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Øvrebø Ø, De Lauretis A, Ma Q, Lyngstadaas SP, Perale G, Nilsen O, Rossi F, Haugen HJ. Towards bone regeneration: Understanding the nucleating ability of proline-rich peptides in biomineralisation. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 159:213801. [PMID: 38401402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Obtaining rapid mineralisation is a challenge in current bone graft materials, which has been attributed to the difficulty of guiding the biological processes towards osteogenesis. Amelogenin, a key protein in enamel formation, inspired the design of two intrinsically disordered peptides (P2 and P6) that enhance in vivo bone formation, but the process is not fully understood. In this study, we have elucidated the mechanism by which these peptides induce improved mineralisation. Our molecular dynamics analysis demonstrated that in an aqueous environment, P2 and P6 fold to interact with the surrounding Ca2+, PO43- and OH- ions, which can lead to apatite nucleation. Although P2 has a less stable backbone, it folds to a stable structure that allows for the nucleation of larger calcium phosphate aggregates than P6. These results were validated experimentally in a concentrated simulated body fluid solution, where the peptide solutions accelerated the mineralisation process compared to the control and yielded mineral structures mimicking the amorphous calcium phosphate crystals that can be found in lamella bone. A pH drop for the peptide groups suggests depletion of calcium and phosphate, a prerequisite for intrinsic osteoinduction, while S/TEM and SEM suggested that the peptide regulated the mineral nucleation into lamella flakes. Evidently, the peptides accelerate and guide mineral formation, elucidating the mechanism for how these peptides can improve the efficacy of P2 or P6 containing devices for bone regeneration. The work also demonstrates how experimental mineralisation study coupled with molecular dynamics is a valid method for understanding and predicting in vivo performance prior to animal trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Øvrebø
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; Material Biomimetic AS, Oslo Science Park, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Angela De Lauretis
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Qianli Ma
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ståle Petter Lyngstadaas
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Giuseppe Perale
- Industrie Biomediche Insubri SA, Mezzovico-Vira 6805, Switzerland; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern Switzerland, Lugano 6900, Switzerland; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ola Nilsen
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Håvard J Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
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Insights into the aetiologies of hypercementosis: A systematic review and a scoring system. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 146:105599. [PMID: 36495812 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper aims to better define hypercementosis, investigate its described potential aetiologies, and determine whether there are different patterns of cementum apposition and if they are a function of their supposed aetiology. DESIGN A literature review was undertaken using the Medline, DOSS, Scopus and Cochrane Library electronic databases. Two co-authors selected the published works independently, extracted the data in accordance with the PRISMA statement. RESULTS Among 546 articles, 75 articles were finally selected. Eight different supposed aetiologies were identified: (1) intensive masticatory effort, (2) systemic disease, (3) carious lesion and apical periodontitis, (4) impaction, (5) periodontal disease, (6) concrescence, (7) super-eruption, and (8) drugs. Some of these aetiologies can be combined in the same tooth. Hypercementosis manifestations are various in nature and extent with different patterns that may be aetiology-specific. To improve the description and associated consistency in the characterisation of hypercementosis, in this review but also in future studies, we propose a new qualitative scoring system to quickly characterise hypercementosis and determine its most relevant aetiology. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review demonstrates that hypercementosis is a complex and not yet well-defined condition. Some forms of apposition are specific to a given aetiology. The hypercementosis characterisation may contribute to document the oral condition and/or the individuals masticatory activity.
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Zhou M, Graves DT. Impact of the host response and osteoblast lineage cells on periodontal disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:998244. [PMID: 36304447 PMCID: PMC9592920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.998244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis involves the loss of connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone. Single cell RNA-seq experiments have provided new insight into how resident cells and infiltrating immune cells function in response to bacterial challenge in periodontal tissues. Periodontal disease is induced by a combined innate and adaptive immune response to bacterial dysbiosis that is initiated by resident cells including epithelial cells and fibroblasts, which recruit immune cells. Chemokines and cytokines stimulate recruitment of osteoclast precursors and osteoclastogenesis in response to TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, RANKL and other factors. Inflammation also suppresses coupled bone formation to limit repair of osteolytic lesions. Bone lining cells, osteocytes and periodontal ligament cells play a key role in both processes. The periodontal ligament contains cells that exhibit similarities to tendon cells, osteoblast-lineage cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Bone lining cells consisting of mesenchymal stem cells, osteoprogenitors and osteoblasts are influenced by osteocytes and stimulate formation of osteoclast precursors through MCSF and RANKL, which directly induce osteoclastogenesis. Following bone resorption, factors are released from resorbed bone matrix and by osteoclasts and osteal macrophages that recruit osteoblast precursors to the resorbed bone surface. Osteoblast differentiation and coupled bone formation are regulated by multiple signaling pathways including Wnt, Notch, FGF, IGF-1, BMP, and Hedgehog pathways. Diabetes, cigarette smoking and aging enhance the pathologic processes to increase bone resorption and inhibit coupled bone formation to accelerate bone loss. Other bone pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis, post-menopausal osteoporosis and bone unloading/disuse also affect osteoblast lineage cells and participate in formation of osteolytic lesions by promoting bone resorption and inhibiting coupled bone formation. Thus, periodontitis involves the activation of an inflammatory response that involves a large number of cells to stimulate bone resorption and limit osseous repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dana T. Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Dana T. Graves,
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Shang W, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Dong Q, Schmalz G, Hu S. The Understanding of Vital Pulp Therapy in Permanent Teeth: A New Perspective. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8788358. [PMID: 36132084 PMCID: PMC9484899 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8788358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The indications of vital pulp therapy (VPT) are expanding, which cases are suitable for VPT, and how to improve the success rate of VPT is a problem that often bothers us. The main purpose of VPT is to eliminate pulpitis by promoting the formation of reparative dentin or calcium bridge, so that it can continue to perform various physiological functions, and finally achieve the purpose of preserving pulp vitality and long-term preservation of affected teeth. Pulp capping and pulpotomy are the most common methods for VPT. The research field of VPT has attracted the attention of many scholars, who have studied it from many aspects (such as indications, material selection, operation requirements, and long-term prognosis). This article reviews the recent advances in the techniques of VPT in permanent teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shang
- Department of Stomatology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000 Shanxi, China
| | - Zeliang Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000 Shanxi, China
| | - Xicong Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000 Shanxi, China
| | - Qingquan Dong
- Department of Stomatology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000 Shanxi, China
| | - Gerhard Schmalz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University Leipzig, Liebigstr 12, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shaonan Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000 Shanxi, China
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Andras NL, Mohamed FF, Chu EY, Foster BL. Between a rock and a hard place: Regulation of mineralization in the periodontium. Genesis 2022; 60:e23474. [PMID: 35460154 PMCID: PMC9492628 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The periodontium supports and attaches teeth via mineralized and nonmineralized tissues. It consists of two, unique mineralized tissues, cementum and alveolar bone. In between these tissues, lies an unmineralized, fibrous periodontal ligament (PDL), which distributes occlusal forces, nourishes and invests teeth, and harbors progenitor cells for dentoalveolar repair. Many unanswered questions remain regarding periodontal biology. This review will focus on recent research providing insights into one enduring mystery: the precise regulation of the hard-soft tissue borders in the periodontium which define the interfaces of the cementum-PDL-alveolar bone structure. We will focus on advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms that maintain the unmineralized PDL "between a rock and a hard place" by regulating the mineralization of cementum and alveolar bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L. Andras
- Biosciences Division, College of DentistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Fatma F. Mohamed
- Biosciences Division, College of DentistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Emily Y. Chu
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, School of DentistryUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Brian L. Foster
- Biosciences Division, College of DentistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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Shaikh MS, Shahzad Z, Tash EA, Janjua OS, Khan MI, Zafar MS. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Current Literature and Role in Periodontal Regeneration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071168. [PMID: 35406732 PMCID: PMC8997495 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease can cause irreversible damage to tooth-supporting tissues such as the root cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone, eventually leading to tooth loss. While standard periodontal treatments are usually helpful in reducing disease progression, they cannot repair or replace lost periodontal tissue. Periodontal regeneration has been demonstrated to be beneficial in treating intraosseous and furcation defects to varied degrees. Cell-based treatment for periodontal regeneration will become more efficient and predictable as tissue engineering and progenitor cell biology advance, surpassing the limitations of present therapeutic techniques. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the ability to self-renew and differentiate into several cell types when stimulated. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been tested for periodontal regeneration in vitro and in humans, with promising results. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) possess a great regenerative and therapeutic potential. Their added benefits comprise ease of collection, endless source of stem cells, less immunorejection, and affordability. Further, their collection does not include the concerns associated with human embryonic stem cells. The purpose of this review is to address the most recent findings about periodontal regenerative mechanisms, different stem cells accessible for periodontal regeneration, and UC-MSCs and their involvement in periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Shaikh
- Department of Oral Biology, Sindh Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi 75510, Pakistan;
