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Toffa DH, Sow AD. The enigma of headaches associated with electromagnetic hyperfrequencies: Hypotheses supporting non-psychogenic algogenic processes. Electromagn Biol Med 2020; 39:196-205. [PMID: 32401641 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2020.1762638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although an electrohypersensitivity (EHS) is reported in numerous studies, some authors associate hyperfrequencies (HF)-related pains with a nocebo effect while others suggest a biological effect. Therefore, we aimed to suggest hypotheses about the complex mechanisms of headaches related to HF-exposure. We crossed basic features of headaches with relevant studies (from the year 2000 up to 2018) emphasizing on the HF effects that may lead to pain genesis: neuroglial dysmetabolism, neuroinflammation, changes in cerebral blood perfusion, blood-brain barrier dysfunction and electrophysiological evidences of hyperexcitability. We privileged studies implying a sham exposure (for in vivo studies) and a specific absorption rate lower than 4 W/Kg. HF-induced headaches may involve an indirect inflammatory process (neurogenic, magnetogenic or thermogenic) as well as a direct biophysical effect (thermogenic or magnetogenic). We linked inflammatory processes to meningeal dysperfusion or primary neuroglial dysfunction triggered by non-thermal irradiation or HF-induced heating at thermal powers. In the latter case, HF-induced excitoxicity and oxidative stress probably play a crucial role. Such disorders may lead to vascular-trigeminal activation in predisposed people. Interestingly, an abnormal oxidative stress predisposition had been demonstrated in overall 80% of EHS self-reporting patients. In the case of direct effects, pain pathways' activation may be directly triggered by HF-irradiation (heating and/or transcranial HF-induced ectopic action potentials). Further research on HF-related headaches is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Toffa
- Division of Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal , Montreal, Canada
| | - A D Sow
- Division of Neurology, CHUN Fann, Université Cheikh Anta Diop , Dakar, Senegal
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Liu R, Xu H, Zhang X, Wang X, Yuan Z, Sui Z, Wang D, Bi K, Li Q. Metabolomics Strategy Using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Reveals Novel Biomarkers and Pain-Relief Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Wu-Zhu-Yu Decoction Acting on Headache Modelling Rats. Molecules 2017; 22:E2110. [PMID: 29258229 PMCID: PMC6149820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Headache is a common episodic or chronic neurologic disorder. Treatment options and diagnosis are restricted by an incomplete understanding of disease pathology and the lack of diagnostic markers. Wu-Zhu-Yu decoction (WZYD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula containing four TCM herbs, is commonly used in the treatment of headache in China. To deeply understand more about headache and investigate the pain-relief mechanism of WZYD, a comprehensive metabolomics study combined with multivariate data processing strategy was carried out. An LC-high resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach was applied to characterize metabolic biomarker candidates. Multiple pattern recognition including principal component analysis-discriminant analysis, partial least squares-discriminant analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to determine groups and confirm important variables. A total of 17 potential biomarkers were characterized and related metabolic pathways were identified. The study demonstrated that the established metabolomics strategy is a powerful approach for investigating the mechanism of headache attack and WZYD. In addition, the approach may highlight biomarkers and metabolic pathways and can capture subtle metabolite changes from headache, which may lead to an improved mechanism understanding of central nervous system diseases and TCM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd., Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Huarong Xu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd., Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Guangzhou Bristol Drug Delivery Co., Ltd., 11 Kaiyuan Ave, Guangzhou 510320, China.
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd., Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Ziyue Yuan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd., Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Zhenyu Sui
- China Food and Drug Administration Institute of Executive Development, 16 Xi Zhan Nan Rd., Beijing 100073, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Dalian Institute for Drug Control, 888a Huanghe Rd., Dalian 116000, China.
| | - Kaishun Bi
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd., Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Qing Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd., Shenyang 110016, China.
