hapten-affinity chromatography on a D-mannitol-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-Sepharose CL-6B affinity matrix. The yield of mannitol-specific antibodies was approximately 40 microg per mL of rabbit antiserum. The specificity of the purified antibodies towards D-mannitol was demonstrated by hapten-inhibition in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The affinity-purified antibodies were found to be very specific to D-mannitol showing less than 5% cross-reactivity with other sugars and sugar alcohols, with the exception of its epimer, sorbitol, which showed 8.8% cross-reactivity. Importantly, the antibodies showed <1% cross-reactivity with L-mannitol epitope, thus exhibiting configurational specificity. The inhibition studies provided evidence for the haptenic nature of mannitol and confirmed that the mannitoyl group is a single epitope. The reaction scheme utilized here for the generation of mannitol epitopes provides the basis for the immunogenicity of mannitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh L Hegde
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Chaluvamba Vilas, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), KRS Road, Mysore 570020, Karnataka State, India
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Hayashi A, Hayashi H, Chiba T, Sasayama S, Onozaki K. N-acetylneuraminic acid coupled human recombinant TNFalpha exhibits enhanced anti-tumor activity against Meth-A fibrosarcoma and reduced toxicity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 56:555-62. [PMID: 17031641 PMCID: PMC7080163 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the effect of glycosylation on its biological activities and to develop tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) with less deleterious effects, N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) with a C9 spacer was chemically coupled to human recombinant TNFα. NeuAc-coupled TNFα (NeuAc-TNFα) exhibited reduced activities in vitro by about threefold compared to native TNFα. In this study, we examined a variety of TNFα activities in vivo. NeuAc-TNFα reduced activities in the up-regulation of serum levels of IL-6 and NOx, but comparable activity as native TNFα in the down-regulation of the serum level of glucose. However, NeuAc-TNFα was more potent than TNFα in the up-regulation of the serum level of serum amyloid A (SAA). NeuAc-TNFα was less toxic to mice. In addition, NeuAc-TNFα exhibited an augmented anti-tumor activity against Meth-A fibrosarcoma without hemorrhagic necrosis. These results indicate that coupling with NeuAc enabled us to develop neoglycoTNFα with selective activities in vivo, including enhanced anti-tumor activity but reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe, Mizuho, Nagoya, 467-8603 Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe, Mizuho, Nagoya, 467-8603 Japan
| | - Taku Chiba
- Department of Molecular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe, Mizuho, Nagoya, 467-8603 Japan
| | - Satoshi Sasayama
- Department of Molecular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe, Mizuho, Nagoya, 467-8603 Japan
| | - Kikuo Onozaki
- Department of Molecular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe, Mizuho, Nagoya, 467-8603 Japan
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Schabussova I, Amer H, van Die I, Kosma P, Maizels RM. O-methylated glycans from Toxocara are specific targets for antibody binding in human and animal infections. Int J Parasitol 2006; 37:97-109. [PMID: 17087964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic helminth Toxocara canis is a widely distributed nematode of mammals. Larval parasites, which infect a wide range of hosts including mice and humans, export glycosylated macromolecules bearing novel methylated oligosaccharide structures, similar to the mammalian blood group antigen H but bearing one or two O-methylated substitutions on the terminal fucose and subterminal galactose residues. We have studied the reactivity of synthetic forms of these glycans to parasite-specific antibodies and mammalian immune system lectins. Murine antibodies, generated to T. canis infection, predominantly recognise the mono-O-methylated form with the beta-configuration of the GalNAc residue (MoMbeta), and antibodies are entirely IgM isotype. The mAb Tcn-2 reproduces this pattern, and shows little reactivity to either the alpha isomer (MoMalpha) or the di-O-methylated form (DiM). Antibodies generated to helminth infections other than T. canis were unreactive with the glycans, except antibodies to other members of the Toxocara genus. Hence, the carbohydrate structures represent immunogenic, genus-specific antigens. Antibodies from human toxocariasis patients are reactive with the same sugars, although preferentially towards DiM. Sera from unrelated helminth infections do not react, confirming the status of these structures as Toxocara-specific glycans. The human dendritic cell lectin, DC-SIGN, was found to bind both Toxocara excretory/secretory products and mammalian blood group antigen H3. However, DC-SIGN did not bind the synthetic glycans, indicating additional non-methylated carbohydrates may also play a role in the interaction between T. canis and its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Schabussova
