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Majeed Z, Farhat H, Ahmad B, Iqbal A, Faiz AUH, Mahnashi MH, Alqarni AO, Alqahtani O, Ali AA, Momenah AM. Process optimization, antioxidant, antibacterial, and drug adjuvant properties of bioactive keratin microparticles derived from porcupine ( Hystrix indica) quills. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15653. [PMID: 37609437 PMCID: PMC10441523 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A structural protein called keratin is often employed in the medical industry to create medication carriers. Process improvement, antioxidant, antibacterial, and adjuvant drug studies of synthetic bioactive keratin microparticles made from lipids and keratin derived from porcupine (Hystrix indica) quills are the main objectives of this study. After coating the keratin microparticles with lipids which were obtained from the same porcupine quills, the bioactive keratin microparticles were produced. The response surface technique was applied to optimize the conditions for extraction of the keratin protein and sizing of the keratin microparticles. An infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical shifts in compositions of keratin microparticles while the optical microscopy was used to measure the size of the keratin microparticles. The results of this work revealed that a yield 27.36 to 42.25% of the keratin protein could be obtained from porcupine quills. The keratin microparticles were sized between 60.65 and 118.87 µm. Through response surface optimization, mercaptoethanol and urea were shown to be the main variables which positively affected the yield and the size of the keratin protein. The lipid stacking on the keratin microparticles' surface was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) assay confirmed the keratin microparticle's antioxidant activity of 29.83%. Compared to lipid alone, the antibacterial properties of the keratin microparticles against Escherichia coli-a gram-negative-and Staphylococcus aureus-a gram-positive-bacteria enhanced by up to 55% following the coating of the microparticles with the lipids. The pharmacological action against these bacterial species was further improved by the lipid-loaded erythromycin that was carried on the surface of keratin microparticles. This work has demonstrated the design and uses of the keratin microparticles obtained from porcupine quills for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Majeed
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Hoorulain Farhat
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Basharat Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Atia Iqbal
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Abu ul Hassan Faiz
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Women University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Bagh, Pakistan
| | - Mater H. Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali O. Alqarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omaish Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Al Ali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Al Nakhil Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiman M. Momenah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Kadirvelu K, Fathima NN. Deciphering Mechanism of Assembly of Keratin within Nanofibrous Matrix: Expanding the Horizon of Electrospun Polymer/Protein Composites. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Kadirvelu
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory CSIR- Central Leather Research Institute Chennai 600020 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Nishter Nishad Fathima
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory CSIR- Central Leather Research Institute Chennai 600020 Tamil Nadu India
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3
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Chen MJ, Xie WY, Pan NX, Wang XQ, Yan HC, Gao CQ. Methionine improves feather follicle development in chick embryos by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4479-4487. [PMID: 32867991 PMCID: PMC7598098 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to explore the regulatory role of methionine (Met) in feather follicle and feather development during the embryonic period of chicks. A total of 280 fertile eggs (40 eggs/group) were injected with 0, 5, 10, 20 mg of L-Met or DL-Met/per egg on embryonic day 9 (E9), and whole-body feather and skin tissues were collected on E15 and the day of hatching (DOH). The whole-body feather weight was determined to describe the feather growth, and the skin samples were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining and Western blotting for the evaluation of feather follicle development and the expressions of Wingless/Int (Wnt)/β-catenin signaling pathway proteins, respectively. The results showed that L- or DL-Met did not affect the embryo weight (P > 0.05), but increased the absolute and relative whole-body feather weights. Specifically, 5 and 10 mg of L-Met and 5, 10, and 20 mg of DL-Met significantly increased the absolute feather weight at E15 (P < 0.05), and 10 mg of L-Met and 5 and 10 mg of DL-Met significantly increased the absolute and relative feather weight on the DOH (P < 0.05). Moreover, a main effect analysis suggested that changes in the embryo and feather weights were related to the Met levels (P < 0.05) but not the Met source (P > 0.05). The levels of L- and DL-Met were quadratically correlated with the absolute and relative feather weights of chicks on the DOH (P < 0.05). Correspondingly, all doses of L- and DL-Met significantly increased the diameter and density of feather follicles on the DOH (P < 0.05), as well as the activity of Wnt/β-catenin on E15 and the DOH (P < 0.05). In conclusion, injection of either L- or DL-Met can improve feather follicle development by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and thereby promoting feather growth; furthermore, no difference in feather growth was found between L- and DL-Met treatments. Our findings might provide a nutritional intervention for regulating feather growth in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China, 510642
| | - W Y Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China, 510642
| | - N X Pan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China, 510642
| | - X Q Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China, 510642
| | - H C Yan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China, 510642
| | - C Q Gao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China, 510642.
