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Cellulolytic and Xylanolytic Enzymes from Yeasts: Properties and Industrial Applications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123783. [PMID: 35744909 PMCID: PMC9229053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulose, the main component of plant cell walls, comprises polyaromatic lignin and fermentable materials, cellulose and hemicellulose. It is a plentiful and renewable feedstock for chemicals and energy. It can serve as a raw material for the production of various value-added products, including cellulase and xylanase. Cellulase is essentially required in lignocellulose-based biorefineries and is applied in many commercial processes. Likewise, xylanases are industrially important enzymes applied in papermaking and in the manufacture of prebiotics and pharmaceuticals. Owing to the widespread application of these enzymes, many prokaryotes and eukaryotes have been exploited to produce cellulase and xylanases in good yields, yet yeasts have rarely been explored for their plant-cell-wall-degrading activities. This review is focused on summarizing reports about cellulolytic and xylanolytic yeasts, their properties, and their biotechnological applications.
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Cloning, expression, and characterization of a recombinant xylanase from Bacillus sonorensis T6. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265647. [PMID: 35298551 PMCID: PMC8929556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanase is one of industrial enzymes with diverse applications including the paper-bleaching industry and feed additives. Here, a strain having xylanolytic activity and identified as Bacillus sonorensis T6 was isolated from soil. A secretory enzyme was identified by mass-spectrometry as a xylanase of glycosyl hydrolase family 11, with a molecular weight of 23.3 kDa. The xylanase gene of Bacillus sonorensis T6 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli (yielding an enzyme designated as rXynT6-E) and in Pichia pastoris (yielding rXynT6-P). The recombinant xylanases were found to have optimal activity at 47–55°C and pH 6.0–7.0. The recombinant xylanase expressed in P. pastoris has 40% higher thermal stability than that expressed in E. coli. The recombinant xylanases retained 100% of activity after 10 h incubation in the pH range 3–11 and 68% of activity after 1 h at pH 2.0. The xylanase activities of rXynT6-E and rXynT6-P under optimal conditions were 1030.2 and 873.8 U/mg, respectively. The good stability in a wide range of pH and moderate temperatures may make the xylanase from Bacillus sonorensis T6 useful for various biotechnological applications, e.g., as an enzyme additive in the feed industry.
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Identification of a New Endo-β-1,4-xylanase Prospected from the Microbiota of the Termite Heterotermes tenuis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050906. [PMID: 35630351 PMCID: PMC9143652 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanases are hemicellulases that break down xylan to soluble pentoses. They are used for industrial purposes, such as paper whitening, beverage clarification, and biofuel production. The second-generation bioethanol production is hindered by the enzymatic hydrolysis step of the lignocellulosic biomass, due to the complex arrangement established among its constituents. Xylanases can potentially increase the production yield by improving the action of the cellulolytic enzyme complex. We prospected endo-β-1,4-xylanases from meta-transcriptomes of the termite Heterotermes tenuis. In silico structural characterization and functional analysis of an endo-β-1,4-xylanase from a symbiotic protist of H. tenuis indicate two active sites and a substrate-binding groove needed for the catalytic activity. No N-glycosylation sites were found. This endo-β-1,4-xylanase was recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli cells, presenting a molecular mass of approximately 20 kDa. Enzymatic activity assay using recombinant endo-β-1,4-xylanase was also performed on 1% xylan agar stained with Congo red at 30 °C and 40 °C. The enzyme expressed in both systems was able to hydrolyze the substrate xylan, becoming a promising candidate for further analysis aiming to determine its potential for application in industrial xylan degradation processes.
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Kaur S, Santra S. Recent Progress in Chemical Modification of the Natural Polysaccharide Guar Gum. Curr Org Synth 2021; 19:197-219. [PMID: 34751122 DOI: 10.2174/1570179418666211109105416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Guar gum (GG) is a natural heteropolysaccharide. Due to its non-toxic, eco-friendly, and biodegradable nature, GG has found wide applications in many areas, in particular food, paper, textile, petroleum, and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, GG is often called "Black Gold" as well. Due to the presence of hydroxyl groups, GG can be modified by various methods. The physical and biological properties of GG can be modulated by chemical modifications. In this manuscript, various methods for the chemical modifications of GG have been discussed according to the type of modifications. Mechanistic insights have also been provided whenever possible. In addition, potential applications of new GG derivatives have also been briefly mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab-144411. India
| | - Soumava Santra
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab-144411. India
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Meeus Y, Janssen F, Wouters AG, Delcour JA, Moldenaers P. The role of arabinoxylan in determining the non-linear and linear rheology of bread doughs made from blends of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) flour. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Tian B, Zhou C, Li D, Pei J, Guo A, Liu S, Li H. Monitoring the Effects of Hemicellulase on the Different Proofing Stages of Wheat Aleurone-Rich Bread Dough and Bread Quality. Foods 2021; 10:2427. [PMID: 34681483 PMCID: PMC8535788 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a hemicellulase dosage (20, 40, and 60 mg kg-1 of flour) on the bread quality and rheological properties of wheat aleurone-rich flour. The results showed that hemicellulase could soften dough and improve extensibility. At the optimum hemicellulase dosage (40 mg kg-1 of flour), the bread specific volume increased by 40.91% and firmness of breadcrumb decreased by 104.57% compared to those of the control. Intermolecular forces indicated that the gluten network during the proofing was mainly strengthened via disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonds but not through ionic bonds after hemicellulase addition. Fourier infrared spectroscopy indicated that the hydrolytic activity of hemicellulase catalyzed the transition from α-helix to β-sheet, which verified that viscoelasticity of gluten was enhanced at a dosage of 40 mg kg-1 of flour. These results suggested that hydrolyzation of hemicellulase contributed to the structural of gluten changes, thereby improving the quality of wheat aleurone-rich bread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (B.T.); (C.Z.); (J.P.); (A.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Chenxia Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (B.T.); (C.Z.); (J.P.); (A.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;
| | - Jiawei Pei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (B.T.); (C.Z.); (J.P.); (A.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Ailiang Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (B.T.); (C.Z.); (J.P.); (A.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Shuang Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (B.T.); (C.Z.); (J.P.); (A.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Huijing Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (B.T.); (C.Z.); (J.P.); (A.G.); (S.L.)