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
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Åberg PM, Blomberg L, Lönn H, Norberg T. Large Scale Synthesis of Two Trisaccharide Spacer Glycosides Corresponding to the Blood Group A and B Determinants Using Thioglycosides and Dimethyl(Thiomethyl)Sulfonium Tetrafluoroborate (DMTSB) as Promoter. J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309408009185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per-Mikael Åberg
- a Organic Synthesis Department , BioCarb Technology AB , S-223 70, Lund , Sweden
- b Organic Chemistry II , The Lund Institute of Technology , P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 , Lund , Sweden
- c CIBA, CRL , CH-4002, Basel , Switzerland
| | - Lennart Blomberg
- a Organic Synthesis Department , BioCarb Technology AB , S-223 70, Lund , Sweden
- b Organic Chemistry II , The Lund Institute of Technology , P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 , Lund , Sweden
- d Ferring AB , Box 30561 S-200 62 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hans Lönn
- a Organic Synthesis Department , BioCarb Technology AB , S-223 70, Lund , Sweden
- e Symbicom AB, IDEON , S-223 70, Lund , Sweden
| | - Thomas Norberg
- a Organic Synthesis Department , BioCarb Technology AB , S-223 70, Lund , Sweden
- f Cytel Corporation , 3525 John Hopkins Court, San Diego , CA , 92121 , USA
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Fukase K, Nakayama H, Kurosawa M, Ikegaki T, Kanoh T, Hase S, Kusumoto S. Functional Fluorescence Labeling of Carbohydrates and Its Use for Preparation of Neoglycoconjugates. J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309408011676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Fukase
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka , 560 , Japan
| | - Hideo Nakayama
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka , 560 , Japan
| | - Motohiro Kurosawa
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka , 560 , Japan
| | - Toshiki Ikegaki
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka , 560 , Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanoh
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka , 560 , Japan
| | - Sumihiro Hase
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka , 560 , Japan
| | - Shoichi Kusumoto
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka , 560 , Japan
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Sugai Y, Komatani A, Hosoya T, Takahashi K. Comparisons of the time-activity curves of the cardiac blood pool and liver uptake by 99mTc-GSA dynamic SPECT and measured 99mTc-GSA blood concentrations. Ann Nucl Med 2006; 20:295-301. [PMID: 16856573 DOI: 10.1007/bf02984646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the time-activity curve in the cardiac and hepatic region by 99mTc-GSA dynamic SPECT which is clinically used in liver scintigraphy and evaluate the temporal changes in the consistency and errors at the absolute scale using the regression equation of changes in the blood concentration of 99mTc-GSA. METHODS In 11 patients who underwent 99mTc-GSA dynamic SPECT over the 30 min period after IV injection, the percentages of activity in the collected blood and in the blood pool estimated by dynamic SPECT were determined as the plasma clearance by blood collection and as the blood clearance by cardiac pooling. Extrahepatic uptake, expressesd as 100--(% uptake in the liver by dynamic SPECT (%)) was calculated as the blood clearance by the liver. The regression equation (Y = Y0 + Ae(-alphat)) was determined from the changes in the counts, expressed as a percent. Percent errors and the differences in the Y-intercept (Y0), coefficient (A) and slope (alpha) on the regression curve were compared. RESULTS Blood pool clearance gradually exceeded the measured plasma clearance. The clearance by the liver started from a very low initial value and gradually became equal to that of plasma clearance over the first 15 minutes and exceeded it over the second 15 minutes. The Y-intercept was significantly higher in the blood pool clearance than that in the measured plasma clearance (p < 0.001), and the coefficient was significantly lower in the former than the latter (p < 0.001). The coefficient and slope were significantly lower in the hepatic clearance than the plasma clearance (p < 0.001, p < 0.005). CONCLUSION The time-activity curve of the blood pool showed a tendency towards overestimation in the second half of the examination, probably due to scatter effect from the liver. The time-activity curve of liver uptake showed a tendency towards overestimation in the first half of the examination, probably due to the high concentration in the hepatic blood pool, and underestimation in the second half.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Sugai
- Department of Radiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine.
