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Dulberger CL, Guerrero-Bustamante CA, Owen SV, Wilson S, Wuo MG, Garlena RA, Serpa LA, Russell DA, Zhu J, Braunecker BJ, Squyres GR, Baym M, Kiessling LL, Garner EC, Rubin EJ, Hatfull GF. Mycobacterial nucleoid-associated protein Lsr2 is required for productive mycobacteriophage infection. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:695-710. [PMID: 36823286 PMCID: PMC10066036 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteriophages are a diverse group of viruses infecting Mycobacterium with substantial therapeutic potential. However, as this potential becomes realized, the molecular details of phage infection and mechanisms of resistance remain ill-defined. Here we use live-cell fluorescence microscopy to visualize the spatiotemporal dynamics of mycobacteriophage infection in single cells and populations, showing that infection is dependent on the host nucleoid-associated Lsr2 protein. Mycobacteriophages preferentially adsorb at Mycobacterium smegmatis sites of new cell wall synthesis and following DNA injection, Lsr2 reorganizes away from host replication foci to establish zones of phage DNA replication (ZOPR). Cells lacking Lsr2 proceed through to cell lysis when infected but fail to generate consecutive phage bursts that trigger epidemic spread of phage particles to neighbouring cells. Many mycobacteriophages code for their own Lsr2-related proteins, and although their roles are unknown, they do not rescue the loss of host Lsr2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Dulberger
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Siân V Owen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael G Wuo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Garlena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lexi A Serpa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel A Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Junhao Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ben J Braunecker
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georgia R Squyres
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Baym
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura L Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ethan C Garner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric J Rubin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Graham F Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Huan YW, Fa-Arun J, Wang B. The Role of O-antigen in P1 Transduction of Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli with its Alternative S' Tail Fibre. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167829. [PMID: 36116540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacteria phage P1 expresses two types of tail fibre, S and S'. Despite the wide usage of phage P1 for transduction, the host range and the receptor for its alternative S' tail fibre was never determined. Here, a ΔS-cin Δpac E. coli P1 lysogenic strain was generated to allow packaging of phagemid DNA into P1 phage having either S or S' tail fibre. P1(S') could transduce phagemid DNA into Shigella flexneri 2a 2457O, Shigella flexneri 5a M90T and Escherichia coli O3 efficiently. Mutational analysis of the O-antigen assembly genes and LPS inhibition assays indicated that P1(S') transduction requires at least one O-antigen unit. E. coli O111:B4 LPS produced a high neutralising effect against P1(S') transduction, indicating that this E. coli strain could be susceptible to P1(S')-mediated transduction. Mutations in the O-antigen modification genes of S. flexneri 2a 2457O and S. flexneri 5a M90T did not cause significant changes to P1(S') transduction efficiency. A higher transduction efficiency of P1(S') improved the delivery of a cas9 antimicrobial phagemid into both S. flexneri 2457O and M90T. These findings provide novel insights into P1 tropism-switching, by identifying the bacterial strains which are susceptible to P1(S')-mediated transduction, as well as demonstrating its potential for delivering a DNA sequence-specific Cas9 antimicrobial into clinically relevant S. flexneri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang W Huan
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
| | - Jidapha Fa-Arun
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
| | - Baojun Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Centre of Biological Computation, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China.