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7
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Effect of xylanase supplementation on nutrient and energy digestibility at three time periods in growing pigs fed diets based on corn or corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Industrially Important Fungal Enzymes: Productions and Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68260-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Kasirajan L, Maupin-Furlow JA. Halophilic archaea and their potential to generate renewable fuels and chemicals. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1066-1090. [PMID: 33241850 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biofuels and chemicals have great potential to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate air pollution by cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions. Chemical, thermal, and enzymatic processes are used to release the sugars from the lignocellulosic biomass for conversion to biofuels. These processes often operate at extreme pH conditions, high salt concentrations, and/or high temperature. These harsh treatments add to the cost of the biofuels, as most known biocatalysts do not operate under these conditions. To increase the economic feasibility of biofuel production, microorganisms that thrive in extreme conditions are considered as ideal resources to generate biofuels and value-added products. Halophilic archaea (haloarchaea) are isolated from hypersaline ecosystems with high salt concentrations approaching saturation (1.5-5 M salt concentration) including environments with extremes in pH and/or temperature. The unique traits of haloarchaea and their enzymes that enable them to sustain catalytic activity in these environments make them attractive resources for use in bioconversion processes that must occur across a wide range of industrial conditions. Biocatalysts (enzymes) derived from haloarchaea occupy a unique niche in organic solvent, salt-based, and detergent industries. This review focuses on the use of haloarchaea and their enzymes to develop and improve biofuel production. The review also highlights how haloarchaea produce value-added products, such as antibiotics, carotenoids, and bioplastic precursors, and can do so using feedstocks considered "too salty" for most microbial processes including wastes from the olive-mill, shell fish, and biodiesel industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Kasirajan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India
| | - Julie A Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Sepulchro AGV, Pellegrini VO, Briganti L, de Araujo EA, de Araujo SS, Polikarpov I. Transformation of xylan into value-added biocommodities using Thermobacillus composti GH10 xylanase. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 247:116714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Gupta PK, Choudhary S, Chandrananthi C, Sharon Eveline J, Sushmitha SP, Hiremath L, Srivastava AK, Narendra Kumar S. Fungal Biodiversity Producing Xylanase Enzymes Involved in Efficient Uses of Xylanolysis. Fungal Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23834-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Dutta SK, Chakraborty S. Mixing effects on the kinetics and the dynamics of two-phase enzymatic hydrolysis of hemicellulose for biofuel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 259:276-285. [PMID: 29571171 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work uses a coupled experimental and modeling approach to explore the effects of macro- and micro-mixing on the kinetics and the dynamics of two-phase enzymatic hydrolysis of hemicellulose. Reactor mixing does not alter the non-competitive nature of product inhibition in hemicellulose hydrolysis by endoxylanase, but produces stronger inhibition that reduces the soluble sugar yield by 8-14.5%, as the mixing speed increases from 0 to 200 rpm. The kinetic constants (Km, Vmax, Kx) assume mass-transfer disguised values at 0-200 rpm. An optimal mixing strategy, comprising of 55-70 min of initial rapid convective macromixing followed by diffusive micromixing (without any macromixing) for the rest of the hydrolysis, increases xylose and reducing sugar yields by 6.3-8% and 13-20%, respectively, over continuous mixing at 200 rpm, for 1-5 mg/ml substrate loading at an optimum enzyme to substrate ratio of 1:20, with an energy saving of 94-96% over 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajal Kanti Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Saikat Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India; School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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Iqbal Z, Roberts J, Perez-Maldonado RA, Goodarzi Boroojeni F, Swick RA, Ruhnke I. Pasture, multi-enzymes, benzoic acid and essential oils positively influence performance, intestinal organ weight and egg quality in free-range laying hens. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:180-189. [PMID: 29130331 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1403566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of range type, multi-enzyme applications, and a combination of benzoic acid (BA) and essential oils (EO) on the productive performance, organ weight and egg quality of free-range laying hens. 2. Three hundred laying hens were evaluated for the short-term (6 weeks) and long-term (12 weeks) effects of range type (G = no pasture, P = pasture) and feed additives (T1 = control; T2 = betaglucanase/pectinase/protease; T3 = BA/EO). Body weight, feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg production (EP), digestive organ weight, and egg quality (EQ) were evaluated. Data were analysed using SPSS 2.2 in a 2×2×3 factorial arrangement. 3. Hens that ranged on pasture were significantly heavier (2043 g vs. 1996 g; p < 0.001), laid heavier eggs (61.9 g vs. 60.3 g; p < 0.001) and produced darker yolk colour (4.3 vs. 7.0; p < 0.001) compared to hens ranged on gravel. Hens fed T2 were significantly heavier (2050 g) compared to hens fed T1 (2005 g) or T3 (2008 g). Organ weights (gizzard, liver and pancreas) were significantly heavier in hens ranged on pasture (16.8 g/kg BW, 22.3 g/kg BW and 1.89 g/kg BW, respectively) compared to hens ranged on gravel (14.2 g/kg BW, 21.7 g/kg BW and 1.83 g/kg BW, respectively). Over time, body weight (1970-2070 g; p < 0.001) and egg weight (59.5-62.8 g; p < 0.001) increased, FI (123-120 g; p = 0.024) was reduced and FCR (2.36-2.10; p = 0.002) improved 4. In conclusion, hens housed on pasture and fed multi-enzyme supplemented diets had significantly heavier body weight and produced heavier eggs with darker yolk colour. Pasture intake and enzyme supplementation increased digestive organ weight significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Iqbal
- a School of Environmental and Rural Science, Department of Animal Science , University of New England , Armidale , Australia
| | - J Roberts
- a School of Environmental and Rural Science, Department of Animal Science , University of New England , Armidale , Australia
| | | | - F Goodarzi Boroojeni
- c Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition , Freie Universität , Berlin , Germany
| | - R A Swick
- a School of Environmental and Rural Science, Department of Animal Science , University of New England , Armidale , Australia
