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Augustus Vasconcelos de Oliveira V, Silva Donato LM, Ruas MAO, Oliveira JÂMD, Fernandes de Souza R, Tuffi Santos LD. The light intensity in the cultivation environment and the impact of glyphosate on plants of the Urochloa genus. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2024; 59:540-549. [PMID: 39034761 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2024.2381934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The variation in light within the environment triggers morphophysiological changes in plants and can lead to distinct responses in sun-exposed or shaded plants to glyphosate. The response of Urochloa genotypes subjected to desiccation with 2160, 1622.4, 1080, 524.4, 273.6, and 0.0 g ha-1 of glyphosate was evaluated in full sun and shade conditions. Cayana grass, mulato II grass, and sabiá grass - hybrids recently launched on the market, in addition to palisade grass and congo grass were evaluated. Under full sun, we achieved control of congo grass using 1080 g ha-1 of glyphosate, while the other grasses required 2160 g ha-1. In the low-light environment, sabiá grass was effectively controlled with 524.4 g ha-1 of glyphosate, but the other grasses needed 273.6 g ha-1. In shading, compared to full sun, the savings with glyphosate were 75 and 76% for the control of congo grass and sabiá grass, respectively, and 87% for palisade grass, mulato II grass and cayana grass. Increasing glyphosate doses leads to a decline in the quantum efficiency of photosystem II and in the electron transport rate, especially in the shade. Urochloa genotypes are more sensitive to glyphosate in the shade, which must be considered when determining the herbicide dose.
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Young SNR, Dunning LT, Liu H, Stevens CJ, Lundgren MR. C4 trees have a broader niche than their close C3 relatives. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3189-3204. [PMID: 35293994 PMCID: PMC9126736 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the ecological sorting of herbaceous C3 and C4 species along gradients of precipitation and temperature: C4 herbaceous species typically occupy drier and warmer environments than their C3 relatives. However, it is unclear if this pattern holds true for C4 tree species, which are unique to Euphorbiaceae and found only on the Hawaiian Islands. Here, we combine occurrence data with local environmental and soil datasets to, for the first time, distinguish the ecological factors associated with photosynthetic diversification in the tree life form. These data are presented within a phylogenetic framework. We show that C3 and C4 trees inhabit similar environments, but that C4 photosynthesis expands the ecological niche in trees relative to that of C3 tree species. In particular, when compared with C3 trees, C4 trees moved into higher elevation habitats with characteristically sparse vegetation (and thus greater sunlight) and cooler temperatures, a pattern which contrasts with that of herbaceous species. Understanding the relationship between C4 photosynthesis and ecological niche in tree species has implications for establishing how C4 photosynthesis has, in this rare instance, evolved in trees, and whether this unique combination of traits could be exploited from an engineering perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N R Young
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Luke T Dunning
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Carly J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Solofondranohatra CL, Vorontsova MS, Dewhirst RA, Belcher CM, Cable S, Jeannoda V, Lehmann CE. Shade alters the growth and architecture of tropical grasses by reducing root biomass. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédrique L. Solofondranohatra
- Laboratoire de Botanique Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales Faculté des Sciences Université d'Antananarivo Antananarivo Madagascar
- Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre Antananarivo Madagascar
| | | | - Rebecca A. Dewhirst
- Climate and Ecosystem Science Division Department of Energy Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Berkeley CA USA
| | | | - Stuart Cable
- Conservation Science Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Richmond UK
| | - Vololoniaina Jeannoda
- Laboratoire de Botanique Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales Faculté des Sciences Université d'Antananarivo Antananarivo Madagascar
| | - Caroline E.R. Lehmann
- School of GeoSciences The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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Russ Monson and the evolution of C 4 photosynthesis. Oecologia 2021; 197:823-840. [PMID: 33661402 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Early in his career, Russ Monson produced a series of influential eco-physiological papers that helped lay the foundation for the study of C4 plant evolution. Among the most important was a 1984 paper with Maurice Ku and Gerry Edwards that outlined the pathway for the evolutionary bridge from C3 to C4 photosynthesis. This model proposed C4 photosynthesis arose out of a shuttle that imported photorespiratory metabolites into bundle sheath (BS) cells, where glycine decarboxylase cleaved off CO2, allowing it to accumulate and be efficiently refixed by BS Rubisco. By the mid-1990's, Monson's research focus had shifted away from C4 plants, save for one 2003 paper on C3 versus C4 stomatal control with Travis Huxman, and a series of critical reviews on C4 evolution. These reviews heavily influenced the modern synthesis of C4 evolutionary studies, which incorporates phylogenomic understanding with physiological, molecular, and structural characterizations of trait shifts in multiple evolutionary lineages. Subsequent research supported the Monson et al. model from 1984, by showing a glycine shuttle occurs in nearly all C3-C4 intermediate species identified. Monson also examined the physiological controls over the ecological distribution of C3, C3-C4 intermediate, and C4 photosynthesis, building our understanding of the fitness value of the intermediate and C4 pathway in relevant microenvironments. By establishing the foundation for discoveries that followed, Russ Monson can rightly be considered a leading pioneer contributing to the evolutionary biology of C4 photosynthesis.
