1
|
Obeng B, Bennett LJ, West BE, Wagner DJ, Fleming PJ, Tasker MN, Lorenger MK, Smith DR, Systuk T, Plummer SM, Eom J, Paine MD, Frangos CT, Wilczek MP, Shim JK, Maginnis MS, Gosse JA. Antimicrobial cetylpyridinium chloride suppresses mast cell function by targeting tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk kinase. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.04.602096. [PMID: 39026716 PMCID: PMC11257455 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.04.602096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a quaternary ammonium antimicrobial used in numerous personal care products, human food, cosmetic products, and cleaning solutions. Yet, there is minimal published data on CPC effects on eukaryotes, immune signaling, and human health. Previously, we showed that low-micromolar CPC inhibits rat mast cell function by inhibiting antigen (Ag)-stimulated Ca 2+ mobilization, microtubule polymerization, and degranulation. In this study, we extend the findings to human mast cells (LAD2) and present data indicating that CPC's mechanism of action centers on its positively-charged quaternary nitrogen in its pyridinium headgroup. CPC's inhibitory effect is independent of signaling platform receptor architecture. Tyrosine phosphorylation events are a trigger of Ca 2+ mobilization necessary for degranulation. CPC inhibits global tyrosine phosphorylation in Ag-stimulated mast cells. Specifically, CPC inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of specific key players Syk kinase and LAT, a substrate of Syk. In contrast, CPC does not affect Lyn kinase phosphorylation. Thus, CPC's root mechanism is electrostatic disruption of particular tyrosine phosphorylation events essential for signaling. This work outlines the biochemical mechanisms underlying the effects of CPC on immune signaling and allows the prediction of CPC effects on cell types, like T cells, that share similar signaling elements.
Collapse
|
2
|
Park SY, Cui Z, Kim B, Park G, Choi YW. Treatment with Gold Nanoparticles Using Cudrania tricuspidata Root Extract Induced Downregulation of MMP-2/-9 and PLD1 and Inhibited the Invasiveness of Human U87 Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041282. [PMID: 32074974 PMCID: PMC7072962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to elucidate the anti-invasive effects of Cudrania tricuspidata root-gold nanoparticles (CTR-GNPs) using glioblastoma cells. We demonstrated the rapid synthesis of CTR-GNPs using UV-vis spectra. The surface morphology, crystallinity, reduction, capsulation, and stabilization of CTR-GNPs were analyzed using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Furthermore, CTR-GNPs displayed excellent photocatalytic activity as shown by the photo-degradation of methylene blue and rhodamine B. Cell migration and invasion assays with human glioblastoma cells were performed to investigate the anti-invasive effect of CTR-GNPs on U87 cells that were treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The results show that CTR-GNPs can significantly inhibit both basal and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced migration and invasion ability. Importantly, treatment with CTR-GNPs significantly decreased the levels of metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/-9 and phospholipase D1 (PLD1) and protein but not PLD2, which is involved in the modulation of migration and the invasion of glioblastoma cells. These results present a novel mechanism showing that CTR-GNPs can attenuate the migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells induced by PMA through transcriptional and translational regulation of MMP-2/-9 and PLD1. Taken together, our results suggest that CTR-GNPs might be an excellent therapeutic alternative for wide range of glioblastomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Park
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.Y.P.); (Y.-W.C.); Tel.: +82-515103631 (S.Y.P.); +82-553505522 (Y.-W.C.)