| | - I Ruhnke
- a School of Environmental and Rural Science, Department of Animal Science , University of New England , Armidale , Australia
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Wheat dough syruping in cold storage is related to structural changes of starch and non-starch polysaccharides. Food Res Int 2017; 99:596-602. [PMID: 28784522 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Even though the refrigerated dough industry is growing quickly due to the convenience and freshness of refrigerated dough over a prolonged storage period, dough syruping, which is a brownish liquid that leaches out from dough during the storage, is a quality-diminishing factor that needs to be resolved. The objectives of this study were to understand dough syruping and how it is related to structural changes in water-soluble arabinoxylan (WS-AX) and starch in wheat flours during refrigeration as well as to prevent syruping by applying exogenous cell wall polysaccharides. Dough syruping increased to 6.5, 6.9, and 17.2% in weak, strong, and jopoom wheat flours, respectively, after a 35-day storage period. The endoxylanase activity of jopoom wheat flour was substantially greater compared to other commercial flours, but the activity of this flour did not change over the whole cold storage period. The molecular size reduction of WS-AX was inversely related to the degree of dough syruping. The addition of β-glucan, carboxymethylcellulose, and xylan effectively reduced syrup formation in jopoom wheat flour dough.
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15
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YaPing W, Ben R, Ling Z, Lixin M. High-level expression of two thermophilic β-mannanases in Yarrowialipolytica. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 133:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Seesom W, Thongket P, Yamamoto T, Takenaka S, Sakamoto T, Sukhumsirichart W. Purification, characterization, and overexpression of an endo-1,4-β-mannanase from thermotolerant Bacillus sp. SWU60. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:53. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Bi R, Berglund J, Vilaplana F, McKee LS, Henriksson G. The degree of acetylation affects the microbial degradability of mannans. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Dutta SK, Chakraborty S. Kinetic analysis of two-phase enzymatic hydrolysis of hemicellulose of xylan type. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 198:642-650. [PMID: 26433789 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a coupled experimental and theoretical framework for quantifying the kinetics of two-phase enzymatic hydrolysis of hemicellulose. For xylan loading of 1-5mg/ml, the nature of inhibition by the product xylose (non-competitive), the kinetic constants (Km=3.93 mg/ml, Vmax=0.0252 mg/ml/min) and the xylose inhibition constant (Kx=0.122 mg/ml) are experimentally determined. Our multi-step two-phase kinetic model incorporating enzyme adsorption to the solid substrate and non-competitive product inhibition is simulated using our kinetic data and validated against our experimentally measured temporal dynamics of xylose and reducing sugars. Further experiments show that higher substrate loading reduces the specific adsorption of the endoxylanase to the solid xylan and the enzyme's solid-liquid distribution ratio, which decelerates the solid hydrolysis and accelerates the liquid phase reactions. Thus, the xylose yield increases with substrate loading, which increases product inhibition and decreases reducing sugar yields. An operating cost analysis gives 3mg/ml as the optimal substrate loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajal Kanti Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Saikat Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India; School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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19
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Research Progress Concerning Fungal and Bacterial β-Xylosidases. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:766-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Chen WP, Matsuo M, Yasui T. Purification and Some Properties ofβ-1,3-Xylanase fromAspergillus terreusA-07. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00021369.1986.10867543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Production, optimization and evaluation of multicomponent holocellulase produced by Streptomyces sp. ssr-198. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Mendoza NS, Arai M, Kawaguchi T, Yoshida T, Joson LM. Purification and properties of mannanase from Bacillus subtilis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 10:551-5. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00367665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/29/1994] [Accepted: 05/03/1994] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Meddeb-Mouelhi F, Moisan JK, Beauregard M. A comparison of plate assay methods for detecting extracellular cellulase and xylanase activity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 66:16-9. [PMID: 25248694 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Identification of microorganisms for the production of carbohydrolytic enzymes is extremely important given the increased demand for these enzymes in many industries. To this end, dye-polysaccharide interactions which provide a visual indication of polymer hydrolysis (clear zones or halos) have been used for decades. For the detection of extracellular cellulase or xylanase activity many laboratories use Gram's iodine as the chromogenic dye, as it is a more rapid initial screening method compared to the use of other dyes. Here, we compared Gram's iodine and Congo red as indicators of polysaccharide hydrolysis. We attempted to detect cellulase activity using carboxymethylcellulose, and xylanase activity using birchwood xylan, in fourteen uncharacterized bacteria isolated from wood chips. Our results indicate that Gram's iodine may lead to identification of false positives in a typical screening protocol and that Congo red allows for avoidance of such pitfall. Congo red allowed detection of cellulase activity from live microbial colonies but not Gram's iodine. To confirm this, detection of enzymatic activity was also assessed using cell-free enzyme preparations. Congo red was found to be reliable in detecting cellulase activity with isolated enzymes preparations. Under the same conditions, neither of these dyes detected xylanase activity, despite independent evidence of xylanase activity for one of the preparations. We detected xylanase activity for this particular enzyme preparation using a coloured derivative of xylan (Remazol Brillant Blue R-xylan adduct) that respond to xylan hydrolysis. Our results suggest that methods that rely on interactions between a dye (Congo red or Gram's iodine) and a polymeric substrate (carboxymethylcellulose or birchwood xylan) for indirect detection of hydrolysis may require the use of relevant controls and independent confirmation of enzymatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Meddeb-Mouelhi
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. Des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada; Buckman North America, 351 Joseph-Carrier, Vaudreuil-Dorion, Québec J7V 5V5, Canada.