| | - Zara Shahzad
- Lahore Medical and Dental College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 53400, Pakistan;
| | - Esraa Abdulgader Tash
- Department of Oral and Clinical Basic Science, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarah 41311, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Omer Sefvan Janjua
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, PMC Dental Institute, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | | | - Muhammad Sohail Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarah 41311, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-507544691
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7
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Y Baena AR, Casasco A, Monti M. Hypes and Hopes of Stem Cell Therapies in Dentistry: a Review. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:1294-1308. [PMID: 35015212 PMCID: PMC8748526 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the most exciting advances in life science research is the development of 3D cell culture systems to obtain complex structures called organoids and spheroids. These 3D cultures closely mimic in vivo conditions, where cells can grow and interact with their surroundings. This allows us to better study the spatio-temporal dynamics of organogenesis and organ function. Furthermore, physiologically relevant organoids cultures can be used for basic research, medical research, and drug discovery. Although most of the research thus far focuses on the development of heart, liver, kidney, and brain organoids, to name a few, most recently, these structures were obtained using dental stem cells to study in vitro tooth regeneration. This review aims to present the most up-to-date research showing how dental stem cells can be grown on specific biomaterials to induce their differentiation in 3D. The possibility of combining engineering and biology principles to replicate and/or increase tissue function has been an emerging and exciting field in medicine. The use of this methodology in dentistry has already yielded many interesting results paving the way for the improvement of dental care and successful therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rodriguez Y Baena
- Program in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Andrea Casasco
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Dental & Face Center, CDI, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Monti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. .,Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
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8
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Modulated cementogenic genes upregulation in human buccal fat pad-derived stem cells by strontium-ranelate. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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desJardins-Park HE, Mascharak S, Longaker MT, Wan DC. Endogenous Mechanisms of Craniomaxillofacial Repair: Toward Novel Regenerative Therapies. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2021; 2:676258. [PMID: 35048022 PMCID: PMC8757793 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.676258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fields of oral and craniomaxillofacial surgery, regeneration of multiple tissue types-including bone, skin, teeth, and mucosal soft tissue-is often a desired outcome. However, limited endogenous capacity for regeneration, as well as predisposition of many tissues to fibrotic healing, may prevent recovery of normal form and function for patients. Recent basic science research has advanced our understanding of molecular and cellular pathways of repair in the oral/craniofacial region and how these are influenced by local microenvironment and embryonic origin. Here, we review the current state of knowledge in oral and craniomaxillofacial tissue repair/regeneration in four key areas: bone (in the context of calvarial defects and mandibular regeneration during distraction osteogenesis); skin (in the context of cleft lip/palate surgery); oral mucosa (in the context of minimally scarring repair of mucosal injuries); and teeth (in the context of dental disease/decay). These represent four distinct healing processes and outcomes. We will discuss both divergent and conserved pathways of repair in these contexts, with an eye toward fundamental mechanisms of regeneration vs. fibrosis as well as translational research directions. Ultimately, this knowledge can be leveraged to develop new cell-based and molecular treatment strategies to encourage bone and soft tissue regeneration in oral and craniomaxillofacial surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E. desJardins-Park
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford, CA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Shamik Mascharak
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford, CA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michael T. Longaker
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford, CA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Derrick C. Wan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford, CA, United States
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10
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Nagasaki A, Nagasaki K, Kear BD, Tadesse WD, Thumbigere-Math V, Millán JL, Foster BL, Somerman MJ. Delivery of Alkaline Phosphatase Promotes Periodontal Regeneration in Mice. J Dent Res 2021; 100:993-1001. [PMID: 33840251 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211005677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors regulating the ratio of pyrophosphate (PPi) to phosphate (Pi) modulate biomineralization. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is a key promineralization enzyme that hydrolyzes the potent mineralization inhibitor PPi. The goal of this study was to determine whether TNAP could promote periodontal regeneration in bone sialoprotein knockout mice (Ibsp-/- mice), which are known to have a periodontal disease phenotype. Delivery of TNAP was accomplished either systemically (through a lentiviral construct expressing a mineral-targeted TNAP-D10 protein) or locally (through addition of recombinant human TNAP to a fenestration defect model). Systemic TNAP-D10 delivered by intramuscular injection at 5 d postnatal (dpn) increased circulating alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in Ibsp-/- mice by 5-fold at 30 dpn, with levels returning to normal by 60 dpn when tissues were evaluated by micro-computed tomography and histology. Local delivery of recombinant human TNAP to fenestration defects in 5-wk-old wild type (WT) and Ibsp-/- mice did not alter long-term circulating ALP levels, and tissues were evaluated by micro-computed tomography and histology at postoperative day 45. Systemic and local delivery of TNAP significantly increased alveolar bone volume (20% and 37%, respectively) and cementum thickness (3- and 42-fold) in Ibsp-/- mice, with evidence for periodontal ligament attachment and bone/cementum marker localization. Local delivery significantly increased regenerated cementum and bone in WT mice. Addition of 100-μg/mL bovine intestinal ALP to culture media to increase ALP in vitro increased media Pi concentration, mineralization, and Spp1 and Dmp1 marker gene expression in WT and Ibsp-/- OCCM.30 cementoblasts. Use of phosphonoformic acid, a nonspecific inhibitor of sodium Pi cotransport, indicated that effects of bovine intestinal ALP on mineralization and marker gene expression were in part through Pi transport. These findings show for the first time through multiple in vivo and in vitro approaches that pharmacologic modulation of Pi/PPi metabolism can overcome periodontal breakdown and accomplish regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B D Kear
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W D Tadesse
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - V Thumbigere-Math
- Division of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J L Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - B L Foster
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M J Somerman
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Chavez MB, Chu EY, Kram V, de Castro LF, Somerman MJ, Foster BL. Guidelines for Micro-Computed Tomography Analysis of Rodent Dentoalveolar Tissues. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10474. [PMID: 33778330 PMCID: PMC7990153 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro–computed tomography (μCT) has become essential for analysis of mineralized as well as nonmineralized tissues and is therefore widely applicable in the life sciences. However, lack of standardized approaches and protocols for scanning, analyzing, and reporting data often makes it difficult to understand exactly how analyses were performed, how to interpret results, and if findings can be broadly compared with other models and studies. This problem is compounded in analysis of the dentoalveolar complex by the presence of four distinct mineralized tissues: enamel, dentin, cementum, and alveolar bone. Furthermore, these hard tissues interface with adjacent soft tissues, the dental pulp and periodontal ligament (PDL), making for a complex organ. Drawing on others' and our own experience analyzing rodent dentoalveolar tissues by μCT, we introduce techniques to successfully analyze dentoalveolar tissues with similar or disparate compositions, densities, and morphological characteristics. Our goal is to provide practical guidelines for μCT analysis of rodent dentoalveolar tissues, including approaches to optimize scan parameters (filters, voltage, voxel size, and integration time), reproducibly orient samples, define regions and volumes of interest, segment and subdivide tissues, interpret findings, and report methods and results. We include illustrative examples of analyses performed on genetically engineered mouse models with phenotypes in enamel, dentin, cementum, and alveolar bone. The recommendations are designed to increase transparency and reproducibility, promote best practices, and provide a basic framework to apply μCT analysis to the dentoalveolar complex that can also be extrapolated to a variety of other tissues of the body. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Chavez
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Emily Y Chu
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda MD USA
| | - Vardit Kram
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda MD USA
| | - Luis F de Castro
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda MD USA
| | - Martha J Somerman
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda MD USA
| | - Brian L Foster
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
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Li X, Xu J, Yin Y, Liu T, Chang L, He S, Chen S. Notch signaling inhibition protects against root resorption in experimental immature tooth movement in rats. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 159:426-434.e5. [PMID: 33568273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to build an experimental immature tooth movement model and verify less resorption of incompletely developed roots than those fully developed during the same orthodontic treatment, followed by investigating the cellular and molecular mechanism. METHODS The development of Wistar rat tooth was investigated using in vivo microcomputed tomography and hematoxylin and eosin staining to decide the optimal ages of rats for immature tooth and mature tooth groups. The rats in the immature tooth and mature tooth groups were divided into experimental, sham control, and blank control groups. After orthodontic treatment for 3 weeks, the mesial root volume, crown movement distance, neck movement distance, root inclination, and apical distance were measured by microcomputed tomography. The expressions of TRAP, Jagged1, Notch2, IL-6, and RANKL were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The repair of root resorption was also investigated after removing orthodontic force for 3 and 6 weeks. RESULTS The root achieved the development stage around 10 weeks, so 4-week-old rats and 10-week-old rats were used in the immature tooth group and mature tooth group, respectively. The volume of root resorption in the experimental immature tooth group was 0.0869 ± 0.0244 mm3, which was less than that in the mature tooth group (0.1218 ± 0.0123 mm3) (P <0.001). Immature tooth movement decreased TRAP-positive odontoclasts on the compression side while having no statistically significant effect on osteoclasts. The protein expression of Jagged1, Notch2, IL-6, and RANKL in the mature tooth group increased significantly compared with the immature tooth group, not only on the compression side but also on the tension sides. The mRNA expression of Jagged1, Notch2, and RANKL was significantly lower in the immature tooth group, whereas the expression of IL-6 had no significance but a strong tendency. The root volume after repairing for 3 weeks was still less than that of blank control, whereas after repairing for 6 weeks, the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The experimental immature tooth movement model for the Wistar rat was achieved for the first time. The immature tooth will suffer less root resorption than the mature tooth, which may be due to odontoclastogenesis inhibition by decreased expression of Jagged1/Notch2/IL-6/RANKL signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Le Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shushu He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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13
