1
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Wang Y, Bui T, Zhang Y. The pleiotropic roles of EZH2 in T-cell immunity and immunotherapy. Int J Hematol 2022; 116:837-845. [PMID: 36271224 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-022-03466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
EZH2 is a histone methyltransferase. It catalyzes trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) to control gene transcription critical for cell proliferation, differentiation, expansion, and function. For instance, EZH2 plays a central role in regulating T-cell immune responses. EZH2 restrains terminal differentiation of effector CD8 T cells, promotes formation of precursor and mature memory CD8 T cells, regulates appropriate lineage-specification and identity maintenance of helper CD4 T cells, and maintains survival of differentiated antigen-specific T cells. Most importantly, EZH2 is shown to be important for reinvigoration of exhausted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Dysregulated EZH2 function has been linked to many forms of cancer, including lymphomas and solid tumors. In B-cell lymphoid malignancies, EZH2 is overexpressed to drive tumorigenesis. These specific effects of EZH2, in the context of its roles in catalyzing H3K27me3 and orchestrating gene transcription programs in both normal and malignant cells, establishes EZH2 as a unique target for drug development. Here, we will discuss Ezh2 regulation of T-cell immunity, EZH2-mediated lymphomagenesis, and therapeutic benefits of EZH2 inhibitors to the treatment of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Center for Discovery & Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Tien Bui
- Center for Discovery & Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Discovery & Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ, USA.
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2
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McGuire CC, Robert JR. Developmental exposure to thyroid disrupting chemical mixtures alters metamorphosis and post-metamorphic thymocyte differentiation. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100094. [PMID: 36407672 PMCID: PMC9672424 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While there is some evidence to suggest that disruption of the thyroid hormone (TH)-axis during perinatal development may weaken T cell immunity later in life, data are currently lacking on whether environmentally relevant thyroid disrupting chemicals (TDCs) can induce similar outcomes. To fill this gap in knowledge, X. laevis tadpoles were exposed to an environmentally relevant mixture of TDCs, either during early tadpole development, or immediately before and during metamorphosis, to assess T cell differentiation and anti-viral immune response against FV3 infection after metamorphosis. Extending our previous study showing a delay in metamorphosis completion, here we report that TDC exposure prior to metamorphosis reduced the frequency of surface MHC-II + splenic lymphocytes and weakened some aspects of the anti-viral immune response. TDC exposure during metamorphosis slowed post-metamorphic migration of the thymus reduced the renewal of cortical thymocytes and splenic CD8 + T cells. The results indicate that TDC exposure during perinatal development may perturb the formation of T cell immunity later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor C. McGuire
- University of Rochester Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, 2USA
- University of Rochester Department Environmental Medicine, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jacques R. Robert
- University of Rochester Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, 2USA
- University of Rochester Department Environmental Medicine, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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3
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De Paris K. Knowledge is power-Rational design of cancer immunotherapy. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1003-1006. [PMID: 31556463 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ce0819-238r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Discussion on how our increasing knowledge on tumor immunity and host defense mechanisms has drastically changed our ability to improve cancer outcomes through the rational design of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Expression of the alternative splicing variants of bcl6b in medaka Oryzias latipes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 227:83-89. [PMID: 30292753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bcl6B, also known as BAZF, plays important roles in the immune response, repression of cancers, and maintenance of spermatogonial stem cells in mammals. In this study, the homologous gene bcl6b and its 5 alternative splicing variants, namely bcl6bX1 to bcl6bX5, were isolated from medaka fish, Oryzias latipes. Medaka bcl6b possesses conserved domains such as BTB domain, RD2 domain and four zinc fingers. Medaka bcl6bX1 to bcl6bX3 possess all three previously mentioned domains with minor differences in sequences. Medaka bcl6bX4 possesses only the BTB domain due to premature stopping, and bcl6bX5 possesses both the BTB domain and zinc fingers without the RD2 domain. Medaka bcl6b was expressed in the tissues including the brain, heart, gill, muscle, spleen, kidney, intestine, ovary and testes of adult fish. Medaka bcl6b was expressed in the embryos from very early stage, and could be detected clearly in the developing eyes by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Medaka bcl6b could respond to the stimuli of polyI:C and LPS in the kidney and spleen. Medaka bcl6bX1 to bcl6bX3 were the majority of the variants expressed in the adult tissues and the embryos, and were the major response to the stimulation of polyI:C and LPS in the spleen. These results suggested that bcl6b, including its isoforms, could function in various tissues and embryogenesis. Moreover, bcl6b might be a factor for immune response in medaka.
