Applications of Gas-Liquid Chromatography to Carbohydrates: Part II. Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry Volume 30. Elsevier; 1974. pp. 9-110. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(08)60263-2]

Analysis of sialo-N-glycans in glycoproteins as 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone derivatives by capillary electrophoresis

A method for the analysis of the sialo-N-glycans in glycoproteins was established by the electrokinetic chromatography mode of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles as 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) derivatives, using sialo-N-glycans in fetuin as a model. Six major and some minor peaks were observed for the N-glycans in fetuin, which were well separated from each other using 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.0, containing SDS to a concentration of 30 mM in an uncoated fused-silica capillary, and these peaks were assigned to sialo-N-glycans having either of the biantennary or beta1-3/beta1-4 linked galactose-containing complex type triantennary N-glycans as the basic structures, by an indirect method based on the assignment of the peaks in high-performance liquid chromatography separated in parallel with CE and peak collation between these two separation methods. The attaching position of the sialic acid residue was determined using the linkage preference of neuraminidase isozymes. The established system is considered to be useful for routine analysis of microheterogeneity of the carbohydrate moiety of this model glycoprotein from the following reasons: (1) the derivatization with PMP proceeds quantitatively under mild conditions without causing release of the sialic acid residue, (2) the derivatives can be sensitively detected by UV absorption, (3) the procedure is simple, rapid and reproducible. Preliminary results of N-glycan analysis for several other glycoproteins under these conditions are also presented.

Formation of trisaccharides (kestoses) by pyrolysis of sucrose

Amorphous sucrose, containing citric acid as catalyst, undergoes thermolysis at 100 degrees to yield fructofuranosyl cation and D-glucose. The cation reacts with unchanged sucrose to form all three of the known kestoses, and also their alpha-fructofuranosyl anomers. Two of the latter are resistant to invertase hydrolysis. A new fructosylglucose disaccharide is also formed.

An improved procedure for the methylation analysis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

An improved procedure for the methylation analysis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides is described. Steps in the procedure were examined and optimised for quantitative recovery and speed. Methylation was shown to be complete by using [14C]methyl iodide. All operations were performed in the same tube and the need to concentrate solutions containing acetylated alditols of methylated sugars was eliminated, thus minimising losses due to volatilization. The method is convenient, gives high recoveries of acetylated alditols of methylated sugars, and allows analysis of the glycosyl linkages of oligo- or poly-saccharides to be completed within a working day. A wide range of oligo- and poly-saccharides were methylated by this procedure.

A simple procedure for combined gas chromatographic analysis of neutral sugars, hexosamines and alditols. Determination of degree of polymerization of oligo- and polysaccharides and chain weights of glycosaminoglycans

A reliable and reproducible method that allows the combined, simultaneous gas chromatographic (GC) determination of neutral sugars, hexosamines, alditols, identification and quantitation of the reducing aldose end-group in oligo and polysaccharides and glycosaminoglycans has been described. It involves the following steps: release of the reducing end-group from its protein linkage in glycosaminoglycans and reduction of this reducing end-group into alditol, release of the components of the reduced polymer by resin-catalysed hydrolysis, nitrous acid deamination of the resin-bound hexosamines in this hydrolysate into anhydroaldoses and a combined derivatization and GC determination of the neutral sugars as aldononitrile acetates, anhydroaldoses as peracetylated oximes and alditols as alditol acetates. Application of the method to determination of degree of polymerization of oligo-and polysaccharides and chain weights of proteoglycans has been described. This method has several advantages over the previous methods.

Simultaneous determination of neutral sugars and hexosamines in glycoproteins and acid mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) by gas-liquid chromatography

A reliable and reproducible method for the simultaneous determination of neutral sugars and hexosamines in glycoproteins and acid mucopolysaccharides has been described. It involves the following steps: the release of neutral sugars and hexosamines from biopolymers by resin-catalysed hydrolysis, the nitrous acid deamination of resin-bound hexosamines in this hydrolysate to aldoses, and the determination of these newly formed anhydroaldoses together with the pre-existing neutral sugars as aldononitrile acetates by gas chromatography. Applications of this method to analyses of glycoprotein from urine of schizophrenic patients, bovine thyroglobulin, human brain glycoprotein, chondroitin sulfates from bovine vitreous humor, and veal brain, and human umbilical cord hyaluronic acid are given.