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Chae Y, Kim D, An YJ. Effect of fluoride on the cell viability, cell organelle potential, and photosynthetic capacity of freshwater and soil algae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:359-367. [PMID: 27814553 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although fluoride occurs naturally in the environment, excessive amounts of fluoride in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems can be harmful. We evaluated the toxicity of fluoride compounds on the growth, viability, and photosynthetic capacity of freshwater (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) and terrestrial (Chlorococcum infusionum) algae. To measure algal growth inhibition, a flow cytometric method was adopted (i.e., cell size, granularity, and auto-fluorescence measurements), and algal yield was calculated to assess cell viability. Rhodamine123 and fluorescein diacetate were used to evaluate mitochondrial membrane potential (MMA, ΔΨm) and cell permeability. Nine parameters related to the photosynthetic capacity of algae were also evaluated. The results indicated that high concentrations of fluoride compounds affected cell viability, cell organelle potential, and photosynthetic functions. The cell viability measurements of the three algal species decreased, but apoptosis was only observed in C. infusionum. The MMA (ΔΨm) of cells exposed to fluoride varied among species, and the cell permeability of the three species generally decreased. The decrease in the photosynthetic activity of algae may be attributable to the combination of fluoride ions (F-) with magnesium ions (Mg2+) in chlorophyll. Our results therefore provide strong evidence for the potential risks of fluoride compounds to microflora and microfauna in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yooeun Chae
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyung Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Brejda JJ. Fertilization of Native Warm-Season Grasses. NATIVE WARM-SEASON GRASSES: RESEARCH TRENDS AND ISSUES 2015. [DOI: 10.2135/cssaspecpub30.c12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Corriale MJ, Loponte D. Use of stable carbon isotope ratio for foraging behavior analysis of capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from Esteros del Iberá, Argentina. Mamm Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Christin PA, Osborne CP. The evolutionary ecology of C4 plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:765-81. [PMID: 25263843 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis is a physiological syndrome resulting from multiple anatomical and biochemical components, which function together to increase the CO2 concentration around Rubisco and reduce photorespiration. It evolved independently multiple times and C4 plants now dominate many biomes, especially in the tropics and subtropics. The C4 syndrome comes in many flavours, with numerous phenotypic realizations of C4 physiology and diverse ecological strategies. In this work, we analyse the events that happened in a C3 context and enabled C4 physiology in the descendants, those that generated the C4 physiology, and those that happened in a C4 background and opened novel ecological niches. Throughout the manuscript, we evaluate the biochemical and physiological evidence in a phylogenetic context, which demonstrates the importance of contingency in evolutionary trajectories and shows how these constrained the realized phenotype. We then discuss the physiological innovations that allowed C4 plants to escape these constraints for two important dimensions of the ecological niche--growth rates and distribution along climatic gradients. This review shows that a comprehensive understanding of C4 plant ecology can be achieved by accounting for evolutionary processes spread over millions of years, including the ancestral condition, functional convergence via independent evolutionary trajectories, and physiological diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal-Antoine Christin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Hiltpold I, Adamczyk JJ, Higdon ML, Clark TL, Ellersieck MR, Hibbard BE. Carbon isotope ratios document that the elytra of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) reflects adult versus larval feeding and later instar larvae prefer Bt corn to alternate hosts. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:840-848. [PMID: 24874160 DOI: 10.1603/en13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In much of the Corn Belt and parts of Europe, the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is the most important insect pest of maize. The need for additional basic knowledge of this pest has been highlighted while developing resistance management plans for insecticidal genetically modified crops. This study evaluated the possibility of tracking feeding habits of western corn rootworm larvae using stable carbon isotope signatures. Plants accumulate different ratios of (13)C:(12)C isotopes, usually expressed as δ(13)C, according to whether they use the C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathway. Herbivore biomass is expected to reflect the δ(13)C of the food they eat. For the current experiment, western corn rootworm larvae were grown on different species of plants exhibiting different δ(13)C values. The δ(13)C values were then measured in elytra of emerged beetles. When beetles were unfed, biomass reflected larval feeding. When beetles were fed for 31 d postemergence, δ(13)C values of elytra almost exclusively reflected adult feeding. These results suggest the use of caution in the interpretation of δ(13)C data aiming to document larval diet history when adult feeding history is unknown. The technique was also used to evaluate western corn rootworm larval choice between alternate hosts and maize with and without genetically modified (Bt) traits aimed at their control. Propensity for feeding on alternate hosts versus maize was biased toward feeding on maize regardless whether the maize had Bt or not, suggesting western corn rootworm larvae were not repelled by Bt. These data will be helpful for regulators in interpreting western corn rootworm feeding data on Bt maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Hiltpold