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Li BS, Cary JH, Maibach HI. Stratum corneum substantivity: drug development implications. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:537-549. [PMID: 29752541 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are at least 15 factors that influence the ability of chemicals to penetrate the skin. Substantivity is yet another factor and allows penetrants to remain on and in skin for many days. As many skin pathologies involve stratum corneum and require multiple dosing of topicals, understanding substantivity mechanisms may provide insight for topical dosing strategies. Substantivity is also of importance in the development of other consumer products that necessitate adherence to skin, including sunscreens, insect repellents, and cosmetics. Furthermore, while stratum corneum adherence may delay percutaneous penetration, reducing the risk of systemic toxicity, excessive substantivity may play a role in the toxic accumulation of harmful penetrants. Continued research in this area may offer insight into dermatotoxicology and dermatopharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky S Li
- Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 90 Medical Center Way, Box 0989, Surge Building, Room 110, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - John Havens Cary
- Louisiana State University School of Medicine, 433 Bolivar Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 90 Medical Center Way, Box 0989, Surge Building, Room 110, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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Cruz CF, Azoia NG, Matamá T, Cavaco-Paulo A. Peptide-protein interactions within human hair keratins. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:805-814. [PMID: 28315768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We selected 1235 decapeptides from human hair proteins encoded by human genes of keratins and keratin associated proteins. The peptides were linked to glass arrays and screened for their affinity towards a solution of human hair extracted keratin fraction. Based on the physicochemical properties of the peptides, ten variables were studied: content of different types of amino acid side chains (cysteine, hydrophobic, polar, basic, acidic, aromatic rings, amide, alcohol side chains), isoelectric point, and net charge. We found differences statistically significant on the binding affinity of peptides based on their content of cysteine, hydrophobic and polar amino acids, mainly containing alcohols. These results point to the formation of hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds between small peptides and human hair keratins as the main driving forces for the interaction of possible cosmetic peptides, namely designed to strength human hair. As so, our results enlighten the nature of the interaction of keratin based materials with human hair, which are claimed to enhance hair fiber strength, and enable a more directed and sustained hair care peptide design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia F Cruz
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno G Azoia
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Teresa Matamá
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Yang FC, Zhang Y, Rheinstädter MC. The structure of people's hair. PeerJ 2014; 2:e619. [PMID: 25332846 PMCID: PMC4201279 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair is a filamentous biomaterial consisting mainly of proteins in particular keratin. The structure of human hair is well known: the medulla is a loosely packed, disordered region near the centre of the hair surrounded by the cortex, which contains the major part of the fibre mass, mainly consisting of keratin proteins and structural lipids. The cortex is surrounded by the cuticle, a layer of dead, overlapping cells forming a protective layer around the hair. The corresponding structures have been studied extensively using a variety of different techniques, such as light, electron and atomic force microscopes, and also X-ray diffraction. We were interested in the question how much the molecular hair structure differs from person to person, between male and female hair, hair of different appearances such as colour and waviness. We included hair from parent and child, identical and fraternal twins in the study to see if genetically similar hair would show similar structural features. The molecular structure of the hair samples was studied using high-resolution X-ray diffraction, which covers length scales from molecules up to the organization of secondary structures. Signals due to the coiled-coil phase of α-helical keratin proteins, intermediate keratin filaments in the cortex and from the lipid layers in the cell membrane complex were observed in the specimen of all individuals, with very small deviations. Despite the relatively small number of individuals (12) included in this study, some conclusions can be drawn. While the general features were observed in all individuals and the corresponding molecular structures were almost identical, additional signals were observed in some specimen and assigned to different types of lipids in the cell membrane complex. Genetics seem to play a role in this composition as identical patterns were observed in hair from father and daughter and identical twins, however, not for fraternal twins. Identification and characterization of these features is an important step towards the detection of abnormalities in the molecular structure of hair as a potential diagnostic tool for certain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Chi Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Maikel C Rheinstädter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