| | - Jessica Kelly Moisan
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. Des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada; PROTEO, Université Laval, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marc Beauregard
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. Des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada; PROTEO, Université Laval, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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25
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Isolation and Characterization of CcAbf62A, a GH62 α-L-Arabinofuranosidase, from the BasidiomyceteCoprinopsis cinerea. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:342-5. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Extractive Fermentation of Xylanase from Aspergillus tamarii URM 4634 in a Bioreactor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:1652-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Johnson KG. Exocellular β-mannanases from hemicellulolytic fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 6:209-17. [PMID: 24429995 DOI: 10.1007/bf01200943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/1989] [Accepted: 01/11/1990] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Production of exocellular β-mannan- and xylan-degrading enzymes by eight wood rotting fungi was studied. Although all organisms excreted β-mannanase, endoxyfanase and acetylxylan esterase, production ofL-α-arabinosidase and 4-O-methylglucuronidase was variable. β-Mannanosidase was not detected in any culture filltrate. Righest β-mannanase and endoxylanase activities were observed in cultures ofPolyporus versicolor andSchizophyllum commune grown in Avicel-supplemented media. While crude β-mannanases fromLinzites saepiria andS. commune exhibited equivalent affinities for gluco- and galactomannan substrates,P. versicolor β-mannanase preferred a glucomannan substrate and did not use galactomannan from guar sum as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Johnson
- Division of Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Isolation of mannan-utilizing bacteria and the culture conditions for mannanase production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 10:51-4. [PMID: 24420886 DOI: 10.1007/bf00357563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/07/1993] [Accepted: 06/09/1993] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A locally isolated strain, Bacillus subtilis NM-39, was selected as an active mannan-utilizing bacterium based on high saccharifying activities on coconut residue and locust bean gum galactomannan. The optimal pH and temperature ranges for activity of the crude enzyme were 5.0 to 6.0 and 50 to 60°C, respectively. The organism gave maximum mannanase activity when grown in liquid mineral salts medium containing 1% (w/v) each of coconut residue and soybean flour, as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, at pH 7.0 and in aerobic growth for 28 h at 37°C. High saccharifying activity on coconut mannan was also observed.
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29
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Goswami GK, Krishnamohan M, Nain V, Aggarwal C, Ramesh B. Cloning and heterologous expression of cellulose free thermostable xylanase from Bacillus brevis. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:20. [PMID: 25674425 PMCID: PMC4320173 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Xylanase gene isolated from Bacillus brevis was expressed in E. coli BL21. Sequencing of the gene (Gen Bank accession number: HQ179986) showed that it belongs to family 11 xylanases. The recombinant xylanase was predominantly secreted to culture medium and showed mesophilic nature (optimum activity at 55°C and pH 7.0). The cell free culture medium exhibited 30 IU/ml xylanse activity. The enzyme did not show any cellulose activity and was active under wide range of temperature (40°C to 80°C) and pH (4 to 9). The enzyme showed considerable thermo stability and regained over 90% of activity, when returned to 55°C after boiling for 5 min. These physiochemical properties of B. brevis xylanse show high potential of its applications in paper and pulp industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish K Goswami
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302001 India
| | | | - Vikrant Nain
- Department of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater NOIDA, 201308 India
| | - Chetana Aggarwal
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Bandarupalli Ramesh
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004 India
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30
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Wan CF, Chen CT, Li YK, Huang L. Expression, Purification and Characterization of a Bifunctional α-L-Arabinofuranosidase/β-D-Xylosidase fromTrichoderma KoningiiG-39. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200700018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Vijayalaxmi S, Prakash P, Jayalakshmi SK, Mulimani VH, Sreeramulu K. Production of extremely alkaliphilic, halotolerent, detergent, and thermostable mannanase by the free and immobilized cells of Bacillus halodurans PPKS-2. Purification and characterization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:382-95. [PMID: 23839508 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans strain PPKS-2 was shown to produce extracellular extreme alkaliphilic, halotolerent, detergent, and thermostable mannanase activity. The cultural conditions for the maximum enzyme production were optimized with respect to pH, temperature, NaCl, and inexpensive agro wastes as substrates. Mannanase production was enhanced more than 4-fold in the presence of 1 % defatted copra meal and 0.5 % peptone or feather hydrolysate at pH 11 and 40 °C. Mannanase was purified to 10.3-fold with 34.6 % yield by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography methods. Its molecular mass was estimated to be 22 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The mannanase had maximal activity at pH 11 and 70 °C. This enzyme was active over a broad range of NaCl (0-16 %) and thermostable retaining 100 % of the original activity at 70 °C for 3 h. Immobilization of whole cells proved to be effective for continuous production of mannanase. Since the strain PPKS-2 grows on cheaper agro wastes such as defatted copra meal, corn husk, jowar bagasse, and wheat bran, these can be exploited for mannanase production on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vijayalaxmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga 585106, Karnataka, India
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32