- Division of Plant Science, University of Missouri, 205 Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Smart AJ, Undersander DJ, Keir JR. Forage Growth and Steer Performance on Kentucky Bluegrass vs. Sequentially Grazed Kentucky Bluegrass-Switchgrass. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2134/jpa1995.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James R. Keir
- Wisconsin Dep. of Natural Resources; Ranger Station Box 100 Friendship WI 53934
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Taylor SH, Hulme SP, Rees M, Ripley BS, Woodward FI, Osborne CP. Ecophysiological traits in C3 and C4 grasses: a phylogenetically controlled screening experiment. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 185:780-91. [PMID: 20002318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidence demonstrates a higher efficiency of water and nitrogen use in C(4) compared with C(3) plants, which is hypothesized to drive differences in biomass allocation between C(3) and C(4) species. However, recent work shows that contrasts between C(3) and C(4) grasses may be misinterpreted without phylogenetic control. Here, we compared leaf physiology and growth in multiple lineages of C(3) and C(4) grasses sampled from a monophyletic clade, and asked the following question: which ecophysiological traits differ consistently between photosynthetic types, and which vary among lineages? C(4) species had lower stomatal conductance and water potential deficits, and higher water-use efficiency than C(3) species. Photosynthesis and nitrogen-use efficiency were also greater in C(4) species, varying markedly between clades. Contrary to previous studies, leaf nitrogen concentration was similar in C(4) and C(3) types. Canopy mass and area were greater, and root mass smaller, in the tribe Paniceae than in most other lineages. The size of this phylogenetic effect on biomass partitioning was greater in the C(4) NADP-me species than in species of other types. Our results show that the phylogenetic diversity underlying C(4) photosynthesis is critical to understanding its functional consequences. Phylogenetic bias is therefore a crucial factor to be considered when comparing the ecophysiology of C(3) and C(4) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Taylor
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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12
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Sage RF, Kocacinar F, Kubien DS. Chapter 10 C4 Photosynthesis and Temperature. C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RELATED CO2 CONCENTRATING MECHANISMS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9407-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Niu S, Yuan Z, Zhang Y, Liu W, Zhang L, Huang J, Wan S. Photosynthetic responses of C3 and C4 species to seasonal water variability and competition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2005; 56:2867-76. [PMID: 16203757 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eri281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the impacts of seasonal water variability and interspecific competition on the photosynthetic characteristics of a C3 (Leymus chinensis) and a C4 (Chloris virgata) grass species. Plants received the same amount of water but in three seasonal patterns, i.e. the one-peak model (more water in the summer than in the spring and autumn), the two-peak model (more water in the spring and autumn than in the summer), and the average model (water evenly distributed over the growing season). The effects of water variability on the photosynthetic characteristics of the C3 and C4 species were dependent on season. There were significant differences in the photosynthetic characteristics of the C4 species in the summer and the C3 species in the autumn among the three water treatments. Interspecific competition exerted negative impacts on the C3 species in August and September but had no effects on the C4 species in any of the four measuring dates. The relative competitive capability of the two species was not altered by water availability. The assimilation rate, the maximum quantum yield of net CO2 assimilation, and the maximum rate of carboxylation of the C3 species were 13-56%, 5-11%, and 11-48% greater, respectively, in a monoculture than in a mixture in August and September. The results demonstrated that the photosynthetic characteristics of the C3 and C4 species were affected by water availability, but the effects varied considerably with season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Niu
- Laboratory of Quantitative Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