| | - Zhengwei Cui
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Myrang 627-706, Korea;
| | - Beomjin Kim
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea;
| | - Geuntae Park
- Department of Nanomaterials Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea;
| | - Young-Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Myrang 627-706, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.Y.P.); (Y.-W.C.); Tel.: +82-515103631 (S.Y.P.); +82-553505522 (Y.-W.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shim JK, Caron MA, Weatherly LM, Gerchman LB, Sangroula S, Hattab S, Baez AY, Briana TJ, Gosse JA. Antimicrobial agent triclosan suppresses mast cell signaling via phospholipase D inhibition. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1672-1690. [PMID: 31429102 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to the antimicrobial agent triclosan (TCS) through use of TCS-containing products. Exposed tissues contain mast cells, which are involved in numerous biological functions and diseases by secreting various chemical mediators through a process termed degranulation. We previously demonstrated that TCS inhibits both Ca2+ influx into antigen-stimulated mast cells and subsequent degranulation. To determine the mechanism linking the TCS cytosolic Ca2+ depression to inhibited degranulation, we investigated the effects of TCS on crucial signaling enzymes activated downstream of the Ca2+ rise: protein kinase C (PKC; activated by Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species [ROS]) and phospholipase D (PLD). We found that TCS strongly inhibits PLD activity within 15 minutes post-antigen, a key mechanism of TCS mast cell inhibition. In addition, experiments using fluorescent constructs and confocal microscopy indicate that TCS delays antigen-induced translocations of PKCβII, PKCδ and PKC substrate myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase. Surprisingly, TCS does not inhibit PKC activity or overall ability to translocate, and TCS actually increases PKC activity by 45 minutes post-antigen; these results are explained by the timing of both TCS inhibition of cytosolic Ca2+ (~15+ minutes post-antigen) and TCS stimulation of ROS (~45 minutes post-antigen). These findings demonstrate that it is incorrect to assume that all Ca2+ -dependent processes will be synchronously inhibited when cytosolic Ca2+ is inhibited by a toxicant or drug. The results offer molecular predictions of the effects of TCS on other mammalian cell types, which share these crucial signal transduction elements and provide biochemical information that may underlie recent epidemiological findings implicating TCS in human health problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung K Shim
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Molly A Caron
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Lisa M Weatherly
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Logan B Gerchman
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Suraj Sangroula
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Siham Hattab
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Alan Y Baez
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Talya J Briana
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Julie A Gosse
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Beligni MV, Bagnato C, Prados MB, Bondino H, Laxalt AM, Munnik T, Ten Have A. The diversity of algal phospholipase D homologs revealed by biocomputational analysis. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:943-962. [PMID: 26986890 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) participates in the formation of phosphatidic acid, a precursor in glycerolipid biosynthesis and a second messenger. PLDs are part of a superfamily of proteins that hydrolyze phosphodiesters and share a catalytic motif, HxKxxxxD, and hence a mechanism of action. Although HKD-PLDs have been thoroughly characterized in plants, animals and bacteria, very little is known about these enzymes in algae. To fill this gap in knowledge, we performed a biocomputational analysis by means of HMMER iterative profiling, using most eukaryotic algae genomes available. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that algae exhibit very few eukaryotic-type PLDs but possess, instead, many bacteria-like PLDs. Among algae eukaryotic-type PLDs, we identified C2-PLDs and PXPH-like PLDs. In addition, the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense features several proteins phylogenetically related to oomycete PLDs. Our phylogenetic analysis also showed that algae bacteria-like PLDs (proteins with putative PLD activity) fall into five clades, three of which are novel lineages in eukaryotes, composed almost entirely of algae. Specifically, Clade II is almost exclusive to diatoms, whereas Clade I and IV are mainly represented by proteins from prasinophytes. The other two clades are composed of mitochondrial PLDs (Clade V or Mito-PLDs), previously found in mammals, and a subfamily of potentially secreted proteins (Clade III or SP-PLDs), which includes a homolog formerly characterized in rice. In addition, our phylogenetic analysis shows that algae have non-PLD members within the bacteria-like HKD superfamily with putative cardiolipin synthase and phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase activities. Altogether, our results show that eukaryotic algae possess a moderate number of PLDs that belong to very diverse phylogenetic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Verónica Beligni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Carolina Bagnato
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Mitre 630. S. C. de Bariloche 8400, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - María Belén Prados