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3
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RUTBERG L. ON THE EFFECTS OF HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON BACTERIA AND BACTERIOPHAGE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 61:91-7. [PMID: 14150639 DOI: 10.1111/apm.1964.61.1.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Di Lallo G, Evangelisti M, Mancuso F, Ferrante P, Marcelletti S, Tinari A, Superti F, Migliore L, D'Addabbo P, Frezza D, Scortichini M, Thaller MC. Isolation and partial characterization of bacteriophages infecting Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54:1210-21. [PMID: 24810619 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201300951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit. In the last years, it has caused severe economic losses to Actinidia spp. cultivations, mainly in Italy and New Zealand. Conventional strategies adopted did not provide adequate control of infection. Phage therapy may be a realistic and safe answer to the urgent need for novel antibacterial agents aiming to control this bacterial pathogen. In this study, we described the isolation and characterization of two bacteriophages able to specifically infect Psa. φPSA1, a member of the Siphoviridae family, is a temperate phage with a narrow host range, a long latency, and a burst size of 178; φPSA2 is a lytic phage of Podoviridae family with a broader host range, a short latency, a burst size of 92 and a higher bactericidal activity as determined by the TOD value. The genomic sequence of φPSA1 has a length of 51,090 bp and a low sequence homology with the other siphophages, whereas φPSA2 has a length of 40 472 bp with a 98% homology with Pseudomonas putida bacteriophage gh-1. Of the two phages examined, φPSA2 may be considered as a candidate for phage therapy of kiwifruit disease, while φPSA1 seems specific toward the recent outbreak's isolates and could be useful for Psa typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Di Lallo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita' di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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5
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Sinha RP. Alteration of Host Specificity to Lytic Bacteriophages in Streptococcus cremoris. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 40:326-32. [PMID: 16345612 PMCID: PMC291575 DOI: 10.1128/aem.40.2.326-332.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A mutant of Streptococcus cremoris strain ML1 was isolated based on its resistance to acriflavine. The mutant strain showed resistance to the growth of virulent bacteriophages to which the parental strain was sensitive whereas it became sensitive to a number of other virulent phages to which the parental strain was resistant. At the same time, infection of the mutant strain by another bacteriophage sc607 resulted in killing of cells without production of progeny phages. The phage adsorption appeared normal, suggesting that the killing was a postadsorption event. Such killing of bacterial cells was prevented by chloramphenicol treatment, indicating that involvement of some protein either synthesized by phage or phage-induced cellular protein. Synthesis of ribonucleic acid was abruptly terminated after infection of the mutant strain by phage sc607 but not of the parental strain. The alteration of host specificity in the mutant to different lytic bacteriophages and especially abortive infection by phage sc607 resembles the prophage-mediated interference observed in other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Sinha
- Food Research Institute, Research Branch, Canada Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6
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Abstract
Escherichia coli strain W was found to be lysogenic for a temperate phage Wφ. This phage, which plates on E. coli C, forms λ-like plaques 2–3 mm. diameter with turbid centres. It is serologically unrelated to λ but is closely related to P2 which it resembles in the electron microscope. Its buoyant density in CsCl has been measured and it is different from λ but similar to P2. E. coli C made lysogenic for Wφ restricts the growth of λ, and elsewhere (Kerszman, Glover & Aronovitch, 1967) it has been shown that the DNA of phage λ is degraded shortly after infection of bacteria lysogenic for Wφ. A mutant of Wφ has been isolated which has lost the property of restricting the growth of λ.
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Wolf-Ellmauer H. Quantitative Untersuchungen zur Induzierbarkeit der Phagenproduktion Zweier Lysogener Stämme mit Identischen Prophagen. J Basic Microbiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.19610010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Odegrip R, Nilsson AS, Haggård-Ljungquist E. Identification of a gene encoding a functional reverse transcriptase within a highly variable locus in the P2-like coliphages. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:1643-7. [PMID: 16452449 PMCID: PMC1367236 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.4.1643-1647.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2-like coliphages are highly similar; the structural genes show at least 96% identity. However, at two loci they have genes believed to be horizontally transferred. We show that the genetic content at the second loci, the TO region, contains six completely different sequences with high AT contents and with different open reading frames. The product of one of them exhibits reverse transcriptase activity and blocks infection of phage T5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Odegrip
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Łobocka MB, Rose DJ, Plunkett G, Rusin M, Samojedny A, Lehnherr H, Yarmolinsky MB, Blattner FR. Genome of bacteriophage P1. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:7032-68. [PMID: 15489417 PMCID: PMC523184 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.21.7032-7068.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 07/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
P1 is a bacteriophage of Escherichia coli and other enteric bacteria. It lysogenizes its hosts as a circular, low-copy-number plasmid. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequences of two strains of a P1 thermoinducible mutant, P1 c1-100. The P1 genome (93,601 bp) contains at least 117 genes, of which almost two-thirds had not been sequenced previously and 49 have no homologs in other organisms. Protein-coding genes occupy 92% of the genome and are organized in 45 operons, of which four are decisive for the choice between lysis and lysogeny. Four others ensure plasmid maintenance. The majority of the remaining 37 operons are involved in lytic development. Seventeen operons are transcribed from sigma(70) promoters directly controlled by the master phage repressor C1. Late operons are transcribed from promoters recognized by the E. coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme in the presence of the Lpa protein, the product of a C1-controlled P1 gene. Three species of P1-encoded tRNAs provide differential controls of translation, and a P1-encoded DNA methyltransferase with putative bifunctionality influences transcription, replication, and DNA packaging. The genome is particularly rich in Chi recombinogenic sites. The base content and distribution in P1 DNA indicate that replication of P1 from its plasmid origin had more impact on the base compositional asymmetries of the P1 genome than replication from the lytic origin of replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata B Łobocka