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Chardot TP, Wedding RT. Regulation of Crassula argentea phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in relation to temperature. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 293:292-7. [PMID: 1536564 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90398-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of temperature on the kinetic parameters of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase purified from Crassula argentea was such that both the Vmax and Km(MgPEP) values tended upward over the range from 11 to 35 degrees C. The increased rate at low temperatures due to the low Km is at least partially offset by the increased Vmax at higher temperatures, potentially leading to a broad plateau of enzyme activity and a relatively small effect of temperature on the enzyme. The cooperativity was negative at 11 degrees C, but above 15 degrees C it became positive. The presence of 5 mM glucose-6-phosphate has relatively little effect on Vmax but it clearly reduces Km and overcomes any effect of temperature on this parameter in the range studied. Positive cooperativity is observed only at temperatures above 25 degrees C. The size of the native enzyme, as determined by dynamic light scattering, was strongly toward the tetrameric form. At a temperature of 40 degrees C and above, a considerable oligomerization takes place. No loss of activity can be observed in this range of temperature. In the presence of either glucose-6-phosphate or magnesium phosphoenolpyruvate, at temperatures under 25 degrees C, the equilibrium is displaced toward higher levels of aggregation. Maximal accumulation of lead malate occurred at 10 to 12 degrees C in vivo with reduction to about 25% at 35 degrees C. Glucose-6-phosphate followed a similar curve in response to temperature, but the overall difference was about 50%. The sum of phosphoenolpyruvate plus pyruvate is level at night temperatures below 25 degrees C, doubling at 35 degrees C. Calculated concentrations of malate, glucose-6-phosphate, and phosphoenolpyruvate plus pyruvate indicate that the concentrations present are equal to or greater than Ki, Ka, and Km values for these metabolites, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Chardot
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521
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15
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Photosynthesis pathways, ecological characteristics, and the geographical distribution of the Cyperaceae in Japan. Oecologia 1992; 89:195-203. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00317218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/1991] [Accepted: 09/07/1991] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Ueno O, Koyama T. Distribution and evolution of C4 syndrome inRhynchospora (Rhynchosporeae-Cyperaceae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02488421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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El-Sharkawy MA, Cock JH. C3-C 4 intermediate photosynthetic characteristics of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) : I. Gas exchange. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1987; 12:219-235. [PMID: 24435689 DOI: 10.1007/bf00055122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/1986] [Accepted: 12/11/1986] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The gas exchange characteristics of cassava were compared with one C3 species, common bean, and two C4 species, maize and amaranthus. Cassava leaf photorespiration, about 12% of maximum net photosynthesis in normal air, and the CO2 release in CO2-free air under intense light were lower than the values typically reported for C3 species. The CO2 compensation point of whole leaves (25 cm(3) CO2m(-3)) was intermediate between C3 and C4 species values.Gas exchange was restricted to either the upper or lower surface of amphistomatous leaves by covering one side of the leaf with silicone grease. The CO2 compensation point of the upper leaf surface was less than 6 cm(3) CO2m(-3) and the CO2 release into CO2-free air in the light was essentially zero. On the lower leaf surface considerable CO2 release occurred in both the light and the dark.The hypothesis presented to explain these results is the existence of an efficient CO2 recycling mechanism in the palisade layer in the upper half of the leaf. In the light of recent data (presented in the second paper of this series) indicating that cassava produces C4 acids as primary products of photosynthesis, it is proposed that this hypothesis is consistent with the possible existence of the C4 photosynthetic pathway in the palisade layer of cassava leaves.The results and hypothesis are discussed in relation to the crop's adaptation to the environmental conditions where it is normally grown. The implications of variation in anatomical features such as stomatal distribution on both surfaces of the leaf are analyzed with a view to enhancing the potential productivity of cassava under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A El-Sharkawy
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Apartado Aéreo, 6713, Cali, Colombia
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18
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Collins RP, Jones MB. The influence of climatic factors on the distribution of C4 species in Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00044788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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An investigation for the occurrence of C4 photosynthesis in the Cyperaceae from Australia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02488504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Influence of light intensity, temperature and humidity on photosynthesis and transpiration ofSasa nipponica andArundinaria pygmaea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02488792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Local distribution of C3 and C4 grasses in sites of overlap on Mount Kenya. Oecologia 1983; 58:373-377. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00385238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/1982] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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The occurrence of C 3 and C 4 grasses in fynbos and allied shrublands in the South Eastern Cape, South Africa. Oecologia 1983; 58:121-127. [PMID: 28310656 DOI: 10.1007/bf00384551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/1982] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There are roughly equal numbers of C3 and C4 grass species in fynbos and allied shrublands of the warm temperate coastal regions of the south eastern Cape. Subtropical-tropical C4 species have the highest relative cover in all shrubland types, particularly in renosterveld communities on moderately fertile soils. Physiological characteristics of C3 and C4 grasses predict that C3 species will be most abundant in cool, shaded sites. This prediction, and the hypothesis that relative C3 grass cover would be highest on infertile soils, were tested by correlation and regression analyses. Results show that C3 grass cover is significantly correlated with increased post-disturbance vegetation age, low intensity grazing, high litter cover and cool, steep, poleward slopes. All these factors contribute to lower growing season temperatures, favouring the competitive growth of C3 species. Amongst the soil variables, high sand content and low levels of total nitrogen emerged as predictors of high relative C3 grass cover.
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Photosynthetic pathway types of evergreen rosette plants (Liliaceae) of the Chihuahuan desert. Oecologia 1982; 55:149-156. [PMID: 28311226 DOI: 10.1007/bf00384480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/1981] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Diurnal patterns of CO2 exchange and titratable acidity were monitored in six species of evergreen rosette plants growing in controlled environment chambers and under outdoor environmental conditions. These patterns indicated that two of the species, Yucca baccata and Y. torreyi, were constituitive CAM plants while the other species, Y. elata, Y. campestris, Nolina microcarpa and Dasylirion wheeleri, were C3 plants. The C3 species did not exhibit CAM when grown in any of several different temperature, photoperiod, and moisture regimes. Both photosynthetic pathway types appear adapted to desert environments and all species show environmentally induced changes in their photosynthetic responses consistent with desert adaptation. The results of this study do not indicate that changes in the photosynthetic pathway type are an adaptation in any of these species.
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Relationships between growth, photosynthesis and competitive interactions for a C 3 and C 4 plant. Oecologia 1981; 48:371-376. [PMID: 28309755 DOI: 10.1007/bf00346497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/1980] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The relationships of photosynthetic characteristics to the competitive interactions of a C3 plant, Chenopodium album, and a C4 plant, Amaranthis retroflexus, were investigated in different temperature and water supply regimes. Both species had similar photosynthetic rates at 25°C, but at higher temperatures, Amaranthus had substantially greater rates than Chenopodium. Conversely, at lower temperatures, Chenopodium had an advantage. The competitive abilities in mixtures exhibited a close parallel to the photosynthetic performances with Amaranthus having an advantage at high temperatures and Chenopodium an advantage at low temperatures. These competitive outcomes were determined primarily by differences in relative growth rates prior to canopy closure. In the respective, temperature regimes, the species having the highest photosynthetic rate, which resulted an more rapid growth, overtopped and shaded the other species at the time of canopy closure. These results demonstrate that differences in photosynthetic temperature response between C4 and C3 plants can be an important determinant in competitive interactions, but at least in this case, the influence is primarily through, events prior to the actual initiation of competition.In contrast to temperature, growth of the plants under limited water supply had no influence on the competitive interactions. Thus, the presence of the C4 pathway alone was not sufficient to yield a competitive advantage over the C3 species under water limited conditions.
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Smith KK, Good RE, Good NF. Production dynamics for above and belowground components of a New Jersey Spartina alterniflora tidal marsh. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0302-3524(79)90114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Implications of quantum yield differences on the distributions of C3 and C4 grasses. Oecologia 1978; 31:255-267. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00346246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/1977] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Laboratory gas exchange measurements were conducted on four pioneering beach species from southern California. Atriplex leucophylla (Moq.) D. Dietr., a C4 species, had a photosynthetic temperature optimum substantially higher than leaf temperatures normally experienced on the beach during the primary growing season. The C3 species, Cakile maritima Scop., Ambrosia chamissonis Less. and Abronia maritima Nutt. ex Wats., had photosynthetic temperature optima close to their growth temperature and higher photosynthetic rates than the C4 species at normal field growth temperatures. Atriplex leucophylla had higher mesophyll conductances which resulted in higher water use efficiencies at all measurement temperatures. Leaf chlorophyll and protein contents were not correlated with photosynthetic rates. The possible significance of water use efficiency is discussed in relation to the characteristics of the beach habitat.