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5
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He S, Liu Y, Meng L, Sun H, Wang Y, Ji Y, Purushe J, Chen P, Li C, Madzo J, Issa JP, Soboloff J, Reshef R, Moore B, Gattinoni L, Zhang Y. Ezh2 phosphorylation state determines its capacity to maintain CD8 + T memory precursors for antitumor immunity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2125. [PMID: 29242551 PMCID: PMC5730609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells sustain effector T-cell production while self-renewing in reaction to persistent antigen; yet, excessive expansion reduces memory potential and impairs antitumor immunity. Epigenetic mechanisms are thought to be important for balancing effector and memory differentiation; however, the epigenetic regulator(s) underpinning this process remains unknown. Herein, we show that the histone methyltransferase Ezh2 controls CD8+ T memory precursor formation and antitumor activity. Ezh2 activates Id3 while silencing Id2, Prdm1 and Eomes, promoting the expansion of memory precursor cells and their differentiation into functional memory cells. Akt activation phosphorylates Ezh2 and decreases its control of these transcriptional programs, causing enhanced effector differentiation at the expense of T memory precursors. Engineering T cells with an Akt-insensitive Ezh2 mutant markedly improves their memory potential and capability of controlling tumor growth compared to transiently inhibiting Akt. These findings establish Akt-mediated phosphorylation of Ezh2 as a critical target to potentiate antitumor immunotherapeutic strategies. During an immune response naive CD8+ T cells can differentiate into either effector or memory T cells. Here the authors show that Akt-mediated phosphorylation of the epigenetic regulator Ezh2 is critical for the generation of an anti-tumor CD8 T cell response and promotes the expansion of memory-precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Yongnian Liu
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Lijun Meng
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hongxing Sun
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yun Ji
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Janaki Purushe
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Pan Chen
- The Division of Endocrinology and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Changhong Li
- The Division of Endocrinology and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jozef Madzo
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Issa
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jonathan Soboloff
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ran Reshef
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Bethany Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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6
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Crompton JG, Narayanan M, Cuddapah S, Roychoudhuri R, Ji Y, Yang W, Patel SJ, Sukumar M, Palmer DC, Peng W, Wang E, Marincola FM, Klebanoff CA, Zhao K, Tsang JS, Gattinoni L, Restifo NP. Lineage relationship of CD8(+) T cell subsets is revealed by progressive changes in the epigenetic landscape. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:502-13. [PMID: 25914936 PMCID: PMC4947817 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To better elucidate epigenetic mechanisms that correlate with the dynamic gene expression program observed upon T-cell differentiation, we investigated the genomic landscape of histone modifications in naive and memory CD8(+) T cells. Using a ChIP-Seq approach coupled with global gene expression profiling, we generated genome-wide histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) trimethylation maps in naive, T memory stem cells, central memory cells, and effector memory cells in order to gain insight into how histone architecture is remodeled during T cell differentiation. We show that H3K4me3 histone modifications are associated with activation of genes, while H3K27me3 is negatively correlated with gene expression at canonical loci and enhancers associated with T-cell metabolism, effector function, and memory. Our results also reveal histone modifications and gene expression signatures that distinguish the recently identified T memory stem cells from other CD8(+) T-cell subsets. Taken together, our results suggest that CD8(+) lymphocytes undergo chromatin remodeling in a progressive fashion. These findings have major implications for our understanding of peripheral T-cell ontogeny and the formation of immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Crompton
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Manikandan Narayanan
- Systems Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Suresh Cuddapah
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine,Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yun Ji
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Shashank J. Patel
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, United States, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madhusudhanan Sukumar
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Douglas C. Palmer
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weiqun Peng
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Ena Wang
- Research Branch, Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francesco M. Marincola
- Research Branch, Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher A. Klebanoff
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Clinical Investigator Development Program, NCI/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keji Zhao
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John S. Tsang
- Systems Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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7