- Department of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Ul. Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bertani
- Biology Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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11
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Chopin A, Bolotin A, Sorokin A, Ehrlich SD, Chopin M. Analysis of six prophages in Lactococcus lactis IL1403: different genetic structure of temperate and virulent phage populations. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:644-51. [PMID: 11160885 PMCID: PMC30408 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.3.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2000] [Revised: 12/10/2000] [Accepted: 12/10/2000] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the genetic organisation of six prophages present in the genome of Lactococcus lactis IL1403. The three larger prophages (36-42 kb), belong to the already described P335 group of temperate phages, whereas the three smaller ones (13-15 kb) are most probably satellites relying on helper phage(s) for multiplication. These data give a new insight into the genetic structure of lactococcal phage populations. P335 temperate phages have variable genomes, sharing homology over only 10-33% of their length. In contrast, virulent phages have highly similar genomes sharing homology over >90% of their length. Further analysis of genetic structure in all known groups of phages active on other bacterial hosts such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, MYCOBACTERIUM: and Streptococcus thermophilus confirmed the existence of two types of genetic structure related to the phage way of life. This might reflect different intensities of horizontal DNA exchange: low among purely virulent phages and high among temperate phages and their lytic homologues. We suggest that the constraints on genetic exchange among purely virulent phages reflect their optimal genetic organisation, adapted to a more specialised and extreme form of parasitism than temperate/lytic phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chopin
- Génétique Microbienne, INRA-CRJ, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France.
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12
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13
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14
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BOICE LB, LURIA SE. Behavior of prophage P1 in bacterial matings. I. Transfer of the defective prophage P1 dl. Virology 1998; 20:147-57. [PMID: 13968507 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(63)90150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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16
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LURIA SE, ADAMS JN, TING RC. Transduction of lactose-utilizing ability among strains of E. coli and S. dysenteriae and the properties of the transducing phage particles. Virology 1998; 12:348-90. [PMID: 13764402 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(60)90161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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18
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RAVIN AW. The origin of bacterial species. Genetic recombination and factors limiting it between bacterial populations. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1998; 24:201-20. [PMID: 14436563 PMCID: PMC440990 DOI: 10.1128/br.24.2.201-220.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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19
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REVEL HR, LURIA SE, ROTMAN B. Biosynthesis of B-D-galactosidase controlled by phage-carried genes. I. Induced beta-D-galactosidase biosynthesis after transduction of gene z-plus by phage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 47:1956-67. [PMID: 14491633 PMCID: PMC223248 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.47.12.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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20
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Abstract
A temperate bacteriophage was isolated from the colicinogenic strain of Escherichia coli K235 and characterized. This phage, termed PK, is related to P2 virus morphologically, serologically, and, possibly, genetically and it bears no relationship to the T-even phages. It was also demonstrated that PK virus and colicine K differ both in their host range and in their immunological specificity, and that PK prophage does not induce the colicinogenesis in its host bacterium. It was concluded that the formation of colicine K. and PK phage in E. coli K235 are controlled by different genetic determinants.
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21
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RUTBERG L. ON THE EFFECTS OF HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON BACTERIA AND BACTERIOPHAGE. 3. INDUCTION WITH HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI K LYSOGENIC FOR BACTERIOPHAGE LAMBDA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 61:98-105. [PMID: 14150640 DOI: 10.1111/apm.1964.61.1.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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RUTBERG L, RUTBERG B. ON THE EXPRESSION OF THE RII MUTATION OF T-EVEN BACTERIOPHAGES IN ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAIN B. Virology 1996; 22:280-3. [PMID: 14165333 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(64)90013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Paolozzi L, Ghelardini P. A case of lysogenic conversion: modification of cell phenotype by constitutive expression of the Mu gem operon. Res Microbiol 1992; 143:237-43. [PMID: 1448611 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(92)90015-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Paolozzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, II Università di Roma Tor Vergata
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26
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JACOB FRANÇOIS, MONOD JACQUES. Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms in the Synthesis of Proteins. Mol Biol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-131200-8.50010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Abstract
The possible outcomes of infection of Escherichia coli by bacteriophage Mu include lytic growth, lysogen formation, nonlysogenic surviving cells, and perhaps simple killing of the host. The influence of various parameters, including host himA and himD mutations, on lysogeny and cell survival is described. Mu does not grow lytically in or kill him bacteria but can lysogenize such hosts. Mu c+ lysogenizes about 8% of him+ bacteria infected at low multiplicity at 37 degrees C. The frequency of lysogens per infected him+ cell diminishes with increasing multiplicity of infection or with increasing temperature over the range from 30 to 42 degrees C. In him bacteria, the Mu lysogenization frequency increases from about 7% at low multiplicity of infection to approach a maximum where most but not all cells are lysogens at high multiplicity of infection. Lysogenization of him hosts by an assay phage marked with antibiotic resistance is enhanced by infection with unmarked auxiliary phage. This helping effect is possible for at least 1 h, suggesting that Mu infection results in formation of a stable intermediate. Mu immunity is not required for lysogenization of him hosts. We argue that in him bacteria, all Mu genomes which integrate into the host chromosome form lysogens.