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Lauenroth WK, Dodd JL, Sims PL. The effects of water- and nitrogen-induced stresses on plant community structure in a semiarid grassland. Oecologia 1978; 36:211-222. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00349810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/1978] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Klein H, J�ger HJ, Domes W, Wong CH. Mechanisms contributing to differential sensitivities of plants to SO2. Oecologia 1978; 33:203-208. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00344848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/1977] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rathnam CK. Heat inactivation of leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: Protection by aspartate and malate in C4 plants. PLANTA 1978; 141:289-295. [PMID: 24414875 DOI: 10.1007/bf00388346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/1978] [Accepted: 04/10/1978] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase EC 4.1.1.31 in leaf extracts of Eleusine indica L. Gaertn., a C4 plant, exhibited a temperature optimum of 35-37° C with a complete loss of activity at 50° C. However, the enzyme was protected effectively from heat inactivation up to 55° C by L-aspartate. Activation energies (Ea) for the enzyme in the presence of aspartate were 2.5 times lower than that of the control enzyme. Arrhenius plots of PEP carboxylase activity (±aspartate) showed a break in the slope around 17-20° C with a 3-fold increase in the Ea below the break. The discontinuity in the slopes was abolished by treating the enzyme extracts with Triton X-100, suggesting that PEP carboxylase in C4 plants is associated with lipid and may be a membrane bound enzyme. Depending upon the species, the major C4 acid formed during photosynthesis (malate or aspartate) was found to be more protective than the minor C4 acid against the heat inactivation of their PEP carboxylase. Oxaloacetate, the reaction product, was less effective compared to malate or aspartate. Several allosteric inhibitors of PEP carboxylase were found to be moderately to highly effective in protecting the C4 enzyme while its activators showed no significant effect. PEP carboxylase from C3 species was not protected from thermal inactivation by the C4 acids. The physiological significance of these results is discussed in relation to the high temperature tolerance of C4 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Rathnam
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, P.O. Box 231, 08903, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Reed FCP. Plant species number, biomass accumulation and productivity of a differentially fertilized Michigan old-field. Oecologia 1977; 30:43-53. [PMID: 28309189 DOI: 10.1007/bf00344890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/1977] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The response of old-field vegetation to fertilization at the rate of 450 kg·N·ha-1 under different application schedules was evaluated using measurements of plant species number, biomass accumulation and structurefunction group productivity. Application of fertilizer under differing schedules at the same seasonal rate differentially affected plant species number, but not biomass accumulation. The structure-function groups productivities were differentially stimulated in response to fertilization under different schedules. These responses are discussed in terms of generated dominance and site resource availability.Structure-function groups are defined as a level of biological organization greater than the population, but less than the community. The use of such groupings is discussed as a means of viewing community interactions at a level higher than the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C P Reed
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, 48823, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Mooney HA, Ehleringer J, Berry JA. High Photosynthetic Capacity of a Winter Annual in Death Valley. Science 1976; 194:322-4. [PMID: 17738049 DOI: 10.1126/science.194.4262.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Camissonia claviformis, a winter annual of Death Valley, California, that fixes carbon dioxide by the C(3) mechanism, has an in situ photosynthetic rate at midday in spring of nearly 6 nanomoles of carbon dioxide per square centimeter per second-an exceptionally high rate. Camissonia fixes absorbed noon sunlight in the 400- to 700-nanometer region into chemical energy with an efficiency of 8.5 percent, which is 80 percent of that theoretically possible for intact leaves. This performance is primarily due to an unusual capacity to utilize high irradiances. Factors associated with this include a high stomatal conductance to carbon dioxide and high levels of soluble protein and ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase.