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Uemoto S, Ozawa K, Kaido T, Mori A, Fujimoto Y. Advantage of tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil regimen for cytotoxic T cell-mediated defence and its inhibition by additive steroid administration in high-risk liver transplant recipients. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 184:126-36. [PMID: 26560892 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work revealed that the recipients with the highest pre-existing numbers of CD8(+) effector T cells (TE ) [hyperparathyroidism (HPT)E recipients] occupied approximately 30% of adult transplant recipients performed in our hospital. HPTE recipients demonstrated very poor clinical outcome compared with the remaining 70% of recipients with the lowest pre-existing TE (LPTE recipient). This study aimed to clarify the best combined immunosuppressive regimen related to function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) for HPTE recipients. Eighty-one HPTE recipients were classified into three types, according to the immunosuppressive regimens: type 1, tacrolimus (Tac)/glucocorticoid (GC); type 2, Tac/mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)/GC; and type 3, Tac/MMF. Frequencies of severe infection, rejection and hospital death were the highest in types 1 and 2, whereas the lowest occurred in type 3. The survival rate in type 3 was the highest (100%) during follow-up until post-operative day 2000. Regarding the immunological mechanism, in type 1 TE perforin and interferon (IFN)-γ were generated through the self-renewal of CD8(+) central memory T cells (TCM ), but decreased in the early post-transplant period due to marked down-regulation of interleukin (IL)-12 receptor beta-1 of TCM. In type 2, the self-renewal TCM did not develop, and the effector function could not be increased. In type 3, in contrast, the effectors and cytotoxicity were correlated inversely with IL-12Rβ1(+) TCM levels, and increased at the highest level around the pre-transplant levels of IL-12Rβ1(+) TCM . However, the immunological advantage of Tac/MMF therapy was inhibited strongly by additive steroid administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - K Ozawa
- Hepatic Disease Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Kaido
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - A Mori
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Y Fujimoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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8
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Crompton JG, Narayanan M, Cuddapah S, Roychoudhuri R, Ji Y, Yang W, Patel SJ, Sukumar M, Palmer DC, Peng W, Wang E, Marincola FM, Klebanoff CA, Zhao K, Tsang JS, Gattinoni L, Restifo NP. Lineage relationship of CD8+ T cell subsets is revealed by progressive changes in the epigenetic landscape. Cell Mol Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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9
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Crompton JG, Sukumar M, Roychoudhuri R, Clever D, Gros A, Eil RL, Tran E, Hanada KI, Yu Z, Palmer DC, Kerkar SP, Michalek RD, Upham T, Leonardi A, Acquavella N, Wang E, Marincola FM, Gattinoni L, Muranski P, Sundrud MS, Klebanoff CA, Rosenberg SA, Fearon DT, Restifo NP. Akt inhibition enhances expansion of potent tumor-specific lymphocytes with memory cell characteristics. Cancer Res 2015; 75:296-305. [PMID: 25432172 PMCID: PMC4384335 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) using autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) results in complete regression of advanced cancer in some patients, but the efficacy of this potentially curative therapy may be limited by poor persistence of TIL after adoptive transfer. Pharmacologic inhibition of the serine/threonine kinase Akt has recently been shown to promote immunologic memory in virus-specific murine models, but whether this approach enhances features of memory (e.g., long-term persistence) in TIL that are characteristically exhausted and senescent is not established. Here, we show that pharmacologic inhibition of Akt enables expansion of TIL with the transcriptional, metabolic, and functional properties characteristic of memory T cells. Consequently, Akt inhibition results in enhanced persistence of TIL after adoptive transfer into an immunodeficient animal model and augments antitumor immunity of CD8 T cells in a mouse model of cell-based immunotherapy. Pharmacologic inhibition of Akt represents a novel immunometabolomic approach to enhance the persistence of antitumor T cells and improve the efficacy of cell-based immunotherapy for metastatic cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/immunology
- Random Allocation
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Crompton
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | - David Clever
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alena Gros
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert L Eil
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eric Tran
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Zhiya Yu
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Sid P Kerkar
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Trevor Upham
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Ena Wang
- Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Luca Gattinoni
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pawel Muranski
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark S Sundrud
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Christopher A Klebanoff
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. Clinical Investigator Development Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Douglas T Fearon
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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10
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The Menin-Bach2 axis is critical for regulating CD4 T-cell senescence and cytokine homeostasis. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3555. [PMID: 24694524 PMCID: PMC3988815 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although CD4 T-cell senescence plays an important role in immunosenescence, the mechanism behind this process remains unclear. Here we show that T cell-specific Menin deficiency results in the premature senescence of CD4 T cells, which is accompanied by the senescence-associated secretory phenotype after antigenic stimulation and dysregulated cytokine production. Menin is required for the expansion and survival of antigen-stimulated CD4 T cells in vivo and acts by targeting Bach2, which is known to regulate immune homeostasis and cytokine production. Menin binds to the Bach2 locus and controls its expression through maintenance of histone acetylation. Menin binding at the Bach2 locus and the Bach2 expression are decreased in the senescent CD4 T cells. These findings reveal a critical role of the Menin-Bach2 pathway in regulating CD4 T-cell senescence and cytokine homeostasis, thus indicating the involvement of this pathway in the inhibition of immunosenescence. Immunosenescence particularly affects the T-cell compartment and is involved in the age-related decline of immune functions. Here, the authors show that the absence of the tumour suppressor Menin results in premature senescence of CD4 T cells.
