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de Souza AT, Batista JS, Guimarães-Marques GM, Cunha-Machado AS, Rafael MS. Identification and validation of the first EST-SSR markers based on transcriptome of Anopheles darlingi, the primary transmitter of malaria in Brazil. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7099-7104. [PMID: 37314602 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles darlingi is a monotypic species in terms of its morphological, genetic, and behavioral aspects and is the primary transmitter of human malaria (99%) in Brazil, especially in the Brazilian Amazon. In this pioneering study, 15 expressed sequence tag (EST)-simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were obtained and characterized in samples from the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas state, Brazil, with polymorphisms that can be used for further genetic research. METHODS AND RESULTS The specimens (from egg to larval stage) collected were bred in the insectary at INPA (National Institute for Amazonian Research). The SSR repeats within the contigs of the A. darlingi EST banks were confirmed on the Vector Base site. DNA was extracted and amplified using polymerase chain reaction and then genotyped. Fifteen polymorphic SSR loci were identified and characterized. The number of alleles totaled 76 and ranged from 2 to 9. The observed heterozygosity varied between 0.026 and 0.769, the expected heterozygosity between 0.025 and 0.776, and the mean polymorphism information content was 0.468. Eight loci showed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) after Bonferroni correction (P: (5%) ≤ 0.0033). No linkage disequilibrium was found among the loci. CONCLUSIONS The polymorphic SSRs of the loci have been shown to be efficient for investigation of the variability and genetic population structure of A. darlingi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Tomaz de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais (PPG-MBT), Universidade Estadual do Amazonas - UEA, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Silva Batista
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade (COBIO), Laboratório Temático de Biologia Molecular (LTBM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva (PPG-GCBEv), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Giselle Moura Guimarães-Marques
- Laboratório Temático de Biologia Molecular (LTBM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva (PPG-GCBEv), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Antonio Saulo Cunha-Machado
- Laboratório Temático de Biologia Molecular (LTBM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva (PPG-GCBEv), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Míriam Silva Rafael
- Coordenação de Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde (COSAS), Laboratório de Citogenética, Genômica e Evolução de Mosquitos da Malária e Dengue (LCGEM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva (PPG-GCBEv), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, Manaus, AM, 2936, Brazil.
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Rafael MS, Meireles SDF, Ferreira VDC, Tadei WP, Roque RA. Study of karyotype and constitutive heterochromatin of Mansonia spp. (Diptera: Culicidae) in the area surrounding the Jirau Hydroelectric Dam, Rondônia, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2023; 56:e0095. [PMID: 36888782 PMCID: PMC9991104 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0095-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mansonia mosquitoes transmit arboviruses to humans. This study describes the karyotypes and C-banding of Mansonia humeralis, Mansonia titillans, Mansonia pseudotitillans, and Mansonia indubitans. METHODS From the 202 larvae, the brain ganglia were dissected (n=120) for the preparation of slides. Twenty slides with well-distended chromosomes for each species (10 for karyotyping and 10 for C-banding) were selected for further study. RESULTS The haploid genome and the average lengths of the chromosomal arms differed in relation to the centromere between species, and intraspecific differences also occurred in the distribution of the C-bands. CONCLUSIONS These results are useful for better understanding of the chromosomal variability of Mansonia mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Silva Rafael
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Sabrina da Fonseca Meireles
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | - Wanderli Pedro Tadei
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Rosemary Aparecida Roque
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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Santos VS, Bridi LC, Rafael MS. Phylogenetic relationships of the supercontig of sodium channel subunit I (NaV) in 17 species of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:e07012021. [PMID: 36287479 PMCID: PMC9592096 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0701-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malaria is a global health problem and is transmitted by the Anopheles species. Due to the epidemiological importance of the genus, studies on biological, phylogenetic, and evolutionary aspects have contributed to the understanding of adaptation, vector capacity, and resistance to insecticides. The latter may result from different causes such as mutations in the gene that encodes the sodium channel (NaV). Methods: In this study, the NaV subunit I scaffold of 17 anopheline species was used to infer phylogenetic relationships of the genus Anopheles using Bayesian inference. The evolutionary phylogenetic tree of the NaV gene was aligned in the AliView program and analyzed utilizing Bayesian inference, using the software MrBayes. Results: The anophelines were grouped into five well-supported clusters: 1 - Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles albimanus; 2 - Anopheles sinensis and Anopheles atroparvus; 