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Hipkaeo W, Kondo H. Localization of phospholipid-related signal molecules in salivary glands of rodents: A review. J Oral Biosci 2023; 65:146-155. [PMID: 37061129 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the 1950s, Hokin conducted initial studies on phosphoinositide turnover/cycle in salivary glandular cells. From these studies, the idea emerged that receptor-mediated changes in intramembranous levels of phosphoinositides represent an early step in the stimulus-response pathway. Based on this idea and the general view that knowledge of the exact localization of a given endogenous molecule in cells in situ is important for understanding its functional significance, we have reviewed available information about the localization of several representative phosphoinositide-signaling molecules in the salivary glands in situ in mice. HIGHLIGHT We focused on phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, phosphatidylinositol 4 phosphate 5-kinase α, β, γ, phospholipase Cβ, muscarinic cholinoceptors 1 and 3, diacylglycerol kinase ζ, phospholipase D1 and 2, ADP-ribosylation factor 6 and its exchange factors for Arf6, and cannabinoid receptors. These molecules individually exhibit differential localization in a spatiotemporal manner in the exocrine glands, making it possible to deduce their functional significance, such as their involvement in secretion and cell differentiation. CONCLUSION Although phosphoinositide-signaling molecules whose in situ localization in glandular cells has been clarified are still limited, the obtained information on their localization suggests that their functional significance is more valuable in glandular ducts than in acini. It thus suggests the necessity of greater attention to the ducts in their physio-pharmacological analyses. The purpose of this review is to encourage more in situ localization studies of phosphoinositide-signaling molecules with an aim to further understand their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of salivary gland diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Hisatake Kondo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, JAPAN
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2
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Expression with early postnatal peak and female-dominant sexual dimorphism of phospholipase D (PLD) 2 in submandibular gland ducts in situ of mice. Odontology 2022:10.1007/s10266-022-00765-x. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-022-00765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Parasympathetic-macrophages-ductal epithelial cells axis promotes female rat submandibular gland regeneration after excretory duct ligation/deligation. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 145:105586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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4
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Culp DJ, Robinson B, Cash MN. Murine Salivary Amylase Protects Against Streptococcus mutans-Induced Caries. Front Physiol 2021; 12:699104. [PMID: 34276419 PMCID: PMC8283412 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.699104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva protects dental surfaces against cavities (i. e., dental caries), a highly prevalent infectious disease frequently associated with acidogenic Streptococcus mutans. Substantial in vitro evidence supports amylase, a major constituent of saliva, as either protective against caries or supporting caries. We therefore produced mice with targeted deletion of salivary amylase (Amy1) and determined the impact on caries in mice challenged with S. mutans and fed a diet rich in sucrose to promote caries. Total smooth surface and sulcal caries were 2.35-fold and 1.79-fold greater in knockout mice, respectively, plus caries severities were twofold or greater on sulcal and smooth surfaces. In in vitro experiments with samples of whole stimulated saliva, amylase expression did not affect the adherence of S. mutans to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite and slightly increased its aggregation in solution (i.e., oral clearance). Conversely, S. mutans in biofilms formed in saliva with 1% glucose displayed no differences when cultured on polystyrene, but on hydroxyapatite was 40% less with amylase expression, suggesting that recognition by S. mutans of amylase bound to hydroxyapatite suppresses growth. However, this effect was overshadowed in vivo, as the recoveries of S. mutans from dental plaque were similar between both groups of mice, suggesting that amylase expression helps decrease plaque acids from S. mutans that dissolve dental enamel. With amylase deletion, commensal streptococcal species increased from ~75 to 90% of the total oral microbiota, suggesting that amylase may promote higher plaque pH by supporting colonization by base-producing oral commensals. Importantly, collective results indicate that amylase may serve as a biomarker of caries risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Culp
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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5
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Impact of Acute Pancreatic Injury on Sphingolipid Metabolism in the Salivary Glands. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6403482. [PMID: 32802862 PMCID: PMC7426771 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6403482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatic injury can be related to both parenchymal (responsible for exocrine functions) and islet (mainly β-cells, responsible for endocrine functions) damage. During embryonic development, both the salivary glands and the pancreas originate from the foregut, which explains many of the observed histological and functional similarities between these two organs. The relationship between several diseases of the pancreas and salivary glands, resulting from morphological and functional similarities, is well established. Sphingolipids constitute a class of biologically active molecules involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes, including acute pancreatitis (AP) and diabetes mellitus. However, the effect of AP on sphingolipid metabolism in the salivary glands remains uncertain. In the presented study, we examined the effect of AP and type 1 diabetes mellitus on sphingolipid metabolism in the salivary glands of rats. We demonstrated that acute pancreatic injury, related to both exocrine and endocrine functions, affects the metabolism of sphingolipids in the parotid, but not submandibular, salivary glands.
