1
|
Kandul NP, Liu J, Bennett JB, Marshall JM, Akbari OS. A confinable home-and-rescue gene drive for population modification. eLife 2021; 10:e65939. [PMID: 33666174 PMCID: PMC7968924 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Homing-based gene drives, engineered using CRISPR/Cas9, have been proposed to spread desirable genes throughout populations. However, invasion of such drives can be hindered by the accumulation of resistant alleles. To limit this obstacle, we engineer a confinable population modification home-and-rescue (HomeR) drive in Drosophila targeting an essential gene. In our experiments, resistant alleles that disrupt the target gene function were recessive lethal and therefore disadvantaged. We demonstrate that HomeR can achieve an increase in frequency in population cage experiments, but that fitness costs due to the Cas9 insertion limit drive efficacy. Finally, we conduct mathematical modeling comparing HomeR to contemporary gene drive architectures for population modification over wide ranges of fitness costs, transmission rates, and release regimens. HomeR could potentially be adapted to other species, as a means for safe, confinable, modification of wild populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay P Kandul
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Junru Liu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Jared B Bennett
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - John M Marshall
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Omar S Akbari
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
A cytogenetic photomap from ovarian nurse cell polytene chromosome of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae): a comparative study. THE NUCLEUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-018-0241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
3
|
Matthews TC, Munstermann LE. CHROMOSOMAL REPATTERNING AND LINKAGE GROUP CONSERVATION IN MOSQUITO KARYOTYPIC EVOLUTION. Evolution 2017; 48:146-154. [PMID: 28567783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1994.tb01301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/1992] [Accepted: 01/22/1993] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome number and morphology in mosquitoes is remarkably uniform: virtually all mosquitoes have a diploid chromosome number of six (2N = 6), and their chromosomes are invariably metacentric or submetacentric. Numerical changes obviously have not been important in mosquito chromosomal evolution, and because of the morphological similarity of their chromosomes, it appears that structural changes have played little or no role in mosquito karyotypic evolution. The goal of the present study was to identify the types and relative numbers of chromosomal changes in mosquito evolution and to extend the comparison where possible to the higher diptera. To do this, we compared the enzyme linkage maps of six species of Aedes to each other and to enzyme maps of seven other mosquito species and to Drosophila melanogaster. Our results indicate that Aedes chromosomes have been modified by inversions, most which were paracentric, and by translocations, most which were Robertsonian. Intrageneric comparison of Aedes enzyme maps also revealed groups of linked enzyme loci whose integrity has been maintained throughout Aedes evolution (conserved linkages/syntenies). Intergeneric comparisons of Aedes enzyme maps with those of species in the genera Culex, Anopheles, and Toxorhynchites disclosed conserved associations of enzyme loci between mosquito genera. These findings lead us to postulate that the ancestral mosquito karyotype consisted of six chromosomal elements which, other than being combined in different ways in various mosquito groups, have remained essentially intact during mosquito evolution. Furthermore, the identification of groups of linked enzyme loci common to mosquitoes and to D. melanogaster indicates that linkage group conservation may characterize the karyotypic evolution of all dipteran insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Matthews
- Department of Biology, Millikin University, Decatur, Illinois, 62522
| | - L E Munstermann
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, 60 College Street, 606 LEPH, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cornel AJ, Brisco KK, Tadei WP, Secundino NF, Rafael MS, Galardo AK, Medeiros JF, Pessoa FA, Ríos-Velásquez CM, Lee Y, Pimenta PF, Lanzaro GC. Anopheles darlingi polytene chromosomes: revised maps including newly described inversions and evidence for population structure in Manaus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 111:335-46. [PMID: 27223867 PMCID: PMC4878303 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland polytene chromosomes of 4th instar Anopheles darlingi
Root were examined from multiple locations in the Brazilian Amazon. Minor
modifications were made to existing polytene photomaps. These included changes to the
breakpoint positions of several previously described paracentric inversions and
descriptions of four new paracentric inversions, two on the right arm of chromosome 3
and two on the left arm of chromosome 3 that were found in multiple locations. A