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Nagasaki A, Nagasaki K, Chu EY, Kear BD, Tadesse WD, Ferebee SE, Li L, Foster BL, Somerman MJ. Ablation of Pyrophosphate Regulators Promotes Periodontal Regeneration. J Dent Res 2020; 100:639-647. [PMID: 33356859 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520981854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is regulated by inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a potent physiological inhibitor of hydroxyapatite crystal growth. Progressive ankylosis protein (ANK) and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) act to increase local extracellular levels of PPi, inhibiting mineralization. The periodontal complex includes 2 mineralized tissues, cementum and alveolar bone (AB), both essential for tooth attachment. Previous studies demonstrated that loss of function of ANK or ENPP1 (reducing PPi) resulted in increased cementum formation, suggesting PPi metabolism may be a target for periodontal regenerative therapies. To compare the effects of genetic ablation of Ank, Enpp1, and both factors concurrently on cementum and AB regeneration, mandibular fenestration defects were created in Ank knockout (Ank KO), Enpp1 mutant (Enpp1asj/asj), and double KO (dKO) mice. Genetic ablation of Ank, Enpp1, or both factors increased cementum regeneration compared to controls at postoperative days (PODs) 15 and 30 (Ank KO: 8-fold, 3-fold; Enpp1asj/asj: 7-fold, 3-fold; dKO: 11-fold, 4-fold, respectively) associated with increased fluorochrome labeling and expression of mineralized tissue markers, dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1/DMP1), osteopontin (Spp1/OPN), and bone sialoprotein (Ibsp/BSP). Furthermore, dKO mice featured increased cementum thickness compared to single KOs at POD15 and Ank KO at POD30. No differences were noted in AB volume between genotypes, but osteoblast/osteocyte markers were increased in all KOs, partially mineralized osteoid volume was increased in dKO versus controls at POD15 (3-fold), and mineral density was decreased in Enpp1asj/asj and dKOs at POD30 (6% and 9%, respectively). Increased numbers of osteoclasts were present in regenerated AB of all KOs versus controls. These preclinical studies suggest PPi modulation as a potential and novel approach for cementum regeneration, particularly targeting ENPP1 and/or ANK. Differences in cementum and AB regeneration in response to reduced PPi conditions highlight the need to consider tissue-specific responses in strategies targeting regeneration of the entire periodontal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E Y Chu
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B D Kear
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W D Tadesse
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S E Ferebee
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L Li
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B L Foster
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M J Somerman
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Insights into dental mineralization from three heritable mineralization disorders. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107597. [PMID: 32758526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Teeth are comprised of three unique mineralized tissues, enamel, dentin, and cementum, that are susceptible to developmental defects similar to those affecting bone. X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), caused by PHEX mutations, leads to increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)-driven hypophosphatemia and local extracellular matrix disturbances. Hypophosphatasia (HPP), caused by ALPL mutations, results in increased levels of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a mineralization inhibitor. Generalized arterial calcification in infancy (GACI), caused by ENPP1 mutations, results in vascular calcification due to decreased PPi, later compounded by FGF23-driven hypophosphatemia. In this perspective, we compare and contrast dental defects in primary teeth associated with XLH, HPP, and GACI, briefly reviewing genetic and biochemical features of these disorders and findings of clinical and preclinical studies to date, including some of our own recent observations. The distinct dental defects associated with the three heritable mineralization disorders reflect unique processes of the respective dental hard tissues, revealing insights into their development and clues about pathological mechanisms underlying such disorders.
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15
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Li X, Xu J, Yin Y, Liu T, Chang L, Tang Z, Chen S. Association between root resorption and tooth development: A quantitative clinical study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2020; 157:602-610. [PMID: 32354433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to verify less resorption of incompletely developed roots compared with those that were fully developed during the same orthodontic treatment and to test the value of the amount of external apical root resorption for predicting tooth development. METHODS A sample of 524 patients aged 10-15 years was selected following the inclusion criteria. For each subject, pretreatment and posttreatment digital panoramic and lateral radiographs were collected, and tooth development was determined from each radiograph. Through calculations, the amount of root resorption was assessed by a created and scientific approach for large-scale application using radiographs with only 8 measurement indexes for each patient. Other basic information and treatment parameters regarded as possible risk factors were also collected from standardized recordings or radiographs. The root length between the groups or in the single group were compared with t tests and correlation analyses. Linear univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to test identify predictors for root resorption and to develop a prediction model. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference in the amount of root resorption with tooth development before correction (P <0.001) as well as after correction (P = 0.002). There was a statistically significant correlation (P <0.001) but no difference between pretreatment and posttreatment root length in the immature tooth group because of less root resorption. In the multivariate analyses, tooth development (P <0.001), treatment duration, apex horizontal movements, apex vertical movements, and previous orthodontic treatment were included in the final model as risk factors, and tooth development had the highest beta value. CONCLUSIONS There is an association between root resorption and tooth development, and tooth development is an important predictor of root resorption. Patients with immature teeth are at a much lower risk of apical root resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Le Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhaomeng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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16
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Liu J, Ruan J, Weir MD, Ren K, Schneider A, Wang P, Oates TW, Chang X, Xu HHK. Periodontal Bone-Ligament-Cementum Regeneration via Scaffolds and Stem Cells. Cells 2019; 8:E537. [PMID: 31167434 PMCID: PMC6628570 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a prevalent infectious disease worldwide, causing the damage of periodontal support tissues, which can eventually lead to tooth loss. The goal of periodontal treatment is to control the infections and reconstruct the structure and function of periodontal tissues including cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL) fibers, and bone. The regeneration of these three types of tissues, including the re-formation of the oriented PDL fibers to be attached firmly to the new cementum and alveolar bone, remains a major challenge. This article represents the first systematic review on the cutting-edge researches on the regeneration of all three types of periodontal tissues and the simultaneous regeneration of the entire bone-PDL-cementum complex, via stem cells, bio-printing, gene therapy, and layered bio-mimetic technologies. This article primarily includes bone regeneration; PDL regeneration; cementum regeneration; endogenous cell-homing and host-mobilized stem cells; 3D bio-printing and generation of the oriented PDL fibers; gene therapy-based approaches for periodontal regeneration; regenerating the bone-PDL-cementum complex via layered materials and cells. These novel developments in stem cell technology and bioactive and bio-mimetic scaffolds are highly promising to substantially enhance the periodontal regeneration including both hard and soft tissues, with applicability to other therapies in the oral and maxillofacial region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Shannxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an 710004, China.
- Clinical Research Center of Shannxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an 710004, China.
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Jianping Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Shannxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an 710004, China.
- Clinical Research Center of Shannxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an 710004, China.
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Ke Ren
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, & Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Abraham Schneider
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Member, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Thomas W Oates
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Xiaofeng Chang
- Key Laboratory of Shannxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an 710004, China.
- Clinical Research Center of Shannxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an 710004, China.
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Member, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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17
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Guo Y, Guo W, Chen J, Tian Y, Chen G, Tian W, Bai D. Comparative study on differentiation of cervical-loop cells and Hertwig's epithelial root sheath cells under the induction of dental follicle cells in rat. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6546. [PMID: 29695816 PMCID: PMC5916884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical loop cells (CLC) and Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) cells are believed to play critical roles in distinct developmental patterns between rodent incisors and molars, respectively. However, the differences in differentiation between CLC and HERS cells, and their response to inductions from dental follicle cells, remain largely unknown. In present study, CLC and HERS cells, as well as incisor dental follicle (IF) cells and molar dental follicle (MF) cells were isolated from post-natal 7-day rats. IF and MF cell derived conditioned medium (CM) was obtained for induction of CLC and HERS cells. In vitro experiments, we found that, under the induction of dental follicle cell derived CM, CLC cells maintained the epithelial polygonal-shapes and formed massive minerals, while part of HERS cells underwent shape transformation and generated granular minerals. CLC cells expressed higher enamel-forming and mineralization related genes, while HERS cells showed opposite expression patterns of BMP2, BMP4, AMBN and AMGN. In vivo, CLC cells generated enamel-like tissues while HERS cells formed cementum-periodontal ligament-like structures. Taken together, CLC and HERS cells present distinct differentiation patterns under the inductions from dental follicle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ye Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.
| | - Ding Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China. .,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.