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7
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Miranda-Vilela AL, Botelho AJ, Muehlmann LA. An overview of chemical straightening of human hair: technical aspects, potential risks to hair fibre and health and legal issues. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 36:2-11. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Miranda-Vilela
- Department of Genetics and Morphology; Institute of Biological Sciences; University of Brasilia; Brasilia DF Brazil
- Nanodynamics Consulting and Innovation Ltd; University of Brasilia; Brasilia DF Brazil
| | | | - L. A. Muehlmann
- Nanodynamics Consulting and Innovation Ltd; University of Brasilia; Brasilia DF Brazil
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8
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Wegner W. Untersuchungen zur Erblichkeit und Pathogenese des Zwischenklauenwulstes beim Rind1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1968.tb00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Cane AK, Spearman RIC. A histochemical study of keratinization in the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus). J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb04067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Morphological and histochemical observations onPolymorphus minutus(Goeze, 1782), with special reference to the body wall. Parasitology 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s003118200007400x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
1. Certain aspects of the general morphology ofPolymorphus minutusare described together with a detailed description of the body wall.2. An additional layer of the body wall, the epicuticle, has been demonstrated. It appears to consist of acid mucopolysaccharide and may have a function of protecting the parasite from the enzymes of its host.3. A histochemical investigation has been made of the layers of the body wall and it is concluded that lipoprotein is one of the main structural components.4. The distribution of the activity of the two enzymes, non-specific esterase and alkaline phosphatase, has been studied throughout the animal and the activity of a third enzyme, leucine aminopeptidase, has been detected in the body wall.5. It is suggested that all the layers of the body wall, with the exception of the cuticle and epicuticle, are of metabolic importance. The striped layer may be connected with absorption and the felt and radial layers may be involved in the further metabolism of absorbed compounds.6. The results obtained are used to formulate a possible structure of the surface of the parasite which would facilitate the absorption of nutrient substances through the body wall.I am grateful to Dr P. Tate for advice and encouragement during this work, Dr R. J. Tatchell for helpful discussions, and Dr D. L. Lee for criticising the manuscript and Mr T. M. Warwick, Department of Zoology, University of Edinburgh for providing material.
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11
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BATESON JB, STAINSBY G. Analysis of the active principle in the biological insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. Int J Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1970.tb01583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Fletcher
- Wool Industries Research Association, Torridon, Headingley, Leeds 6
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Huggins
- RESEARCH LABORATORIES, EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, ROCHESTER, NEW YORK
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14
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WESSELLS NK. An analysis of chick epidermal differentiation in situ and in vitro in chemically defined media. Dev Biol 1998; 3:355-89. [PMID: 13784561 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(61)90052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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LEVINE BB. Studies on the mechanism of the formation of the penicillin antigen. I. Delayed allergic cross-reactions among penicillin G and its degradation products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 112:1131-56. [PMID: 13761469 PMCID: PMC2137330 DOI: 10.1084/jem.112.6.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Seven highly purified degradation products of penicillin G (PG) were examined with regard to their ability to cross-react allergically with PG. Guinea pig allergic contact dermatitis was employed as the test system. Three of these degradation products, D-benzylpenicillenic acid (BPE), D-penicillamine, and D-α-benzylpenicilloic acid were found to cross-react with PG and also to be capable of inducing delayed contact allergy in the guinea pig. BPE and PG cross-reacted with particularly intense reactions, and other immunologic experiments indicated that PG and BPE introduce identical allergic determinant groups into epidermal proteins. These experimental results were correlated with the results of previous studies concerning the degradation pathways of PG under physiological conditions in vitro, and the chemical reactivities of these degradation products. Based on these immunologic and chemical data, a schema is proposed which suggests the chemical pathways by which PG may react with epidermal proteins in vivo to form the penicillin antigen. The identity of the specific antigenic determinant groups of the penicillin antigen is suggested. The relationship between PG allergy of the contact dermatitis type in the guinea pig and PG allergy of the immediate type in man is discussed.