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Lagnoux D, Darbre T, Schmitz ML, Reymond JL. Inhibition of Mitosis by Glycopeptide Dendrimer Conjugates of Colchicine. Chemistry 2005; 11:3941-50. [PMID: 15861378 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200401294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glycopeptide dendrimers have been prepared bearing four or eight identical glycoside moieties at their surface (beta-glucose, alpha-galactose, alpha-N-acetyl-galactose, or lactose), natural amino acids within the branches (Ser, Thr, His, Asp, Glu, Leu, Val, Phe), 2,3-diaminopropionic acid as the branching unit, and a cysteine residue at the core. These dendrimers have been used as drug-delivery devices for colchicine. Colchicine was attached to the dendrimers at the cysteine thiol group through a disulfide or thioether linkage. The biological activities of the glycopeptide dendrimer conjugates were evaluated in HeLa tumor cells and non-transformed mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). The concentrations of glycopeptide dendrimer drug conjugates required to achieve inhibition of cell proliferation by interference with the tubulin system were found to be higher (IC50 > 1 microM) compared to the required colchicine concentration. On the other hand, the glycopeptide dendrimer conjugates inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cells 20-100 times more effectively than the proliferation of MEFs. In comparison, non-glycosylated dendrimers and colchicine itself showed a selectivity of 10-fold or less for HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lagnoux
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
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Mori T, Hatano K, Matsuoka K, Esumi Y, Toone EJ, Terunuma D. Synthesis of carbosilane dendrimers having peripheral mannose and mannobiose. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
A high-density coding system is essential to allow cells to communicate efficiently and swiftly through complex surface interactions. All the structural requirements for forming a wide array of signals with a system of minimal size are met by oligomers of carbohydrates. These molecules surpass amino acids and nucleotides by far in information-storing capacity and serve as ligands in biorecognition processes for the transfer of information. The results of work aiming to reveal the intricate ways in which oligosaccharide determinants of cellular glycoconjugates interact with tissue lectins and thereby trigger multifarious cellular responses (e.g. in adhesion or growth regulation) are teaching amazing lessons about the range of finely tuned activities involved. The ability of enzymes to generate an enormous diversity of biochemical signals is matched by receptor proteins (lectins), which are equally elaborate. The multiformity of lectins ensures accurate signal decoding and transmission. The exquisite refinement of both sides of the protein-carbohydrate recognition system turns the structural complexity of glycans--a demanding but essentially mastered problem for analytical chemistry--into a biochemical virtue. The emerging medical importance of protein-carbohydrate recognition, for example in combating infection and the spread of tumors or in targeting drugs, also explains why this interaction system is no longer below industrial radarscopes. Our review sketches the concept of the sugar code, with a solid description of the historical background. We also place emphasis on a distinctive feature of the code, that is, the potential of a carbohydrate ligand to adopt various defined shapes, each with its own particular ligand properties (differential conformer selection). Proper consideration of the structure and shape of the ligand enables us to envision the chemical design of potent binding partners for a target (in lectin-mediated drug delivery) or ways to block lectins of medical importance (in infection, tumor spread, or inflammation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Enthalpy of dilution of aqueous systems containing S-trioxane and some amides. Analysis of the interaction of saccharides with amides in aqueous media. J SOLUTION CHEM 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00647110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sojar HT, Sharma A, Genco RJ. Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae binds to neoglycoproteins: evidence for a lectin-like interaction. Biochimie 2004; 86:245-9. [PMID: 15194226 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a likely major pathogen in adult periodontitis. Fimbriae in particular have been suggested as playing an important role in facilitating the initial interaction between the bacteria and the host and triggers host responses. Murakami et al. [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 192 (1993) 826] have shown that fimbriae of P. gingivalis strongly induced TNF-alpha gene expression in macrophages and expression of TNF-alpha was inhibited by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, but not inhibited by other sugars. Studies by Sojar et al. [FEBS Lett. 422 (1998) 205] suggested that the oligosaccharide moiety of lactoferrin is involved in the interaction of P. gingivalis fimbriae and human lactoferrin. In the present study, purified fimbriae from P. gingivalis and neoglycoproteins were used to assess lectin-like interaction of fimbriae. In dot blot and overlay assays, iodinated purified P. gingivalis fimbriae as well as biotinylated purified P. gingivalis fimbriae bound strongly to albumin-fucosylamide (albumin-1-amido-1-deoxy-L-fucose) and by lesser extent to albumin-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (albumin-p-aminophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminide). However, fimbriae failed to bind carbohydrate free bovine serum albumin, which was used in preparation of the neoglycoproteins. These results suggests that P. gingivalis fimbriae bind to glycoconjugates through lectin-like interaction with carbohydrate. This protein-carbohydrate interactions may be important for triggering events in these cells, which mediate the host response of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakimuddin T Sojar
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, 213 Foster Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214-3092, USA.
