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Caceres-Cortes J, Falk B, Mueller L, Dhar TGM. Perspectives on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Drug Discovery Research. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1701-1733. [PMID: 38290426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The drug discovery landscape has undergone a significant transformation over the past decade, owing to research endeavors in a wide range of areas leading to strategies for pursuing new drug targets and the emergence of novel drug modalities. NMR spectroscopy has been a technology of fundamental importance to these research pursuits and has seen its use expanded both within and outside of traditional medicinal chemistry applications. In this perspective, we will present advancement of NMR-derived methods that have facilitated the characterization of small molecules and novel drug modalities including macrocyclic peptides, cyclic dinucleotides, and ligands for protein degradation. We will discuss innovations in NMR spectroscopy at the chemistry and biology interface that have broadened NMR's utility from hit identification through lead optimization activities. We will also discuss the promise of emerging NMR approaches in bridging our understanding and addressing challenges in the pursuit of the therapeutic agents of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Caceres-Cortes
- Synthesis and Enabling Technologies, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Bradley Falk
- Synthesis and Enabling Technologies, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Luciano Mueller
- Synthesis and Enabling Technologies, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - T G Murali Dhar
- Discovery Chemistry, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 085401, United States
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2
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Rodak A, Stadlbauer K, Bobbili MR, Smrzka O, Rüker F, Wozniak Knopp G. Development of a Cytotoxic Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting Membrane Immunoglobulin E-Positive Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14997. [PMID: 37834445 PMCID: PMC10573690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High numbers of membrane immunoglobulin E (IgE)-positive cells are characteristic of allergic conditions, atopic dermatitis, or IgE myeloma. Antibodies targeting the extracellular membrane-proximal domain of the membranous IgE-B-cell receptor (BCR) fragment can be used for specific depletion of IgE-BCR-positive cells. In this study, we derivatized such an antibody with a toxin and developed an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that showed strong cytotoxicity for an IgE-positive target cell line. Site-specific conjugation with maleimidocaproyl-valine-citrulline-p-aminobenzoyloxycarbonyl-monomethyl-auristatin E via a newly introduced single cysteine residue was used to prepare a compound with a drug-antibody ratio of 2 and favorable biophysical properties. The antibody was rapidly taken up by the target cells, showing almost complete internalization after 4 h of treatment. Its cytotoxic effect was potentiated upon cross-linking mediated by an anti-human IgG F(ab')2 fragment. Because of its fast internalization and strict target specificity, this antibody-drug conjugate presents a valuable starting point for the further development of an anti-IgE cell-depleting agent, operating by the combined action of receptor cross-linking and toxin-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rodak
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (A.R.); (K.S.); (M.R.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Katharina Stadlbauer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (A.R.); (K.S.); (M.R.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Madhusudhan Reddy Bobbili
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (A.R.); (K.S.); (M.R.B.); (F.R.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oskar Smrzka
- Ablevia Biotech GmbH, Maria Jacobi Gasse 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Florian Rüker
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (A.R.); (K.S.); (M.R.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Gordana Wozniak Knopp
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (A.R.); (K.S.); (M.R.B.); (F.R.)
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3
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Yamamoto Y, Carreras J, Shimizu T, Kakizaki M, Kikuti YY, Roncador G, Nakamura N, Kotani A. Anti-HBV drug entecavir ameliorates DSS-induced colitis through PD-L1 induction. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:105918. [PMID: 35031477 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PD-L1-mediated signaling is one of the major processes that regulate local inflammatory responses in the gut. To date, protective effects against colitis through direct Fc-fused PD-L1 administration or indirect PD-L1 induction by probiotics have been reported. We have previously shown that the anti-HBV drug entecavir (ETV) induces PD-L1 expression in human hepatocytes. In the present study, we investigated whether ETV induces PD-L1 expression in intestinal cells and provides a protective effect against DSS-induced colitis. ETV induced PD-L1 expression in epithelial cells, rather than T and B cells, improving the symptoms of colitis. In the mechanistic analysis, Th17 cell differentiation was inhibited and B cell infiltration into the lamina propria was reduced. In addition, PD-L1 expression was positively correlated with Foxp3 or CSF1-R. In conclusion, ETV upregulated PD-L1 expression in epithelial cells and ameliorated inflammation in DSS-induced colitis. These results suggest that ETV may be a potential therapeutic agent as a PD-L1 enhancer for the treatment of human IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Yamamoto
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan. 259-1193; Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan. 259-1193
| | - Joaquim Carreras
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan. 259-1193
| | - Takanobu Shimizu
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan. 259-1193
| | - Masatoshi Kakizaki
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan. 259-1193; Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan. 259-1193
| | - Yara Yukie Kikuti
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan. 259-1193
| | - Giovanna Roncador
- Monoclonal Antibodies Unit. Spanish National Cancer Research Institute (CNIO). Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Naoya Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan. 259-1193
| | - Ai Kotani
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan. 259-1193; Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan. 259-1193.
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4
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Korman AJ, Garrett-Thomson SC, Lonberg N. The foundations of immune checkpoint blockade and the ipilimumab approval decennial. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 21:509-528. [PMID: 34937915 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunity, and the potential for cancer immunotherapy, have been topics of scientific discussion and experimentation for over a hundred years. Several successful cancer immunotherapies - such as IL-2 and interferon-α (IFNα) - have appeared over the past 30 years. However, it is only in the past decade that immunotherapy has made a broad impact on patient survival in multiple high-incidence cancer indications. The emergence of immunotherapy as a new pillar of cancer treatment (adding to surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapies) is due to the success of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) drugs, the first of which - ipilimumab - was approved in 2011. ICB drugs block receptors and ligands involved in pathways that attenuate T cell activation - such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), programmed cell death 1 (PD1) and its ligand, PDL1 - and prevent, or reverse, acquired peripheral tolerance to tumour antigens. In this Review we mark the tenth anniversary of the approval of ipilimumab and discuss the foundational scientific history of ICB, together with the history of the discovery, development and elucidation of the mechanism of action of the first generation of drugs targeting the CTLA4 and PD1 pathways.