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Goldstein L, Ray T, Kestler D, Mayne B, Brown R, Black C. Biochemical characterization of panicum species which are intermediate between C3 and C4 photosynthesis plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(76)90140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Winter K, Troughton JH, Card KA. ?13C values of grass species collected in the northern Sahara desert. Oecologia 1976; 25:115-123. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00368848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/1976] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schulze ED, Lange OL, Evenari M, Kappen L, Buschbom U. The role of air humidity and temperature in controlling stomatal resistance of Prunus armeniaca L. under desert conditions : III. The effect on water use efficiency. Oecologia 1975; 19:303-314. [PMID: 28309242 DOI: 10.1007/bf00348106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/1975] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of CO2 and water vapor exchange were performed on Prunus armeniaca L. with humidity- and temperature-controlled chambers under the climatic conditions of a desert habitat. In apricot, the stomatal response to changes in temperature and water-vapor concentration difference between leaf and air (WD) significantly determined the rates of gas exchange during the day (parts I and II). The effect of climate-controlled stomatal response on the transpiration/net photosynthesis (T/P)-ratio was analyzed and simulated using experiments conducted at constant temperature and/or humidity conditions for input parameters. The measured values of the T/P-ratio at naturally varying conditions of humidity and temperature were compared with calculated results of a model in which it was assumed, (1) that stomata and photosynthetic activity are not affected by air humidity and temperature, (2) that the stomata only respond with a constant photosynthetic activity to changes in WD, and (3) that the stomata respond to both, leaf temperature and air humidity with a constant photosynthetic activity. These simulations facilitated an analysis of the naturally observed changes in the T/P-ratio.The calculated T/P-ratios were very small if the simulation assumed that stomata only respond to WD at a constant photosynthetic activity. These low predicted values of the T/P-ratio were not obtained under natural conditions, since an increase in WD during the day was correlated with a temperature rise which tended to open stomata and change the photosynthetic activity. Humidity induced stomatal closure did appear to substantially reduce T/P-ratios.The measured T/P-ratio changed considerably during the year. The lowest T/P-ratios were obtained in the middle of the dry season at a time when stomata responded strongly to air humidity and when optimum of photosynthesis was reached at high temperatures. The daily average T/P-ratio calculated from the daily sum of P and T showed little change during the seasons. A high T/P-ratio was also observed at reduced rates of gas exchange. The T/P-ratios of apricot were compared with different species in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E -D Schulze
- Botanisches Institut der Universität Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - O L Lange
- Botanisches Institut der Universität Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - M Evenari
- Avdat Farm and Desert Research Center of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Germany
| | - L Kappen
- Botanisches Institut der Universität Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - U Buschbom
- Botanisches Institut der Universität Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
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LONG SP, INCOLL LD, WOOLHOUSE HW. C4 photosynthesis in plants from cool temperate regions, with particular reference to Spartina townsendii. Nature 1975. [DOI: 10.1038/257622a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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San José JJ, Medina E. Effect of Fire on Organic Matter Production and Water Balance in a Tropical Savanna. TROPICAL ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-88533-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Mollugo verticillata is the first plant species reported which has characteristics of both C(3) (Calvin-Benson pathway) and C(4) (Hatch-Slack pathway) plants. This plant species is intermediate between C(3) and C(4) plants in at least four features generally used to separate those two plant groups: leaf anatomy, cell ultrastructure, photorespiration, and primary photosynthetic products.
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Kennedy RA, Laetsch WM. Relationship between leaf development and primary photosynthetic products in the C4 plant Portulaca oleracea L. PLANTA 1973; 115:113-124. [PMID: 24458861 DOI: 10.1007/bf00387777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/1973] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic products of Portulaca oleracea differ greatly depending on leaf age and length of exposure to (14)CO2. Mature leaves of P. oleracea fix (14)CO2 primarily into organic and amino acids during a 10-s exposure period. Less than 2% of the (14)CO2 fixed appears in phosphorylated compounds. In contrast, incorporation into amino acids can account for over 60% of the total (14)CO2 fixed by young leaves in an equal time period, and incorporation into alanine alone can account for up to one half of this amount. Senescent leaves display a quantitative shift of primary products toward phosphorylated compounds with a concomitant reduction of the label residing in malate and asparate. About 8 times more phosphoglyceric acid is produced in senescent leaves than in mature leaves. The aspartate/ malate ratio is not constant and depends on the length of time the leaves are exposed to (14)CO2 and the age of the leaves under study. It appears as if the stage of leaf development is one of the most important factors determining the operation of a particular enzyme system in C4 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Kennedy
- Department of Botany, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, California, USA
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