total of 18 inversions on the X (n = 1) chromosome, chromosome 2 (n = 7) and 3 (n =
11) were scored for 83 individuals from Manaus, Macapá and Porto Velho
municipalities. The frequency of 2Ra inversion karyotypes in Manaus shows significant
deficiency of heterozygotes (p < 0.0009). No significant linkage disequilibrium
was found between inversions on chromosome 2 and 3. We hypothesize that at least two
sympatric subpopulations exist within the An. darlingi population at
Manaus based on inversion frequencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Cornel
- Mosquito Control Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katherine K Brisco
- Mosquito Control Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Wanderli P Tadei
- Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Nágila Fc Secundino
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Miriam S Rafael
- Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Allan Kr Galardo
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas, Macapá, AP, Brasil
| | - Jansen F Medeiros
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Felipe Ac Pessoa
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Infecciosas na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Claudia M Ríos-Velásquez
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Infecciosas na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paulo Fp Pimenta
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Gregory C Lanzaro
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fontoura NG, Araki AS, Van Der Maas Azevedo R, Galardo AKR, Peixoto AA, Lima JBP. Hybrid sterility in crosses between two Brazilian sibling species of the Anopheles albitarsis complex. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:559. [PMID: 25471342 PMCID: PMC4264609 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complexes of cryptic species are common in several taxa and this is
also the case in the Anopheles genus, a group
including all known human malaria vectors. The Anopheles
albitarsis complex comprises at least nine cryptic species, some of
which are implicated as vectors of human malaria. Several different types of data
have been generated for this species complex such as cytogenetics, alloenzymes,
morphological and feeding behavioral, hybridization experiments, RAPD-PCR and RFLP
and mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Studies focused on its postzygotic
isolation are still somewhat rare in the literature despite their importance to
understand the speciation process and the level of gene flow potentially occurring
among the different sibling species. Methods Hybridization experiments between Anopheles
albitarsis s.s. and Anopheles
marajoara, as well as backcrosses between hybrids and Anopheles albitarsis s.s., were performed using the
induced mating technique. Results were compared to intraspecific crosses.
Larva-to-adult viability and sex ratio were also assessed. Results Male hybrids show very low insemination rates and nearly complete
sterility, apparently due to abnormalities in their reproductive organs. Evidence
of partial sterility among the hybrid females was also observed. Conclusions Our data indicated that Anopheles albitarsis
s.s. and Anopheles marajoara show
a high level of postzygotic isolation with a strong hybrid male sterility. This
result is consistent with the Haldane’s rule which states that in interspecific
crosses the heterogametic sex is the first to be affected. However, the fact that
the females are not completely sterile raises the possibility of introgression
between these two siblings species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Giglio Fontoura
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Alejandra Saori Araki
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | | | | | - Alexandre Afranio Peixoto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. .,Laboratório de Entomologia, Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Perevozkin VP, Gordeev MI, Moskaev AV, Ahmetova NM, Bondarchuk SS. Inversion polymorphism and ecological specialization of malaria mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) in Karelia. RUSS J GENET+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795412060105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Segura NA, Santamaría E, Cabrera OL, Bello F. Establishment and characterisation of a new cell line derived from Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:89-95. [PMID: 22310541 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
8
|