3 - Anopheles dirus; 4 - Anopheles minimus, Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles funestus, Anopheles maculatus, and Anopheles stephensi; and 5 - Anopheles christyi, Anopheles epiroticus, Anopheles merus, Anopheles melas, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles coluzzii, and Anopheles arabiensis. Conclusions: The topology confirms the phylogenetic relationships proposed in studies based on the genome of some anophelines and reflects the current taxonomy of the genus, which suggests that NaV undergoes selection pressure during the evolution of the species. These data are useful tools for inferring their ability to resist insecticides and also help in better understanding the evolutionary processes of the genus Anopheles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Silva Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Leticia Cegatti Bridi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Míriam Silva Rafael
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Laboratório de Vetores da Malária e Dengue, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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da Silva JS, da Silva Pinto AC, Dos Santos LHF, da Silva LJS, da Cruz DLV, Rafael MS. Genotoxic and mutagenic effects of methyl ether dillapiole on the development of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Med Vet Entomol 2021; 35:556-566. [PMID: 34077571 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dillapiole, extracted from Piper aduncum essential oil and its derivatives, has been shown to be a potential alternative to the control of Aedes aegypti, which has become resistant to synthetic insecticides. Methyl ether dillapiole (MED) and temephos (TM) were compared to complement the data on the genotoxicity and developmental changes of Ae. aegypti. Over four generations (G1 -G4 ), third stage larvae were treated with MED at 60, 80 and 100 μg/mL and TM at 0.002, 0.005 and 0.007 μg/mL for 4 h. Adult females were separated to estimate oviposition and hatching rates, and total egg length. Over the four generations, a significant reduction was recorded in oviposition and hatching rates, and in mean egg length (Tukey, P < 0.05), compared with the negative control (NC). Cytological slide preparations were done from adult oocytes and larval neuroblasts. The cumulative effects of genotoxic (bridges, budding and nuclear fragmentation) and mutagenic (micronucleus and chromosomal breakage) damage was observed in the neuroblasts and oocytes of exposed mosquitoes. Developmental changes and damage to the genome of MED-treated Ae. aegypti were greater than those caused by TM. Further studies should focus on understanding the effects of the MED molecule on Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S da Silva
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Conservation, and Evolutionary Biology - PPG - GCBEv, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Coordination of Society, Environment and Health - COSAS; National Institute of Amazonian Research -INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - A C da Silva Pinto
- Coordination of Society, Environment and Health - COSAS; National Institute of Amazonian Research -INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - L H F Dos Santos
- Coordination of Society, Environment and Health - COSAS; National Institute of Amazonian Research -INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - L J S da Silva
- Coordination of Society, Environment and Health - COSAS; National Institute of Amazonian Research -INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - D L V da Cruz
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Conservation, and Evolutionary Biology - PPG - GCBEv, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Coordination of Society, Environment and Health - COSAS; National Institute of Amazonian Research -INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - M S Rafael
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Conservation, and Evolutionary Biology - PPG - GCBEv, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Coordination of Society, Environment and Health - COSAS; National Institute of Amazonian Research -INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Rafael MS, Bridi LC, Sharakhov IV, Marinotti O, Sharakhova MV, Timoshevskiy V, Guimarães-Marques GM, Santos VS, da Silva CGN, Astolfi-Filho S, Tadei WP. Physical Mapping of the Anopheles ( Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Genomic Scaffolds. Insects 2021; 12:insects12020164. [PMID: 33671870 PMCID: PMC7918962 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genome assembly of Anopheles darlingi consists of 2221 scaffolds (N50 = 115,072 bp) and has a size spanning 136.94 Mbp. This assembly represents one of the smallest genomes among Anopheles species. Anopheles darlingi genomic DNA fragments of ~37 Kb were cloned, end-sequenced, and used as probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with salivary gland polytene chromosomes. In total, we mapped nine DNA probes to scaffolds and autosomal arms. Comparative analysis of the An. darlingi scaffolds with homologous sequences of the Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles gambiae genomes identified chromosomal rearrangements among these species. Our results confirmed that physical mapping is a useful tool for anchoring genome assemblies to mosquito chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Silva Rafael
- Coordenação de Sociedade Ambiente e Saúde, Laboratório de Vetores de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Manaus, AM 69060-001, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM 69060-001, Brazil; (L.C.B.); (G.M.G.-M.); (V.S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-092-3643-3066
| | - Leticia Cegatti Bridi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM 69060-001, Brazil; (L.C.B.); (G.M.G.-M.); (V.S.S.)