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11
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He S, Tong Q, Bishop DK, Zhang Y. Histone methyltransferase and histone methylation in inflammatory T-cell responses. Immunotherapy 2014; 5:989-1004. [PMID: 23998733 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During immune responses, T cells require tightly controlled expression of transcriptional programs to regulate the balance between beneficial and harmful immunity. These transcriptional programs are critical for the lineage specification of effector T cells, the production of effector cytokines and molecules, and the development and maintenance of memory T cells. An emerging theme is that post-translational modification of histones by methylation plays an important role in orchestrating the expression of transcriptional programs in T cells. In this article, we provide a broad overview of histone methylation signatures for effector molecules and transcription factors in T cells, and the functional importance of histone methyltransferases in regulating T-cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5942, USA
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12
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Crompton JG, Sukumar M, Restifo NP. Uncoupling T-cell expansion from effector differentiation in cell-based immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2014; 257:264-276. [PMID: 24329803 PMCID: PMC3915736 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACT) is a potentially curative therapy for patients with advanced cancer. Eradication of tumor in mouse models and humans correlates with both a high dose of adoptively transferred cells and cells with a minimally differentiated phenotype that maintain replicative capacity and multipotency. We speculate that response to ACT not only requires transfer of cells with immediate cytolytic effector function to kill the bulk of fast-growing tumor but also transfer of tumor-specific cells that maintain an ability for self-renewal and the capacity to produce a continual supply of cytolytic effector progeny until all malignant cells are eliminated. Current in vitro methods to expand cells to sufficient numbers and still maintain a minimally differentiated phenotype are hindered by the biological coupling of clonal expansion and effector differentiation. Therefore, a better understanding of the physiologic mechanism that couples cell expansion and differentiation in CD8(+) T cells may improve the efficacy of ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Crompton
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Madhusudhanan Sukumar
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Robert-Tissot C, Nguyen LT, Ohashi PS, Speiser DE. Mobilizing and evaluating anticancer T cells: pitfalls and solutions. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:1325-40. [PMID: 24127850 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.843456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a promising means to fight cancer, prompting a steady increase in clinical trials and correlative laboratory studies in this field. As antitumor T cells play central roles in immunity against malignant diseases, most immunotherapeutic protocols aim to induce and/or strengthen their function. Various treatment strategies have elicited encouraging clinical responses; however, major challenges have been uncovered that should be addressed in order to fully exploit the potential of immunotherapy. Here, we outline pitfalls for the mobilization of antitumor T cells and offer solutions to improve their therapeutic efficacy. We provide a critical perspective on the main methodologies used to characterize T-cell responses to cancer therapies, with a focus on discrepancies between T-cell attributes measured in vitro and protective responses in vivo. This review altogether provides recommendations to optimize the design of future clinical trials and highlights important considerations for the proficient analysis of clinical specimens available for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Robert-Tissot
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
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14
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Abstract
In two studies published in this issue of Cell Stem Cell,Nishimura et al. (2013) and Vizcardo et al. (2013) reprogram mature, antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The antigen-specific iPSCs can be redifferentiated into "rejuvenated" proliferative T cells and have broad applications for adoptive immunotherapy.