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28
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Duckworth DH, Glenn J, McCorquodale DJ. Inhibition of bacteriophage replication by extrachromosomal genetic elements. Microbiol Rev 1981; 45:52-71. [PMID: 6452572 PMCID: PMC281498 DOI: 10.1128/mr.45.1.52-71.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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29
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Brégégère F. Bacteriophage P2-lambda interference. III. Essential role of an early step in the initiation of lambda replication. J Mol Biol 1978; 122:113-25. [PMID: 355640 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Brégégère F. Bacteriophage P2-lambda interference. II. Effects on the host under the control of lambda genes O and P. J Mol Biol 1976; 104:411-20. [PMID: 781288 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(76)90279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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31
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Inoko H, Imai M. Isolation and genetic characterization of the nitA mutants of Escherichia coli affecting the termination factor rho. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1976; 143:211-21. [PMID: 765755 DOI: 10.1007/bf00266924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Taking advantage of the Spi (sensitivity to P2 interference) phenomenon, bacterial mutants seemingly resistant to phage lambdasusNnin5, but sensitive to phage lambdaspi, were isolated from a strain of E. coli K12 carrying no nonsense suppressor and lysogenic for P2. A class of these mutants, designated nitA (N-independent transcription), is described here. Upon infection of the nitA mutants with a trp transducing phage lambdasusN7N53ptrp46 which carries the E. coli trpE and D genes in the CIII-att region of the lambda genome, formation of anthranilate synthetase (ASase, a complex protein of trp E and D gene products) was clearly demonstrated. In contrast, no ASase formation was observed in the parent nitA+ strain under the same conditions. The synthesis is subject to "turn off" control, and is completely repressed by the CI repressor of phage lambda. The nitA cells lysogenic for lambdaCI857susN7N53 are killed by thermal induction much more efficiently than the parent cells lysogenic for the same phage. The nitA mutants support the growth of lambdasusN7N53byp much better than the parent. These results suggest that the nitA mutation permits the early leftward and rightward transcription of the lambda genome in the absence of the N gene product. On the E. coli genetic map, nitA is located between ilv and metE, nearer to ilv. The mutant allele is recessive to the wild-type allele. The present evidence, together with results of biochemical investigations to be reported, suggests that nitA is a gene specifying the transcription termination factor rho.
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32
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Konopa G, Taylor K. Isolation of coliphage lambda ghosts able to adsorb onto bacterial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 399:460-7. [PMID: 809058 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(75)90273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have examined three methods of lambda ghost production, starting with the [3H]leucine-labelled phage, purified by CsCl density gradient sedimentation. Ghosts obtained by the osmotic shock or by incubation in 5 M LiCl do not adsorb on bacteria. Ghosts obtained by the treatment with the chelating agent EDTA and purified by CsCl density gradient sedimentation possess well preserved adsorption properties and are virtually free of DNA and infectious phage particles.
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33
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Bregegere F. Bacteriophage P2-lambda interference: inhibition of protein synthesis involves transfer RNA inactivation. J Mol Biol 1974; 90:459-67. [PMID: 4615170 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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34
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Abstract
Strains of Bacillus subtilis lysogenic for temperate bacteriophage SPO2 inhibit the development of bacteriophage phi1. After infection by bacteriophage phi1, DNA and RNA synthesis in the lysogenic host terminates, culminating in cell death. Bacteriophage SPO2 also prevents the production of bacteriophage phi105. Mechanisms for these two types of bacteriophage interference are discussed.
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35
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36
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Steiger H. Genetic studies with two prophages naturally resident in Serratia marcescens HY. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1973; 122:345-52. [PMID: 4577540 DOI: 10.1007/bf00269435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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37
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Borek E, Ryan A. Lysogenic induction. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1973; 13:249-300. [PMID: 4267058 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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38
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Sironi G, Bialy H, Lozeron HA, Calendar R. Bacteriophage P2: interaction with phage lambda and with recombination-deficient bacteria. Virology 1971; 46:387-96. [PMID: 4943192 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
A series of independent Escherichia coli K eductants has been isolated and tested to determine the extent of their deletions. The deletions cover the P2 prophage in location H, the his operon, a suppressor of the recBC phenotype (sbcB), the gene for gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (gnd), a locus involved in cell wall synthesis (rfb), and in some cases all or part of genes involved in methylgalactoside uptake (mglP). One end of the deletion, the P2 prophage end, appears to be the same for all eductants. The other end, however, can be located before, within, and after the mglP locus.