Papathanos PA, Bossin HC, Benedict MQ, Catteruccia F, Malcolm CA, Alphey L, Crisanti A. Sex separation strategies: past experience and new approaches. Malar J 2009; 8 Suppl 2:S5. [PMID: 19917075 PMCID: PMC2777327 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-s2-s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of the sterile insect technique (SIT) and other genetic strategies designed to eliminate large populations of insects relies on the efficient inundative releases of competitive, sterile males into the natural habitat of the target species. As released sterile females do not contribute to the sterility in the field population, systems for the efficient mass production and separation of males from females are needed. For vector species like mosquitoes, in which only females bite and transmit diseases, the thorough removal of females before release while leaving males competent to mate is a stringent prerequisite. Biological, genetic and transgenic approaches have been developed that permit efficient male-female separation for some species considered for SIT. However, most sex separation methods have drawbacks and many of these methods are not directly transferable to mosquitoes. Unlike genetic and transgenic systems, biological methods that rely on sexually dimorphic characters, such as size or development rate, are subject to natural variation, requiring regular adjustment and re-calibration of the sorting systems used. The yield can be improved with the optimization of rearing, but the scale of mass production places practical limits on what is achievable, resulting in a poor rearing to output ratio. High throughput separation is best achieved with scalable genetic or transgenic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippos A Papathanos
- Imperial College London, Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bernhardt SA, Blair C, Sylla M, Bosio C, Black WC. Evidence of multiple chromosomal inversions in Aedes aegypti formosus from Senegal. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 18:557-569. [PMID: 19754736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal inversions are prevalent in mosquito species but polytene chromosomes are difficult to prepare and visualize in members of the tribe Aedinii and thus there exists only indirect evidence of inversions. We constructed an F(1) intercross family using a P(1) female from a laboratory strain of Aedes aegypti aegypti (Aaa) and a P(1) male Aedes aegypti formosus (Aaf) from a strain collected from south-eastern Senegal. Recombination rates in the F(2) offspring were severely reduced and genotype ratios suggested a deleterious recessive allele on chromosome 3. The F(2) linkage map was incongruent in most respects with the established map for Aaa. Furthermore, no increased recombination was detected in F(5) offspring. Recombination rates and gene order were consistent with the presence in Aaf of at least four large inversions on chromosome 1, a single small inversion on chromosome 2 and three inversions on chromosome 3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Bernhardt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rao PN, Rai KS. Genome evolution in the mosquitoes and other closely related members of superfamily Culicoidea. Hereditas 2008; 113:139-44. [PMID: 1981888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1990.tb00077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Karyotypes and nuclear DNA amounts of 36 species belonging to twelve genera of mosquitoes and other closely related taxa in the superfamily Culicoidea (Dixidae, Chaoboridae, and Culicidae) were studied. The results showed an eight-fold range in haploid DNA amounts and a 4.5-fold range in total chromosomal lengths. It is concluded that the evolutionary trend in this superfamily has been an overall increase in total haploid DNA amounts from the primitive Dixidae to the highly evolved Culcidae, with a concomitant increase in overall chromosome sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P N Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Besansky NJ, Collins FH. The mosquito genome: organization, evolution and manipulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 8:186-92. [PMID: 15463614 DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(92)90262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Apart from the genetic flexibility of the vectors, impediments to the control of vector-borne diseases include the rapid spread of drug resistance throughout parasite populations, the increasing movement of people to and from disease-endemic regions and the limited funds and public health infrastructures of most developing countries. The widely used residual insecticides and antiparasitic drugs have been inadequate solutions to the problem of vector-borne disease control. New approaches are needed. The enormous impact of recent developments in molecular genetics on the understanding of basic biology and human disease has stimulated a re-examination of the prospects for genetic manipulation of vector populations as a means for reducing or eliminating vector-borne diseases, especially malarial. Although control scenarios that exploit this technology may never be realized, Nora Besansky and Frank Collins emphasize that the increase in knowledge of basic mosquito biology on which these ideas depend will inevitably stimulate novel approaches to the control of mosquito-borne diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N J Besansky