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Edwards HG, Hunt DE, Sibley MG. FT-Raman spectroscopic study of keratotic materials: horn, hoof and tortoiseshell. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 1998; 54A:745-57. [PMID: 9679318 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(98)00013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Fourier-Transform Raman spectra of some mammalian and reptilian keratins, horn, hoof and tortoiseshell, have been analysed and used for the construction of a database for the identification of highly keratotic samples. The samples investigated were; bovine keratin and hoof, Texas Longhorn cattle horn, kudu horn, tortoiseshell and human finger nail. Significant spectral differences were observed in the 1000-400 cm-1 wavenumber range, which included the conformationally important v(SS) and v(CS) features around 500 and 640 cm-1, respectively. The amide I (1650 cm-1) and amide III (1260 cm-1) bands confirmed that the reptilian keratin studied exists in the beta-sheet conformation, whilst mammalian keratins are predominantly laid down in an alpha-helical conformation. The FT-Raman spectral differences particularly between the horn and hoof specimens are very useful for the non-destructive characterisation of artefacts and provides a novel application of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Edwards
- Molecular Spectroscopy Group, University of Bradford, UK
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17
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Effects of acid pepsin pretreatment, bile acids and reductants on the excystation of Clonorchis sinensis (Trematoda: Opisthorchiidae) metacercariae in vitro. Parasitol Int 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(97)00050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Analysis of α-keratins in the horns of rhinoceros and buffalo by non-native capillary isoelectric focusing. Chromatographia 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Gygi SP, Wilkins DG, Rollins DE. A comparison of phenobarbital and codeine incorporation into pigmented and nonpigmented rat hair. J Pharm Sci 1997; 86:209-14. [PMID: 9040097 DOI: 10.1021/js960268h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Drugs and endogenous compounds circulating in the blood may ultimately become incorporated into a growing hair shaft. Hair analysis for drugs of abuse is a growing field in the area of forensic and clinical toxicology. However, the underlying principles that govern drug incorporation into hair are not known. In this study, we examined the incorporation of a weak acid, phenobarbital, and a weak base, codeine, into Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat hair. Codeine or phenobarbital was administered to male SD rats at 40 mg/kg/day for 5 days by intraperitoneal (ip) injection. Hair was collected from the back 14 days after beginning the 5-day dosing protocol and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for codeine and phenobarbital. The time-courses of phenobarbital and codeine in plasma were also obtained after a single ip injection (40 mg/kg). Concentrations of codeine and phenobarbital in SD hair samples were 0.98 +/- 0.10 and 17.01 +/- 1.40 ng/mg hair. respectively. The areas under the curve (AUC) of plasma concentration versus time for codeine and phenobarbital were 1.58 and 414.50 micrograms h/microL, respectively. Notwithstanding the greater phenobarbital concentrations in hair, when plasma concentrations were considered, codeine was apparently incorporated to a 15-fold greater extent than phenobarbital. Because hair pigmentation may be important in drug incorporation, the incorporation of these two drugs was also studied in Long-Evans (LE; produces both black and white hair on the same animal) rats after 40 mg/kg/day of ip drug administration for 5 days. Hair was collected at the same time as the previous experiment. Concentrations of codeine in hair were 44-times greater in pigmented than nonpigmented hair from the same animals. In contrast, hair concentrations of phenobarbital were identical in both pigmented and nonpigmented hair. These data suggest that hair pigmentation greatly affects weak base incorporation but not weak acid incorporation into hair. Because hair concentrations of phenobarbital are not affected by pigmentation, phenobarbital may be an ideal drug to separate out factors other than pigmentation involved in incorporation of drugs into hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Gygi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA
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21