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Zamanian RT, Badesch D, Chung L, Domsic RT, Medsger T, Pinckney A, Keyes-Elstein L, D'Aveta C, Spychala M, White RJ, Hassoun PM, Torres F, Sweatt AJ, Molitor JA, Khanna D, Maecker H, Welch B, Goldmuntz E, Nicolls MR. Safety and Efficacy of B-Cell Depletion with Rituximab for the Treatment of Systemic Sclerosis-associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:209-221. [PMID: 33651671 PMCID: PMC8650794 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202009-3481oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Systemic sclerosis (SSc)-pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is one of the most prevalent and deadly forms of PAH. B cells may contribute to SSc pathogenesis. Objectives: We investigated the safety and efficacy of B-cell depletion for SSc-PAH. Methods: In an NIH-sponsored, multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial, 57 patients with SSc-PAH on stable-dose standard medical therapy received two infusions of 1,000 mg rituximab or placebo administered 2 weeks apart. The primary outcome measure was the change in 6-minute-walk distance (6MWD) at 24 weeks. Secondary endpoints included safety and invasive hemodynamics. We applied a machine learning approach to predict drug responsiveness. Measurements and Main Results: We randomized 57 subjects from 2010 to 2018. In the primary analysis, using data through Week 24, the adjusted mean change in 6MWD at 24 weeks favored the treatment arm but did not reach statistical significance (23.6 ± 11.1 m vs. 0.5 ± 9.7 m; P = 0.12). Although a negative study, when data through Week 48 were also considered, the estimated change in 6MWD at Week 24 was 25.5 ± 8.8 m for rituximab and 0.4 ± 7.4 m for placebo (P = 0.03). Rituximab treatment appeared to be safe and well tolerated. Low levels of RF (rheumatoid factor), IL-12, and IL-17 were sensitive and specific as favorable predictors of a rituximab response as measured by an improved 6MWD (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve, 0.88-0.95). Conclusions: B-cell depletion therapy is a potentially effective and safe adjuvant treatment for SSc-PAH. Future studies in these patients can confirm whether the identified biomarkers predict rituximab responsiveness. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrails.gov (NCT01086540).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roham T Zamanian
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine and.,Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, California
| | - David Badesch
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lorinda Chung
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine and.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Robyn T Domsic
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas Medsger
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Carla D'Aveta
- Rho Federal Systems Division, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - R James White
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Paul M Hassoun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fernando Torres
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Andrew J Sweatt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine and.,Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, California
| | - Jerry A Molitor
- Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Holden Maecker
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Beverly Welch
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Ellen Goldmuntz
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Mark R Nicolls
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine and.,Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford, California.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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6
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Goodnow CC. COVID-19, varying genetic resistance to viral disease and immune tolerance checkpoints. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 99:177-191. [PMID: 33113212 PMCID: PMC7894315 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a zoonosis like most of the great plagues sculpting human history, from smallpox to pandemic influenza and human immunodeficiency virus. When viruses jump into a new species the outcome of infection ranges from asymptomatic to lethal, historically ascribed to “genetic resistance to viral disease.” People have exploited these differences for good and bad, for developing vaccines from cowpox and horsepox virus, controlling rabbit plagues with myxoma virus and introducing smallpox during colonization of America and Australia. Differences in resistance to viral disease are at the core of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) crisis, yet our understanding of the mechanisms in any interspecies leap falls short of the mark. Here I review how the two key parameters of viral disease are countered by fundamentally different genetic mechanisms for resistance: (1) virus transmission, countered primarily by activation of innate and adaptive immune responses; and (2) pathology, countered primarily by tolerance checkpoints to limit innate and adaptive immune responses. I discuss tolerance thresholds and the role of CD8 T cells to limit pathological immune responses, the problems posed by tolerant superspreaders and the signature coronavirus evasion strategy of eliciting only short‐lived neutralizing antibody responses. Pinpointing and targeting the mechanisms responsible for varying pathology and short‐lived antibody were beyond reach in previous zoonoses, but this time we are armed with genomic technologies and more knowledge of immune checkpoint genes. These known unknowns must now be tackled to solve the current COVID‐19 crisis and the inevitable zoonoses to follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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7
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Conformational diversity facilitates antibody mutation trajectories and discrimination between foreign and self-antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22341-22350. [PMID: 32855302 PMCID: PMC7486785 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformational diversity and self-cross-reactivity of antigens have been correlated with evasion from neutralizing antibody responses. We utilized single cell B cell sequencing, biolayer interferometry and X-ray crystallography to trace mutation selection pathways where the antibody response must resolve cross-reactivity between foreign and self-proteins bearing near-identical contact surfaces, but differing in conformational flexibility. Recurring antibody mutation trajectories mediate long-range rearrangements of framework (FW) and complementarity determining regions (CDRs) that increase binding site conformational diversity. These antibody mutations decrease affinity for self-antigen 19-fold and increase foreign affinity 67-fold, to yield a more than 1,250-fold increase in binding discrimination. These results demonstrate how conformational diversity in antigen and antibody does not act as a barrier, as previously suggested, but rather facilitates high affinity and high discrimination between foreign and self.
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8
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Abstract
The age-associated B cell subset has been the focus of increasing interest over the last decade. These cells have a unique cell surface phenotype and transcriptional signature, and they rely on TLR7 or TLR9 signals in the context of Th1 cytokines for their formation and activation. Most are antigen-experienced memory B cells that arise during responses to microbial infections and are key to pathogen clearance and control. Their increasing prevalence with age contributes to several well-established features of immunosenescence, including reduced B cell genesis and damped immune responses. In addition, they are elevated in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, and in these settings they are enriched for characteristic autoantibody specificities. Together, these features identify age-associated B cells as a subset with pivotal roles in immunological health, disease, and aging. Accordingly, a detailed understanding of their origins, functions, and physiology should make them tractable translational targets in each of these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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9
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Xu X, Deobagkar-Lele M, Bull KR, Crockford TL, Mead AJ, Cribbs AP, Sims D, Anzilotti C, Cornall RJ. An ontogenetic switch drives the positive and negative selection of B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3718-3727. [PMID: 32019891 PMCID: PMC7035474 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915247117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing B cells can be positively or negatively selected by self-antigens, but the mechanisms that determine these outcomes are incompletely understood. Here, we show that a B cell intrinsic switch between positive and negative selection during ontogeny is determined by a change from Lin28b to let-7 gene expression. Ectopic expression of a Lin28b transgene in murine B cells restored the positive selection of autoreactive B-1 B cells by self-antigen in adult bone marrow. Analysis of antigen-specific immature B cells in early and late ontogeny identified Lin28b-dependent genes associated with B-1 B cell development, including Arid3a and Bhleh41, and Lin28b-independent effects are associated with the presence or absence of self-antigen. These findings identify cell intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of B cell fate during ontogeny and reconcile lineage and selection theories of B cell development. They explain how changes in the balance of positive and negative selection may be able to adapt to meet the immunological needs of an individual during its lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijin Xu
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mukta Deobagkar-Lele
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine R Bull
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya L Crockford
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Mead
- Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam P Cribbs
- Medical Research Council, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Centre for Computational Biology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Sims
- Medical Research Council, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Centre for Computational Biology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Consuelo Anzilotti
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Cornall
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom;
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Singh M, Jackson KJL, Wang JJ, Schofield P, Field MA, Koppstein D, Peters TJ, Burnett DL, Rizzetto S, Nevoltris D, Masle-Farquhar E, Faulks ML, Russell A, Gokal D, Hanioka A, Horikawa K, Colella AD, Chataway TK, Blackburn J, Mercer TR, Langley DB, Goodall DM, Jefferis R, Gangadharan Komala M, Kelleher AD, Suan D, Rischmueller M, Christ D, Brink R, Luciani F, Gordon TP, Goodnow CC, Reed JH. Lymphoma Driver Mutations in the Pathogenic Evolution of an Iconic Human Autoantibody. Cell 2020; 180:878-894.e19. [PMID: 32059783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic autoantibodies arise in many autoimmune diseases, but it is not understood how the cells making them evade immune checkpoints. Here, single-cell multi-omics analysis demonstrates a shared mechanism with lymphoid malignancy in the formation of public rheumatoid factor autoantibodies responsible for mixed cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. By combining single-cell DNA and RNA sequencing with serum antibody peptide sequencing and antibody synthesis, rare circulating B lymphocytes making pathogenic autoantibodies were found to comprise clonal trees accumulating mutations. Lymphoma driver mutations in genes regulating B cell proliferation and V(D)J mutation (CARD11, TNFAIP3, CCND3, ID3, BTG2, and KLHL6) were present in rogue B cells producing the pathogenic autoantibody. Antibody V(D)J mutations conferred pathogenicity by causing the antigen-bound autoantibodies to undergo phase transition to insoluble aggregates at lower temperatures. These results reveal a pre-neoplastic stage in human lymphomagenesis and a cascade of somatic mutations leading to an iconic pathogenic autoantibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Singh
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | | | - Jing J Wang
- Department of Immunology, Flinders University and SA Pathology, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Peter Schofield
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Matt A Field
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine and Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia; The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David Koppstein
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Timothy J Peters
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Deborah L Burnett
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Simone Rizzetto
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Damien Nevoltris
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Etienne Masle-Farquhar
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Megan L Faulks
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Amanda Russell
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Divya Gokal
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Asami Hanioka
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-851, Japan
| | - Keisuke Horikawa
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Alexander D Colella
- Department of Immunology, Flinders University and SA Pathology, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; Flinders Proteomics Facility, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Timothy K Chataway
- Flinders Proteomics Facility, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - James Blackburn
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tim R Mercer
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - David B Langley
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - D Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Roy Jefferis
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dan Suan
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Maureen Rischmueller
- Rheumatology Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Fabio Luciani
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Medical Sciences and Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tom P Gordon
- Department of Immunology, Flinders University and SA Pathology, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Medical Sciences and Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Joanne H Reed
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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11
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Transitional B cells in quiescent SLE: An early checkpoint imprinted by IFN. J Autoimmun 2019; 102:150-158. [PMID: 31085070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus (SLE) is characterized by a break of B cell tolerance that plays a central role in disease pathophysiology. An early checkpoint defect occurs at the transitional stage leading to the survival of autoreactive B cells and consequently the production of pathogenic autoantibodies. The main purpose of our work was to determine whether transitional B cells, as the most immature naïve B cell subset upstream of pathogenic B cells, display specific features compared to healthy non SLE subjects. Through extensive analysis of transitional B cells from untreated or low treated, mostly Caucasian, SLE patients, we demonstrated that transitional (T1 and T2) B cell frequencies were increased in SLE and positively correlated with disease activity. SLE transitional B cells displayed defects in two closely inter-related molecules (i.e. TLR9 defective responses and CD19 downregulation). RNA sequencing of sorted transitional B cells from untreated patients revealed a predominant overexpression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) even out of flares. In addition, early transitional B cells from the bone marrow displayed the highest interferon score, reflecting a B cell interferon burden of central origin. Hence, the IFN signature in transitional B cells is not confined to African American SLE patients and exists in quiescent disease since the medullary stage. These results suggest that in SLE these 3 factors (i.e. IFN imprintment, CD19 downregulation and TLR9 responses impairment) could take part at the early transitional B cell stage in B cell tolerance by-pass, ultimately leading in periphery to the expansion of autoantibodies-secreting cells.