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Zielman R, Postma R, Verhoeven A, Bakels F, van Oosterhout WPJ, Meissner A, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Terwindt GM, Mayboroda OA, Ferrari MD. Metabolomic changes in CSF of migraine patients measured with 1H-NMR spectroscopy. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:3674-3682. [PMID: 27734045 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00424e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a common episodic brain disorder. Treatment options and diagnosis are hampered by an incomplete understanding of disease pathophysiology and the lack of objective diagnostic markers. The aim of this study was to identify biochemical differences characteristic for different subtypes of migraine in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of migraine patients using an exploratory 1H-NMR-based metabolomics approach. METHODS CSF was obtained, in between migraine attacks, via lumbar puncture from patients with hemiplegic migraine, migraine with aura, migraine without aura, and healthy controls. Metabolite concentrations were measured by quantitative 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Multivariate data analysis was used to find the optimal set of predictors, generalized linear models (GLM) were used to ascertain the differential significance of individual metabolites. RESULTS In CSF samples from 18 patients with hemiplegic migraine, 38 with migraine with aura, 27 migraine without aura, and 43 healthy controls, nineteen metabolites were identified and quantified. Hemiplegic migraine patients could be discriminated from healthy controls using supervised multivariate modelling with 2-hydroxybutyrate and 2-hydroxyisovalerate as the most discriminant metabolites. Univariate GLM analysis showed 2-hydroxybutyrate to be lower in hemiplegic migraine compared with healthy controls; no significant differences were observed for other metabolites. It was not possible to discriminate migraine with and without aura from healthy controls based on their metabolic profile. CONCLUSIONS Using an exploratory 1H-NMR metabolomics analysis we identified metabolites that were able to discriminate hemiplegic migraine patients from healthy controls. The lower levels of 2-hydroxybutyrate found in patients with hemiplegic migraine could indicate a dysregulation of the brain's energy metabolism. An experimental confirmation in vitro or in animal models will be required to confirm or discard this hypothesis. Migraine with and migraine without aura patients did not reveal a metabolic profile different from healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Zielman
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. 9600, 2300 WB, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Rudmer Postma
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aswin Verhoeven
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Floor Bakels
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. 9600, 2300 WB, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Axel Meissner
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. 9600, 2300 WB, Leiden, The Netherlands. and Department of Human genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gisela M Terwindt
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. 9600, 2300 WB, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Oleg A Mayboroda
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel D Ferrari
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. 9600, 2300 WB, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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D’Ippolito M, Tramontano M, Buzzi MG. Effects of Osteopathic Manipulative Therapy on Pain and Mood Disorders in Patients With High-Frequency Migraine. J Osteopath Med 2017; 117:365-369. [DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2017.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Context
The substantial functional impairment associated with migraine has both physical and emotional ramifications. Mood disorders are often comorbid in patients with migraine and are known to adversely affect migraine activity.
Objectives
To explore the effects of osteopathic manipulative therapy (OMTh; manipulative care provided by foreign-trained osteopaths) on pain and mood disorders in patients with high-frequency migraine.
Methods
Retrospective review of the medical records of patients with high-frequency migraine who were treated with OMTh at the Headache Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Santa Lucia from 2011 to 2015. Clinical assessments were made using the Headache Disability Inventory (HDI), the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) forms X-1 and X-2.
Results
Medical records of 11 patients (6 women; mean age, 47.5 [7.8] years) with a diagnosis of high-frequency migraine who participated in an OMTh program met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. When the questionnaire scores obtained at the first visit (T0) and after 4 OMTh sessions (T1) were compared, significant improvement in scores were observed on STAI X-2 (T0: 43.18 [2.47]; T1: 39.45 [2.52]; P<.05), HIT-6 (T0: 63 [2.20]; T1: 56.27 [2.24]; P<.05), and HDI (T0: 58.72 [6.75]; T1: 45.09 [7.01]; P<.05).
Conclusion
This preliminary study revealed that patients with high-frequency migraine and comorbid mood disorders showed significant improvement after four 45-minute OMTh sessions. Further investigation into the effects of OMTh on pain and mood disorders in patients with high-frequency migraine is needed.