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Hong JS, Smith GR, Ames BN. Adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate concentration in the bacterial host regulates the viral decision between lysogeny and lysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971; 68:2258-62. [PMID: 4332251 PMCID: PMC389396 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.68.9.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium defective in adenylate cyclase (cya gene) or in cAMP receptor protein (crp gene) are lysogenized at reduced frequency by phage P22. One class of the bacterial mutants with an altered RNA polymerase (rif gene) is also lysogenized at reduced frequency. In the three types of mutant bacteria, the phage's decision between lysogeny and lysis is shifted to lysis and the phage form clear plaques. We propose that in wild-type bacteria the cAMP-receptor protein, in combination with cAMP, activates bacterial RNA polymerase to transcribe certain phage genes that are required for efficient lysogenization. Under conditions of strong catabolite repression, when the supply of energy and biosynthetic components is abundant and the concentration of cAMP is low, the phage would multiply and lyse the cell. When the supply of energy is deficient and the concentration of cAMP is high, the phage would lysogenize the cell. Phage mutants have been isolated that form turbid plaques on the three classes of bacterial mutants due to a higher frequency of lysogeny. These phage mutants have been shown by complementation to be defective in the same gene, which we have called the cly gene. These cly mutants lysogenize the wild-type bacteria with a 99% frequency and, thus, do not form plaques on them. Other kinds of bacterial mutants are also lysogenized at reduced frequency by phage P22. They may be altered in other physiological control systems that influence the frequency of lysogenization.
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Hedges RW. Transduction mechanisms of bacteriophage epsilon 15. I. General properties of the system. Genet Res (Camb) 1971; 18:9-19. [PMID: 5211366 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300012362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYBacteriophageεγis capable of transduction both by replacement of a genetic segment of the recipient by the homologous genetic material from the donor strain and by the formation of defective transducing particles capable of lysogenizing the recipient strain ofS. anatum.The isolation of strains carrying such prophages, which have incorporated the lactose or arabinose operons, is reported. Lysogenic strains, carrying both normal and defective transducing prophage, form high-frequency transducing lysates. Other strains, carrying only defective prophage, show evidence that the association of prophage genes and transduced materials is stable since the loss of one frequently entails loss of the other.
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Lindqvist BH. Vegetative DNA of temperate coliphage P2. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1971; 110:178-96. [PMID: 5550312 DOI: 10.1007/bf00332647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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44
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45
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46
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Lindahl G, Sironi G, Bialy H, Calendar R. Bacteriophage lambda; abortive infection of bacteria lysogenic for phage P2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 66:587-94. [PMID: 4913204 PMCID: PMC283090 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.66.3.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of plating of wild-type lambda on a host lysogenic for P2 is less than 10(-6), and only a small number of infected cells produce progeny phage. Lambda can adsorb and inject its DNA normally in such cells; the DNA can circularize and is not nicked or degraded, but replication is severely impaired. Mutants of P2, which as prophages no longer interfere with lambda, have been isolated and found to be recessive to wild type, implying that P2 prophage codes for a diffusible product involved in lambda interference. The P2 gene product responsible for preventing lambda growth also kills recombination-deficient bacteria of the recB and recC classes under conditions where P2 does not normally kill the host. Mutants of lambda that are resistant to interference are recessive to wild-type lambda. Thus lambda actively participates in its own interference. The lambda-mutants that are resistant to interference are unable to synthesize at least two nonessential proteins. In addition, they are unable to grow on recombination-deficient bacteria of the recA class, but they can grow on recA recB double mutants.
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47
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Cohen SN, Chang AC. Genetic expression in bacteriophage lambda. 3. Inhibition of Escherichia coli nucleic acid and protein synthesis during lambda development. J Mol Biol 1970; 49:557-75. [PMID: 4916548 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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48
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Wiman M, Bertani G, Kelly B, Sasaki I. Genetic map of Escherichia coli strain C. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1970; 107:1-31. [PMID: 4921211 DOI: 10.1007/bf00433220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Peterson PA. Controlling elements and mutable loci in maize: their relationship to bacterial episomes. Genetica 1970; 41:33-56. [PMID: 5480763 DOI: 10.1007/bf00958892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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