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chaudhry S, Gupta S, Chhilar JS. Salivary polytene chromosome mapping ofAnopheles(Cellia)subpictusGrassi (Culicidae: Diptera). Genome 2005; 48:241-6. [PMID: 15838546 DOI: 10.1139/g04-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the introduction of molecular taxonomy of mosquitoes, polytene chromosome maps have become indispensable as standard references for locating genes, puffs, and inversion breakpoints of unique DNA sequences. We present a line map and a photomap of the salivary polytene chromosomes of Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus Grassi, an important emerging vector of malaria in India. In addition, we discuss the nature of this species complex consisting of sibling species A, B, C, and D. The comparative study is in relevance to the X chromosome heterozygous inversion differences between 2 allopatric populations of the species and the recognition of 4 X-chromosome inversion genotypes viz: species A–X+a+b, B–Xab, C–Xa+band D–X+ab.Key words: Anopheles subpictus, polytene chromosome map.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Chaudhry
- Mosquito Cytogenetics Unit, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Krzywinski J, Besansky NJ. Molecular systematics of Anopheles: from subgenera to subpopulations. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2002; 48:111-139. [PMID: 12208816 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The century-old discovery of the role of Anopheles in human malaria transmission precipitated intense study of this genus at the alpha taxonomy level, but until recently little attention was focused on the systematics of this group. The application of molecular approaches to systematic problems ranging from subgeneric relationships to relationships at and below the species level is helping to address questions such as anopheline phylogenetics and biogeography, the nature of species boundaries, and the forces that have structured genetic variation within species. Current knowledge in these areas is reviewed, with an emphasis on the Anopheles gambiae model. The recent publication of the genome of this anopheline mosquito will have a profound impact on inquiries at all taxonomic levels, supplying better tools for estimating phylogeny and population structure in the short term, and ultimately allowing the identification of genes and/or regulatory networks underlying ecological differentiation, speciation, and vectorial capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Krzywinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Tropical Disease Research and Training, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
A great deal of information has been accumulated on chromosome numbers and heterochromatin distribution as well as on genome size and organization in the mosquito family Culicidae. A number of trends in genome evolution emerge when these data are reviewed in light of recent cladistic phylogenies of Culicidae and its sister families. Anophelinae have heteromorphic sex chromosomes and a small genome size, and repetitive elements are distributed in a long-period interspersion pattern. In contrast, Culicinae have homomorphic sex chromosomes, and repetitive DNA is organized in a short-period interspersion pattern. There has been a general increase in genome size during the evolution of culicine tribes. The organization of the ancestral culicid genome remains uncertain awaiting studies on genome organization in Chaoboridae-Corethrellidae taxa. The most parsimonious hypothesis for the evolution of sex chromosomes and genome organization in Culicidae would be that homomorphic sex chromosomes and a long-period interspersion pattern was ancestral in lineages leading to Toxorhynchitinae and Culcinae. Larger genomes developed in subsequent culicine lineages through accumulation of short-period interspersed repetitive elements. Heteromorphic sex chromosomes evolved early in the evolution of Anophelinae, and a long-period interspersion pattern was retained. The alternative scenario proposed by Rao and Rai (1987a) is that Culicidae arose from a chaoborid Mochlonyx-like ancestor with heteromorphic sex chromosomes and possibly short-period interspersion. This scenario would require the loss of heteromorphic sex chromosomes in the lineage leading to Toxorhynchitinae and Culicinae and the "shedding" of repetitive elements in the lineage leading to Anophelinae. Several interesting patterns have emerged from studies of C-banding, and the distribution of heterochromatin in Culicidae and phylogenies derived from these studies are supported by the modern cladistic analyses. Recent intensive multipoint linkage map studies suggest that recombination frequencies per genome have remained relatively constant over the course of culicid evolution such that Anophelinae, with a relatively small genome size, has a linkage map of similar size to Aedini. As a consequence, taxa in Anophelinae have higher amounts of recombination per haploid genome size than Culicinae. Although several key questions have yet to be addressed, the Culicidae remain one of the best-studied systems of genome evolution in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Rai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Severson DW, Brown SE, Knudson DL. Genetic and physical mapping in mosquitoes: molecular approaches. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2001; 46:183-219. [PMID: 11112168 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The genetic background of individual mosquito species and populations within those species influences the transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens to humans. Technical advances in contemporary genomics are contributing significantly to the detailed genetic analysis of this mosquito-pathogen interaction as well as all other aspects of mosquito biology, ecology, and evolution. A variety of DNA-based marker types are being used to develop genetic maps for a number of mosquito species. Complex phenotypic traits such as vector competence are being dissected into their discrete genetic components, with the intention of eventually using this information to develop new methods to prevent disease transmission. Both genetic- and physical-mapping techniques are being used to define and compare genome architecture among and within mosquito species. The integration of genetic- and physical-map information is providing a sound framework for map-based positional cloning of target genes of interest. This review focuses on advances in genome-based analysis and their specific applications to mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D W Severson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ramírez CC, Dessen EM. Chromosomal evidence for sibling species of the malaria vector Anopheles cruzii. Genome 2000; 43:143-51. [PMID: 10701123 DOI: 10.1139/g99-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An analysis of the ovarian polytene chromosomes of Anopheles cruzii from three localities in Southeast Brazil revealed the existence of two genetic entities within this morphologically uniform taxon. These cryptic species differed in the banding patterns of the X chromosome and 3L arm. A pattern of bands that cannot be explained by the fixation of any of the known inversions in chromosome X was revealed and named chromosomal form B to distinguish it from the standard pattern of this X chromosome, form A. Each chromosomal form is characterized by a different set of inversions. The lack of heterozygotes (A/B) for these X chromosome forms in populations where both forms coexist is evidence of absence or limited gene flow between the two groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Ramírez
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Haldane's rule states that species hybrids of the XY sex are preferentially sterile or inviable. In all taxa known to obey this rule, the Y is inert and X-linked genes show full expression in XY individuals. Until recently, all theories of Haldane's rule depended on this hemizygosity. A test of Haldane's rule in animals lacking a hemizygous sex-mosquitoes having two functional sex chromosomes in both sexes-reveals that these species show Haldane's rule for sterility but not inviability. A related group having a "normal" hemizygous X obeys Haldane's rule for both sterility and inviability. These results support the faster male and dominance theories of Haldane's rule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Presgraves
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rafael MS, Tadei WP. Metaphase karyotypes of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root and A. (N.) nuneztovari Gabaldón (Diptera; Culicidae). Genet Mol Biol 1998. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47571998000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
19
|
Mukabayire O, Cornel AJ, Dotson EM, Collins FH, Besansky NJ. The Tryptophan oxygenase gene of Anopheles gambiae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 26:525-528. [PMID: 8969464 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(96)00026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Anopheles gambiae gene encoding tryptophan oxygenase, a homolog of the Drosophila melanogaster vermilion gene, has been molecularly cloned and characterized. Unlike Drosophila, where it is X-linked, the A. gambiae gene maps to chromosome 2R, subdivision 12E, by in situ hybridization to the polytene chromosomes. Of the six introns present, four are positioned identically to those of the Drosophila homolog, one is similarly positioned, and one is novel. A 1 955 nt cDNA potentially encodes a 392 amino acid protein of an estimated 45 kDa. Amino acid comparisons between the deduced protein and previously known tryptophan oxygenases revealed 74% identity between Anopheles and Drosophila, and 53% identity between Anopheles and nematode or mammalian proteins. Northern analysis detected a developmentally regulated transcript about 2 kb in length. Since this gene is known to control adult eye color in other flies, its cloning from A. gambiae provides the basis for a dominant phenotypic marker for germline transformation, one whose expression, unlike that of white, is not cell autonomous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Mukabayire