| | - Igor V. Sharakhov
- Department of Entomology and Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (I.V.S.); (M.V.S.); (V.T.)
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics of Insects, the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - Maria V. Sharakhova
- Department of Entomology and Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (I.V.S.); (M.V.S.); (V.T.)
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics of Insects, the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir Timoshevskiy
- Department of Entomology and Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (I.V.S.); (M.V.S.); (V.T.)
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Giselle Moura Guimarães-Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM 69060-001, Brazil; (L.C.B.); (G.M.G.-M.); (V.S.S.)
| | - Valéria Silva Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM 69060-001, Brazil; (L.C.B.); (G.M.G.-M.); (V.S.S.)
| | - Carlos Gustavo Nunes da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Otávio, 6.200. Coroado l, Manaus, AM 69080-900, Brazil;
| | - Spartaco Astolfi-Filho
- Laboratorio de Tecnologias de DNA, Divisão de Biotecnologia, Centro de Apoio Multidisciplinar, Universi dade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Otávio, 6.200. Coroado l, Manaus, AM 69080-900, Brazil;
| | - Wanderli Pedro Tadei
- Coordenação de Sociedade Ambiente e Saúde, Laboratório de Vetores de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Manaus, AM 69060-001, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM 69060-001, Brazil; (L.C.B.); (G.M.G.-M.); (V.S.S.)
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Scarpassa VM, Santos JMMD, Rafael MS. Wanderli Pedro Tadei (★1948 †2021). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021. [PMCID: PMC8405205 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0388-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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dos Santos LHF, Domingos PRC, Meireles SDF, Bridi LC, Pinto ACDS, Rafael MS. Genotoxic Effects of Semi-Synthetic Isodillapiole on Oviposition in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20200467. [PMID: 33331611 PMCID: PMC7747805 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0467-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Semi-synthetic dillapiole compounds derived from Piper aduncum essential oil are used as alternative insecticides to control insecticide-resistant Aedes aegypti. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the genotoxic effects of semi-synthetic isodillapiole on the nuclei of neuroblasts (larvae) and oocytes (females) and the mean oviposition rates of the females over four generations (G1, G2, G3, and G4) of Ae. aegypti. METHODS Larvae were captured in the city of Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil, and exposed to isodillapiole in bioassays (20, 40, and 60 µg/mL) and a negative control (0.05% DMSO in tap water) for 4 h. The cerebral ganglia were extracted from the larvae and oocytes from the adult females to prepare slides for cytogenetic analysis. Breeding pairs were established and eggs counts were quantified taken after the bioassays. RESULTS The analysis of 20,000 interphase nuclei of neuroblasts and oocytes indicated significant genotoxicity (micronuclei, budding, polynucleated cells, and other malformations) compared to that of the control. Metaphasic and anaphasic nuclei presented chromosomal breaks; however, no significant variation and damage was observed in the negative control. A significant reduction in mean oviposition rates was also recorded following exposure to isodillapiole over the four generations (G1, G2, G3, and G4). CONCLUSIONS The toxic and genotoxic effects of isodillapiole on Ae. aegypti were caused by reduced oviposition in the females and nuclear abnormalities over the four generations of the trials. Further studies are required, rather than our in vitro assays, to verify the efficacy of exposure to this compound for controlling Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabrina da Fonseca Meireles
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Programa de
Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Leticia Cegatti Bridi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Programa de
Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | - Míriam Silva Rafael
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Programa de
Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Manaus, AM, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de
Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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Viana Cruz DL, Sumita TC, Silva Leão Ferreira M, Soares da Silva J, Pinto ACDS, Marques Barcellos JF, Rafael MS. Histopathological, cytotoxicological, and genotoxic effects of the semi-synthetic compound dillapiole n-butyl ether in Balb/C mice. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2020; 83:604-615. [PMID: 32787530 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1804026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dillapiole n-butyl ether is a substance derived from dillapiole, which exhibits potential insecticidal effects on Aedes aegypti, the principal vector of the Dengue fever, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses, as well as Aedes albopictus, a vector of Dengue fever. As these mosquitoes are resistant to synthetic insecticides, dillapiole n-butyl ether may represent a valuable, plant-based alternative for their control. Dillapiole n-butyl ether has insecticidal and genotoxic effects on A. aegypti and A. albopictus, as shown by the reduction in clutch size and egg viability, and increased mortality rates, as well as a high frequency of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations. However, the potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of this substance in mammals are still unknown. In Balb/C mice, structural changes were detected in hepatic, renal, and cardiac tissues, which were directly proportional to the concentration of the dose applied, in both genders. The induction of genotoxic, mutagenic, and cytotoxic effects was also observed at the highest concentrations (150 and 328 mg/kg). Further research will be necessary to better characterize the potential genotoxicity of this substance at lower concentrations, for the evaluation of the potential health risks related to its presence in environmental features, such as drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Luís Viana Cruz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA , Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Tania Cristina Sumita
- Laboratório Temático Biotério Central, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA , Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Junielson Soares da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA , Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina da Silva Pinto
- Laboratório de Vetores da Malária e Dengue, Coordenação de Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde - COSAS /INPA , Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Míriam Silva Rafael
- Laboratório de Vetores da Malária e Dengue, Coordenação de Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde - COSAS /INPA , Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Azevedo-Júnior GMD, Guimarães-Marques GM, Cegatti Bridi L, Christine Ohse K, Vicentini R, Tadei W, Rafael MS. Phylogenetic analysis of the GST family in Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi. Acta Trop 2014; 136:27-31. [PMID: 24713199 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles darlingi Root, 1926 and Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) are the most important human malaria vectors in South America and Africa, respectively. The two species are estimated to have diverged 100 million years ago. Studies on the phylogenetics and evolution of gene sequences, such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) in disease-transmitting mosquitoes are scarce. The sigma class GST (KC890767) from the transcriptome of An. darlingi captured in the Brazilian Amazon was studied by in silico hybridization, and mapped to chromosome 3 of An. gambiae. The sigma class GST of An. darlingi was used for phylogenetic analyses to understand the GST base composition of the most recent common ancestor between An. darlingi, Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The GST (KC890767) of An. darlingi was studied to generate the main divergence branches using a Neighbor-Joining and bootstrapping approaches to confirm confidence levels on the tree nodes that separate the An. darlingi and other mosquito species. The results showed divergence between An. gambiae, Ae. Aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Phlebotomus papatasi as outgroup, and the homology relationship between sigma class GST of An. darlingi and GSTS1_1 gene of An. gambiae was valuable for phylogenetic and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilson Martins de Azevedo-Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva-PPG GCBEv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Giselle Moura Guimarães-Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva-PPG GCBEv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Leticia Cegatti Bridi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva-PPG GCBEv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Ketlen Christine Ohse
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais-PPG MBT, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas-UEA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Renato Vicentini
- Laboratório de Biologia de Sistemas, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wanderli Tadei
- Coordenação de Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde-CSAS, Laboratório de Vetores da Malária e Dengue/INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Míriam Silva Rafael