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15
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Kim JM, Joo HG. Immunostimulatory Effects of β-glucan Purified from Paenibacillus polymyxa JB115 on Mouse Splenocytes. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 16:225-30. [PMID: 22915986 PMCID: PMC3419756 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2012.16.4.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of β-glucan purified from Paenibacillus polymyxa JB115 on the viability and proliferation of splenocytes. Splenocytes play a critical role in host immunity. MTT assays and trypan blue exclusion tests revealed that β-glucan significantly promoted the viability and proliferation of splenocytes over a range of concentrations. However, there was no specific subset change. β-glucan protected splenocytes from cytokine withdrawal-induced spontaneous cell death. For further mechanistic studies, ELISA assay revealed that β-glucan enhanced the expression of anti-apoptotic molecules and interleukin 7 (IL-7), a cytokine critical for lymphocyte survival. We also investigated the IL-2 dependency of β-glucan-treated splenocytes to determine if treated cells could still undergo clonal expansion. In flow cytometric analysis, β-glucan induced increased levels of the activation marker CD25 on the surface of splenocytes and β-glucan-treated splenocytes showed higher proliferation rates in response to IL-2 treatment. This study demonstrates that β-glucan can enhance the survival of splenocytes and provides valuable information to broaden the use of β-glucan in research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Mi Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
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Mochizuki K, He S, Zhang Y. Notch and inflammatory T-cell response: new developments and challenges. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:1353-66. [PMID: 22053886 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory T-cell response is important for protecting the host against infections and tumors. However, dysregulated generation of effector T cells produces high levels of inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic molecules and may cause inflammatory disorders, such as chronic infections, autoimmune diseases and graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Thus, tight regulation of effector T cells is essential. Accumulating evidence indicates that Notch plays critical roles in regulating the differentiation of antigen activated T cells into distinct lineages of effector T cells. Furthermore, significant progress has been made in the development of new methods in order to modulate Notch for disease treatment. In this article, we will discuss recent findings that help to gain insight into the impact of Notch in the regulation of effector T cells and highlight the beneficial effects of modulating Notch in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Mochizuki
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5942, USA
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Liu M, Miao T, Zhu H, Symonds ALJ, Li L, Schurich A, Maini MK, Zhang J, Kennedy PTF, Li S, Wang P. IL-2-engineered nano-APC effectively activates viral antigen-mediated T cell responses from chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:1534-43. [PMID: 22210908 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Impaired function of virus-specific T cells resulting from virus persistence is one of the major mechanisms underlying the development of chronic hepatitis B viral infection. Previously, we found that IL-2 can restore the effector function of T cells rendered tolerant by Ag persistence. However, systemic administration of IL-2 induces organ pathology and expansion of T regulatory cells. In this study, we show that nano-APC with engineered HLA alleles and IL-2 deliver peptide-MHC complexes, costimulatory molecules, and IL-2 to Ag-responding T cells, resulting in enhanced expression of CD25 and activation of TCR signaling pathways, while suppressing PD-1 expression on viral-responding CD8 T cells from chronic hepatitis B virus patients. The enhanced activation of CD4 and CD8 T cells induced by IL-2-nano-APC was Ag dependent and IL-2-nano-APC did not affect T regulatory cells. At a size of 500 nm, the nano-APC effectively induce immune synapse formation on Ag-specific T cells and accumulate as free particles in the lymphoid organs. These attributes of IL-2-nano-APC or other bioadjuvant-engineered nano-APC have profound implications for their use as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection or other chronic viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Liu
- Division of Bioscience, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