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12
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Sng J, Ayoglu B, Chen JW, Schickel JN, Ferre EMN, Glauzy S, Romberg N, Hoenig M, Cunningham-Rundles C, Utz PJ, Lionakis MS, Meffre E. AIRE expression controls the peripheral selection of autoreactive B cells. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:eaav6778. [PMID: 30979797 PMCID: PMC7257641 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aav6778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune regulator (AIRE) mutations result in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) syndrome characterized by defective central T cell tolerance and the production of many autoantibodies targeting tissue-specific antigens and cytokines. By studying CD3- and AIRE-deficient patients, we found that lack of either T cells or AIRE function resulted in the peripheral accumulation of autoreactive mature naïve B cells. Proteomic arrays and Biacore affinity measurements revealed that unmutated antibodies expressed by these autoreactive naïve B cells recognized soluble molecules and cytokines including insulin, IL-17A, and IL-17F, which are AIRE-dependent thymic peripheral tissue antigens targeted by autoimmune responses in APECED. AIRE-deficient patients also displayed decreased frequencies of regulatory T cells (Tregs) that lacked common TCRβ clones found instead in their conventional T cell compartment, thereby suggesting holes in the Treg TCR repertoire of these patients. Hence, AIRE-mediated T cell/Treg selection normally prevents the expansion of autoreactive naïve B cells recognizing peripheral self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Sng
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Burcu Ayoglu
- School of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeff W Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jean-Nicolas Schickel
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Elise M N Ferre
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Salomé Glauzy
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Neil Romberg
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Manfred Hoenig
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Paul J Utz
- School of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection (ITI), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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13
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Abstract
The majority of lymphomas originate from B cells at the germinal center stage. Preferential selection of B-cell clones by a limited set of antigens has been suggested to drive lymphoma development. While recent studies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia have shown that self-reactive B-cell receptors (BCR) can generate cell-autonomous signaling and proliferation, our knowledge about the role of BCRs for the development or survival of other lymphomas remains limited. Here, we describe a strategy to characterize the antibody reactivity of human B cells. The approach allows the unbiased characterization of the human antibody repertoire at single-cell level through the generation of recombinant monoclonal antibodies from single primary human B cells of defined origin. This protocol offers a detailed description of the method starting from the flow-cytometric isolation of single human B cells to the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based amplification of the expressed immunoglobulin (Ig) transcripts (IGH, IGK, and IGL) and their subsequent cloning into expression vectors for the in vitro production of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. The strategy may be used to obtain information on the clonal evolution of B-cell lymphomas by single-cell sequencing of Ig transcripts and on the antibody reactivity of human lymphoma B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedda Wardemann
- Division of B-Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christian E Busse
- Division of B-Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Wallace CH, Wu BX, Salem M, Ansa-Addo EA, Metelli A, Sun S, Gilkeson G, Shlomchik MJ, Liu B, Li Z. B lymphocytes confer immune tolerance via cell surface GARP-TGF-β complex. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99863. [PMID: 29618665 PMCID: PMC5928869 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GARP, a cell surface docking receptor for binding and activating latent TGF-β, is highly expressed by platelets and activated Tregs. While GARP is implicated in immune invasion in cancer, the roles of the GARP-TGF-β axis in systemic autoimmune diseases are unknown. Although B cells do not express GARP at baseline, we found that the GARP-TGF-β complex is induced on activated human and mouse B cells by ligands for multiple TLRs, including TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9. GARP overexpression on B cells inhibited their proliferation, induced IgA class-switching, and dampened T cell-independent antibody production. In contrast, B cell-specific deletion of GARP-encoding gene Lrrc32 in mice led to development of systemic autoimmune diseases spontaneously as well as worsening of pristane-induced lupus-like disease. Canonical TGF-β signaling more readily upregulates GARP in Peyer patch B cells than in splenic B cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that B cells are required for the induction of oral tolerance of T cell-dependent antigens via GARP. Our studies reveal for the first time to our knowledge that cell surface GARP-TGF-β is an important checkpoint for regulating B cell peripheral tolerance, highlighting a mechanism of autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bill X. Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | | | | | - Shaoli Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
| | - Gary Gilkeson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Mark J. Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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15
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Chang NH, Manion KP, Loh C, Pau E, Baglaenko Y, Wither JE. Multiple tolerance defects contribute to the breach of B cell tolerance in New Zealand Black chromosome 1 congenic mice. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28628673 PMCID: PMC5476272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus is characterized by a loss of B cell tolerance leading to autoantibody production. In this study, we explored the mechanisms underlying this loss of tolerance using B6 congenic mice with an interval from New Zealand Black chromosome 1 (denoted c1(96–100)) sufficient for anti-nuclear antibody production. Transgenes for soluble hen egg white lysozyme (sHEL) and anti-HEL immunoglobulin were crossed onto this background and various tolerance mechanisms examined. We found that c1(96–100) mice produced increased levels of IgM and IgG anti-HEL antibodies compared to B6 mice and had higher proportions of germinal center B cells and long-lived plasma cells, suggesting a germinal center-dependent breach of B cell anergy. Consistent with impaired anergy induction, c1(96–100) double transgenic B cells showed enhanced survival and CD86 upregulation. Hematopoietic chimeric sHEL mice with a mixture of B6 and c1(96–100) HEL transgenic B cells recapitulated these results, suggesting the presence of a B cell autonomous defect. Surprisingly, however, there was equivalent recruitment of B6 and c1(96–100) B cells into germinal centers and differentiation to splenic plasmablasts in these mice. In contrast, there were increased proportions of c1(96–100) T follicular helper cells and long-lived plasma cells as compared to their B6 counterparts, suggesting that both B and T cell defects are required to breach germinal center tolerance in this model. This possibility was further supported by experiments showing an enhanced breach of anergy in double transgenic mice with a longer chromosome 1 interval with additional T cell defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Hua Chang
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kieran P. Manion
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Loh
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evelyn Pau
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuriy Baglaenko
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan E. Wither
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Hemon P, Renaudineau Y, Debant M, Le Goux N, Mukherjee S, Brooks W, Mignen O. Calcium Signaling: From Normal B Cell Development to Tolerance Breakdown and Autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 53:141-165. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Cooke KR, Luznik L, Sarantopoulos S, Hakim FT, Jagasia M, Fowler DH, van den Brink MRM, Hansen JA, Parkman R, Miklos DB, Martin PJ, Paczesny S, Vogelsang G, Pavletic S, Ritz J, Schultz KR, Blazar BR. The Biology of Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease: A Task Force Report from the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Project on Criteria for Clinical Trials in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 23:211-234. [PMID: 27713092 PMCID: PMC6020045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the leading cause of late, nonrelapse mortality and disability in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients and a major obstacle to improving outcomes. The biology of chronic GVHD remains enigmatic, but understanding the underpinnings of the immunologic mechanisms responsible for the initiation and progression of disease is fundamental to developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. The goals of this task force review are as follows: This document is intended as a review of our understanding of chronic GVHD biology and therapies resulting from preclinical studies, and as a platform for developing innovative clinical strategies to prevent and treat chronic GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Cooke
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Leo Luznik
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stefanie Sarantopoulos
- Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Frances T Hakim
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Madan Jagasia
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Daniel H Fowler
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - John A Hansen
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robertson Parkman
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - David B Miklos
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Paul J Martin
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sophie Paczesny
- Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Georgia Vogelsang
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven Pavletic