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Huang JL, Bao LX, Zou HY, Che SG, Wang GX. High-level production of a cold-active B-mannanase from Bacillus subtilis Bs5 and its molecular cloning and expression. MOLECULAR GENETICS MICROBIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.3103/s0891416812040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Lasrado LD, Gudipati M. Purification and characterization of β-D-xylosidase from Lactobacillus brevis grown on xylo-oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 92:1978-83. [PMID: 23399247 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years there has been a growing interest in the use of oligosaccharides as prebiotics to modulate gut microbiota with an aim to improve the gut health. Though xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) have been increasingly used as prebiotics, information pertaining to the enzymes used by lactobacilli to degrade these substrates is scanty. Present investigation reports the purification and characterization of β-D-xylosidase from Lactobacillus brevis NCDC01 grown on XOS. Three sequential steps consisting of ultra-filtration, DEAE cellulose ion-exchange and Sephacryl S-100 gel filtration chromatographies were employed to purify the enzyme to apparent homogeneity and it was found to be monomeric on SDS-PAGE with an apparent molecular mass of ~58.0 kDa. The pH and temperature optima were 6.0 and 40 °C respectively. The enzyme remained stable over a pH range of 5.5-7.5 and up to 50 °C for 30 min. Under optimum pH and temperature with p-nitrophenyl β-D-xylopyranoside as a substrate, the enzyme exhibited a K(m) of 0.87 mM. The enzyme does not require any metal ion for activity or stability but is completely inhibited by Hg(2+), Pb(2+), p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), oxalic acid and citric acid. This is perhaps the first report on the purification and characterization of β-D-xylosidase from Lactobacillus brevis NCDC01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyned D Lasrado
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
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34
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Deutschmann R, Dekker RF. From plant biomass to bio-based chemicals: Latest developments in xylan research. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1627-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Deshpande V, Lachke A, Mishra C, Keskar S, Rao M. Mode of action and properties of xylanase and beta-Xylosidase from Neurospora crassa. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 28:1832-7. [PMID: 18555300 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260281210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular beta-xylosidase (1,4-beta-D-xylan xylohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.37) from culture filtrates of Neurospora crassa was purified to homogeneity by preparative isoelectric focusing followed by gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the purified xylosidase was 83,000 D and the K(m) on p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xyloside was 0.047mM. The homogeneous xylanase (1,4-beta-D-xylan xylanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.8) and beta-xylosidase showed differences in their mode of action towards xylooligosaccharides. The degree of hydrolysis of D-xylan by xylanase of N. crassa was 18%. Supplementation of beta-xylosidase from the same organism resulted in 48% hydrolysis. The synergistic effect was more pronounced, with the hydrolysis of 68%, when a homogeneous preparation of beta-xylosidase from Sclerotium rolfsii was added to the saccharification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Deshpande
- Biochemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Poona-411 008, India
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36
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In vitro assessment of three fibrolytic enzyme preparations as potential feed additives in equine diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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37
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Khucharoenphaisan K, Sinma K. Beta-xylanase from Thermomyces lanuginosus and its biobleaching application. Pak J Biol Sci 2011; 13:513-26. [PMID: 21848065 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2010.513.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thermomyces lanuginosus is thermophilic fungus in which was isolated from widespread material. A high number of this fungus was found in composts especially mushroom composts. This fungus has been reported to produce a high level xylanase when cultivated in the medium containing xylan and corn cob as a carbon source. Various strains of T. lanuginosus produced a single xylanase with molecular masses in range of 22.0 to 29.0 kDa. Pure beta-xylanase obtained from various strains of this fungus exhibited highly stability at high temperature and wide pH range. The optimal temperature and optimal pH of pure beta-xylanase from various strains of T. lanuginosus have been reported in range of 60-75 degrees C and pH 6.0-7.0, respectively. The great thermal stability was resulting from the present of hydrophilic amino acid on beta sheet of the surface of xylanase structure. Moreover, the relatedness between high and low xylanase producing strains can be distinguish by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Based on nucleotide sequences and T. lanuginosus xylanase gene has been classified to be a member of family 11 (formerly known as cellulase family G) glycosyl hydrolases. This enzyme was endo-type xylanase having main product are xylose and xylobiose. The expression of xylanase gene from T. lanuginosus was achieved in Escherichia coli and methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The ability of T. lanuginosus in which produced large amount of high thermos stable xylanase has made this fungus to be a source of xylanase production for biobleaching in pulp and paper process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Khucharoenphaisan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Phranakhon Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10220, Thailand
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38
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Kotake T, Hirata N, Degi Y, Ishiguro M, Kitazawa K, Takata R, Ichinose H, Kaneko S, Igarashi K, Samejima M, Tsumuraya Y. Endo-beta-1,3-galactanase from winter mushroom Flammulina velutipes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27848-54. [PMID: 21653698 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.251736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins are proteoglycans found on the cell surface and in the cell walls of higher plants. The carbohydrate moieties of most arabinogalactan proteins are composed of β-1,3-galactan main chains and β-1,6-galactan side chains, to which other auxiliary sugars are attached. For the present study, an endo-β-1,3-galactanase, designated FvEn3GAL, was first purified and cloned from winter mushroom Flammulina velutipes. The enzyme specifically hydrolyzed β-1,3-galactan, but did not act on β-1,3-glucan, β-1,3:1,4-glucan, xyloglucan, and agarose. It released various β-1,3-galactooligosaccharides together with Gal from β-1,3-galactohexaose in the early phase of the reaction, demonstrating that it acts on β-1,3-galactan in an endo-fashion. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that FvEn3GAL is member of a novel subgroup distinct from known glycoside hydrolases such as endo-β-1,3-glucanase and endo-β-1,3:1,4-glucanase in glycoside hydrolase family 16. Point mutations replacing the putative catalytic Glu residues conserved for enzymes in this family with Asp abolished activity. These results indicate that FvEn3GAL is a highly specific glycoside hydrolase 16 endo-β-1,3-galactanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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39
