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Cola ML, Plate S, Yankowitz L, Petrulla V, Bateman L, Zampella CJ, de Marchena A, Pandey J, Schultz RT, Parish-Morris J. Sex differences in the first impressions made by girls and boys with autism. Mol Autism 2020; 11:49. [PMID: 32546266 PMCID: PMC7298946 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are characterized by social communication challenges and repetitive behaviors that may be quickly detected by experts (Autism Res 10:653-62, 2017; American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 2013). Recent research suggests that even naïve non-experts judge a variety of human dimensions using narrow windows of experience called "first impressions." Growing recognition of sex differences in a variety of observable behaviors in ASD, combined with research showing that some autistic girls and women may "camouflage" outward symptoms, suggests it may be more difficult for naïve conversation partners to detect ASD symptoms in girls. Here, we explore the first impressions made by boys and girls with ASD and typically developing (TD) peers. METHODS Ninety-three school-aged children with ASD or TD were matched on IQ; autistic girls and boys were additionally matched on autism symptom severity using the ADOS-2. Participants completed a 5-minute "get-to-know-you" conversation with a new young adult acquaintance. Immediately after the conversation, confederates rated participants on a variety of dimensions. Our primary analysis compared conversation ratings between groups (ASD boys, ASD girls, TD boys, TD girls). RESULTS Autistic girls were rated more positively than autistic boys by novel conversation partners (better perceived social communication ability), despite comparable autism symptom severity as rated by expert clinicians (equivalent true social communication ability). Boys with ASD were rated more negatively than typical boys and typical girls by novel conversation partners as well as expert clinicians. There was no significant difference in the first impressions made by autistic girls compared to typical girls during conversations with a novel conversation partner, but autistic girls were rated lower than typical girls by expert clinicians. LIMITATIONS This study cannot speak to the ways in which first impressions may differ for younger children, adults, or individuals who are not verbally fluent; in addition, there were more autistic boys than girls in our sample, making it difficult to detect small effects. CONCLUSIONS First impressions made during naturalistic conversations with non-expert conversation partners could-in combination with clinical ratings and parent report-shed light on the nature and effects of behavioral differences between girls and boys on the autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L. Cola
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Samantha Plate
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Lisa Yankowitz
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Victoria Petrulla
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Leila Bateman
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Casey J. Zampella
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Ashley de Marchena
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Psychology, University of the Sciences, 600 S 43rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Juhi Pandey
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Robert T. Schultz
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Julia Parish-Morris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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Zhang H, Deng W, Wei L. Individual-based relative deprivation as a response to interpersonal help: The roles of status discrepancy and type of help. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 59:329-346. [PMID: 31599009 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Individual-based relative deprivation (IRD) refers to anger and resentment associated with upward interpersonal comparison. Four studies investigated whether and when IRD can be a result of receiving help. In all the studies, we found an interaction between type of help (i.e., autonomy-oriented vs. dependency-oriented help) and status discrepancy such that participants experienced a higher level of IRD after receiving dependency-oriented help from a higher status helper than in other conditions. This interaction emerged uniquely on IRD, but not on general affect, self-esteem, or evaluations of helper. Moreover, Study 3 indicated that the perception of a diminished likelihood of changing mediated the impact of dependency-oriented, high-status help on IRD. Study 4 showed that IRD stemming from such help was positively associated with prioritizing self-interest over others'. Implications for research on help and IRD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, China
| | - Weijing Deng
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, China
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, China
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Intergroup contact in computer-mediated communication: The interplay of a stereotype-disconfirming behavior and a lasting group identity on reducing prejudiced perceptions. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Klein O, Doyen S, Leys C, Magalhães de Saldanha da Gama PA, Miller S, Questienne L, Cleeremans A. Low Hopes, High Expectations: Expectancy Effects and the Replicability of Behavioral Experiments. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 7:572-84. [PMID: 26168114 DOI: 10.1177/1745691612463704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article revisits two classical issues in experimental methodology: experimenter bias and demand characteristics. We report a content analysis of the method section of experiments reported in two psychology journals (Psychological Science and the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology), focusing on aspects of the procedure associated with these two phenomena, such as mention of the presence of the experimenter, suspicion probing, and handling of deception. We note that such information is very often absent, which prevents observers from gauging the extent to which such factors influence the results. We consider the reasons that may explain this omission, including the automatization of psychology experiments, the evolution of research topics, and, most important, a view of research participants as passive receptacles of stimuli. Using a situated social cognition perspective, we emphasize the importance of integrating the social context of experiments in the explanation of psychological phenomena. We illustrate this argument via a controversy on stereotype-based behavioral priming effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stéphane Doyen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique FRS-FNRS, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Axel Cleeremans
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique FRS-FNRS, Belgium
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Santuzzi AM. Sex Composition Disrupts the Accuracy of Women’s Metaperceptions of Partners. SMALL GROUP RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1046496415583094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of sex composition of dyads and surrounding others in groups on the accuracy in women’s expected evaluations (metaperceptions) were investigated using the Group Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (GAPIM). The dataset comprised 26 groups of four to six previously unacquainted participants who completed an unstructured social interaction followed by round-robin evaluations and metaperceptions on evaluative adjectives. Women expected less positive evaluations from opposite-sex partners, and this did not vary by the sex composition of surrounding others. However, women were less accurate in predictions of how they were evaluated by male partners (compared with female partners) if women were the majority in the surrounding group. Also, women formed less accurate metaperceptions of female partners when women were the minority, rather than the majority in the surrounding context. Implications for theory development in intergroup relations and contributions of the GAPIM to diversity research are discussed.