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6
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Culp DJ, Zhang Z, Evans RL. VIP and muscarinic synergistic mucin secretion by salivary mucous cells is mediated by enhanced PKC activity via VIP-induced release of an intracellular Ca 2+ pool. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:385-403. [PMID: 31932898 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucin secretion by salivary mucous glands is mediated predominantly by parasympathetic acetylcholine activation of cholinergic muscarinic receptors via increased intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) and activation of conventional protein kinase C isozymes (cPKC). However, the parasympathetic co-neurotransmitter, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), also initiates secretion, but to a lesser extent. In the present study, cross talk between VIP- and muscarinic-induced mucin secretion was investigated using isolated rat sublingual tubuloacini. VIP-induced secretion is mediated by cAMP-activated protein kinase A (PKA), independently of increased [Ca2+]i. Synergistic secretion between VIP and the muscarinic agonist, carbachol, was demonstrated but only with submaximal carbachol. Carbachol has no effect on cAMP ± VIP. Instead, PKA activated by VIP releases Ca2+ from an intracellular pool maintained by the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase pump. Calcium release was independent of phospholipase C activity. The resultant sustained [Ca2+]i increase is additive to submaximal, but not maximal carbachol-induced [Ca2+]i. Synergistic mucin secretion was mimicked by VIP plus either phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or 0.01 μM thapsigargin, and blocked by the PKC inhibitor, Gö6976. VIP-induced Ca2+ release also promoted store-operated Ca2+ entry. Synergism is therefore driven by VIP-mediated [Ca2+]i augmenting cPKC activity to enhance muscarinic mucin secretion. Additional data suggest ryanodine receptors control VIP/PKA-mediated Ca2+ release from a Ca2+ pool also responsive to maximal carbachol. A working model of muscarinic and VIP control of mucous cell exocrine secretion is presented. Results are discussed in relation to synergistic mechanisms in other secretory cells, and the physiological and therapeutic significance of VIP/muscarinic synergism controlling salivary mucous cell exocrine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Culp
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,Department of Oral Biology, UF College of Dentistry, P.O. Box 100424, Gainesville, FL, 32610-3003, USA.
| | - Z Zhang
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - R L Evans
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Unilever Research & Development, Port Sunlight Laboratory, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, UK
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7
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Yang N, Mukaibo T, Gao X, Kurtz I, Melvin JE. Slc4a11 disruption causes duct cell loss and impairs NaCl reabsorption in female mouse submandibular glands. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14232. [PMID: 31833218 PMCID: PMC6908739 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Slc4a11, a member of the Slc4 HCO3- transporter family, has a wide tissue distribution. In mouse salivary glands, the expression of Slc4a11 mRNA was more than eightfold greater than the other nine members of the Slc4 gene family. The Slc4a11 protein displayed a diffuse subcellular distribution in both the acinar and duct cells of mouse submandibular glands (SMG). Slc4a11 disruption induced a significant increase in the Na+ and Cl- concentrations of stimulated SMG saliva, whereas it did not affect the fluid secretion rate in response to either β-adrenergic or cholinergic receptor stimulation. Heterologous expressed mouse Slc4a11 acted as a H+ /OH- transporter that was uncoupled of Na+ or Cl- movement, and this activity was blocked by ethyl-isopropyl amiloride (EIPA) but not 4,4'-Diisothiocyanato-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid (DIDS). Slc4a11 disruption revealed that Slc4a11 does not play a major role in intracellular pH regulation in mouse salivary gland cells. In contrast, NaCl reabsorption was impaired in the SMG saliva of female compared to male Slc4a11 null mice, which correlated with the loss of duct cells and a decrease in expression of the duct-cell-specific transcription factor Ascl3. Together, our results suggest that Slc4a11 expression regulates the number of ducts cells in the mouse SMG and consequently NaCl reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning‐Yan Yang
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions SectionNational Institute of Dental and Craniofacial ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland
- Department of Pediatric DentistryBeijing Stomatological Hospital & School of StomatologyCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Taro Mukaibo
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions SectionNational Institute of Dental and Craniofacial ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and RehabilitationKyushu Dental UniversityKitakyushuFukuokaJapan
| | - Xin Gao
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions SectionNational Institute of Dental and Craniofacial ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland
| | - Ira Kurtz
- Department of MedicineDivision of NephrologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine, and the Brain Research InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - James E. Melvin
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions SectionNational Institute of Dental and Craniofacial ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland
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8
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Suzuki A, Shim J, Ogata K, Yoshioka H, Iwata J. Cholesterol metabolism plays a crucial role in the regulation of autophagy for cell differentiation of granular convoluted tubules in male mouse submandibular glands. Development 2019; 146:dev.178335. [PMID: 31558435 DOI: 10.1242/dev.178335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been long appreciated that sex hormone receptors are expressed in various non-gonadal organs. However, it remains unclear how sex hormones regulate the morphogenesis of these non-gonadal organs. To address this issue, we used a male mouse model of androgen-dependent salivary gland morphogenesis. Mice with excessive cholesterol synthesis in the salivary glands exhibited defects in the maturation of granular convoluted tubules (GCTs), which is regulated through sex hormone-dependent cascades. We found that excessive cholesterol synthesis resulted in autophagy failure specifically in the duct cells of salivary glands, followed by the accumulation of NRF2, a transcription factor known as one of the specific substrates for autophagy. The accumulated NRF2 suppressed the expression of Foxa1, which forms a transcriptional complex with the androgen receptor to regulate target genes. Taken together, our results indicate that cholesterol metabolism plays a crucial role in GCT differentiation through autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Junbo Shim