- Instituto de Energía y Desarrollo Sustentable - Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. Bustillo 9500, S. C. de Bariloche 8400, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Hernán Bondino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Ana María Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Teun Munnik
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, NL-1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | - Arjen Ten Have
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mahankali M, Alter G, Gomez-Cambronero J. Mechanism of enzymatic reaction and protein-protein interactions of PLD from a 3D structural model. Cell Signal 2014; 27:69-81. [PMID: 25308783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily catalyzes the hydrolysis of cell membrane phospholipids generating the key intracellular lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid. However, there is not yet any resolved structure either from a crystallized protein or from NMR of any mammalian PLDs. We propose here a 3D model of the PLD2 by combining homology and ab initio 3 dimensional structural modeling methods, and docking conformation. This model is in agreement with the biochemical and physiological behavior of PLD in cells. For the lipase activity, the N- and C-terminal histidines of the HKD motifs (His 442/His 756) form a catalytic pocket, which accommodates phosphatidylcholine head group (but not phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidyl serine). The model explains the mechanism of the reaction catalysis, with nucleophilic attacks of His 442 and water, the latter aided by His 756. Further, the secondary structure regions superimposed with bacterial PLD crystal structure, which indicated an agreement with the model. It also explains protein-protein interactions, such as PLD2-Rac2 transmodulation (with a 1:2 stoichiometry) and PLD2 GEF activity both relevant for cell migration, as well as the existence of binding sites for phosphoinositides such as PIP2. These consist of R236/W238 and R557/W563 and a novel PIP2 binding site in the PH domain of PLD2, specifically R210/R212/W233. In each of these, the polar inositol ring is oriented towards the basic amino acid Arginine. Since tumor-aggravating properties have been found in mice overexpressing PLD2 enzyme, the 3D model of PLD2 will be also useful, to a large extent, in developing pharmaceuticals to modulate its in vivo activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Mahankali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Gerald Alter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Julian Gomez-Cambronero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ye Q, Kantonen S, Gomez-Cambronero J. Serum deprivation confers the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer line with an EGFR/JAK3/PLD2 system that maximizes cancer cell invasion. J Mol Biol 2012; 425:755-66. [PMID: 23238254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory has reported earlier that in leukocytes, phospholipase D2 (PLD2) is under control of Janus kinase 3 (JAK3), which mediates chemotaxis. Investigating JAK3 in cancer cells led to an important discovery as exponentially growing MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, which are highly proliferative and metastatic, did not substantially use JAK3 to activate PLD2. However, in 2-h or 16-h starved cell cultures, JAK3 switches to a PLD2-enhancing role, consistent with the needs of those cells to enter a "survival state" that relies on an increase in PLD2 activity to withstand serum deprivation. Using a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, the flavonoid 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone (apigenin), as well as RNA silencing, we found that the invasive phenotype of MDA-MB-231 cells is mediated by PLD2 under direct regulation of both JAK3 and the tyrosine kinase, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Furthermore, serum-deprived cells in culture show an upregulated EGFR/JAK3/PLD2-PA system and are especially sensitive to a combination of JAK3 and PLD2 enzymatic activity inhibitors (30nM apigenin and 300nM 5-fluoro-2-indolyl des-chlorohalopemide (FIPI), respectively). Thus, a multi-layered activation of cell invasion by two kinases (EGFR and JAK3) and a phospholipase (PLD2) provides regulatory flexibility and maximizes the aggressively invasive power of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. This is especially important in the absence of growth factors in serum, coincidental with migration of these cells to new locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kang DW, Park MH, Lee YJ, Kim HS, Kwon TK, Park WS, Min DS. Phorbol ester up-regulates phospholipase D1 but not phospholipase D2 expression through a PKC/Ras/ERK/NFkappaB-dependent pathway and enhances matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion in colon cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:4094-104. [PMID: 18084005 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707416200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its importance in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, very little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of phospholipase D (PLD) expression. PLD isozymes are significantly co-overexpressed with cancer marker genes in colorectal carcinoma. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment, as a mitogenic signal in colon cancer cells, selectively increases PLD1 expression in transcription and post-transcription. Moreover, experiments using intraperitoneal injection of PMA into mice showed selective PLD1 induction in the intestine and lung tissues, which suggests its physiological relevance in vivo. Therefore, we have undertaken a detailed analysis of the effects of PMA on the promoter activity of PLD genes. Protein kinase C inhibitors, but not a protein kinase A inhibitor, were found to suppress the up-regulation of PLD1 but not PLD2. Dominant-negative mutants of Ras, Raf, and MEK suppressed the induction and activity of PLD1. Moreover, depletion of the supposedly involved proteins reduced the endogenous PLD1 protein level. An important role for NFkappaB as a downstream target of ERK in PMA-induced PLD1 induction was also demonstrated using the inhibitor, small interfering RNA, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, and site-specific mutagenesis. Furthermore, inhibitors of these signaling proteins and depletion of PLD1 suppressed PMA-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion and PLD1 induction. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that induction of PLD1 through a protein kinase C/Ras/ERK/NFkappaB-dependent pathway is involved in the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in colorectal cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Woo Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, and College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kato Y, Lambert CA, Colige AC, Mineur P, Noël A, Frankenne F, Foidart JM, Baba M, Hata RI, Miyazaki K, Tsukuda M. Acidic extracellular pH induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in mouse metastatic melanoma cells through the phospholipase D-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:10938-44. [PMID: 15657063 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411313200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular pH (pHe) of tumor tissues is often acidic, which can induce the expression of several proteins. We previously showed that production of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was induced by culturing cells at acidic pHe (5.4-6.5). Here we have investigated the signal transduction pathway by which acidic pHe induces MMP-9 expression. We found that acidic pHe (5.9) activated phospholipase D (PLD), and inhibition of PLD activity by 1-butanol and Myr-ARF6 suppressed the acidic pHe-induced MMP-9 expression. Exogenous PLD, but not phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC or PLA2, mimicked MMP-9 induction by acidic pHe. Western blot analysis revealed that acidic pHe increased the steady-state levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and p38 and that the PLD inhibitors suppressed these increases. Using 5'-deletion mutant constructs of the MMP-9 promoter, we found that the acidic pHe-responsive region was located at nucleotide -670 to -531, a region containing the NF kappa B binding site. A mutation into the NF kappa B binding site reduced, but not completely, the acidic pHe-induced MMP-9 promoter activity, and NF kappa B activity was induced by acidic pHe. Pharmacological inhibitors specific for mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (PD098059) and p38 (SB203580) attenuated the acidic pHe-induced NF kappa B activity and MMP-9 expression. These data suggest that PLD, mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and p38), and NF kappa B mediate the acidic pHe signaling to induce MMP-9 expression. A transcription factor(s) other than NF kappa B may also be involved in the MMP-9 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Kato
- Department of Otolaryngology and Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee HS, Park SY, Lee HW, Choi HS. Secretions of MMP-9 by soluble glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (sGITR) mediated by protein kinase C (PKC)? and phospholipase D (PLD) in murine macrophage. J Cell Biochem 2004; 92:481-90. [PMID: 15156560 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) is stimulated by the glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), a new tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family, in murine macrophages via an activation of protein kinase C (PKC)delta and phospholipase D (PLD). Secretions of MMP-9 are stimulated by the phosphatidic acid (PA), a product of PLD activity and an inhibition of PA production by a 1-propanol inhibited secretion of MMP-9 by soluble GITR (sGITR). MMP-9 is not secreted by diacylglycerol (DAG) and an inhibitor of PA phosphatase has no effect on the secretion induced by sGITR, indicating that PA is responsible for MMP-9 secretion in murine macrophages. Our data indicates that sGITR-induced activation of PKCdelta and PLD increases MMP-9 secretions in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sook Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oka M, Kageshita T, Ono T, Goto A, Kuroki T, Ichihashi M. Protein kinase C alpha associates with phospholipase D1 and enhances basal phospholipase D activity in a protein phosphorylation-independent manner in human melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:69-76. [PMID: 12839565 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that phospholipase D plays a crucial part in the signal transduction of many types of cells, and is activated by protein kinase C alpha when cells are stimulated. To elucidate the role of phospholipase D in melanoma, the expression of phospholipase D1 and protein kinase C alpha in primary and metastatic lesions of acral lentiginous melanoma and superficial spreading melanoma was investigated using immunohistologic techniques. In addition, the mechanism of regulation of phospholipase D1 by protein kinase C alpha was examined in a human melanoma cell line HM3KO using an adenovirus-mediated gene transfer technique. Both phospholipase D1 and protein kinase C alpha were strongly expressed in primary and metastatic lesions of superficial spreading melanoma. Conversely, in acral lentiginous melanoma lesions, the expression of these two