- Coordenação de Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde-CSAS, Laboratório de Vetores da Malária e Dengue/INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
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Rafael MS, Hereira-Rojas WJ, Roper JJ, Nunomura SM, Tadei WP. Potential control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) with Piper aduncum L. (Piperaceae) extracts demonstrated by chromosomal biomarkers and toxic effects on interphase nuclei. Genet Mol Res 2008; 7:772-81. [PMID: 18767246 DOI: 10.4238/vol7-3gmr481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dillapiol, a phenylpropanoid isolate from essential oils of leaves of Piper aduncum (Piperaceae), has insecticidal, fungicidal and antimicrobial activities. The insecticidal activity of dillapiol was tested in vivo on the larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector of dengue. Specifically, the effect of dillapiol on the formation of micronuclei and chromosome aberrations was analyzed. Dillapiol treatments comprised two concentrations of 200 and 400 micro dissolved in well water, and a pure well water control used to rear four generations of mosquitoes. Micronuclei occurred in mitotic diploid and tetraploid chromosomes of larvae; nuclear abnormalities also occurred in interphase, metaphase, telophase, and single nucleus cells of pupae. Mortality, oviposition, chromosome breakage, and anaphase bridges were significantly greater in the extract treatments than in controls. The genotoxic effects of dillapiol described here suggest that this natural product may be a useful alternative for the control of A. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Rafael
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ciências da Saúde e Coordenação de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais, Manaus, AM, Brasil.
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Rafael MS, Santos IP, Tadei WP, Carvalho KA, Recco-Pimente SM, Sallum MAM, Forattini OP. Cytogenetic study of Anopheles albitarsis (Diptera: Culicidae) by C-banding and in situ hybridization. Hereditas 2007; 143:62-7. [PMID: 17362336 DOI: 10.1111/j.2006.0018-0661.01926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-banding pattern and the size and location of the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are described for the first time in Brazilian populations of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis sensu lato. C-banding revealed variation in the size of the centromeric heterochromatic blocks in autosomal chromosomes and in the acrocentric (X) and puntiform (Y) sex chromosomes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the NORs were located in the pericentromeric region of the sex (XX/XY) chromosomes and that this coincided with the number and location of centromeric constitutive heterochromatin blocks previously revealed by C-banding. The NORs varied in size among the homologues of the three populations. These findings of the populations studied support the hypothesis that the stability of NORs in the A. albitarsis complex is characterized by the presence of clustered and conserved sites in a unique pair of chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Rafael
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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Rafael MS, dos Santos-Junior IP, Tadei WP, Sallum MAM, Forattini OP. Karyotype of Brazilian Anopheles albitarsis sensu lato (Diptera:Culicidae). Genet Mol Res 2005; 4:684-90. [PMID: 16475113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis sensu lato is an important malaria vector in Brazil, especially in the Brazilian Amazon region. Chromosome preparations of fourth-instar larvae of A. albitarsis from Iranduba and Coari (AM) and Ilha Comprida (SP) were analyzed for karyotype determination and to improve cytogenetic identification of this species. Anopheles albitarsis possesses 2n = 6 chromosomes, with two pairs (submetacentric and metacentric) of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes, with X-Y dimorphism. The sex pair is homomorphic and acrocentric in females and heteromorphic in males, with a punctiform Y chromosome. Somatic pairing was detected in the prometaphase and metaphase chromosomes of the three A. albitarsis populations. Apparently, sex chromosome evolution in the Culicidae does not function as does evolution in the Culicidae, since it occurs in the subfamily Anophelinae, which possesses heteromorphic sex chromosomes and is regarded as primitive, based on several criteria. These karyotype data on the albitarsis complex reinforce the hypothesis that sex chromosome evolution in the subfamily Anophelinae is conserved, and the variation revealed in the mean size of chromosomes in three populations indicates that selective pressure in these populations is occurring only at a genetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Silva Rafael
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brasil.