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Qi J, Mao L, Xue Y, Gao F, Peng H, Wang X, Gao GF, Ma Y. Structural analysis of alkaline β-mannanase from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. N16-5: implications for adaptation to alkaline conditions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14608. [PMID: 21436878 PMCID: PMC3059134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in isolating novel alkaline β-mannanases, however, there is a paucity of information concerning the structural basis for alkaline tolerance displayed by these β-mannanases. We report the catalytic domain structure of an industrially important β-mannanase from the alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. N16-5 (BSP165 MAN) at a resolution of 1.6 Å. This enzyme, classified into subfamily 8 in glycosyl hydrolase family 5 (GH5), has a pH optimum of enzymatic activity at pH 9.5 and folds into a classic (β/α)(8)-barrel. In order to gain insight into molecular features for alkaline adaptation, we compared BSP165 MAN with previously reported GH5 β-mannanases. It was revealed that BSP165 MAN and other subfamily 8 β-mannanases have significantly increased hydrophobic and Arg residues content and decreased polar residues, comparing to β-mannanases of subfamily 7 or 10 in GH5 which display optimum activities at lower pH. Further, extensive structural comparisons show alkaline β-mannanases possess a set of distinctive features. Position and length of some helices, strands and loops of the TIM barrel structures are changed, which contributes, to a certain degree, to the distinctly different shaped (β/α)(8)-barrels, thus affecting the catalytic environment of these enzymes. The number of negatively charged residues is increased on the molecular surface, and fewer polar residues are exposed to the solvent. Two amino acid substitutions in the vicinity of the acid/base catalyst were proposed to be possibly responsible for the variation in pH optimum of these homologous enzymes in subfamily 8 of GH5, identified by sequence homology analysis and pK(a) calculations of the active site residues. Mutational analysis has proved that Gln91 and Glu226 are important for BSP165 MAN to function at high pH. These findings are proposed to be possible factors implicated in the alkaline adaptation of GH5 β-mannanases and will help to further understanding of alkaline adaptation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueju Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Cao
- Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangwei Mao
- College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfen Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - George F. Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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40
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Santos CR, Squina FM, Navarro AM, Ruller R, Prade R, Murakami MT. Cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of the catalytic domain of a hyperthermostable endo-1,4-beta-D-mannanase from Thermotoga petrophila RKU-1. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:1078-81. [PMID: 20823531 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110029131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Endo-1,4-beta-D-mannanases play key roles in seed germination and fruit ripening and have recently received much attention owing to their potential applications in the food, detergent and kraft pulp industries. In order to delineate their structural determinants for specificity and stability, X-ray crystallographic investigations combined with detailed functional studies are being performed. In this work, crystals of the catalytic domain of a hyperthermostable endo-1,4-beta-D-mannanase from Thermotoga petrophila RKU-1 were obtained from three different conditions, resulting in two crystalline forms. Crystals from conditions with phosphate or citrate salts as precipitant (CryP) belonged to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a=58.76, b=87.99, c=97.34 A, while a crystal from a condition with ethanol as precipitant (CryE) belonged to space group I2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a=91.03, b=89.97, c=97.89 A. CryP and CryE diffracted to resolutions of 1.40 and 1.45 A, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ramos Santos
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, 13083-970 Campinas-SP, Brazil
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41
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Ng TK, Zeikus JG. Comparison of Extracellular Cellulase Activities of Clostridium thermocellum LQRI and Trichoderma reesei QM9414. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 42:231-40. [PMID: 16345823 PMCID: PMC243996 DOI: 10.1128/aem.42.2.231-240.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The crude extracellular cellulase of Clostridium thermocellum LQRI (virgin strain) was very active and solubilized microcrystalline cellulose at one-half the rate observed for the extracellular cellulase of Trichoderma reesei QM9414 (mutant strain). C. thermocellum cellulase activity differed considerably from that of T. reesei as follows: higher endoglucanase/exoglucanase activity ratio; absence of extracellular cellobiase or beta-xylosidase activity; long-chain oligosaccharides instead of short-chain oligosaccharides as initial (15-min) hydrolytic products on microcrystalline cellulose; mainly cellobiose or xylobiose as long-term (24-h) hydrolysis products of Avicel and MN300 or xylan; and high activity and stability at 60 to 70 degrees C. Under optimized reaction conditions, the kinetic properties (V(max), 0.4 mumol/min per mg of protein; energy of activation, 33 kJ; temperature coefficient, 1.8) of C. thermocellum cellulose-solubilizing activity were comparable to those reported for T. reesei, except that the dyed Avicel concentration at half-maximal velocity was twofold higher (182 muM). The cellulose-solubilizing activity of the two crude cellulases differed considerably in response to various enzyme inhibitors. Most notably, Ag and Hg effectively inhibited C. thermocellum but not T. reesei cellulase at <20 muM, whereas Ca, Mg, and Mn inhibited T. reesei but not C. thermocellum cellulase at >10 mM. Both enzymes were inhibited by Cu (>20 mM), Zn (>1.0 mM), and ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)- N,N-tetraacetic acid (>10 mM). T. reesei but not C. thermocellum cellulose-solubilizing activity was 20% inhibited by glucose (73 mM) and cellobiose (29 mM). Both cellulases preferentially cleaved the internal glycosidic bonds of cellooligosaccharides. The overall rates of cellooligosaccharide degradation were higher for T. reesei than for C. thermocellum cellulase, except that the rates of conversion of cellohexaose to cellotriose were equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Ng