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Shinn AP, Gibson DI, Sommerville C. A study of the composition of the sclerites of Gyrodactylus Nordmann, 1832 (Monogenea) using X-ray elemental analysis. Int J Parasitol 1995; 25:797-805. [PMID: 7558565 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(95)00008-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The elemental compositions of the hamuli, marginal hooks and ventral bars were examined following their release from the opisthaptor of the monogenean parasites Gyrodactylus salaris, G. caledoniensis and G. colemanensis. Their compositions were determined using X-ray elemental analysis on an analytical scanning electron microscope, and the variation between each species investigated. Hamuli and marginal hooks exhibited a major peak for sulphur, whilst the ventral bar had high peaks of both sulphur and calcium. The high sulphur content and structure of the hamuli suggest they are composed of a keratin-like protein, while the nature of the ventral bar is less clear. The hamuli of G. colemanensis were differentiated from those of G. caledoniensis by virtue of their calcium fraction. Low levels of several other elements, including vanadium, were also detected in some sclerites. The composition of the hooks of Gyrodactylus and their relationship to the sclerites of monopisthocotyleans and polyopisthocotyleans is commented upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Shinn
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, U.K
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22
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Rice RH, Wong VJ, Pinkerton KE. Ultrastructural visualization of cross-linked protein features in epidermal appendages. J Cell Sci 1994; 107 ( Pt 7):1985-92. [PMID: 7983163 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.107.7.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon vigorous extraction with ionic detergent under reducing conditions, the macroscopic structures of mammalian hair, bird feather and horny teeth of the hagfish become swollen and flexible but were substantially preserved. In each case, removal in this way of solubilizable constituents, such as disulfide-bonded keratins and associated matrix proteins, left a residue of epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-linked protein. Residual features in hair included cell envelopes in the cortex, cell envelopes and intracellular deposits in the medulla, and nearly the entire cuticle cells. In feather, extraction left largely intact the macroscopic barb structures but caused collapse of the rachis. In both rachis and barbs, considerable material resembling cell envelopes remained. In extracted hagfish teeth the cellular organization was clearly visible microscopically, including cell borders and remnant nuclei. Unlike the cornified envelopes of mature epidermal keratinocytes, which appear as doublets, reflecting their formation immediately beneath each plasma membrane of apposing cells, the borders of cells of hair cortex and hagfish teeth appeared single and continuous from one cell to the next. Thus the observed cross-linked features comprised four types: (i) condensation immediately beneath the plasma membrane (feather, hair medulla and cuticle) similar to cornified envelopes of epidermal keratinocytes; (ii) deposition between cells (hair cortex, horny teeth); (iii) cytoplasmic deposits (hair cuticle and medulla); and (iv) nuclear condensation (hair medulla, horny teeth). The results emphasize the importance of transglutaminases and their substrate proteins for the function of epidermal appendages and may provide a useful diagnostic test for perturbation of their normal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616
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Ekfalck A, Appelgren LE, Funkquist B, Jones B, Obel N. Distribution of labelled cysteine and methionine in the matrix of the stratum medium of the wall and in the laminar layer of the equine hoof. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE A 1990; 37:481-91. [PMID: 2123050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1990.tb00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of 35-S-labelled cysteine and methionine in the epidermis of the equine hoof following 2 hours of intra-arterial injection was studied by microautoradiography. Material for autoradiography was obtained by biopsy about 1 hour after termination of the intra-arterial injection and also 10 and 40 days later. In the specimens obtained one hour after the injection of labelled cysteine and methionine, the amount of radioactivity in the matrix and in the most proximal part of the laminar layer was very high. There was a clear difference between the distribution of the two labelled amino acids in the keratinizing epidermis of the hoof. Cystine was located mainly in keratinocytes of the keratogenous zone in the matrix and in the nucleated keratinocytes that formed the incompletely keratinized basal part of the primary epidermal laminae and covered the lateral surface of the outer, fully keratinized part of those laminae. Methionine was located mainly in the stratum basale and in the stratum spinosum of the matrix and in the secondary epidermal laminae of the laminar layer. In the specimens obtained 10 days after injection of labelled cysteine a considerable number of keratinocytes, both in the matrix and in the laminar layer, had attained terminal differentiation with residual labelling. Neither in the cysteine specimens obtained after 40 days or in the methionine specimen obtained after 10 days was radioactivity significantly above the basal level observed in the hoof epidermis. The possible importance of the results for research on the pathogenesis of laminitis and on the growth of the hoof is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ekfalck