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Narang SK, Klein TA, Perera OP, Lima JB, Tang AT. Genetic evidence for the existence of cryptic species in the Anopheles albitarsis complex in Brazil: allozymes and mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Biochem Genet 1993; 31:97-112. [PMID: 8097085 DOI: 10.1007/bf02399823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Allozyme and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction studies were undertaken to determine the extent of genetic divergence among field populations of Anopheles albitarsis in Brazil. Two sympatric species, An. deaneorum and An. marajoara, were identified in collections from Costa Marques (CM), Rondonia. Genetic evidence includes (1) the presence of two types of individuals, each with diagnostic allelic clusters (for Had-1, Pgi-1, Pep-1, Mpi-1, and Idh-1), (2) a deficiency of heterozygotes, and (3) characteristic mtDNA haplotypes. In addition, two allopatric cryptic species of An. marajoara were identified, one from Iguape (An. marajoara form IG), Sao Paulo state, and the other from the Island of Marajo (An. marajoara form MA). Though form IG and form-MA resemble form CM in wing spot morphology, they differ from it in diagnostic allozymes and mtDNA haplotypes. An. marajoara form CM had a higher variability (mean heterozygosity, H = 0.22, and percentage of polymorphic loci, P = 66.7) than did form IG and form MA (H = 0.08 in both, and P = 25.0 and 33.3, respectively). Form MA and form IG are genetically more similar to each other than both are to form CM. Based on wing morphology, estimates of F statistics, and genetic similarities, we propose that An. albitarsis in Brazil is a species complex. It comprises at least two morphologically distinguishable species: (1) An. deaneorum (currently one taxon) and (2) the An. marajoara species complex, which further consists of at least three cryptic forms, marajoara form MA, marajoara form IG, and marajoara form CM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Narang
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
We review what is known about the transcriptional inactivation and condensation of heteromorphic sex chromosomes in contrast to the activation of homomorphic sex chromosomes during meiotic prephase in animals. We relate these cytological and transcriptional features to the recombination status of the sex chromosomes. We propose that sex chromosome condensation is a meiotic adaptation to prevent the initiation of potentially damaging recombination events in nonhomologous regions of the X and Y chromosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B D McKee
- Department of Zoology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Besansky NJ, Finnerty V, Collins FH. Molecular Perspectives on the Genetics of Mosquitoes. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1992; 30:123-84. [PMID: 1360745 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N J Besansky
- Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Genetic differentiation in theAedes atropalpus complex. II. Chromosomal divergence betweenAe. atropalpus andAe. epactius. J Genet 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02934454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Genetics of speciation in the Aedes (Stegomyia) scutellaris group (Diptera: Culicidae) V. Chromosomal relationships among five species. Genetica 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00120258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
|
28
|
Yong HS, Dhaliwal SS, Cheong WH, Chiagng GL. Multiple glucose phosphate isomerase alleles in Aedes albopictus (Diptera:Culicidae) from Peninsular Malaysia. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 73:265-7. [PMID: 7172625 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(82)90282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
1. Three natural populations and a laboratory strain of Aedes albopictus were analysed for glucose phosphate isomerase by means of horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis. 2. The electrophoretic phenotypes were governed by five codominant Gpi alleles. 3. The commonest allele in all the four population samples was GpiC which encoded an electrophoretic band with intermediate mobility. 4. The distributions of GPI phenotypes were in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg expectations. 5. The four population samples could be differentiated by the presence of a unique Gpi allele or the absence of a particular Gpi allele.
Collapse
|
29
|
Bhalla SC, Narang S. Isozymes of Culex p. fatigans. III. Genetics of leucine-amino-peptidase. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND CYTOLOGY. JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GENETIQUE ET DE CYTOLOGIE 1981; 23:705-13. [PMID: 7340905 DOI: 10.1139/g81-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Zymograms of leucine-amino-peptidase (LAP) of the mosquito Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann (C. p. quinquefasciatus) showed 20 isozyme bands in the fourth instar larvae, 13 in the pupae and 3 in the older adults. Homozygous strains of Lap-1F (Fast) and Lap-1S (Slow) were isolated and linkage studies carried out. Lap-1F and Lap-1S allozymes act as codominant alleles, are sex linked and are located in linkage group I. The gene sequence is e-M-mar-Lap-1 (eye-gap, maroon-eye, leucine-amino-peptidase-1), and the linkage distances in the M-mar and mar-Lap-1 segments are 22.0 and 10.5, respectively. Gene frequency analysis of natural populations from Brazil and Pakistan showed the S allele was more frequent in the Brazilian populations whereas F was more frequent in the Pakistani populations. Fixation of F allele had occurred in two Pakistani populations.