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Borriss R, Krah M, Brumer H, Kerzhner MA, Ivanen DR, Eneyskaya EV, Elyakova LA, Shishlyannikov SM, Shabalin KA, Neustroev KN. Enzymatic synthesis of 4-methylumbelliferyl (1-->3)-beta-D-glucooligosaccharides-new substrates for beta-1,3-1,4-D-glucanase. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:1455-67. [PMID: 12829391 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The transglycosylation reactions catalyzed by beta-1,3-D-glucanases (laminaranases) were used to synthesize a number of 4-methylumbelliferyl (MeUmb) (1-->3)-beta-D-gluco-oligosaccharides having the common structure [beta-D-Glcp-(1-->3)](n)-beta-D-Glcp-MeUmb, where n=1-5. The beta-1,3-D-glucanases used were purified from the culture liquid of Oerskovia sp. and from a homogenate of the marine mollusc Spisula sachalinensis. Laminaran and curdlan were used as (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan donor substrates, while MeUmb-beta-D-glucoside (MeUmbGlcp) was employed as a transglycosylation acceptor. Modification of [beta-D-Glcp-(1-->3)](2)-beta-D-Glcp-MeUmb (MeUmbG(3)) gives 4,6-O-benzylidene-D-glucopyranosyl or 4,6-O-ethylidene-D-glucopyranosyl groups at the non-reducing end of artificial oligosaccharides. The structures of all oligosaccharides obtained were solved by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The synthetic oligosaccharides were shown to be substrates for a beta-1,3-1,4-D-glucanase from Rhodothermus marinus, which releases MeUmb from beta-di- and beta-triglucosides and from acetal-protected beta-triglucosides. When acting upon substrates with d.p.>3, the enzyme exhibits an endolytic activity, primarily cleaving off MeUmbGlcp and MeUmbG(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Borriss
- AG Bakteriengenetik, Institut fur Biologie, Humboldt Universität Berlin Chausseestrasse 117, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
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Eneyskaya EV, Brumer H, Backinowsky LV, Ivanen DR, Kulminskaya AA, Shabalin KA, Neustroev KN. Enzymatic synthesis of beta-xylanase substrates: transglycosylation reactions of the beta-xylosidase from Aspergillus sp. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:313-25. [PMID: 12559729 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A beta-D-xylosidase with molecular mass of 250+/-5 kDa consisting of two identical subunits was purified to homogeneity from a cultural filtrate of Aspergillus sp. The enzyme manifested high transglycosylation activity in transxylosylation with p-nitrophenyl beta-D-xylopyranoside (PNP-X) as substrate, resulting in regio- and stereoselective synthesis of p-nitrophenyl (PNP) beta-(1-->4)-D-xylooligosaccharides with dp 2-7. All transfer products were isolated from the reaction mixtures by HPLC and their structures established by electrospray mass spectrometry and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The glycosides synthesised, beta-Xyl-1-->(4-beta-Xyl-1-->)(n)4-beta-Xyl-OC6H4NO2-p (n=1-5), were tested as chromogenic substrates for family 10 beta-xylanase from Aspergillus orizae (XynA) and family 11 beta-xylanase I from Trichoderma reesei (XynT) by reversed-phase HPLC and UV-spectroscopy techniques. The action pattern of XynA against the foregoing PNP beta-(1-->4)-D-xylooligosaccharides differed from that of XynT in that the latter released PNP mainly from short PNP xylosides (dp 2-3) while the former liberated PNP from the entire set of substrates synthesised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Eneyskaya
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Molecular and Radiation Biology Division, Gatchina, 188350, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Zinin AI, Eneyskaya EV, Shabalin KA, Kulminskaya AA, Shishlyannikov SM, Neustroev KN. 1-O-Acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranose: a novel substrate for the transglycosylation reaction catalyzed by the beta-galactosidase from Penicillium sp. Carbohydr Res 2002; 337:635-42. [PMID: 11909597 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1-O-Acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranose (AcGal), a new substrate for beta-galactosidase, was synthesized