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kirk R Schultz
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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18
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Lang J, Ota T, Kelly M, Strauch P, Freed BM, Torres RM, Nemazee D, Pelanda R. Receptor editing and genetic variability in human autoreactive B cells. J Exp Med 2015; 213:93-108. [PMID: 26694971 PMCID: PMC4710202 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lang et al. show in a humanized mouse model that human B cells undergo central tolerance via a combination of receptor editing and clonal deletion. The mechanisms by which B cells undergo tolerance, such as receptor editing, clonal deletion, and anergy, have been established in mice. However, corroborating these mechanisms in humans remains challenging. To study how autoreactive human B cells undergo tolerance, we developed a novel humanized mouse model. Mice expressing an anti–human Igκ membrane protein to serve as a ubiquitous neo self-antigen (Ag) were transplanted with a human immune system. By following the fate of self-reactive human κ+ B cells relative to nonautoreactive λ+ cells, we show that tolerance of human B cells occurs at the first site of self-Ag encounter, the bone marrow, via a combination of receptor editing and clonal deletion. Moreover, the amount of available self-Ag and the genetics of the cord blood donor dictate the levels of central tolerance and autoreactive B cells in the periphery. Thus, this model can be useful for studying specific mechanisms of human B cell tolerance and to reveal differences in the extent of this process among human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Takayuki Ota
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Margot Kelly
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Pamela Strauch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Brian M Freed
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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19
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Manipulation of B-cell responses with histone deacetylase inhibitors. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6838. [PMID: 25913720 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are approved for treating certain haematological malignancies, however, recent evidence also illustrates they are modulators of the immune system. In experimental models, HDACi are particularly potent against malignancies originating from the B-lymphocyte lineage. Here we examine the ability of this class of compounds to modify both protective and autoimmune antibody responses. In vitro, HDACi affect B-cell proliferation, survival and differentiation in an HDAC-class-dependent manner. Strikingly, treatment of lupus-prone Mrl/lpr mice with the HDACi panobinostat significantly reduces autoreactive plasma-cell numbers, autoantibodies and nephritis, while other immune parameters remain largely unaffected. Immunized control mice treated with panobinostat or the clinically approved HDACi vorinostat have significantly impaired primary antibody responses, but these treatments surprisingly spare circulating memory B cells. These studies indicate that panobinostat is a potential therapy for B-cell-driven autoimmune conditions and HDACi do not induce major long-term detrimental effects on B-cell memory.
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) functions as an immune suppressor by influencing immune cells' development, differentiation, tolerance induction and homeostasis. In human diseases, TGF-β has been revealed as an essential regulator of both innate and adaptive functions in autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, it plays a significant role in cancer by inhibiting immunosurveillance in the tumor-bearing host. A variety of TGF-β neutralizing anti-cancer therapies have been investigated based on the role of TGF-β in immunosuppression. New studies are focusing on combining TGF-β blockade with tumor vaccinations and immunogene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Sheng
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria , Australia and
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21
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Davani D, Pancer Z, Cheroutre H, Ratcliffe MJH. Negative selection of self-reactive chicken B cells requires B cell receptor signaling and is independent of the bursal microenvironment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3207-17. [PMID: 24516196 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the negative selection of self-reactive B cells in the bone marrow of mammals has been clearly demonstrated, it remains unclear in models of gut-associated B cell lymphopoiesis, such as that of the chicken (Gallus gallus). We have generated chicken surface IgM-related receptors in which the diversity region of the lamprey variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) has been fused to the C region of chicken surface IgM (Tμ). Expression of a VLR:Tμ receptor with specificity for PE supported normal development of B cells, whereas a VLR:Tμ receptor specific to hen egg lysozyme (a self-antigen with respect to chicken B cells) induced, in vivo, complete deletion of VLR(HEL)Tμ-expressing B cells. In ovo i.v. injection of PE resulted in deletion of VLR(PE)Tμ-expressing Β cells in the embryo spleen, demonstrating that negative selection was independent of the bursal microenvironment. Although chickens transduced with a murine CD8α:chicken Igα fusion protein contained B cells expressing mCD8α:chIgα, cotransfection of the mCD8α:chIgα construct, together with thymus leukemia Ag (a natural ligand for mCD8α), resulted in reduced levels of mCD8α:chIgα-expressing B cells in inverse proportion to the levels of thymus leukemia Ag-expressing cells. Deletion of mCD8α:chIgα-expressing cells was specific for B cells and required active signaling downstream of the mCD8α:chIgα receptor. Ag-mediated negative selection of developing chicken B cells can therefore occur independently of the bursal microenvironment and is dependent on signaling downstream of the BCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Davani
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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Poe JC, Kountikov EI, Lykken JM, Natarajan A, Marchuk DA, Tedder TF. EndoU is a novel regulator of AICD during peripheral B cell selection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 211:57-69. [PMID: 24344237 PMCID: PMC3892980 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Balanced transmembrane signals maintain a competent peripheral B cell pool limited in self-reactive B cells that may produce pathogenic autoantibodies. To identify molecules regulating peripheral B cell survival and tolerance to self-antigens (Ags), a gene modifier screen was performed with B cells from CD22-deficient C57BL/6 (CD22(-/-[B6])) mice that undergo activation-induced cell death (AICD) and fail to up-regulate c-Myc expression after B cell Ag receptor ligation. Likewise, lysozyme auto-Ag-specific B cells in Ig(Tg) hen egg lysozyme (HEL) transgenic mice inhabit the spleen but undergo AICD after auto-Ag encounter. This gene modifier screen identified EndoU, a single-stranded RNA-binding protein of ancient origin, as a major regulator of B cell survival in both models. EndoU gene disruption prevents AICD and normalizes c-Myc expression. These findings reveal that EndoU is a critical regulator of an unexpected and novel RNA-dependent pathway controlling peripheral B cell survival and Ag responsiveness that may contribute to peripheral B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Poe
- Department of Immunology and 2 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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23
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Khan WN, Wright JA, Kleiman E, Boucher JC, Castro I, Clark ES. B-lymphocyte tolerance and effector function in immunity and autoimmunity. Immunol Res 2013; 57:335-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Veneri D, Franchini M, Vella A, Tridente G, Semenzato G, Pizzolo G, Ortolani R. Changes of human B and B-1a peripheral blood lymphocytes with age. Hematology 2013; 12:337-41. [PMID: 17654062 DOI: 10.1080/10245330701255270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2057 consecutive subjects admitted to the Department of Pathology, Section of Immunology of the Verona University Hospital, CD19+ and CD5/CD19 double positive cells were determined to assess the behaviour of total peripheral B-lymphocytes and B-1a (CD5+) compartments in humans during aging. We show that the absolute number of total B lymphocytes increases about three-fold from the baseline conditions in the first year of life and progressively decreases until adult age. A slower decrease was detected from the adult age onwards. A similar behaviour has been observed within the B-1a subset of B-lymphocytes, although the decrease after the adult age seems more pronounced. Possible physiological explanations and/or implications for the disease states are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Veneri
- Section of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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25
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Types of tolerance seen in autoreactive phosphocholine-specific B cells are dependent on the idiotype of the receptors expressed. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:311-6. [PMID: 23624878 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphocholine (PC) is the immunodominant epitope found on the surface of a number of microorganisms, including Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPn), and is thought to play a vital role in the pathogenesis of SPn. B cells expressing M167Hκ24L immunoglobulin receptors specific for PC have been shown to be autoreactive in that they undergo clonal deletion in both X-linked immune-deficient and Rag(-/-) mice. We have now shown that B cells expressing M603Hκ8L PC-specific receptors also delete in Rag(-/-) mice, whereas those expressing T15Hκ22L transgenes do not delete. However, T15Hκ22L B cells are lost in normal heterozygous transgenic mice because they cannot compete with normal B cells. These data indicate that M167Hκ24L and M603Hκ8L PC-specific B cells are recognizing an autoantigen expressed on membranes which causes them to downregulate their receptors and clonally delete, while T15Hκ22L B cells are tolerized by a soluble form of PC-antigen which results in their being trapped in the spleen. Thus, the types of tolerance seen in autoreactive PC-specific B cells are dependent on the idiotype of the receptors expressed.