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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42
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Forsberg CW, Beveridge TJ, Hellstrom A. Cellulase and Xylanase Release from Bacteroides succinogenes and Its Importance in the Rumen Environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 42:886-96. [PMID: 16345891 PMCID: PMC244123 DOI: 10.1128/aem.42.5.886-896.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During growth of Bacteroides succinogenes in a liquid medium with cellulose as the source of carbohydrate, greater than 80% of the carboxymethylcellulase (endo-beta-1,4-glucanase), xylanase, and aryl-beta-xylosidase and 50% of the aryl-beta-glucosidase released from cells into the culture fluid. Less than 25% of the cellobiase activity was detected in the culture fluid. Approximately 50% of each of the released enzymes measured was associated with sedimentable subcellular membrane vesicles. The vesicles appeared to be released from the outer membrane of intact cells by bleb formation, primarily in pockets between the cells and the cellulose, although a few unattached cells with blebs were seen. Many vesicles were seen adhering to cellulose, and they were also seen free in the culture fluid. These data suggest that B. succinogenes releases hydrolytic enzymes in nonsedimentable and particulate forms during growth by a mechanism which has until now received little attention. Cellulose incubated in a porous nylon bag in the rumen was colonized by bacteria resembling B. succinogenes, and subcellular vesicles were seen penetrating channels and fractures in the cellulose. On this basis, it is suggested that B. succinogenes cells in the rumen contribute to an extracellular population of subcellular vesicles that possess cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic activities which probably enhance polymer digestion and provide a source of sugars for microbes lacking polymer-degrading activity, thereby contributing to a stable heterogeneous microbial population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Forsberg
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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43
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Lee SF, Forsberg CW, Gibbins LN. Xylanolytic Activity of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 50:1068-76. [PMID: 16346904 PMCID: PMC291795 DOI: 10.1128/aem.50.4.1068-1076.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Of 20 strains of Clostridium spp. screened, 17 hydrolyzed larch wood xylan. Two strains of Clostridium acetobutylicum, NRRL B527 and ATCC 824, hydrolyzed xylan but failed to grow on solid media with larch xylan as the sole carbon source; however, strain ATCC 824 was subsequently found to grow on xylan under specified conditions in a chemostat. These two strains possessed cellulolytic activity and were therefore selected for further studies. In cellobiose-limited continuous cultures, strain NRRL B527 produced maximum xylanase activity at pH 5.2. Strain ATCC 824 produced higher xylanase, xylopyranosidase, and arabinofuranosidase activities in chemostat culture with xylose than with any other soluble carbon source as the limiting nutrient. The activities of these enzymes were markedly reduced when the cells were grown in the presence of excess glucose. The xylanase showed maximum activity at pH 5.8 to 6.0 and 65 degrees C. The enzyme was stable on the alkaline side of pH 5.2 but was unstable below this pH value. The extracellular xylanolytic activity from strain ATCC 824 hydrolyzed 12% of the larch wood xylan during a 24-h incubation period, yielding xylose, xylobiose, and xylotriose as the major hydrolysis products. Strain ATCC 824, after being induced to grow in batch culture in xylan medium supplemented with a low concentration of xylose, failed to grow reproducibly in unsupplemented xylan medium. A mutant obtained by mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate was able to grow reproducibly in batch culture on xylan. Both the parent strain and the mutant were able to grow with xylan as the sole source of carbohydrate in continuous culture with the pH maintained at either 5.2 or 6.0. Under these conditions, the cells utilized approximately 50% of the xylan.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Lee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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44
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Rapp P, Wagner F. Production and Properties of Xylan-Degrading Enzymes from Cellulomonas uda. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 51:746-52. [PMID: 16347038 PMCID: PMC238959 DOI: 10.1128/aem.51.4.746-752.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylan degradation and production of beta-xylanase and beta-xylosidase activities were studied in cultures of Cellulomonas uda grown on purified xylan from birchwood. beta-Xylanase activity was found to be associated with the cells, although in various degrees. The formation of beta-xylanase activity was induced by xylotriose and repressed by xylose. beta-Xylosidase activity was cell bound. Both constitutive and inducible beta-xylosidase activities were suggested. beta-Xylanase and beta-xylosidase activities were inhibited competitively by xylose. beta-Xylanase activity had a pronounced optimum pH of 5.8, whereas the optimum pH of beta-xylosidase activity ranged from 5.4 to 6.1. The major products of xylan degradation by a crude preparation of beta-xylanase activity, in decreasing order of amount, were xylobiose, xylotriose, xylose, and small amounts of xylotetraose. This pattern suggests that beta-xylanase activity secreted by C. uda is of the endosplitting type. Supernatants of cultures grown on cellulose showed not only beta-glucanase but also beta-xylanase activity. The latter could be attributed to an endo-1,4-beta-glucanase activity which had a low beta-xylanase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rapp
- Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung mbH, and Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie der Universität Braunschweig, D-3300 Brunswick, Federal Republic of Germany