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Choo DK, Murali-Krishna K, Anita R, Ahmed R. Homeostatic turnover of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells occurs stochastically and is independent of CD4 T cell help. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3436-44. [PMID: 20733203 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8 T cells persist by Ag-independent homeostatic proliferation. To examine the dynamics of this cell turnover, we transferred lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus specific memory CD8 T cells into naive mice and analyzed their in vivo division kinetics longitudinally in individual recipients.Using mathematical modeling, we determined that proliferation of this stably maintained memory CD8 T cell population was homogeneous and stochastic with a small fraction of cells completing division at any given time with an intermitotic interval of 50 d. This homeostatic turnover was comparable between memory CD8 T cells of different viral epitope specificities and also the total memory phenotype (CD44(high)) CD8 T cells. It is well established that CD4 T cell help is critical for maintenance of CD8 T cells during chronic infections, but recent studies have suggested that CD4 T cell help is also required for maintenance of memory CD8 T cells following acute infections. Hence, we assessed the role of CD4 T cells in Ag-independent maintenance of memory CD8 T cells. Consistent with previous reports, we found that memory CD8 T cells declined when transferred into MHC class II-deficient mice. However, their numbers were maintained stably when transferred into CD4 T cell-deficient mice. Interestingly, their homeostatic proliferation, ability to make recall responses, and phenotype were independent of CD4 T cell help because none of these qualities were affected when memory CD8 T cells were transferred and maintained in either MHC class II- or CD4-deficient recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Choo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Takada Y, Ozawa K, Egawa H, Teramukai S, Mori A, Kaido T, Kasahara M, Ogawa K, Ono M, Sato H, Tanaka K, Uemoto S. Initial burst of viremia related to CD8 effector memory T cells after living donor liver transplantation in hepatitis C virus-infected recipients. Transl Res 2010; 156:68-79. [PMID: 20627191 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The post-transplant immune responses, viremia, and allograft histology after living donor liver transplantation were studied in 39 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected recipients. The recipients were classified into the following groups according to a hierarchical clustering of their preoperative CD8CD45 T-cell isoforms: group I, naive-dominant; group II, effector memory-dominant; and group III, effector-dominant. Plasma HCV-RNA rapidly increased and then peaked as an initial burst around postoperative day (POD) 25 in group I, on POD 40 in group II, and on POD 55 in group III. The initial burst of viremia was suppressed by the high expression of CD8+CD28-CD27- subsets. The progression of fibrosis > or =F2 was significantly more frequent for those patients with the highest viremia levels. Moreover, the initial T-cell immune response became less important throughout time, and new immune responses emerged after 2 months that modified the host-virus interaction. It is suggested that the interferon (IFN)-alpha/ribavirin therapy starting 2 months may be an effective option and now is undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutsugu Takada
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Rutishauser RL, Kaech SM. Generating diversity: transcriptional regulation of effector and memory CD8 T-cell differentiation. Immunol Rev 2010; 235:219-33. [PMID: 20536566 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2010.00901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY In response to acute infections or vaccines, naive antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells proliferate and differentiate into effector cytotoxic lymphocytes that acquire the ability to kill infected cells. While the majority of differentiated effector cells die after pathogen clearance, a small number evade terminal differentiation, downregulate active effector functions, and survive as long-lived, self-renewing memory T cells. Our understanding of how effector CD8(+) T cells adopt these different cell fates has grown greatly in recent years. In this review, we discuss the transcriptional regulators that are known to support general effector differentiation, terminal effector differentiation, and memory cell formation. We propose that the diversity of activated CD8(+) T-cell differentiation states is achieved via gradients of activity or expression of transcriptional regulators that are regulated by the level of inflammation and antigenic signaling the T cells experience during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Rutishauser
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Nandakumar S, Kumaraguru U. Heterologous CD8 T cell immune response to HSV induced by toll like receptor ligands. Cell Immunol 2009; 261:114-21. [PMID: 20022593 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A memory response is established following primary antigen exposure that stays more or less constant. It appears to adopt a set-point in magnitude but upon re-exposure the response is quicker and better and there is an upward shift in memory frequency that varies with individuals based on the exposure pattern to other microbes or its components. Our investigations were designed to test such differences of non-specific stimulation by PAMPs in lowering the threshold of activation. Neonatal mice were pre-exposed to TLR-ligands intermittently and later analyzed for its resilience to challenge with virus during adult-life. Secondly, adult mice with pre-existing memory to virus were exposed to various TLR-ligands and analyzed for their quality of memory response. The TLR-ligands exposed animals were better responders to a new agent exposure compared to the animals kept in sterile surroundings. Moreover, immune memory recall and the viral specific CD8(+) T cells response with TLR-ligands were comparable to the recall response with the cognate antigen. The results provide insights into the role of hyper-sanitized environment versus PAMPs mediated signaling in adaptive immunity and long-term immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadra Nandakumar