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Abstract
B cells are critical players in the orchestration of properly regulated immune responses, normally providing protective immunity without autoimmunity. Balance in the B cell compartment is achieved through the finely regulated participation of multiple B cell populations with different antibody-dependent and independent functions. Both types of functions allow B cells to modulate other components of the innate and adaptive immune system. Autoantibody-independent B cell functions include antigen presentation, T cell activation and polarization, and dendritic cell modulation. Several of these functions are mediated by the ability of B cells to produce immunoregulatory cytokines and chemokines and by their critical contribution to lymphoid tissue development and organization including the development of ectopic tertiary lymphoid tissue. Additionally, the functional versatility of B cells enables them to play either protective or pathogenic roles in autoimmunity. In turn, B cell dysfunction has been critically implicated in the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a complex disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies and heterogeneous clinical involvement. Thus, the breakdown of B cell tolerance is a defining and early event in the disease process and may occur by multiple pathways, including alterations in factors that affect B cell activation thresholds, B cell longevity, and apoptotic cell processing. Once tolerance is broken, autoantibodies contribute to autoimmunity by multiple mechanisms including immune-complex mediated Type III hypersensitivity reactions, type II antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, and by instructing innate immune cells to produce pathogenic cytokines including IFNα, TNF and IL-1. The complexity of B cell functions has been highlighted by the variable success of B cell-targeted therapies in multiple autoimmune diseases, including those conventionally viewed as T cell-mediated conditions. Given the widespread utilization of B cell depletion therapy in autoimmune diseases and the need for new therapeutic approaches in SLE, a better understanding of human B cell subsets and the balance of pathogenic and regulatory functions is of the essence.
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Affiliation(s)
- JH Anolik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, USA
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27
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Abstract
The majority of lymphomas originate from B cells at the germinal center stage or beyond. Preferential selection of B cell clones by a limited set of antigens has been suggested to drive lymphoma development. However, little is known about the specificity of the antibodies expressed by lymphoma cells, and the role of antibody-specificity in lymphomagenesis remains elusive. Here, we describe a strategy to characterize the antibody reactivity of human B cells. The approach allows the unbiased characterization of the human antibody repertoire on a single cell level through the generation of recombinant monoclonal antibodies from single primary human B cells of defined origin. This protocol offers a detailed description of the method starting from the flow cytometric isolation of single human B cells, to the RT-PCR-based amplification of the expressed Igh, Igκ, and Igλ chain genes, and Ig gene expression vector cloning for the in vitro production of monoclonal antibodies. The strategy may be used to obtain information on the clonal evolution of B cell lymphomas by single cell Ig gene sequencing and on the antibody reactivity of human lymphoma B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedda Wardemann
- Research Group Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Regulation of humoral immunity by complement. Immunity 2012; 37:199-207. [PMID: 22921118 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The complement system of innate immunity is important in regulating humoral immunity largely through the complement receptor CR2, which forms a coreceptor on B cells during antigen-induced activation. However, CR2 also retains antigens on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). Display of antigen on FDCs is critical for clonal selection and affinity maturation of activated B cells. This review will discuss the role of complement in adaptive immunity in general with a focus on the interplay between CR2-associated antigen on B cells with CR2 expressed on FDCs. This latter interaction provides an opportunity for memory B cells to sample antigen over prolonged periods. The cocrystal structure of CR2 with its ligand C3d provides insight into how the complement system regulates access of antigen by B cells with implications for therapeutic manipulations to modulate aberrant B cell responses in the case of autoimmunity.
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29
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Zhou Q, Lee GS, Brady J, Datta S, Katan M, Sheikh A, Martins MS, Bunney TD, Santich BH, Moir S, Kuhns DB, Long Priel DA, Ombrello A, Stone D, Ombrello MJ, Khan J, Milner JD, Kastner DL, Aksentijevich I. A hypermorphic missense mutation in PLCG2, encoding phospholipase Cγ2, causes a dominantly inherited autoinflammatory disease with immunodeficiency. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 91:713-20. [PMID: 23000145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-exome sequencing was performed in a family affected by dominantly inherited inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent blistering skin lesions, bronchiolitis, arthralgia, ocular inflammation, enterocolitis, absence of autoantibodies, and mild immunodeficiency. Exome data from three samples, including the affected father and daughter and unaffected mother, were filtered for the exclusion of reported variants, along with benign variants, as determined by PolyPhen-2. A total of eight transcripts were identified as possible candidate genes. We confirmed a variant, c.2120C>A (p.Ser707Tyr), within PLCG2 as the only de novo variant that was present in two affected family members and not present in four unaffected members. PLCG2 encodes phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2), an enzyme with a critical regulatory role in various immune and inflammatory pathways. The p.Ser707Tyr substitution is located in an autoinhibitory SH2 domain that is crucial for PLCγ2 activation. Overexpression of the altered p.Ser707Tyr protein and ex vivo experiments using affected individuals' leukocytes showed clearly enhanced PLCγ2 activity, suggesting increased intracellular signaling in the PLCγ2-mediated pathway. Recently, our laboratory identified in individuals with cold-induced urticaria and immune dysregulation PLCG2 exon-skipping mutations resulting in protein products with constitutive phospholipase activity but with reduced intracellular signaling at physiological temperatures. In contrast, the p.Ser707Tyr substitution in PLCγ2 causes a distinct inflammatory phenotype that is not provoked by cold temperatures and that has different end-organ involvement and increased intracellular signaling at physiological temperatures. Our results highlight the utility of exome-sequencing technology in finding causal mutations in nuclear families with dominantly inherited traits otherwise intractable by linkage analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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30
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Kogut I, Scholz JL, Cancro MP, Cambier JC. B cell maintenance and function in aging. Semin Immunol 2012; 24:342-9. [PMID: 22560930 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the changes that occur in the B lymphocyte compartment of mice and humans as they progress to old age, focusing on recent advances in this important area of research. Primary areas considered include increased morbidity and mortality in the elderly following infection, and decreased responsiveness to vaccines that evoke primary humoral immune responses, as well as those that evoke responses by memory B cells generated following vaccination and natural infection earlier in life. We then consider some of the mechanisms that may underlie these observed declines in humoral immune function. This includes a discussion of alterations in B cell repertoire and subcompartment distribution, as well as defects in B lymphopoiesis, cell development and homeostasis that may contribute to these alterations, and ultimately to declining protective quality of antibodies produced in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Kogut
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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31
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Scholz JL, Cancro MP. Resolve, revise, and relax: the 3 Rs of B cell repertoire adjustment. Immunol Lett 2012; 143:2-8. [PMID: 22330846 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Competition for limited, cell extrinsic survival factors is a general feature of peripheral selection checkpoints involved in B lymphocyte maturation and activation. Perhaps the best-characterized example involves BLyS (B lymphocyte stimulator), which modulates the size and composition of mature naïve B cell pools, but evidence for analogous competitive checkpoints is emerging for both germinal center B cells and plasma cells. Here we discuss how deliberate alteration of BLyS levels might be used to manipulate B cell repertoire selection in order to restore self-tolerance in autoimmunity, remodel the repertoire to accommodate neo-self antigens introduced through transplantation and gene therapy, or expand repertoire diversity to reveal novel, therapeutically useful specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean L Scholz