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Sewell GW, Aldrich HC, Williams D, Mannarelli B, Wilkie A, Hespell RB, Smith PH, Ingram LO. Isolation and Characterization of Xylan-Degrading Strains of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens from a Napier Grass-Fed Anaerobic Digester. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 54:1085-90. [PMID: 16347622 PMCID: PMC202607 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.5.1085-1090.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Six new xylanolytic bacterial strains have been isolated from a Napier grass-fed anaerobic digester. These strains were identified as Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and were similar in many respects to ruminal isolates described previously. The new isolates exhibited a high degree of DNA homology with several ruminal strains of B. fibrisolvens. Xylan or xylose was required to induce the production of enzymes for xylan degradation, xylanase and xylosidase. Production of these enzymes was repressed in the presence of glucose. Xylanase activity was predominantly extracellular, while that of xylosidases was cell associated. The new isolates of B. fibrisolvens grew well in defined medium containing xylan as the sole carbon source and did not produce obvious slime or capsular layers. These strains may be useful for future genetic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Sewell
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, and Northern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604
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De Backer E, Gebruers K, Van den Ende W, Courtin CM, Delcour JA. Post-translational processing of beta-d-xylanases and changes in extractability of arabinoxylans during wheat germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2010; 48:90-97. [PMID: 20031435 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Endo-1,4-beta-d-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8, beta-d-xylanase) activity, and arabinoxylan (AX) level and extractability were monitored for the first time simultaneously in wheat kernels (Triticum aestivum cv. Glasgow) up to 24 days post-imbibition (DPI), both in the absence and presence of added gibberellic acid (GA). Roughly three different stages (early, intermediate and late) can be discriminated. Addition of GA resulted in a faster increase of water extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) level in the early stage (up to 3-4 DPI). This increase was not accompanied by the discernible presence of homologues of the barley X-I beta-d-xylanase as established by immunodetection. This suggests that other, yet unidentified beta-d-xylanases operate in this early time window. The intermediate stage (up to 13 DPI) was characterized by the presence of unprocessed 67 kDa X-I like beta-d-xylanase, which was much more abundant in the presence of GA. The occurrence of higher levels of the unprocessed enzyme was related with higher beta-d-xylanase activities and a further increase in WEAX level, pointing to in vivo activity of the unprocessed 67 kDa beta-d-xylanase. During the late stage (up to 24 DPI) gradual processing of the 67 kDa beta-d-xylanase occurred and was associated with a drastic increase in beta-d-xylanase activity. Up to 120-fold higher activity was recorded at 24 DPI, with approx. 85% thereof originating from the kernel remnants. The WEAX level decreased during the late stage, suggesting that the beta-d-xylanase is processed into more active forms to achieve extensive AX breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien De Backer
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 bus 2463, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Dekker RF. Bioconversion of hemicellulose: aspects of hemicellulase production by Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 and enzymic saccharification of hemicellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 25:1127-46. [PMID: 18548724 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260250419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The growth of Trichoderma reesei QM9414 in shake flasks at 28 degrees C on hemicellulose substrates and bagasse resulted in rather low yields of hemicellulolytic enzymes (1.0-1.5 units/mL xylanase and 0.05-0.08 units/mL beta-xylosidase). The influence of pH on the synthesis of beta-xylosidase was greater than on the synthesis of xylanase. Both xylanase and beta-xylosidase showed optimal activity at pH 4-5 and 55-60 degrees C. Xylanase was stable at pH 2-10 but was heat labile and totally inactivated after 1 h at 65 degrees C. Enzyme stability towards heat could be increased in the presence of bovine serum albumin. The beta-xylosidase was more tolerant to heat, but stable over a pH range 2.5-6.0. The D-xylose inhibited both enzymes in a competitive manner. Hemicellulose (heteroxylan) was degraded to the extent of 30-40%within 24 h. The degree of hydrolysis decreased as the substrate concentration increased and increased with increased amounts of enzyme. Multiple enzyme doses resulted in increased saccharification in reduced times. The degree of hydrolysis was influenced by the amount of beta-xylosidase present in the hemicellulolytic enzyme preparation. The -;xylosidase was demonstrated to play an important role in the overall conversion of heteroxylan into xylose that is analogous to the role of beta-glucosidase in the saccharification of cellulose by cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Dekker
- CSR Limited, Sugar Division, Sydney, 2001, NSW, Australia
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Dornez E, Gebruers K, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. Grain-associated xylanases: occurrence, variability, and implications for cereal processing. Trends Food Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cell-surface display of the active mannanase in Yarrowia lipolytica with a novel surface-display system. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2009; 54:171-6. [PMID: 19723025 DOI: 10.1042/ba20090222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel surface-display system was constructed using the cell-wall anchor protein Flo1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the mannanase (man1) from Bacillus subtilis fused with the C-terminus of Flo1p and the 6xHis tag was inserted between Flo1p and man1. The fusion protein was displayed on the cell surface of Yarrowia lipolytica successfully, and it was confirmed by immunofluorescence. In succession, the surface-displayed mannanase was characterized. The optimum catalytic conditions for the recombinant mannanase were 55 degrees C at pH 6.0, and it exhibited high stability against pH variation. The highest activity of the recombinant mannanase reached 62.3 IU/g (dry cell weight) after the recombinant was cultivated for 96 h in YPD medium [1% (w/v) yeast extract/2% (w/v) peptone/2% (w/v) glucose]. To our knowledge, the present paper is the first to report that high-activity mannanase is displayed on the cell surface of Y. lipolytica with Flo1p.
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Shin JH, Choi JH, Lee OS, Kim YM, Lee DS, Kwak YY, Kim WC, Rhee IK. Thermostable xylanase from Streptomyces thermocyaneoviolaceus for optimal production of xylooligosaccharides. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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