in a stereoselective manner by the trichloroacetimidate procedure. Kinetic parameters (K(M) and k(cat)) for the hydrolysis of 1-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranose catalyzed by the beta-D-galactosidase from Penicillium sp. were compared with similar characteristics for a number of natural and synthetic substrates. The value for k(cat) in the hydrolysis of AcGal was three orders of magnitude greater than for other known substrates. The beta-galactosidase hydrolyzes AcGal with retention of anomeric configuration. The transglycosylation activity of the beta-D-galactosidase in the reaction of AcGal and methyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (1) as substrates was investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and HPLC techniques. The transglycosylation product using AcGal as a substrate was beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->6)-1-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranose (with a yield of approximately 70%). In the case of 1 as a substrate, the main transglycosylation product was methyl beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-galactopyranoside. Methyl beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->3)-beta-D-galactopyranoside was found to be minor product in the latter reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Zinin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky av. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Davis
- Dyson Perrins Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK.
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48
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Preparation of an N-Linked Glycopeptide Containing 6-ThioGlcNAc. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2002. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2002.23.1.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Separation of neoglycoproteins with different degrees of glycosylation by boronate chromatography. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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50
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Sugai Y, Komatani A, Hosoya T, Takahashi K. Analysis of the early blood kinetics of 99mTc-GSA and its verification: new one-compartment model and regression equation. Nucl Med Commun 2001; 22:773-8. [PMID: 11453050 DOI: 10.1097/00006231-200107000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Technetium-99m-galactosyl human serum albumin (99mTc-GSA) is a radiopharmaceutical that binds to asialoglycoprotein receptors in the hepatocyte membrane; the level of 99mTc-GSA accumulation in the liver correlates well with the parameters of hepatic function tests. We hypothesized that the early blood kinetics of 99mTc-GSA could be described by a simple one-compartment model expressed as an offset + a monoexponential function (y=y0 +Ae(-alpha)t). The aims of this study were to assess the validity of this hypothesis using sequentially measured blood levels of 99mTc-GSA, which were approximated by a regression expression, and to analyse the regression equation. 99mTc-GSA levels were measured in blood samples collected from 30 patients with liver disease. From sequential changes in radioactivity up to 30 min after injection, a regression equation expressed as an offset+ a monoexponential function was calculated and evaluated by multiple correlation coefficients and absolute deviations (% error). The liver uptake rate 15 min after injection of 99mTc-GSA (liver uptake rate 15, UTR 15) was calculated from the regression equation in each case. The respective relationships of this parameter to the coefficient [A] and gradient [alpha] were evaluated. In all cases, the measured values of radioactivity in blood samples could be fitted to an offset + a monoexponential function. The validity of our hypothesis was supported by examining regression equations calculated from blood 99mTc-GSA levels. Analysis of the regression equations suggested a potential for a new index of hepatic functional reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sugai
- Department of Radiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Japan.
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