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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Ekfalck A, Funkquist B, Jones B, Obel N. Receptors for L-cystine in cell membranes from the matrix of the bovine hoof. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE A 1988; 35:241-6. [PMID: 2840786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1988.tb00031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Puchtler H, Barton BP, Waldrop FS, Meloan SN, Hobbs JL. A comparative study of myosins and prekeratin in epithelial cells of methacarn-fixed tissues. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1985; 82:403-9. [PMID: 2411695 DOI: 10.1007/bf02450473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Around the turn of the century, tonofibrils and contractile myofibrils were observed within the same cells. These findings have been largely forgotten. To clarify the topical relations of these proteins in epithelial cells, duplicate sections of methacarn-fixed human and canine tissues were treated with the tannic acid-phosphomolybdic acid (TP)-Levanol Fast Cyanine 5RN reaction for myosins and the PAP technic for prekeratin, respectively. In bronchi, lingual and sweat glands, liver and pancreas, myosin was confined to the terminal bar-terminal web system, including pericanalicular layers. Prekeratin occurred throughout the epithelium of bronchi and ducts; secretory cells showed little or no reaction. Observations on myosin in kidney confirmed data by Harper et al. (1970). The PAP technic colored transitional epithelium and collecting tubules intensely; convoluted tubules did not react. Staining of segments of Henle's loops varied from case to case. Both reactions colored thymic epithelial cells. In myoid cells of Hassall's corpuscles myosin was gradually replaced by prekeratin and keratin. Basal cells of epididymis reacted strongly with the PAP technic, but did not contain myosin. Prekeratin is apparently identical with epidermin, whose composition and structure were well known in the 1950's. Epidermin undergoes chemical changes as cells move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum. According to DAKO, the antibodies used in this study were prepared with prekeratin extracted from stratum corneum. Data in the literature and observations in this investigation indicate that some samples of antibodies do not react with all tonofilaments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Puchtler H, Waldrop FS, Carter MG, Valentine LS. Investigation of staining, polarization and fluorescence microscopic properties of myoepithelial cells. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1974; 40:281-9. [PMID: 4139148 DOI: 10.1007/bf00495034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Poulain D, Biguet J. Etude en microscopie electronique de l'action kerationlytique deTrychophyton mentagrophytesdans le poil de cobaye infecte experimentalement. Med Mycol 1974. [DOI: 10.1080/00362177485380011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Smillie AC, Wesson CM, Geary CP. An unusual calcified tumour of the maxilla. A case report and biochemical study. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF ORAL SURGERY 1971; 9:139-45. [PMID: 5291314 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-117x(71)80061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Bigelow CC. On the average hydrophobicity of proteins and the relation between it and protein structure. J Theor Biol 1967; 16:187-211. [PMID: 6048539 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(67)90004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 574] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
The chemical and physical nature of monogenean attachment sclerites has been investigated by chromatography, histochemistry, solubility studies and X-ray diffraction, and these sclerites have been shown to be scleroproteinaceous and not, as the bulk of the literature suggests, chitinous in composition.Hooks sclerites (i.e. marginal hooks and hamuli), which are the most primitive type of monogenean attachment sclerites and arise early on ontogeny, have been shown to be keratinous; clamp sclerites, accessory bars and the spines arming the pseudohaptors and squamodisks of certain genera which appear to have been acquired later in the phylogeny of the group to supplement the efficiency of the haptoral hooks, contain no cystine sulphur.While the chemical nature of the non-cystine-containing skeletal structures has not been fully elucidated, clamp substance was found to differ from that of the other scleroproteins with which it was compared, namely sclerotin, vertebrate elastin, reticulin, collagen and keratin. Clamp substance does not appear to be quinonetanned; acid proteins maybe important in the stabilization of this scleroprotein.Evidence for the occurrence of a variety of S–S bearing scleroproteins throughout the invertebrates has been collated and the problems involved in adequately defining a keratin have been discussed. The implications of the apparent affinity of monogenean hook protein to vertebrate keratins, which in general are intracellular and epidermal