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Abstract
In situ hybridization was used to determine the physical location of the Hsp70 genes in salivary polytene chromosomes of Anopheles darlingi from Manaus and Macapá, Brazil, and to assess the usefulness of the Hsp70 locus as a genetic marker in A. darlingi populations. In both populations, the double markings corresponding to the Hsp70-12A and Hsp70-14A genes were located on the right arm of chromosome 2. The Hsp70 locus was considered to be an excellent marker for studying chromosomal evolution and relationships among A. darlingi populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Silva Rafael
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Bairro Petrópolis, 69083-000, Manaus, AM, Brasil.
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Rafael MS, Tadei WP, Recco-Pimentel SM. Location of ribosomal genes in the chromosomes of Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles nuneztovari (Diptera, Culicidae) from the Brazilian Amazon. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98:629-35. [PMID: 12973529 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization of Anopheles darlingi and A. nuneztovari demonstrated nucleolar organizer region activity at the end of the fourth larval instar, when the nucleolar organizer regions underwent gradual condensation. The heteromorphic sex chromosomes showed intraindividual size variation in the rDNA blocks located in the pericentromeric region and this coincided with the location of constitutive heterochromatin (C-banding).
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Silva Rafael
- Coordena o de Pesquisas em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil.
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Rafael MS, Tadei WP. Heterochromatin variation in chromosomes of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root and A.(N.) nuneztovari Gabaldón (Diptera: Culicidae). Genet Mol Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572000000100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
C-banding was used to study the variations in heterochromatic block markings in chromosomes of Anopheles darlingi and A. nuneztovari from Manaus, State of Amazonas, and Macapá, State of Amapá, Brazil. Both species had two differently shaped X chromosomes and a Y chromosome that was entirely heterochromatic. The X1 chromosome of A. darlingi had markings that extended 1/3 of the total length whereas in the X2 chromosome the markings were located around the centromeric region. The markings on autosomal chromosomes were concentrated in the centromeric region in both species, with a heterochromatic block in one arm of chromosome II of A. darlingi. A. nuneztovari had three heterochromatic blocks in chromosome X1 (longer) and two blocks in X2 (shorter). X2X2 females were not detected in either species. The X1 and X2 chromosomes of males were found in A. darlingi, whereas in A. nuneztovari only the X1 chromosome was detected. Only intraspecific variation was found in heterochromatic block markings in the sex chromosomes and autosomes in the two populations of both species at each location.
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Tadei WP, Thatcher BD, Santos JM, Scarpassa VM, Rodrigues IB, Rafael MS. Ecologic observations on anopheline vectors of malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998; 59:325-35. [PMID: 9715956 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1998.59.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Human intervention in the Brazilian Amazon region promotes contacts between humans and vectors that may favor the propagation of anopheline mosquitoes and the spread of malaria in the absence of planning and infrastructure to control this disease. Vector ecology studies were carried out to determine the risk areas. These data should help in designing appropriate malaria control measures. Data from 14 different regions are reported. Vectors are able to adapt to different environments, which made it necessary to study each area. The parameters studied were Anopheles breeding sites, species distribution, incidence, feeding preferences, hours of maximum activity of adult mosquitoes, seasonality, resting places, and the presence of Plasmodium. Species complexes were also studied. Anopheles darlingi may be responsible for maintaining malaria in human populations in this region. A reduction in the population density of A. darlingi in a particular geographic area can sometimes cause the disappearance of malaria. This species feeds at night but has a peak of activity at the beginning of the evening and another at dawn. Other species are mainly crepuscular and all anophelines demonstrated pronounced exophilia. The timing of feeding activities was found to vary in areas altered by human intervention and also depended on the time of the year and climatic conditions. The larvae were more abundant in the rivers with a less acidic pH and rural areas showed the highest larval index.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Tadei
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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