- Department of Microbiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Chervin AS, Stone JD, Holler PD, Bai A, Chen J, Eisen HN, Kranz DM. The impact of TCR-binding properties and antigen presentation format on T cell responsiveness. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1166-78. [PMID: 19553539 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCR interactions with cognate peptide-MHC (pepMHC) ligands are generally low affinity. This feature, together with the requirement for CD8/CD4 participation, has made it difficult to dissect relationships between TCR-binding parameters and T cell activation. Interpretations are further complicated when comparing different pepMHC, because these can vary greatly in stability. To examine the relationships between TCR-binding properties and T cell responses, in this study we characterized the interactions and activities mediated by a panel of TCRs that differed widely in their binding to the same pepMHC. Monovalent binding of soluble TCR was characterized by surface plasmon resonance, and T cell hybridomas that expressed these TCR, with or without CD8 coexpression, were tested for their binding of monomeric and oligomeric forms of the pepMHC and for subsequent responses (IL-2 release). The binding threshold for eliciting this response in the absence of CD8 (K(D) = 600 nM) exhibited a relatively sharp cutoff between full activity and no activity, consistent with a switchlike response to pepMHC on APCs. However, when the pepMHC was immobilized (plate bound), T cells with the lowest affinity TCRs (e.g., K(D) = 30 microM) responded, even in the absence of CD8, indicating that these TCR are signaling competent. Surprisingly, even cells that expressed high-affinity (K(D) = 16 nM) TCRs along with CD8 were unresponsive to oligomers in solution. The findings suggest that to drive downstream T cell responses, pepMHC must be presented in a form that supports formation of appropriate supramolecular clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Chervin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Asimakopoulos F, Varmus HE. Cell-specific transduction of Prdm1-expressing lineages mediated by a receptor for avian leukosis virus subgroup B. J Virol 2009; 83:4835-43. [PMID: 19279099 PMCID: PMC2682090 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02254-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Blimp-1 has emerged as a regulator of cell fate in embryonic (germ cell) and adult (B- and T-cell immune effector and epithelial) lineages. It has also been proposed to act as a tumor suppressor in B-cell malignancy. Here, we present a novel in vivo system enabling the targeted genetic manipulation of cells expressing Prdm1, the gene encoding Blimp-1. We created bacterial artificial chromosome-transgenic mice expressing the avian leukosis virus (ALV) receptor TVB, fused to monomeric red fluorescent protein, under regulation by Prdm1 transcriptional elements, and we achieved transduction of TVB-expressing lymphocytes by ALV vectors bearing a subgroup B envelope. The system presented here incorporates a number of innovations. First, it is the first mammalian transgenic system that employs the ALV receptor TVB, thus expanding the flexibility and scope of ALV-mediated gene delivery. Second, it represents the first ALV-based system that allows gene transfer and expression into in vivo-activated mature lymphocytes, a cell type that has traditionally presented formidable challenges to efficient retroviral transduction. Third, Prdm1:TVB-mRFP transgenic animals could provide an invaluable tool for exploring the diverse roles of Blimp-1 in lineage commitment, immune regulation, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotis Asimakopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Rudd CE. CTLA-4 co-receptor impacts on the function of Treg and CD8+ T-cell subsets. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:687-90. [PMID: 19283722 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CTLA-4 has potent regulatory effects on the threshold of T-cell signalling and, in the process, guards against the development of hyper-proliferation and autoimmunity. Despite this, the role of CTLA-4 on specific T-cell subsets has been unclear. Such studies could shed light on both the function of CTLA-4, and on the contribution of the subsets to the disease phenotype of the Ctla4(-/-) mouse. Recently, a role for this co-receptor in the function of Treg has been outlined and, in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, the selective targeting of the T-box transcription factor Eomes by CTLA-4 in the regulation of CD8(+) cytolytic T-cell (CTL) effector function is shown. Together, these papers shed light on the role of CTLA-4 in different T-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Rudd
- Department of Pathology, Cell Signalling Section, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Rapetti L, Meunier S, Pontoux C, Tanchot C. CD4 Help Regulates Expression of Crucial Genes Involved in CD8 T Cell Memory and Sensitivity to Regulatory Elements. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:299-308. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kallies A. Distinct regulation of effector and memory T‐cell differentiation. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:325-32. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kallies
- Department of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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