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18
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Moon JS, Kim MJ, Ko HM, Kim YJ, Jung JY, Kim JH, Kim SH, Kim MS. The role of Hedgehog signaling in cementoblast differentiation. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 90:100-107. [PMID: 29587133 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been well known that Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays an important role in bone development, however, its function in cementogenesis has not yet been reported. This study was intended to elucidate the role of Hh signaling in cementoblast differentiation. DESIGN Expression changes of various Hh signaling components and levels of skeletogenic markers (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteopontin) and osteogenic transcription factors (RUNX2, Osterix) by Hh signaling modulators during OCCM-30 cementoblast differentiation were determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. To investigate effects of Hh signaling modulators on the mineralization of cementoblast, alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red S staining were used. Then, the interaction between Hh and BMP signaling during cementoblast differentiation was evaluated using co-treatment of BMP7 and Hh signaling modulators. RESULTS We observed the consistent expression of Hh signaling molecules in the OCCM-30, which were up-regulated during cementoblast differentiation. We also found that the treatment of cells with Purmo, an Hh activator, enhanced cementoblast differentiation by increasing the mRNA expression of skeletogenic markers and osteogenic transcription factors, as well as increasing alkaline phosphate activity and mineralization capability. On the contrary, an Hh antagonist, like Cyclo, effectively inhibited cementoblast differentiation. Furthermore, BMP7 promoted cementoblast differentiation through crosstalk with the Hh signaling. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Hh signaling is involved in cementoblast differentiation, and Hh signaling molecules may therefore represent new therapeutic targets in periodontal treatment and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sun Moon
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Ko
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Jung
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hun Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Abstract
Though cementum of the tooth root is critical for periodontal structure and tooth attachment and function, this tissue was not discovered and characterized on human teeth until a full century later than enamel and dentin. Early observations from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries by Marcello Malpighi, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Blake, Jacques Tenon and Georges Cuvier founded a confusing and conflicting nomenclature that obscured the nature of cementum, often conflating it with bone. Advances in microscopy and histological procedures yielded the first detailed descriptions of human cementum in the 1830s by Jan Purkinje and Anders Retzius, who identified for the first time acellular and cellular types of cementum, and the resident cementocytes embedded in the latter. Comparative anatomy studies by Richard Owen and others over the latter half of the nineteenth century identified coronal and radicular cementum varieties across the Reptilia and Mammalia. The functional importance of cementum was not appreciated until detailed anatomical studies of the periodontium were performed by G.V. Black and others in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These early studies on cementum laid the foundation for more advanced understanding of cementum ultrastructure, composition, development, physiology, disease, genetics, repair and regeneration throughout the twentieth and into the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Foster
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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20
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Nam H, Kim GH, Kim JW, Lee JC, Lee K, Lee SH. WITHDRAWN: Ameloblast-like characteristics of human Hertwig's epithelial rest of Malassez/epithelial rest of Malassez cells via interaction with stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017:S0006-291X(17)31209-3. [PMID: 28624454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Gee-Hye Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Jae-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Jae Cheoun Lee
- Children's Dental Center and CDC Baby Tooth Stem Cell Bank, Seoul 06072, South Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Lee
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, South Korea; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea
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21
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Zhang B, Sun BY, Ji YW, Zhang YP, Wang XX, Xu X, Wen Y. Expression and localization of Yap and Taz during development of the mandibular first molar in rats. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:212-221. [PMID: 28402144 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2016.1267799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (Yap) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (Taz) are two downstream factors in the Hippo signaling pathway. Yap and Taz participate in regulating organ size, stem cell self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation. We investigated the spatial-temporal expression and relative expression levels of Yap and Taz using immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction. We found Yap and Taz in the oral epithelium and mesenchyme at embryonic (E) day 14.5 (E14.5) and E16.5. By E18.5, Yap and Taz were detected in the dental papilla and the entire enamel organ. At postnatal (P) day 0 (PN0), PN3 and PN7, Yap and Taz expression was localized in ameloblasts, odontoblasts and stratum intermedium. Yap and Taz were expressed in Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) at PN7. At PN3, PN7 and PN14, Yap was detected in the enamel matrix. From PN21 to PN28, Yap and Taz were absent from differentiated ameloblasts, but they were expressed in odontoblasts. From PN0 to PN10, the Yap and Taz mRNA expression increased, then decreased. We found that Yap and Taz may influence the differentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts; they also may contribute to enamel mineralization, crown morphogenesis and root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhang
- a School of Stomatology, Shandong University, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue, Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - B Y Sun
- a School of Stomatology, Shandong University, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue, Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Y W Ji
- a School of Stomatology, Shandong University, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue, Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Y P Zhang
- a School of Stomatology, Shandong University, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue, Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - X X Wang
- a School of Stomatology, Shandong University, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue, Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - X Xu
- a School of Stomatology, Shandong University, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue, Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Y Wen
- a School of Stomatology, Shandong University, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue, Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
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22
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Human odontogenic epithelial cells derived from epithelial rests of Malassez possess stem cell properties. J Transl Med 2016; 96:1063-75. [PMID: 27479086 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell rests of Malassez (ERM) are quiescent epithelial remnants of the Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) that are involved in the formation of tooth roots. ERM cells are unique epithelial cells that remain in periodontal tissues throughout adult life. They have a functional role in the repair/regeneration of cement or enamel. Here, we isolated odontogenic epithelial cells from ERM in the periodontal ligament, and the cells were spontaneously immortalized. Immortalized odontogenic epithelial (iOdE) cells had the ability to form spheroids and expressed stem cell-related genes. Interestingly, iOdE cells underwent osteogenic differentiation, as demonstrated by the mineralization activity in vitro in mineralization-inducing media and formation of calcification foci in iOdE cells transplanted into immunocompromised mice. These findings suggest that a cell population with features similar to stem cells exists in ERM and that this cell population has a differentiation capacity for producing calcifications in a particular microenvironment. In summary, iOdE cells will provide a convenient cell source for tissue engineering and experimental models to investigate tooth growth, differentiation, and tumorigenesis.
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23
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Nakajima K, Oshima M, Yamamoto N, Tanaka C, Koitabashi R, Inoue T, Tsuji T. Development of a Functional Biohybrid Implant Formed from Periodontal Tissue Utilizing Bioengineering Technology. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:1108-15. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Oshima
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naomi Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Section of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Tanaka
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Koitabashi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
- Organ Technologies, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
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Yamamoto T, Hasegawa T, Yamamoto T, Hongo H, Amizuka N. Histology of human cementum: Its structure, function, and development. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2016; 52:63-74. [PMID: 28408958 PMCID: PMC5390338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cementum was first demonstrated by microscopy, about 180 years ago. Since then the biology of cementum has been investigated by the most advanced techniques and equipment at that time in various fields of dental sciences. A great deal of data on cementum histology have been accumulated. These data have been obtained from not only human, but also non-human animals, in particular, rodents such as the mouse and rat. Although many dental histologists have reviewed histology of human cementum, some descriptions are questionable, probably due to incorrect comparison of human and rodent cementum. This review was designed to introduce current histology of human cementum, i.e. its structure, function, and development and to re-examine the most questionable and controversial conclusions made in previous reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
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25
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Jamal HA. Tooth Organ Bioengineering: Cell Sources and Innovative Approaches. Dent J (Basel) 2016; 4:dj4020018. [PMID: 29563460 PMCID: PMC5851265 DOI: 10.3390/dj4020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Various treatment approaches for restoring missing teeth are being utilized nowadays by using artificial dental crowns/bridges or the use of dental implants. All aforementioned restorative modalities are considered to be the conventional way of treating such cases. Although these artificial therapies are commonly used for tooth loss rehabilitation, they are still less conservative, show less biocompatibility and fail to restore the natural biological and physiological function. Adding to that, they are considered to be costly due to the risk of failure and they also require regular maintenance. Regenerative dentistry is currently considered a novel therapeutic concept with high potential for a complete recovery of the natural function and esthetics of teeth. Biological-cell based dental therapies would involve replacement of teeth by using stem cells that will ultimately grow a bioengineered tooth, thereby restoring both the biological and physiological functions of the natural tooth, and are considered to be the ultimate goal in regenerative dentistry. In this review, various stem cell-based therapeutic approaches for tooth organ bioengineering will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan A Jamal
- Independent Researcher, Ibrahim Al- Jaffali, Awali, Mecca 21955, Saudi Arabia.