Collapse
|
30
|
Yong HS, Chan KL, Dhaliwal SS, Cheong WH, Chiang GL, Mak JW. Genetics of glucose phosphate isomerase and phosphoglucomutase in Aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae). THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS 1981; 59:345-8. [PMID: 24276567 DOI: 10.1007/bf00276447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/1980] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucose phosphate isomerase (E.C. 5.3.1.9) and phosphoglucomutase (E.C. 2.7.5.1) were found to be polymorphic in a laboratory colony of Aedes albopictus. The glucose phosphate isomerase locus is represented by two alleles resulting in three genotypes, while the phosphoglucomutase locus is represented by at least five alleles giving rise to a total of 15 genotypes. The inheritance of these two enzymes is of the Mendelian type with codominant alleles. Present data indicate that these genes are not linked.Of 105 mosquitoes analysed for these two gene-enzyme systems, the frequencies for glucose phosphate isomerase alleles are Gpi (S)=0.68 and Gpi (F)=0.32, while the frequencies for phosphoglucomutase alleles are Pgm (A)=0.16, Pgm (B)=0.11, Pgm (C)=0.19, Pgm (D)=0.30 and Pgm (F)= 0.24. The frequencies of the three glucose phosphate isomerase genotypes are in accord with Hardy-Weinberg expectations (X 1 (2) =2.74). Similarly, the frequencies of the 15 phosphoglucomutase genotypes probably do not differ significantly from Hardy-Weinberg expectations (X 10 (2) = 18.45).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H S Yong
- Department of Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yong HS, Cheong WH, Mak JW, Chiang GL, Chan KL, Dhaliwal SS. Genetics of glucosephosphate isomerase in Aedes togoi (Diptera: Culicidae). Biochem Genet 1980; 18:939-45. [PMID: 7225086 DOI: 10.1007/bf00500126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The genetics of glucosephosphate isomerase (E.C. 5.3.1.9) in two strains (Malaysian and Taiwan) of Aedes togoi is reported. Three electrophoretic phenotypes were presented in both sexes. The zymogram patterns were identical in both strains of A. togoi. The phenotypes were governed by a pair of codominant alleles. The allele frequency of the slow-moving band was 0.63 in the Malaysian strain adn was 0,86 and 0.82 in F161 and F169 generations, respectively, of the Taiwan strain. The sample studied was in good accord with Hardy-Weinberg expectation.
Collapse
|
32
|
Mezzanotte R, Ferrucci L, Marchi A. Y chromosome in the sibling speciesAnopheles atroparvus (van Thiel, 1927) andA. labranchiae (Falleroni, 1926) (Diptera: Culicidae): Differential behaviour of the short arm after acid-alkaline treatment and Coriphosphine-O staining. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01964319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
33
|
Coluzzi M, Sabatini A, Petrarca V, Di Deco MA. Chromosomal differentiation and adaptation to human environments in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1979; 73:483-97. [PMID: 394408 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(79)90036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Speciation in the Anopheles gambiae complex is reviewed and discussed with emphasis on the patterns of chromosomal differentiation, particularly at the intraspecific level. The significance of inversion polymorphism in gambiae and arabiensis (the two species of greatest medical importance) is evaluated with reference to recent field investigations carried out in Nigeria. In both sibling species some of the inversions show clinical geographical changes in frequencies, with evident correlations with climatic conditions and vegetation zones. Microgeographical variations in species distribution and in intraspecific inversion frequencies are also present, which appear mostly related to man-made environmental contrasts. Parallel indoor-/outdoor collections of samples from polymorphic populations of arabiensis and gambiae show that adult mosquitoes carrying certain inversion karyotypes do not distribute at random in relation to the human environment, being significantly more frequent in outdoor than in indoor samples, or vice-versa. Optimal habitat choice appears to be involved in such variations of indoor resting behaviour, since the chromosomal types carried by less endophilic individuals are those more adapted to humid climates, i.e. those which tend to avoid the higher nocturnal saturation deficit of the indoor environment. This phenomenon, producing non-uniform exposure of the vector population to residual insecticides sprayed in houses, might explain the mediocrity of the results of malaria control projects based on house-spraying against endophilic vectors in the African savannas.
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Jayakar SD, Laudani U, Marchi A, Tiepolo L, Fraccaro M. Genetics of sterility ofAnopheles atroparvus × Anopheles labranchiae hybrids. J Genet 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02984220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
36
|
Chromosomal differentiation in two species of Aedes and their hybrids revealed by giemsa C-banding. Chromosoma 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00327052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|