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Zhang L, Kou Y, Zhao Y, Fu X. Group boundary permeability moderates the effect of a dependency meta-stereotype on help-seeking behaviour. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 51:243-51. [DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lange Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology; Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yu Kou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology; Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology; Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University; Beijing P. R. China
- Office of Compulsory Education; Xi'an No.2 School for the Deaf-mutes; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology; Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University; Beijing P. R. China
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Abstract
Seeking help from an outgroup can be difficult, especially when the outgroup is known to stereotype the ingroup negatively and the potential recipient cares strongly about its social image. However, we ask whether even highly identified ingroup members may seek help from a judgmental outgroup if doing so allows them to disconfirm the outgroup’s negative stereotype of the ingroup. We presented participants with one of two negative outgroup stereotypes of their ingroup. One could be disconfirmed through seeking help, the other could not. Study 1 ( n = 43) showed group members were aware of the strategic implications of seeking help for disconfirming these stereotypes. Study 2 ( n = 43) showed high identifiers acted on such strategic knowledge by seeking more help from the outgroup when help-seeking could disconfirm a negative stereotype of their group (than when it could not). Implications for the seeking and acceptance of help are discussed.
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Gluszek A, Dovidio JF. The Way They Speak: A Social Psychological Perspective on the Stigma of Nonnative Accents in Communication. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2010; 14:214-37. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868309359288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present review seeks to bridge research on accents, stigma, and communication by examining the empirical literature on nonnative accents, considering the perspectives of both speakers and listeners. The authors suggest that an accent, or one’s manner of pronunciation, differs from other types of stigma. They consider the role of communicative processes in the manner in which accents influence people and identify social and contextual factors related to accents that affect the speaker, the listener, and the interaction between them. The authors propose a framework of stigma of accents and possible future avenues of research to examine the social psychological and communicative effects of accents. They also discuss implications for stigma of other types of accents (e.g., other native, regional, and ethnic). Understanding how stigma of accents and communication affect each other provides a new theoretical approach to studying this type of stigma and can eventually lead to interventions.
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Abstract
As technology has simplified meeting basic needs, humans have cultivated increasingly psychological avenues for occupying their consumption energies, moving from consuming food to consuming concepts; we propose that consideration of such "conceptual consumption" is essential for understanding human consumption. We first review how four classes of conceptual consumption-consuming expectancies, goals, fluency, and regulatory fit-impact physical consumption. Next, we benchmark the power of conceptual consumption against physical consumption, reviewing research in which people forgo positive physical consumption-and even choose negative physical consumption-in order to engage in conceptual consumption. Finally, we outline how conceptual consumption informs research examining both preference formation and virtual consumption, and how it may be used to augment efforts to enhance consumer welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ariely
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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Klein O, Spears R, Reicher S. Social identity performance: extending the strategic side of SIDE. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2008; 11:28-45. [PMID: 18453454 DOI: 10.1177/1088868306294588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article extends the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) by considering the various ways in which relations of visibility to an audience can affect the public expression of identity-relevant norms (identity performance). It is suggested that social identity performance can fulfill two general functions: Affirming, conforming, or strengthening individual or group identities (the identity consolidation function) and persuading audiences into adopting specific behaviors (the mobilization function). The authors report evidence supporting these two functions of identity performance both in intragroup and intergroup contexts. They argue that through these functions, social identity performance plays a major role in the elaboration and coordination of social action. Finally, and building on this framework, the authors consider the ways through which social identity performance can be used in the very construction of social identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Klein
- Service de Psychologie Sociale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Madon S, Guyll M, Spoth R, Willard J. Self-fulfilling prophecies: the synergistic accumulative effect of parents' beliefs on children's drinking behavior. Psychol Sci 2005; 15:837-45. [PMID: 15563329 DOI: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This research examined whether mothers' and fathers' beliefs about their children's alcohol use had cumulative self-fulfilling effects on their children's future drinking behavior. Analyses of longitudinal data acquired from 115 seventh-grade children and their mothers and fathers were consistent with synergistic accumulation effects for negative beliefs: Parents' beliefs predicted the greatest degree of confirmatory behavior from children when both mothers and fathers overestimated their children's alcohol use. Results did not support synergistic accumulation effects for positive beliefs: Children's predicted future alcohol use was similar regardless of whether one parent or both underestimated their child's alcohol use. These findings suggest that the generally small self-fulfilling effects reported in the literature may underestimate the power of negative self-fulfilling prophecies to harm targets because studies have not taken into consideration the possibility that negative self-fulfilling prophecies may be more likely than positive ones to accumulate across multiple perceivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Madon
- Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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