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26
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Salmon CR, Giorgetti APO, Paes Leme AF, Domingues RR, Sallum EA, Alves MC, Kolli TN, Foster BL, Nociti FH. Global proteome profiling of dental cementum under experimentally-induced apposition. J Proteomics 2016; 141:12-23. [PMID: 27095596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dental cementum (DC) covers the tooth root and has important functions in tooth attachment and position. DC can be lost to disease, and regeneration is currently unpredictable due to limited understanding of DC formation. This study used a model of experimentally-induced apposition (EIA) in mice to identify proteins associated with new DC formation. Mandibular first molars were induced to super-erupt for 6 and 21days after extracting opposing maxillary molars. Decalcified and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded mandible sections were prepared for laser capture microdissection. Microdissected protein extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the data submitted to repeated measure ANOVA test (RM-ANOVA, alpha=5%). A total of 519 proteins were identified, with 97 (18.6%) proteins found exclusively in EIA sites and 50 (9.6%) proteins exclusively expressed in control sites. Fifty six (10.7%) proteins were differentially regulated by RM-ANOVA (p<0.05), with 24 regulated by the exclusive effect of EIA (12 proteins) or the interaction between EIA and time (12 proteins), including serpin 1a, procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer, tenascin X (TNX), and asporin (ASPN). In conclusion, proteomic analysis demonstrated significantly altered protein profile in DC under EIA, providing new insights on DC biology and potential candidates for tissue engineering applications. SIGNIFICANCE Dental cementum (DC) is a mineralized tissue that covers the tooth root surface and has important functions in tooth attachment and position. DC and other periodontal tissues can be lost to disease, and regeneration is currently unpredictable due to lack of understanding of DC formation. This study used a model of experimentally-induced apposition (EIA) in mice to promote new cementum formation, followed by laser capture microdissection (LCM) and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) proteomic analysis. This approach identified proteins associated with new cementum formation that may be targets for promoting cementum regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane R Salmon
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula O Giorgetti
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Romênia R Domingues
- National Biosciences Laboratory, Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Enilson Antonio Sallum
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Alves
- Technical Section of Informatics, ESALQ-University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Tamara N Kolli
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Brian L Foster
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Francisco H Nociti
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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27
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Oshima M, Tsuji T. Whole Tooth Regeneration as a Future Dental Treatment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 881:255-69. [PMID: 26545754 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22345-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dental problems caused by dental caries, periodontal disease and tooth injury compromise the oral and general health issues. Current advances for the development of regenerative therapy have been influenced by our understanding of embryonic development, stem cell biology, and tissue engineering technology. Tooth regenerative therapy for tooth tissue repair and whole tooth replacement is currently expected a novel therapeutic concept with the full recovery of tooth physiological functions. Dental stem cells and cell-activating cytokines are thought to be candidate approach for tooth tissue regeneration because they have the potential to differentiate into tooth tissues in vitro and in vivo. Whole tooth replacement therapy is considered to be an attractive concept for next generation regenerative therapy as a form of bioengineered organ replacement. For realization of whole tooth regeneration, we have developed a novel three-dimensional cell manipulation method designated the "organ germ method". This method involves compartmentalisation of epithelial and mesenchymal cells at a high cell density to mimic multicellular assembly conditions and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in organogenesis. The bioengineered tooth germ generates a structurally correct tooth in vitro, and erupted successfully with correct tooth structure when transplanted into the oral cavity. We have ectopically generated a bioengineered tooth unit composed of a mature tooth, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, and that tooth unit was engrafted into an adult jawbone through bone integration. Bioengineered teeth were also able to perform physiological tooth functions such as mastication, periodontal ligament function and response to noxious stimuli. In this review, we describe recent findings and technologies underpinning whole tooth regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Oshima
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.
- Organ Technologies Inc, Tokyo, 101-0048, Japan.
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28
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Zweifler LE, Ao M, Yadav M, Kuss P, Narisawa S, Kolli TN, Wimer HF, Farquharson C, Somerman MJ, Millán JL, Foster BL. Role of PHOSPHO1 in Periodontal Development and Function. J Dent Res 2016; 95:742-51. [PMID: 27016531 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516640246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tooth root and periodontal apparatus, including the acellular and cellular cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL), and alveolar bone, are critical for tooth function. Cementum and bone mineralization is regulated by factors including enzymes and extracellular matrix proteins that promote or inhibit hydroxyapatite crystal growth. Orphan Phosphatase 1 (Phospho1, PHOSPHO1) is a phosphatase expressed by chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and odontoblasts that functions in skeletal and dentin mineralization by initiating deposition of hydroxyapatite inside membrane-limited matrix vesicles. The role of PHOSPHO1 in periodontal formation remains unknown and we aimed to determine its functional importance in these tissues. We hypothesized that the enzyme would regulate proper mineralization of the periodontal apparatus. Spatiotemporal expression of PHOSPHO1 was mapped during periodontal development, and Phospho1(-/-) mice were analyzed using histology, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, radiography, and micro-computed tomography. The Phospho1 gene and PHOSPHO1 protein were expressed by active alveolar bone osteoblasts and cementoblasts during cellular cementum formation. In Phospho1(-/-) mice, acellular cementum formation and mineralization were unaffected, whereas cellular cementum deposition increased although it displayed delayed mineralization and cementoid. Phospho1(-/-) mice featured disturbances in alveolar bone mineralization, shown by accumulation of unmineralized osteoid matrix and interglobular patterns of protein deposition. Parallel to other skeletal sites, deposition of mineral-regulating protein osteopontin (OPN) was increased in alveolar bone in Phospho1(-/-) mice. In contrast to the skeleton, genetic ablation of Spp1, the gene encoding OPN, did not ameliorate dentoalveolar defects in Phospho1(-/-) mice. Despite alveolar bone mineralization defects, periodontal attachment and function appeared undisturbed in Phospho1(-/-) mice, with normal PDL architecture and no evidence of bone loss over time. This study highlights the role of PHOSPHO1 in mineralization of alveolar bone and cellular cementum, further revealing that acellular cementum formation is not substantially regulated by PHOSPHO1 and likely does not rely on matrix vesicle-mediated initiation of mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Zweifler
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M Ao
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Yadav
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P Kuss
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S Narisawa
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - T N Kolli
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - H F Wimer
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C Farquharson
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - M J Somerman
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J L Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - B L Foster
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Maruo N, Sakagami R, Yoshinaga Y, Okamura K, Sawa Y. Differentiation of Apical Bud Cells in a Newly Developed Apical Bud Transplantation Model Using GFP Transgenic Mice as Donor. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150766. [PMID: 26978064 PMCID: PMC4792420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent mandibular incisors have a unique anatomical structure that allows teeth to grow throughout the lifetime of the rodent. This report presents a novel transplantation technique for studying the apical bud differentiation of rodent mandibular incisors. Incisal apical end tissue with green fluorescent protein from transgenic mouse was transplanted to wild type mice, and the development of the transplanted cells were immunohistologically observed for 12 weeks after the transplantation. Results indicate that the green fluorescent apical end tissue replaced the original tissue, and cells from the apical bud differentiated and extended toward the incisal edge direction. The immunostaining with podoplanin also showed that the characteristics of the green fluorescent tissue were identical to those of the original. The green fluorescent cells were only found in the labial side of the incisor up to 4 weeks. After 12 weeks, however, they were also found in the lingual side. Here the green fluorescent cementocyte-like cells were only present in the cementum close to the dentin surface. This study suggests that some of the cells that form the cellular cementum come from the apical tissue including the apical bud in rodent incisors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Maruo
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuji Sakagami
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasunori Yoshinaga
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Okamura
- Section of Pathology, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sawa
- Section of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
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Gama A, Navet B, Vargas JW, Castaneda B, Lézot F. Bone resorption: an actor of dental and periodontal development? Front Physiol 2015; 6:319. [PMID: 26594180 PMCID: PMC4633481 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental and periodontal tissue development is a complex process involving various cell-types. A finely orchestrated network of communications between these cells is implicated. During early development, communications between cells from the oral epithelium and the underlying mesenchyme govern the dental morphogenesis with successive bud, cap and bell stages. Later, interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells occur during dental root elongation. Root elongation and tooth eruption require resorption of surrounding alveolar bone to occur. For years, it was postulated that signaling molecules secreted by dental and periodontal cells control bone resorbing osteoclast precursor recruitment and differentiation. Reverse signaling originating from bone cells (osteoclasts and osteoblasts) toward dental cells was not suspected. Dental defects reported in osteopetrosis were associated with mechanical stress secondary to defective bone resorption. In the last decade, consequences of bone resorption over-activation on dental and periodontal tissue formation have been analyzed with transgenic animals (RANKTg and Opg−∕− mice). Results suggest the existence of signals originating from osteoclasts toward dental and periodontal cells. Meanwhile, experiments consisting in transitory inhibition of bone resorption during root elongation, achieved with bone resorption inhibitors having different mechanisms of action (bisphosphonates and RANKL blocking antibodies), have evidenced dental and periodontal defects that support the presence of signals originating bone cells toward dental cells. The aim of the present manuscript is to present the data we have collected in the last years that support the hypothesis of a role of bone resorption in dental and periodontal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gama
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-1138, Equipe 5, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers Paris, France ; Odontologic Center of District Federal Military Police Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Navet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer Nantes, France ; Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes Nantes, France
| | - Jorge William Vargas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer Nantes, France ; Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes Nantes, France ; Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, University of Antioquia Medellin, Colombia
| | - Beatriz Castaneda
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-1138, Equipe 5, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers Paris, France ; Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, University of Antioquia Medellin, Colombia
| | - Frédéric Lézot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer Nantes, France ; Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes Nantes, France
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31
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Sakisaka Y, Tsuchiya M, Nakamura T, Tamura M, Shimauchi H, Nemoto E. Wnt5a attenuates Wnt3a-induced alkaline phosphatase expression in dental follicle cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 336:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wen X, Liu L, Deng M, Liu R, Zhang L, Nie X. In vitro cementoblast-like differentiation of postmigratory neural crest-derived p75(+) stem cells with dental follicle cell conditioned medium. Exp Cell Res 2015; 337:76-86. [PMID: 26165934 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cranial neural crest-derived cells (CNCCs) play important role in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during tooth morphogenesis. However, the heterogeneity of CNCCs and their tendency to spontaneously differentiate along smooth muscle or osteoblast lineages in vitro limit further understanding of their biological properties. We studied the differentiation properties of isolated rat embryonic postmigratory CNCCs, expressing p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). These p75NTR positive (p75(+)) CNCCs, isolated using fluorescence activated cell sorter, exhibited fibroblast-like morphology and characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells. Incubation of p75(+) CNCCs in dental follicle cell conditioned medium (DFCCM) combined with dentin non-collagenous proteins (dNCPs), altered their morphological features to cementoblast-like appearance. These cells also showed low proliferative activity, high ALP activity and significantly increased calcified nodule formation. Markers related to mineralization or specific to cementoblast lineage were highly expressed in dNCPs/DFCCM-treated p75(+) cells, suggesting their differentiation along cementoblast-like lineage. p75(+) stem cells selected from postmigratory CNCCs represent a pure stem cell population and could be used as a stem cell model for in vitro studies due to their intrinsic ability to differentiate to neuronal cells and transform from neuroectoderm to ectomesenchyme. They can provide a potential stem cell resource for tooth engineering studies and help to further investigate mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in tooth morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Wen
- Department of Stomatology, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, 10 Daping Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Luchuan Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, 10 Daping Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Manjing Deng
- Department of Stomatology, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, 10 Daping Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, 10 Daping Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, 10 Daping Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xin Nie
- Department of Stomatology, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, 10 Daping Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China.