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Saunders EFH, Ramsden CE, Sherazy MS, Gelenberg AJ, Davis JM, Rapoport SI. Reconsidering Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Bipolar Disorder: A Translational Picture. J Clin Psychiatry 2016; 77:e1342-e1347. [PMID: 27788314 PMCID: PMC6093189 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.15com10431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an important mediator of pathophysiology in bipolar disorder. The omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolic pathways participate in several inflammatory processes and have been linked through epidemiologic and clinical studies to bipolar disorder and its response to treatment. We review the proposed role of PUFA metabolism in neuroinflammation, modulation of brain PUFA metabolism by antimanic medications in rodent models, and anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy in bipolar disorder and in major depressive disorder (MDD). Although the convergence of findings between preclinical and postmortem clinical data is compelling, we investigate why human trials of PUFA as treatment are mixed. We view the biomarker and treatment study findings in light of the evidence for the hypothesis that arachidonic acid hypermetabolism contributes to bipolar disorder pathophysiology and propose that a combined high n-3 plus low n-6 diet should be tested as an adjunct to current medication in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika F H Saunders
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Dr, PO Box 850, Mail Code: HO73, Hershey, PA 17033-0850.
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine and Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Depression Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher E Ramsden
- Section on Nutritional Neurosciences, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mostafa S Sherazy
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine and Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan J Gelenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine and Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John M Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stanley I Rapoport
- Office of Scientific Director, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Saunders EFH, Reider A, Singh G, Gelenberg AJ, Rapoport SI. Low unesterified:esterified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plasma concentration ratio is associated with bipolar disorder episodes, and omega-3 plasma concentrations are altered by treatment. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17:729-42. [PMID: 26424416 PMCID: PMC4623957 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Omega (n)-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are molecular modulators of neurotransmission and inflammation. We hypothesized that plasma concentrations of n-3 PUFAs would be lower and those of n-6 PUFAs higher in subjects with bipolar disorder (BD) compared to healthy controls (HCs), and would correlate with symptom severity in subjects with BD, and that effective treatment would correlate with increased n-3 but lower n-6 PUFA levels. Additionally, we explored clinical correlations and group differences in plasma levels of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. METHODS This observational, parallel group study compared biomarkers between HCs (n = 31) and symptomatic subjects with BD (n = 27) when ill and after symptomatic recovery (follow-up). Plasma concentrations of five PUFAs [linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)], two saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid) and two monounsaturated fatty acids (palmitoleic acid and oleic acid) were measured in esterified (E) and unesterified (UE) forms. Calculated ratios included UE:E for the five PUFAs, ratios of n-3 PUFAs (DHA:ALA, EPA:ALA and EPA:DHA), and the ratio of n-6:n-3 AA:EPA. Comparisons of plasma fatty acid levels and ratios between BD and HC groups were made with Student t-tests, and between the BD group at baseline and follow-up using paired t-tests. Comparison of categorical variables was performed using chi-square tests. Pearson's r was used for bivariate correlations with clinical variables, including depressive and manic symptoms, current panic attacks, and psychosis. RESULTS UE EPA was lower in subjects with BD than in HCs, with a large effect size (Cohen's d = 0.86, p < 0.002); however, it was not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons. No statistically significant difference was seen in any plasma PUFA concentration between the BD and HC groups after Bonferroni correction for 40 comparisons, at p < 0.001. Neither depressive severity nor mania severity was correlated significantly with any PUFA concentration. Exploratory comparison showed lower UE:E EPA in the BD than the HC group (p < 0.0001). At follow-up in the BD group, UE, E DHA:ALA, and UE EPA:ALA were decreased (p < 0.002). Exploratory correlations of clinical variables revealed that mania severity and suicidality were positively correlated with UE:E EPA ratio, and that several plasma levels and ratios correlated with panic disorder and psychosis. Depressive severity was not correlated with any ratio. No plasma fatty acid level or ratio correlated with self-reported n-3 PUFA intake or use of medication by class. CONCLUSIONS A large effect size of reduced UE EPA, and a lower plasma UE:E concentration ratio of EPA in the symptomatic BD state may be important factors in vulnerability to a mood state. Altered n-3 PUFA ratios could indicate changes in PUFA metabolism concurrent with symptom improvement. Our findings are consistent with preclinical and postmortem data and suggest testing interventions that increase n-3 and decrease n-6 dietary PUFA intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika FH Saunders