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States
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33
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Gonzalez SF, Degn SE, Pitcher LA, Woodruff M, Heesters BA, Carroll MC. Trafficking of B cell antigen in lymph nodes. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 29:215-33. [PMID: 21219172 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The clonal selection theory first proposed by Macfarlane Burnet is a cornerstone of immunology (1). At the time, it revolutionized the thinking of immunologists because it provided a simple explanation for lymphocyte specificity, immunological memory, and elimination of self-reactive clones (2). The experimental demonstration by Nossal & Lederberg (3) that B lymphocytes bear receptors for a single antigen raised the central question of where B lymphocytes encounter antigen. This question has remained mostly unanswered until recently. Advances in techniques such as multiphoton intravital microscopy (4, 5) have provided new insights into the trafficking of B cells and their antigen. In this review, we summarize these advances in the context of our current view of B cell circulation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago F Gonzalez
- The Immune Disease Institute and Program in Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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34
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Fletcher CA, Groom JR, Woehl B, Leung H, Mackay C, Mackay F. Development of autoimmune nephritis in genetically asplenic and splenectomized BAFF transgenic mice. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:125-34. [PMID: 21216131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
B cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF or BLyS) is a critical B cell survival factor essential for B cell maturation. BAFF transgenic (Tg) mice develop autoimmunity resembling Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in a T cell-independent but toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling-dependent manner, requiring TLR-induced innate B cell-derived pro-inflammatory autoantibody deposition in the kidneys. Importantly, neutralizing BAFF in the clinic shows efficacy in patients with SLE, confirming its critical role in the progression of this disease in both humans and mouse models. The specific B cell types that produce autoantibodies in BAFF Tg mice are TLR-activated innate marginal zone (MZ) B cells and B1 cells, but not follicular B cells. Interestingly, in BAFF Tg mice MZ-like B cells infiltrate salivary glands whereas B1 B cells infiltrate the kidneys. To ascertain the relevance of B1 and MZ-like B cells in the development of nephritis in BAFF Tg mice, we generated genetically asplenic as well as splenectomized BAFF Tg animals. BAFF Tg mice born without a spleen lack MZ B cells, have very reduced B1a B cell numbers but a normal B1b B cell compartment. Loss of these B cell subsets failed to protect BAFF Tg mice against nephritis indicating that B1b B cells are an important subset for the development of autoimmune nephritis in BAFF Tg mice. Thus the spleen is dispensable for the development of autoimmune nephritis in BAFF Tg mice and points toward a pathogenic role for innate B1 B cells. Identifying similar innate B cells in humans may offer the possibility of more targeted B cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Fletcher
- Autoimmunity Research Unit, Immunology and Inflammation Research Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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35
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36
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Yoshida T, Mei H, Dörner T, Hiepe F, Radbruch A, Fillatreau S, Hoyer BF. Memory B and memory plasma cells. Immunol Rev 2010; 237:117-39. [PMID: 20727033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination provides a powerful means to control infections. It exploits and exemplifies the ability of the immune system to preserve the information that a specific pathogen has been encountered in the past. The cells and molecular mechanisms of immunological memory are still being discussed controversially. Here, we review the current concepts of memory B cells, the signals involved in their maintenance, and their role in enhanced secondary reactions. Memory plasma cells, secreting protective antibodies over lifetime, have been recognized only recently. Their characterization as cells resting in terms of proliferation and migration, and surviving in dedicated stromal niches, in the absence of antigen, has generated new concepts of how memory cells in general are organized by stroma cells, the 'resting memory'. In autoimmunity and chronic inflammation, memory B cells and memory plasma cells can be essential players, and they require special attention, as they do not respond to most conventional therapies. Their selective targeting will depend on a molecular understanding of their lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketoshi Yoshida
- Charité Centre 12, Clinic for Internal Medicine, Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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37
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Mackay F, Figgett WA, Saulep D, Lepage M, Hibbs ML. B-cell stage and context-dependent requirements for survival signals from BAFF and the B-cell receptor. Immunol Rev 2010; 237:205-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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38
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Chang NH, Cheung YH, Loh C, Pau E, Roy V, Cai YC, Wither J. B cell activating factor (BAFF) and T cells cooperate to breach B cell tolerance in lupus-prone New Zealand Black (NZB) mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11691. [PMID: 20661465 PMCID: PMC2908288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of autoantibodies in New Zealand Black (NZB) mice suggests a B cell tolerance defect however the nature of this defect is unknown. To determine whether defects in B cell anergy contribute to the autoimmune phenotype in NZB mice, soluble hen egg lysozyme (sHEL) and anti-HEL Ig transgenes were bred onto the NZB background to generate double transgenic (dTg) mice. NZB dTg mice had elevated levels of anti-HEL antibodies, despite apparently normal B cell functional anergy in-vitro. NZB dTg B cells also demonstrated increased survival and abnormal entry into the follicular compartment following transfer into sHEL mice. Since this process is dependent on BAFF, BAFF serum and mRNA levels were assessed and were found to be significantly elevated in NZB dTg mice. Treatment of NZB sHEL recipient mice with TACI-Ig reduced NZB dTg B cell survival following adoptive transfer, confirming the role of BAFF in this process. Although NZB mice had modestly elevated BAFF, the enhanced NZB B cell survival response appeared to result from an altered response to BAFF. In contrast, T cell blockade had a minimal effect on B cell survival, but inhibited anti-HEL antibody production. The findings suggest that the modest BAFF elevations in NZB mice are sufficient to perturb B cell tolerance, particularly when acting in concert with B cell functional abnormalities and T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Hua Chang
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yui-Ho Cheung
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Loh
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evelyn Pau
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie Roy
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yong-Chun Cai
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan Wither
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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39
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Jang IK, Zhang J, Gu H. Grb2, a simple adapter with complex roles in lymphocyte development, function, and signaling. Immunol Rev 2010; 232:150-9. [PMID: 19909362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte development, activation, and tolerance depend on antigen receptor signaling transduced via multiple intracellular signalosomes. These signalosomes are assembled by different adapters. Given that signaling molecules can be either positive or negative regulators for a biochemical target, the complex of a target with different regulator may dictate the final signaling outcome. Grb2 is a simple adapter known to be involved in a variety of growth factor receptor signaling. However, its role in antigen receptor signaling as well as lymphocyte development and function has emerged only recently. Despite its simple molecular structure, recent experiments show that Grb2 may play a complex role in T and B-cell antigen receptor signaling. In this article, we review recent findings about the physiological role of Grb2 in T and B-cell development and activation and summarize the current mechanistic understanding of how Grb2 exerts its function following T and B-cell antigen receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihn Kyung Jang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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40