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Yamamoto T, Yamada T, Yamamoto T, Hasegawa T, Hongo H, Oda K, Amizuka N. Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath Fate during Initial Cellular Cementogenesis in Rat Molars. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2015; 48:95-101. [PMID: 26160988 PMCID: PMC4491499 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.15006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the fate of the epithelial root sheath during initial cellular cementogenesis, we examined developing maxillary first molars of rats by immunohistochemistry for keratin, vimentin, and tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP) and by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). The advancing root end was divided into three sections, which follow three distinct stages of initial cellular cementogenesis: section 1, where the epithelial sheath is intact; section 2, where the epithelial sheath becomes fragmented; and section 3, where initial cellular cementogenesis begins. After fragmentation of the epithelial sheath, many keratin-positive epithelial sheath cells were embedded in the rapidly growing cellular cementum. A few unembedded epithelial cells located on the cementum surface. Dental follicle cells, precementoblasts, and cementoblasts showed immunoreactivity for vimentin and TNALP. In all three sections, there were virtually no cells possessing double immunoreactivity for vimentin-keratin or TNALP-keratin and only embedded epithelial cells showed TUNEL reactivity. Taken together, these findings suggest that: (1) epithelial sheath cells divide into two groups; one group is embedded in the cementum and thereafter dies by apoptosis, and the other survives on the cementum surface as epithelial cell rests of Malassez; and (2) epithelial sheath cells do not undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition during initial cellular cementogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine
| | - Tamaki Yamada
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine
| | - Tomomaya Yamamoto
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine
| | - Hiromi Hongo
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine
| | - Kimimitsu Oda
- Division of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine
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34
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Prateeptongkum E, Klingelhöffer C, Müller S, Ettl T, Morsczeck C. Characterization of progenitor cells and stem cells from the periodontal ligament tissue derived from a single person. J Periodontal Res 2015; 51:265-72. [PMID: 26108342 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal ligament progenitor cells (PDLPs) and PDL stem cells (PDLSCs) are progenitor and stem cells that were isolated from PDL tissues using the outgrowth and single cell isolation methods respectively. The differences between PDLPs and PDLSCs characteristics could be observed from previous studies. However, these cells were obtained from different patients. This study was the first report to compare the characterization of PDLPs and PDLSCs from the same person. MATERIAL AND METHODS The characterization of PDLPs and PDLSCs includes flow cytometry analysis, cell proliferation assay and the assessment of the colony-forming unit fibroblast. The osteogenic differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase activity, biomineralization (alizarin red staining) and gene expression of osteogenic markers. The adipogenic differentiation was examined by Oil Red O staining and adipocyte-related gene expression. RESULTS Mesenchymal stem cell marker expression and colony-forming unit fibroblast analysis of PDLPs and PDLSCs were similar. However, PDLSCs grew faster than PDLPs on days 3 and 5 of the cell proliferation assay. Both PDLPs and PDLSCs could differentiate into osteoblast and adipocyte-like cells. However, the mineralization of PDLSCs was stronger than that of PDLPs. CONCLUSIONS The characteristics of undifferentiated PDL cells in our study were not significantly impacted by the isolation method. We assumed that both PDLPs and PDLSCs are valuable cell sources for periodontal regeneration. However, PDLSCs have a possible advantage for the regeneration of alveolar bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Prateeptongkum
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Klingelhöffer
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Müller
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - T Ettl
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Morsczeck
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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35
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Nemoto E, Sakisaka Y, Tsuchiya M, Tamura M, Nakamura T, Kanaya S, Shimonishi M, Shimauchi H. Wnt3a signaling induces murine dental follicle cells to differentiate into cementoblastic/osteoblastic cells via an osterix-dependent pathway. J Periodontal Res 2015; 51:164-74. [PMID: 26095156 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Dental follicle cells, putative progenitor cells for cementoblasts, osteoblasts and periodontal ligament cells, interplay with Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) cells during tooth root formation, in which HERS is considered to have an inductive role in initiating cementogenesis by epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. However, the specific mechanisms controlling the cementoblast/osteoblast differentiation of dental follicle cells are not fully understood. Canonical Wnt signaling has been implicated in increased bone formation by controlling mesenchymal stem cell or osteoblastic cell functions. This study examined the possible expression of canonical Wnt ligand in HERS and the role of Wnt signaling during the cementoblast/osteoblast differentiation of dental follicle cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression of Wnt3a, a representative canonical Wnt ligand, in HERS was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The differentiation and function of immortalized murine dental follicle cells were evaluated by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP, Alpl) activity and osteogenic gene expression. RESULTS We identified the expression of Wnt3a in HERS during mouse tooth root development by immunohistochemistry as well as in cultured human epithelial rest cells of Malassez by real-time polymerase chain reaction, while no expression of Wnt3a was detected in cultured dental mesenchymal cells. Exposure of immortalized murine dental follicle cells to Wnt3a-induced ALP activity as well as expression of the Alpl gene. Pretreatment of cells with Dickkopf-1, a potent canonical Wnt antagonist, markedly attenuated the effect of Wnt3a on ALP expression. Furthermore, Wnt3a induced transcriptional activity of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and expression of osterix at gene and/or protein levels. Treatment with osterix-small interfering RNA significantly inhibited Wnt3a-induced ALP expression at gene and protein levels. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that HERS has a potential role in stimulating cementoblast/osteoblast differentiation of dental follicle cells via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nemoto
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Y Sakisaka
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - M Tsuchiya
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Japan
| | - M Tamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sapporo, Japan
| | - T Nakamura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - S Kanaya
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - M Shimonishi
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - H Shimauchi
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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Counter-regulatory phosphatases TNAP and NPP1 temporally regulate tooth root cementogenesis. Int J Oral Sci 2015; 7:27-41. [PMID: 25504209 PMCID: PMC4817535 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2014.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cementum is critical for anchoring the insertion of periodontal ligament fibers to the tooth root. Several aspects of cementogenesis remain unclear, including differences between acellular cementum and cellular cementum, and between cementum and bone. Biomineralization is regulated by the ratio of inorganic phosphate (Pi) to mineral inhibitor pyrophosphate (PPi), where local Pi and PPi concentrations are controlled by phosphatases including tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1). The focus of this study was to define the roles of these phosphatases in cementogenesis. TNAP was associated with earliest cementoblasts near forming acellular and cellular cementum. With loss of TNAP in the Alpl null mouse, acellular cementum was inhibited, while cellular cementum production increased, albeit as hypomineralized cementoid. In contrast, NPP1 was detected in cementoblasts after acellular cementum formation, and at low levels around cellular cementum. Loss of NPP1 in the Enpp1 null mouse increased acellular cementum, with little effect on cellular cementum. Developmental patterns were recapitulated in a mouse model for acellular cementum regeneration, with early TNAP expression and later NPP1 expression. In vitro, cementoblasts expressed Alpl gene/protein early, whereas Enpp1 gene/protein expression was significantly induced only under mineralization conditions. These patterns were confirmed in human teeth, including widespread TNAP, and NPP1 restricted to cementoblasts lining acellular cementum. These studies suggest that early TNAP expression creates a low PPi environment promoting acellular cementum initiation, while later NPP1 expression increases PPi, restricting acellular cementum apposition. Alterations in PPi have little effect on cellular cementum formation, though matrix mineralization is affected.