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA,University of Michigan Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI,University of Michigan Depression Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Aubrey Reider
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Gagan Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Alan J Gelenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Stanley I Rapoport
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Hullugundi SK, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Nistri A. The mechanism of functional up-regulation of P2X3 receptors of trigeminal sensory neurons in a genetic mouse model of familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM-1). PLoS One 2013; 8:e60677. [PMID: 23577145 PMCID: PMC3618040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A knock-in (KI) mouse model of FHM-1 expressing the R192Q missense mutation of the Cacna1a gene coding for the α1 subunit of CaV2.1 channels shows, at the level of the trigeminal ganglion, selective functional up-regulation of ATP -gated P2X3 receptors of sensory neurons that convey nociceptive signals to the brainstem. Why P2X3 receptors are constitutively more responsive, however, remains unclear as their membrane expression and TRPV1 nociceptor activity are the same as in wildtype (WT) neurons. Using primary cultures of WT or KI trigeminal ganglia, we investigated whether soluble compounds that may contribute to initiating (or maintaining) migraine attacks, such as TNFα, CGRP, and BDNF, might be responsible for increasing P2X3 receptor responses. Exogenous application of TNFα potentiated P2X3 receptor-mediated currents of WT but not of KI neurons, most of which expressed both the P2X3 receptor and the TNFα receptor TNFR2. However, sustained TNFα neutralization failed to change WT or KI P2X3 receptor currents. This suggests that endogenous TNFα does not regulate P2X3 receptor responses. Nonetheless, on cultures made from both genotypes, exogenous TNFα enhanced TRPV1 receptor-mediated currents expressed by a few neurons, suggesting transient amplification of TRPV1 nociceptor responses. CGRP increased P2X3 receptor currents only in WT cultures, although prolonged CGRP receptor antagonism or BDNF neutralization reduced KI currents to WT levels. Our data suggest that, in KI trigeminal ganglion cultures, constitutive up-regulation of P2X3 receptors probably is already maximal and is apparently contributed by basal CGRP and BDNF levels, thereby rendering these neurons more responsive to extracellular ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi K. Hullugundi
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA),Trieste, Italy
| | - Michel D. Ferrari
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arn M. J. M. van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden Genetics University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Nistri
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA),Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Franceschini A, Hullugundi SK, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Nistri A, Fabbretti E. Effects of LPS on P2X3 receptors of trigeminal sensory neurons and macrophages from mice expressing the R192Q Cacna1a gene mutation of familial hemiplegic migraine-1. Purinergic Signal 2012; 9:7-13. [PMID: 22836594 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A knockin (KI) mouse model with the R192Q missense mutation in the Cacna1a gene commonly detected in familial hemiplegic migraine was used to study whether trigeminal ganglia showed a basal inflammatory profile that could be further enhanced by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) toxin. Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP)-gated purinergic ionotropic receptor 3 (P2X3) currents expressed by the large majority of trigeminal sensory neurons were taken as functional readout. Cultured R192Q KI trigeminal ganglia showed higher number of active macrophages, basal release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and larger P2X3 receptor currents with respect to wild type (WT) cells. After 5 h application of LPS in vitro, both WT and R192Q KI cultures demonstrated significant increase in macrophage activation, very large rise in TNFα mRNA content, and ambient protein levels together with fall in TNFα precursor, suggesting potent release of this inflammatory mediator. Notwithstanding the unchanged expression of P2X3 receptor protein in WT or R192Q KI cultures, LPS evoked a large rise in WT neuronal currents that recovered faster from desensitization. Basal R192Q KI currents were larger than WT ones and could not be further augmented by LPS. These data suggest that KI cultures had a basal neuroinflammatory profile that might facilitate the release of endogenous mediators (including ATP) to activate constitutively hyperfunctional P2X3 receptors and amplify nociceptive signaling by trigeminal sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Franceschini
- Department of Neuroscience and Italian Institute of Technology Unit, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy.
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