proteins increased dramatically with tumor progression; the expression of both phospholipase D1 and protein kinase C alpha was almost negative in the radial growth phase of primary acral lentiginous melanoma lesions, and increased synchronously in a progression-related manner in advanced acral lentiginous melanoma lesions, including vertical growth phase and metastatic lesions. Immunoprecipitation study showed that phospholipase D1 and protein kinase C alpha are associated physiologically in resting melanoma cells. Further immunoprecipitation study using HM3KO cells after adenovirus-mediated simultaneous overexpression of phospholipase D1 and protein kinase C alpha, or phospholipase D1 and the kinase-negative mutant of protein kinase C alpha revealed that both protein kinase C alpha and the kinase-negative mutant of protein kinase C alpha are associated with phospholipase D1 in melanoma cells in the absence of an external signal. Overexpression of protein kinase C alpha or the kinase-negative mutant of protein kinase C alpha in melanoma cells by the adenovirus vectors resulted in the enhancement of basal phospholipase D activity in a viral concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, enhanced basal phospholipase D activity increased the in vitro invasive potential of HM3KO cells. These results suggest that upregulation of phospholipase D1 and protein kinase C alpha plays a part in the progression of acral lentiginous melanoma from the radial growth phase to the vertical growth phase. The present results also suggest that protein kinase C alpha associates with phospholipase D1 and enhances basal phospholipase D activity in a protein phosphorylation-independent manner in melanoma cells, which contributes to the cell's high invasive potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Oka
- Department of Dermatology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Steeg PS, Palmieri D, Ouatas T, Salerno M. Histidine kinases and histidine phosphorylated proteins in mammalian cell biology, signal transduction and cancer. Cancer Lett 2003; 190:1-12. [PMID: 12536071 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intensive investigation of protein tyrosine, serine and threonine phosphorylation has lead to advances in signal transduction research and cancer treatment. This feature summarizes research on mammalian proteins exhibiting histidine phosphorylation. Histidine kinases are well known in prokaryotic and lower eukaryotic systems where they form the 'two-component' signal transduction system. The relative invisibility of histidine phosphorylation in mammalian cells may result from technical obstacles such as its acid lability, which precludes detection in electrophoretic systems, amino acid sequencing, etc. Emerging data have identified mammalian histidine kinases for the kinase suppressor of ras, a scaffold molecule for the Map kinase pathway, as well as histone H4, aldolase C and the beta-subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins. Additional mammalian proteins of interest to signal transduction and cancer research exhibit histidine phosphorylation, including P-selectin, annexin I and the 20S proteasome. Other candidate histidine phosphorylated proteins are identified. These data suggest the existence of another series of phosphorylation patterns in signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, Room 2A33, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Altman A, Deckert M. The function of small GTPases in signaling by immune recognition and other leukocyte receptors. Adv Immunol 1999; 72:1-101. [PMID: 10361572 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Levy BD, Fokin VV, Clark JM, Wakelam MJ, Petasis NA, Serhan CN. Polyisoprenyl phosphate (PIPP) signaling regulates phospholipase D activity: a 'stop' signaling switch for aspirin-triggered lipoxin A4. FASEB J 1999; 13:903-11. [PMID: 10224233 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.13.8.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is of wide interest to understand how opposing extracellular signals (positive or negative) are translated into intracellular signaling events. Receptor-ligand interactions initiate the generation of bioactive lipids by human neutrophils (PMN), which serve as signals to orchestrate cellular responses important in host defense and inflammation. We recently identified a novel polyisoprenyl phosphate (PIPP) signaling pathway and found that one of its components, presqualene diphosphate (PSDP), is a potent negative intracellular signal in PMN that regulates superoxide anion generation by several stimuli, including phosphatidic acid. We determined intracellular PIPP signaling by autocoids with opposing actions on PMN: leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent chemoattractant, and lipoxin A4 (LXA4), a 'stop signal' for recruitment. LTB4 receptor activation initiated a rapid decrease in PSDP levels concurrent with activation of PLD and cellular responses. In sharp contrast, activation of the LXA4 receptor reversed LTB4-initiated PSDP remodeling, leading to an accumulation of PSDP and potent inhibition of both PLD and superoxide anion generation. Thus, an inverse relationship was established for PSDP levels and PLD activity with two PMN ligands that evoke opposing responses. In addition, PSDP directly inhibited both isolated human recombinant (Ki = 6 nM) and plant (Ki = 20 nM) PLD. Together, these findings link PIPP remodeling to intracellular regulation of PMN function and suggest a role for PIPPs as lipid repressors in signal transduction, a novel mechanism that may also explain aspirin's suppressive actions in vivo in cell signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B D Levy
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|