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d’Incau E, Couture C, Crépeau N, Chenal F, Beauval C, Vanderstraete V, Maureille B. Determination and validation of criteria to define hypercementosis in two medieval samples from France (Sains-en-Gohelle, AD 7th–17th century; Jau-Dignac-et-Loirac, AD 7th–8th century). Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:293-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Choi H, Jin H, Kim JY, Lim KT, Choung HW, Park JY, Chung JH, Choung PH. Hypoxia promotes CEMP1 expression and induces cementoblastic differentiation of human dental stem cells in an HIF-1-dependent manner. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:410-23. [PMID: 24117017 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cementum covering the tooth root provides attachment for the tooth proper to the surrounding alveolar bone via non-mineralized periodontal ligament (PDL). Cementum protein 1 (CEMP1) has been shown to induce a cementoblastic phenotype in cementoblast precursors cells of PDL. Oxygen availability is a critical signal for correct development of many tissues; however, its role in tooth root and periodontium development remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that reduced oxygen tension increased CEMP1 expression, mineral deposition, and alkaline phosphatase activity in human dental stem cells such as PDL stem cells and periapical follicular stem cells. Since an oxemic state is transduced by the transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), we performed experiments to determine whether this protein was responsible for the observed changes. We noted that when HIF-1 was activated by gene introduction or chemically, CEMP1 expression and mineralization increased. In contrast, when HIF-1α was silenced, CEMP1 expression and mineralization did not increase in vitro. Furthermore, we showed for the first time that mouse tooth root and periodontium development occurs partly under hypoxic conditions, particularly at the apical part and latently at the PDL space in vivo. Desferrioxamine, an HIF-1 stimulator, enhances CEMP1 expression in the mouse PDL space, suggesting that hypoxia affects cementogenesis of PDL cells lining the surface of the developing tooth root in an HIF-1-dependent manner. These results suggest that HIF-1 activators may have the ability to stimulate regeneration of the tooth root and cementum formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwajung Choi
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
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39
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Chen X, Chen G, Feng L, Jiang Z, Guo W, Yu M, Tian W. Expression of Nfic during root formation in first mandibular molar of rat. J Mol Histol 2014; 45:619-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-014-9588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Oshima M, Tsuji T. Functional tooth regenerative therapy: tooth tissue regeneration and whole-tooth replacement. Odontology 2014; 102:123-36. [PMID: 25052182 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-014-0168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oral and general health is compromised by irreversible dental problems, including dental caries, periodontal disease and tooth injury. Regenerative therapy for tooth tissue repair and whole-tooth replacement is currently considered a novel therapeutic concept with the potential for the full recovery of tooth function. Several types of stem cells and cell-activating cytokines have been identified in oral tissues. These cells are thought to be candidate cell sources for tooth tissue regenerative therapies because they have the ability to differentiate into tooth tissues in vitro and in vivo. Whole-tooth replacement therapy is regarded as an important model for the development of an organ regenerative concept. A novel three-dimensional cell-manipulation method, designated the organ germ method, has been developed to recapitulate organogenesis. This method involves compartmentalisation of epithelial and mesenchymal cells at a high cell density to mimic multicellular assembly conditions and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. A bioengineered tooth germ can generate a structurally correct tooth in vitro and erupt successfully with the correct tooth structure when transplanted into the oral cavity. We have ectopically generated a bioengineered tooth unit composed of a mature tooth, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, and that tooth unit was successfully engrafted into an adult jawbone through bone integration. Such bioengineered teeth were able to perform normal physiological tooth functions, such as developing a masticatory potential in response to mechanical stress and a perceptive potential for noxious stimuli. In this review, we describe recent findings and technologies underpinning tooth regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Oshima
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan,
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41
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Nam H, Kim JH, Kim JW, Seo BM, Park JC, Kim JW, Lee G. Establishment of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath/epithelial rests of Malassez cell line from human periodontium. Mol Cells 2014; 37:562-7. [PMID: 25081036 PMCID: PMC4132309 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Hertwig's epithelial root sheath/epithelial rests of Malassez (HERS/ERM) cells are epithelial remnants of teeth residing in the periodontium. Although the functional roles of HERS/ERM cells have yet to be elucidated, they are a unique epithelial cell population in adult teeth and are reported to have stem cell characteristics. Therefore, HERS/ERM cells might play a role as an epithelial component for the repair or regeneration of dental hard tissues; however, they are very rare population in periodontium and the primary isolation of them is considered to be difficult. To overcome these problems, we immortalized primary HERS/ERM cells isolated from human periodontium using SV40 large T antigen (SV40 LT) and performed a characterization of the immortalized cell line. Primary HERS/ERM cells could not be maintained for more than 6 passages; however, immortalized HERS/ERM cells were maintained for more than 20 passages. There were no differences in the morphological and immunophenotypic characteristics of HERS/ERM cells and immortalized HERS/ERM cells. The expression of epithelial stem cell and embryonic stem cell markers was maintained in immortalized HERS/ERM cells. Moreover, immortalized HERS/ERM cells could acquire mesenchymal phenotypes through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition via TGF-β1. In conclusion, we established an immortalized human HERS/ERM cell line with SV40 LT and expect this cell line to contribute to the understanding of the functional roles of HERS/ERM cells and the tissue engineering of teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Nam
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
- Present address: Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Byoung-Moo Seo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Jung-Wook Kim
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Gene Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
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42
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Kuchler U, Schwarze UY, Dobsak T, Heimel P, Bosshardt DD, Kneissel M, Gruber R. Dental and periodontal phenotype in sclerostin knockout mice. Int J Oral Sci 2014; 6:70-6. [PMID: 24699186 PMCID: PMC5130054 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin is a Wnt signalling antagonist that controls bone metabolism. Sclerostin is expressed by osteocytes and cementocytes; however, its role in the formation of dental structures remains unclear. Here, we analysed the mandibles of sclerostin knockout mice to determine the influence of sclerostin on dental structures and dimensions using histomorphometry and micro-computed tomography (μCT) imaging. μCT and histomorphometric analyses were performed on the first lower molar and its surrounding structures in mice lacking a functional sclerostin gene and in wild-type controls. μCT on six animals in each group revealed that the dimension of the basal bone as well as the coronal and apical part of alveolar part increased in the sclerostin knockout mice. No significant differences were observed for the tooth and pulp chamber volume. Descriptive histomorphometric analyses of four wild-type and three sclerostin knockout mice demonstrated an increased width of the cementum and a concomitant moderate decrease in the periodontal space width. Taken together, these results suggest that the lack of sclerostin mainly alters the bone and cementum phenotypes rather than producing abnormalities in tooth structures such as dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kuchler
- 1] Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria [2] Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria [3] Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Y Schwarze
- 1] Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria [2] Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria [3] Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Toni Dobsak
- 1] Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria [2] Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria [3] Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Heimel
- 1] Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria [2] Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria [3] Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria [4] Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter D Bosshardt
- 1] Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland [2] Robert K. Schenk Laboratory of Oral Histology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Kneissel
- Musculoskeletal Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- 1] Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria [2] Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria [3] Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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43
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Susin C, Wikesjö UME. Regenerative periodontal therapy: 30 years of lessons learned and unlearned. Periodontol 2000 2014; 62:232-42. [PMID: 23574469 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we reflect upon advances and hindrances encountered over the last three decades in the development of strategies for periodontal regeneration. In this soul-searching pursuit we focus on revisiting lessons learned that should guide us in the quest for the reconstruction of the lost periodontium. We also examine beliefs and traditions that should be unlearned so that we can continue to advance the field. This learned/unlearned body of knowledge is consolidated into core principles to help us to develop new therapeutic approaches to benefit our patients and ultimately our society.