derivatives have been considered and some speculations have been made about the possible differences in the development of hook and clamp structures.Contrary to the prevalent opinion that monogenean sclerites are ‘cuticularizations’, evidence has been presented that these structures are in fact deeply seated and unlikely to be derivations of a superficial cuticle.The chemical differences elucidated between the median and lateral sclerites of the chimaericolid adhesive organ have encouraged speculation on the evolution of the different types of attachment organ throughout the polyopisthocotylineans.Outside the Monogenea, studies on the sulphur content of digenean spines and stylets and on the larval hooklets of the ‘cestodarians’Gyrocotyle, AmphilinaandArchigetes, and of eucestodes, have helped to substantiate the view that the cestodes and monogeneans are more closely related to each other than either of these groups is related to the digeneans.I wish to thank the Director and staff of the Plymouth Laboratory and in particular Mr J. E. Green, for invaluable assistance. I am also indebted to Dr R. W. H. Small for his guidance on X-ray diffraction technique, to Dr J. Morris of the M.R.C. Skin Unit for his advice on the chromatography and to Dr J. Llewellyn for his interest and helpful criticism throughout.
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Henricks DM, Mayer DT. Isolation and characterization of a basic keratin-like protein from mammalian spermatozoa. Exp Cell Res 1965; 40:402-12. [PMID: 5892636 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(65)90273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Crewther WG, Fraser RD, Lennox FG, Lindley H. The chemistry of keratins. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1965; 20:191-346. [PMID: 5334826 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Webb TE, Colvin JR. THE COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, AND MECHANISM OF FORMATION OF THE LINING OF THE GIZZARD OF THE CHICKEN. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1964. [DOI: 10.1139/o64-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular protein layer which surrounds the lumen of the gizzard of the chicken has been reinvestigated to determine if it is a keratin. The lining is insoluble in keratin solvents such as urea-bisulphite or Swan's reagent as well as thioglycollate and performic acid. In addition, it contains only 1.45% sulphur so that disulphide bonds cannot play a major role in its consolidation. The lining is insoluble in acids but readily dispersed in alkali without breaking of covalent bonds. The dispersion in alkali is retarded by electrolytes. The lining is hydrolyzed by trypsin and chymotrypsin at pH 8.0 but is resistant to pepsin at pH 2.0. An alkaline dispersion of the lining is heterogeneous in the ultracentrifuge, but not grossly so, with a mean sedimentation coefficient of 5.6 svedbergs. Electron microscope studies of the lining suggest it is an amorphous, precipitated protein, which is consistent with the observation of three hazy rings in X-ray diffraction powder patterns reflecting spacings of 3.5, 4.6, and 9.4 Å. Amino acid analysis shows a ratio of more than three acidic groups to one basic, with no carbohydrate residues and little lipid in the protein layer. These observations are interpreted as indicating the precipitation of an amorphous, non-keratin, acidic, abrasion-resistant protein from the glandular mucosa by the acid in the gizzard.
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Studies of Epidermal Protein Metabolism**From the Research Laboratories of the Department of Dermatology of the Harvard Medical School at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 14, Massachusetts and the Graduate Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham 54, Massachusetts. J Invest Dermatol 1962. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1962.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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LEVINE BB. Studies on the formation of the penicillin antigen. II. Some reactions of d-benzylpenicillenic acid in aqueous solution at pH 7.5. Arch Biochem Biophys 1961; 93:50-5. [PMID: 13761468 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(61)90314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The Evaluation of Keratin Fractions in Normal and Abnormal Epidermis**From the Dermatology Service, General Medicine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Bethesda, Maryland. J Invest Dermatol 1960. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1960.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Strasheim A, Buijs K. A study of the infra-red spectra of wool fibres using the KBr disk technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1960. [DOI: 10.1016/0371-1951(60)80140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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H�hnel R. Vergleichende chemische Untersuchungen an physiologischen und pathologischen Keratinen. Arch Dermatol Res 1959. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00477541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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