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Mollov JL, Lucas CL, Haspot F, Gaspar JKC, Guzman A, Sykes M. Recipient dendritic cells, but not B cells, are required antigen-presenting cells for peripheral alloreactive CD8+ T-cell tolerance. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:518-526. [PMID: 20121730 PMCID: PMC4215806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Induction of mixed allogeneic chimerism is a promising approach for achieving donor-specific tolerance, thereby obviating the need for life-long immunosuppression for solid organ allograft acceptance. In mice receiving a low dose (3Gy) of total body irradiation, allogeneic bone marrow transplantation combined with anti-CD154 tolerizes peripheral CD4 and CD8 T cells, allowing achievement of mixed chimerism with specific tolerance to donor. With this approach, peripheral CD8 T-cell tolerance requires recipient MHC class II, CD4 T cells, B cells and DCs. Recipient-type B cells from chimeras that were tolerant to donor still promoted CD8 T-cell tolerance, but their role could not be replaced by donor-type B cells. Using recipients whose B cells or DCs specifically lack MHC class I and/or class II or lack CD80 and CD86, we demonstrate that dendritic cells (DCs) must express CD80/86 and either MHC class I or class II to promote CD8 tolerance. In contrast, B cells, though required, did not need to express MHC class I or class II or CD80/86 to promote CD8 tolerance. Moreover, recipient IDO and IL-10 were not required. Thus, antigen presentation by recipient DCs and not by B cells is critical for peripheral alloreactive CD8 T cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Mollov
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - C. L. Lucas
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - J. Kurtz, C. Gaspar
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - A. Guzman
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - M. Sykes
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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41
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Wu GJ, Yuan F, Du MH, Han HT, Lu LQ, Yan L, Zhang WX, Wang XP, Sun P, Li ZD. Early embryonic blood cells collect antigens and induce immunotolerance in the hatched chicken. Poult Sci 2010; 89:457-63. [PMID: 20181860 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier experimental data in our laboratory showed that introduction of an exogenous protein into early chicken embryonic blood leads to immunotolerance of hatched chicken to that protein. However, the underlying mechanism is yet unknown. In the present study, we show that the blood cells collecting circulating antigen might contribute to the establishment of immunotolerance. In this experiment, most of the chicken embryo blood cells took up injected fluorescein isothiocyanate-BSA at approximately embryonic d 3. At the same stage, 1 microL of embryo blood was taken out and incubated with BSA. After being loaded with BSA in vitro and washed, these cells were injected back into the original embryo. The BSA-specific lymphocytes were depleted in chickens whose early embryo cells had been loaded with BSA, as evidenced by a significant decrease in anti-BSA antibody after challenge with BSA when the chickens were 3 wk old. In addition, by direct injection of BSA to embryonic d 3 embryo blood, the hatched chickens had decreased amounts of anti-trinitrophenol antibody after the chickens were challenged with trinitrophenol-BSA, indicating that the helper function of BSA-specific T cells was impaired. In conclusion, these observations suggest that some early embryo blood cells possibly collect and store antigen for the establishment of self-tolerance before the maturation of B and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biology Science, and State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
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42
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Saxena A, Rai A, Raina V, Seth T, Mitra DK. Expression of CD13/aminopeptidase N in precursor B-cell leukemia: role in growth regulation of B cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:125-35. [PMID: 19562339 PMCID: PMC11030730 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Expression of cell surface CD13 in acute B-cell leukemia (ALL-B) is often viewed, as an aberrant expression of a myeloid lineage marker. Here, we attempted to study the stage specific expression of CD13 on ALL-B blasts and understand its role in leukemogenesis as pertaining to stage of B-cell ontogeny. A total of 355 cases of different hematological malignancies were diagnosed by immunophenotyping. Among 68 cases of early B-cell ALL, 22 cases with distinct immunophenotype was identified as immature B-cell ALL. Blasts from these ALL-B patients demonstrated prominent expression of CD10, CD19, CD22, but neither cytoplasmic nor surface IgM receptors. This strongly indicates leukemogenesis at an early stage of B-cell development. We also identified, the existence of a subpopulation of cells with remarkably similar phenotype in non-leukemic marrow from healthy subjects (expressing CD10, CD19, CD22, CD24, Tdt together with the co-expression of CD13). This sub-population of B cells concomitantly expressing CD13 appeared to be a highly proliferating group. By blocking their cell surface CD13 in leukemic blasts with monoclonal antibody we were able to inhibit their proliferation. We hypothesized that neoplastic transformation at this stage may be facilitated by CD13. CD13 may thus be an important target for novel molecular therapy of early stage acute B-cell leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Saxena
- Cellular Immunology Division, Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No.92, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Ambak Rai
- Cellular Immunology Division, Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No.92, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Vinod Raina
- Department of Medical Oncology, BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Tulika Seth
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mitra
- Cellular Immunology Division, Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No.92, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
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43
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Tsantikos E, Oracki SA, Quilici C, Anderson GP, Tarlinton DM, Hibbs ML. Autoimmune disease in Lyn-deficient mice is dependent on an inflammatory environment established by IL-6. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1348-60. [PMID: 20042579 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lyn-deficient mice develop Ab-mediated autoimmune disease resembling systemic lupus erythematosus where hyperactive B cells are major contributors to pathology. In this study, we show that an inflammatory environment is established in Lyn(-/-) mice that perturbs several immune cell compartments and drives autoimmune disease. Lyn(-/-) leukocytes, notably B cells, are able to produce IL-6, which facilitates hyperactivation of B and T cells, enhanced myelopoiesis, splenomegaly, and, ultimately, generation of pathogenic autoreactive Abs. Lyn(-/-) dendritic cells show increased maturation, but this phenotype is independent of autoimmunity as it is reiterated in B cell-deficient Lyn(-/-) mice. Genetic deletion of IL-6 on a Lyn-deficient background does not alter B cell development, plasma cell accumulation, or dendritic cell hypermaturation, suggesting that these characteristics are intrinsic to the loss of Lyn. However, hyperactivation of B and T cell compartments, extramedullary hematopoiesis, expansion of the myeloid lineage and autoimmune disease are all ameliorated in Lyn(-/-)IL-6(-/-) mice. Importantly, our studies show that although Lyn(-/-) B cells may be autoreactive, it is the IL-6-dependent inflammatory environment they engender that dictates their disease-causing potential. These findings improve our understanding of the mode of action of anti-IL-6 and B cell-directed therapies in autoimmune and inflammatory disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Tsantikos
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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44
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Vuyyuru R, Mohan C, Manser T, Rahman ZSM. The lupus susceptibility locus Sle1 breaches peripheral B cell tolerance at the antibody-forming cell and germinal center checkpoints. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5716-27. [PMID: 19828626 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have described a line of V(H) knock-in mice termed HKIR in which the transgenic Igh locus partially encodes "dual-reactive" antichromatin and anti-p-azophenylarsonate (Ars) BCRs. HKIR B cells termed canonical, expressing a particular Vkappa L chain, evade central tolerance by down-regulating BCR levels. Canonical HKIR B cells can be recruited into the primary germinal center (GC) and Ab-forming cell (AFC) compartments via Ars immunization. However, their participation in the GC response rapidly wanes and they do not efficiently contribute to the memory compartment, indicating that they are regulated by a GC tolerance checkpoint. We analyzed the influence of the Sle1 genetic interval, shown to break tolerance of chromatin-reactive B cells, on the behavior of HKIR B cells during the anti-Ars response. Canonical B cells from congenic HKIR.Sle1 mice gave rise to elevated short and long-lived AFC responses, and the attenuated GC and memory responses characteristic of these B cells were relieved in adoptive, wild-type recipients. HKIR GC B cells containing Sle1 expressed increased levels of Bcl-2 and c-FLIP and decreased levels of Fas RNA compared with HKIR controls, suggesting direct alteration of the regulation of the GC response by Sle1. High titers of canonical and anti-dsDNA Abs spontaneously developed in many aged HKIR.Sle1 mice. Together, these data indicate that Sle1 perturbs the action of peripheral tolerance checkpoints operative on antinuclear Ag B cells in both the AFC and GC pathways in a cell autonomous fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Vuyyuru