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44
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Abstract
Teeth are mineralized organs composed of three unique hard tissues, enamel, dentin, and cementum, and supported by the surrounding alveolar bone. Although odontogenesis differs from osteogenesis in several respects, tooth mineralization is susceptible to similar developmental failures as bone. Here we discuss conditions fitting under the umbrella of rickets, which traditionally referred to skeletal disease associated with vitamin D deficiency but has been more recently expanded to include newly identified factors involved in endocrine regulation of vitamin D, phosphate, and calcium, including phosphate-regulating endopeptidase homolog, X-linked, fibroblast growth factor 23, and dentin matrix protein 1. Systemic mineral metabolism intersects with local regulation of mineralization, and factors including tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase are necessary for proper mineralization, where rickets can result from loss of activity of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase. Individuals suffering from rickets often bear the additional burden of a defective dentition, and transgenic mouse models have aided in understanding the nature and mechanisms involved in tooth defects, which may or may not parallel rachitic bone defects. This report reviews dental effects of the range of rachitic disorders, including discussion of etiologies of hereditary forms of rickets, a survey of resulting bone and tooth mineralization disorders, and a discussion of mechanisms, known and hypothesized, involved in the observed dental pathologies. Descriptions of human pathology are augmented by analysis of transgenic mouse models, and new interpretations are brought to bear on questions of how teeth are affected under conditions of rickets. In short, the rachitic tooth will be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Foster
- National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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45
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Mitomi T, Kawano Y, Kinoshita-Kawano S. Effect of the antineoplastic agent busulfan on rat molar root development. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:47-59. [PMID: 24404577 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The antineoplastic bifunctional-alkylating agent busulfan (Bu) induces developmental anomalies. We examined histopathological changes in the molar roots of rats that received Bu at different stages of root formation. DESIGN At different developmental stages, i.e., on postnatal days (P) 13, 15, and 19, rats were administered 7.5 mg/kg of Bu dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and then killed on P 30. After micro-computed tomography analysis, the maxillary first molars underwent immunohistochemical analysis for cytokeratin 14 (CK14), nestin, and dentin sialoprotein (Dsp). This was followed by histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS The rats receiving Bu at an early stage (i.e., P 13 and P 15) showed osteodentin formation and complete destruction of the Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS). Cells around osteodentin showed nestin and Dsp immunoreactivity. The root lengths in rats treated with Bu at P 13 (1228.44 ± 62.17 μm) and P 15 (1536.08 ± 109.71 μm) were lower than that in the control rats (1674.10 ± 40 μm). A narrowed apical foramen and an increased amount of osteodentin were also present, depending on the rat's age at the time of treatment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Busulfan treatment in juvenile rats resulted in abnormal root development, depending on the stage at which Bu was administered. This abnormal development may result from the destruction of the HERS. The administration of Bu caused a shortage of HERS cells, which are required for normal root development. This disturbs root formation, resulting in osteodentin formation and a narrowed apex foramen.
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46
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Li S, Ge S, Yang P. Immunohistochemical localization of connective tissue growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta1 and phosphorylated-smad2/3 in the developing periodontium of rats. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:624-33. [PMID: 24224514 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong Province China
| | - S. Ge
- Department of Periodontology; Hospital of Stomatology; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong Province China
| | - P. Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong Province China
- Department of Periodontology; Hospital of Stomatology; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong Province China
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47
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Salmon CR, Tomazela DM, Ruiz KGS, Foster BL, Paes Leme AF, Sallum EA, Somerman MJ, Nociti FH. Proteomic analysis of human dental cementum and alveolar bone. J Proteomics 2013; 91:544-55. [PMID: 24007660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dental cementum (DC) is a bone-like tissue covering the tooth root and responsible for attaching the tooth to the alveolar bone (AB) via the periodontal ligament (PDL). Studies have unsuccessfully tried to identify factors specific to DC versus AB, in an effort to better understand DC development and regeneration. The present study aimed to use matched human DC and AB samples (n=7) to generate their proteomes for comparative analysis. Bone samples were harvested from tooth extraction sites, whereas DC samples were obtained from the apical root portion of extracted third molars. Samples were denatured, followed by protein extraction reduction, alkylation and digestion for analysis by nanoAcquity HPLC system and LTQ-FT Ultra. Data analysis demonstrated that a total of 318 proteins were identified in AB and DC. In addition to shared proteins between these tissues, 105 and 83 proteins exclusive to AB or DC were identified, respectively. This is the first report analyzing the proteomic composition of human DC matrix and identifying putative unique and enriched proteins in comparison to alveolar bone. These findings may provide novel insights into developmental differences between DC and AB, and identify candidate biomarkers that may lead to more efficient and predictable therapies for periodontal regeneration. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Periodontal disease is a highly prevalent disease affecting the world population, which involves breakdown of the tooth supporting tissues, the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and dental cementum. The lack of knowledge on specific factors that differentiate alveolar bone and dental cementum limits the development of more efficient and predictable reconstructive therapies. In order to better understand cementum development and potentially identify factors to improve therapeutic outcomes, we took the unique approach of using matched patient samples of dental cementum and alveolar bone to generate and compare a proteome list for each tissue. A potential biomarker for dental cementum was identified, superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3), which is found in cementum and cementum-associated cells in mouse, pig, and human tissues. These findings may provide novel insights into developmental differences between alveolar bone and dental cementum, and represent the basis for improved and more predictable therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane R Salmon
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Campinas State University, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Roguljic H, Matthews BG, Yang W, Cvija H, Mina M, Kalajzic I. In vivo identification of periodontal progenitor cells. J Dent Res 2013; 92:709-15. [PMID: 23735585 PMCID: PMC3711570 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513493434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The periodontal ligament contains progenitor cells; however, their identity and differentiation potential in vivo remain poorly characterized. Previous results have suggested that periodontal tissue progenitors reside in perivascular areas. Therefore, we utilized a lineage-tracing approach to identify and track periodontal progenitor cells from the perivascular region in vivo. We used an alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) promoter-driven and tamoxifen-inducible Cre system (αSMACreERT2) that, in combination with a reporter mouse line (Ai9), permanently labels a cell population, termed 'SMA9'. To trace the differentiation of SMA9-labeled cells into osteoblasts/cementoblasts, we utilized a Col2.3GFP transgene, while expression of Scleraxis-GFP was used to follow differentiation into periodontal ligament fibroblasts during normal tissue formation and remodeling following injury. In uninjured three-week-old SMA9 mice, tamoxifen labeled a small population of cells in the periodontal ligament that expanded over time, particularly in the apical region of the root. By 17 days and 7 weeks after labeling, some SMA9-labeled cells expressed markers indicating differentiation into mature lineages, including cementocytes. Following injury, SMA9 cells expanded, and differentiated into cementoblasts, osteoblasts, and periodontal ligament fibroblasts. SMA9-labeled cells represent a source of progenitors that can give rise to mature osteoblasts, cementoblasts, and fibroblasts within the periodontium.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Roguljic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Foster BL, Soenjaya Y, Nociti FH, Holm E, Zerfas PM, Wimer HF, Holdsworth DW, Aubin JE, Hunter GK, Goldberg HA, Somerman MJ. Deficiency in acellular cementum and periodontal attachment in bsp null mice. J Dent Res 2012. [PMID: 23183644 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512469026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is an extracellular matrix protein found in mineralized tissues of the skeleton and dentition. BSP is multifunctional, affecting cell attachment and signaling through an RGD integrin-binding region, and acting as a positive regulator for mineral precipitation by nucleating hydroxyapatite crystals. BSP is present in cementum, the hard tissue covering the tooth root that anchors periodontal ligament (PDL) attachment. To test our hypothesis that BSP plays an important role in cementogenesis, we analyzed tooth development in a Bsp null ((-/-)) mouse model. Developmental analysis by histology, histochemistry, and SEM revealed a significant reduction in acellular cementum formation on Bsp (-/-) mouse molar and incisor roots, and the cementum deposited appeared hypomineralized. Structural defects in cementum-PDL interfaces in Bsp (-/-) mice caused PDL detachment, likely contributing to the high incidence of incisor malocclusion. Loss of BSP caused progressively disorganized PDL and significantly increased epithelial down-growth with aging. Bsp (-/-) mice displayed extensive root and alveolar bone resorption, mediated by increased RANKL and the presence of osteoclasts. Results collected here suggest that BSP plays a non-redundant role in acellular cementum formation, likely involved in initiating mineralization on the root surface. Through its importance to cementum integrity, BSP is essential for periodontal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Foster
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Lungova V, Buchtova M, Janeckova E, Tucker AS, Knopfova L, Smarda J, Matalova E. Localization of c-MYB in differentiated cells during postnatal molar and alveolar bone development. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 120:495-504. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2012.01004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abigail S. Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, and Department of Orthodontics; KCL; London; UK
| | - Lucia Knopfova
- Department of Experimental Biology; Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Jan Smarda
- Department of Experimental Biology; Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno; Czech Republic
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