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Jefferson Alumni Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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45
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Szodoray P, Papp G, Horvath IF, Barath S, Sipka S, Nakken B, Zeher M. Cells with regulatory function of the innate and adaptive immune system in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 157:343-9. [PMID: 19664141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to describe subsets of cells with regulatory properties in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), and to correlate these cell populations with clinical symptoms. Among the 32 investigated patients, 23 had extraglandular manifestations (EGMs), while nine had only glandular symptoms. Twenty healthy individuals served as controls. The percentages of natural killer (NK), natural killer T cells (NK T), interleukin (IL)-10 producing T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (T(reg)) cells were determined by flow cytometry and serum cytokine levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Functional tests were carried out to assess the suppressor properties of T(reg) cells in patients and controls. Peripheral NK, NK T and Tr1 cell percentages were elevated in pSS, while CD4(+)CD25(+) T(reg) cells showed reduced frequencies in patients compared to controls. In pSS, elevated percentages of NK T, Tr1 and CD4(+)CD25(+) T(reg) cells were observed in patients with EGMs, when compared to patients with sicca symptoms only. CD4(+)CD25(+) T(reg) cell percentages showed a negative correlation with sialometry values. The in vitro functional assay demonstrated lower suppression activity of CD4(+)CD25(+) T(reg) cells in patients compared to controls. Serum IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels were elevated, while IL-10 was decreased in patients compared to controls. Negative correlation was found between IL-10 levels and the percentages of Tr1 cells. Changes in the investigated subsets of regulatory cells in pSS may contribute to the development and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Szodoray
- Division of Clinical Immunology, 3rd Department of Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Ben-David H, Sharabi A, Parameswaran R, Zinger H, Mozes E. A tolerogenic peptide down-regulates mature B cells in bone marrow of lupus-afflicted mice by inhibition of interleukin-7, leading to apoptosis. Immunology 2009; 128:245-52. [PMID: 19740381 PMCID: PMC2767314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease mediated by T and B cells. It is characterized by a variety of autoantibodies and systemic clinical manifestations. A tolerogenic peptide, designated hCDR1, ameliorated the serological and clinical manifestations of SLE in both spontaneous and induced models of lupus. In the present study, we evaluated the status of mature B cells in the bone marrow (BM) of SLE-afflicted mice, and determined the effect of treatment with the tolerogenic peptide hCDR1 on these cells. We demonstrate herein that mature B cells of the BM of SLE-afflicted (New Zealand Black x New Zealand White)F(1) mice were largely expanded, and that treatment with hCDR1 down-regulated this population. Moreover, treatment with hCDR1 inhibited the expression of the pathogenic cytokines [interferon-gamma and interleukin (IL)-10], whereas it up-regulated the expression of transforming growth factor-beta in the BM. Treatment with hCDR1 up-regulated the rates of apoptosis of mature B cells. The latter was associated with inhibited expression of the survival Bcl-xL gene and of IL-7 by BM cells. Furthermore, the addition of recombinant IL-7 abrogated the suppressive effects of hCDR1 on Bcl-xL in the BM cells and resulted in elevated levels of apoptosis. Hence, the down-regulated production of IL-7 contributes to the hCDR1-mediated apoptosis of mature B cells in the BM of SLE-afflicted mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hava Ben-David
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Abstract
Various abnormalities have been described in B cells from patients with systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus-prone mice. Many of the abnormalities do not appear to be connected with the pathogenesis of the disease. However, various animal models developing lupus-like disease including both spontaneous mutans such as (NZB x NZW)F1 and MRL/lpr and mice generated by transgenic or knockout technology such as Bim-deficient and CD40L-transgenic mice show defect in apoptosis of mature B cells induced by ligation of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). BCR-mediated apoptosis appears to be involved in deletion of self-reactive B cells. Thus, defect in BCR-mediated apoptosis is a widely observed B cell abnormality in lupus-prone mice and may play a role in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases by abrogating deletion of self-reactive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tsubata
- Laboratory of Immunology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Peripheral blood CD5-positive B lymphocytes (B-1a cells) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukaemia in humans. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2009; 6:220-4. [PMID: 19112737 DOI: 10.2450/2008.0010-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only few data are available in literature regarding the reconstitution of B- 1a cells after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation performed for haematological malignancies. METHODS In this study we used flow cytometry to assess the reconstitution of the peripheral blood B-1a cell compartment after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Cytometric analyses were performed over time on 11 consecutive patients undergoing allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukaemia in our Haematology Unit and the results were compared with available data regarding B- 1a cell reconstitution after allogeneic bone marrow stem cell transplantation. RESULTS In spite of an earlier recovery of B-1a cells in the peripheral blood after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, the reconstitution of this B-cell subset was similar, regardless of the source of stem cells employed. CONCLUSIONS Further studies are necessary in order to clarify the origin of B-1a cells in humans in health and illness.
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Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) causes significant morbidity and mortality in patients otherwise cured of malignancy after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The presence of alloantibodies and high plasma B cell-activating factor (BAFF) levels in patients with cGVHD suggest that B cells play a role in disease pathogenesis. We performed detailed phenotypic and functional analyses of peripheral B cells in 82 patients after HSCT. Patients with cGVHD had significantly higher BAFF/B-cell ratios compared with patients without cGVHD or healthy donors. In cGVHD, increasing BAFF concentrations correlated with increased numbers of circulating pre-germinal center (GC) B cells and post-GC "plasmablast-like" cells, suggesting in vivo BAFF dependence of these 2 CD27(+) B-cell subsets. Circulating CD27(+) B cells in cGVHD comprised in vivo activated B cells capable of IgG production without requiring additional antigen stimulation. Serial studies revealed that patients who subsequently developed cGVHD had delayed reconstitution of naive B cells despite persistent BAFF elevation as well as proportional increase in CD27(+) B cells in the first year after HSCT. These studies delineate specific abnormalities of B-cell homeostasis in patients with cGVHD and suggest that BAFF targeting agents may be useful in this disease.
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Diz R, McCray SK, Clarke SH. B cell receptor affinity and B cell subset identity integrate to define the effectiveness, affinity threshold, and mechanism of anergy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3834-40. [PMID: 18768837 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.3834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study we show that BCR affinity and subset identity make unique contributions to anergy. Analysis of anti-Smith (Sm) B cells of different affinities indicates that increasing affinity improves anergy's effectiveness while paradoxically increasing the likelihood of marginal zone (MZ) and B-1 B cell differentiation rather than just follicular (FO) B cell differentiation. Subset identity in turn determines the affinity threshold and mechanism of anergy. Subset-specific affinity thresholds for anergy induction allow discordant regulation of low-affinity anti-Sm FO and MZ B cells and could account for the higher frequency of autoreactive MZ B cells than that of FO B cells in normal mice. The mechanism of anergy changes during differentiation and differs between subsets. This is strikingly illustrated by the observation that blockade of BCR-mediated activation of FO and MZ B cells occurs at different levels in the signaling cascade. Thus, attributes unique to B cells of each subset integrate with signals from the BCR to determine the effectiveness, affinity threshold, and mechanism of anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Diz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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