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Kenichi Ogata
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Hiroki Yoshioka
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA .,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center University of Texas Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Khrongyut S, Polsan Y, Sakaew W, Sawatpanich T, Banno Y, Nozawa Y, Kondo H, Hipkaeo W. Expression of endogenous phospholipase D1, localized in mouse submandibular gland, is greater in females and is suppressed by testosterone. J Anat 2019; 235:1125-1136. [PMID: 31402458 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the signal transduction mechanism in the differentiation and secretion of salivary glandular cells, the present study was attempted to examine in the submandibular gland (SMG) of mice, the expression and localization of phospholipase D1 (PLD1), one of the important effector molecules working in response to the activation of intramembranous receptors by first messengers. In immunoblotting analysis, the expression of PLD1 was high at postnatal 4 weeks (P4W) and decreased at P8W, and it was at negligible levels at newborn stage (P0W) and postnatal 2 weeks (P2W). The expression of PLD1 was greater in females, and it was suppressed by administration of testosterone to female mice. In immuno-light microscopy, immunoreactivity for PLD1 at P4W was moderate to intense, in the forms of dots and globules mainly in the apical domains of immature granular convoluted tubule (GCT)-cells localized largely in the proximal portion of the female GCT. By P8W, it decreased in intensity and remained weak to moderate along the apical plasmalemma of cells throughout the course of the female GCT, whereas it was faint throughout the GCT of the male SMG at P4W and negligible at P8W. In immuno-electron microscopy, immature GCT-cells characterized by electron-lucent granules were immunoreactive and the immunoreactive materials were deposited close to, but not within, those granules. Typical GCT cells, characterized by electron-dense granules, were immunonegative. No significant immunoreaction for PLD1 was seen in acini of SMGs of either sex at any time point examined. It is suggested that PLD1 is involved in the signaling for secretion of immature GCT cells and influences differentiation of these cells, probably through their own secretory substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthankamon Khrongyut
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Yada Polsan
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Waraporn Sakaew
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Tarinee Sawatpanich
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Yoshiko Banno
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nozawa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hisatake Kondo
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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10
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Moriguchi K, Jogahara T, Oda S, Honda M. Scanning transmission electron microscopic analysis of nitrogen generated by 3, 3'-diaminobenzidine-besed peroxidase reaction with resin ultrathin sections of rhinoceros parotid gland acinar cells. Microscopy (Oxf) 2019; 68:111-121. [PMID: 30380073 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfy125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3, 3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB)-based method was used to detect the localization of endogenous peroxidase activity in Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) parotid gland acinar cells. The tissue had previously been resin-embedded in gelatin capsules for routine electron microscopic observations and thus pre-incubation for endogenous peroxidase analysis was not possible. We attempted to demonstrate the relationship between secretory granules (SGs) in resin ultrathin sections of Indian rhinoceros parotid gland acinar cells and endogenous peroxidase activity. A JEM 1400 Plus scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) was used to conduct energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the presence of nitrogen generated by the DAB reaction in bipartite structural SG consisting of a dense body (or core). The mapping patterns of nitrogen were restricted to the dense body. We observed nitrogen localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nuclear envelope (NE) and several components of the Golgi apparatus (G) of rhinoceros parotid gland acinar cells participating in the synthetic pathway of secretory proteins. Moreover, we established a nitrogen-detection method by EDS analysis of rhinoceros parotid gland. The reliability of the method was validated by comparison of the test group (peroxidase detection in ultrathin resin sections) and the control group (ordinary peroxidase detection in semi-thin sections following glutaraldehyde pre-fixation) of rat submandibular gland. The same mapping patterns of nitrogen were detected by DAB reaction in the SG, ER, NE and G in these two groups. Hence, EDS-STEM approaches for endogenous peroxidase post-incubation analysis will prove useful for advanced cytochemical analysis for the identification of any other resin sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Moriguchi
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takamichi Jogahara
- Division of Bio-resources, Department of Biotechnology, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Senichi Oda
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Ridai-cho, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaki Honda
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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11
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Mukaibo T, Gao X, Yang NY, Oei MS, Nakamoto T, Melvin JE. Sexual dimorphisms in the transcriptomes of murine salivary glands. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:947-958. [PMID: 30998297 PMCID: PMC6487692 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional profiling identified 933 sexually dimorphic genes out of the 14 371 protein‐coding genes expressed in the three major murine salivary glands: parotid, sublingual, and submandibular. Most (89%) sex‐specific genes were enriched in a single gland, while only 0.5% of the sexually dimorphic genes were enriched in all glands. The sublingual gland displayed a strong male sex bias (94% of sex‐enriched genes), while a sex preference was not obvious in the parotid or submandibular glands. A subset of transcription factor genes was correlated with the expression of gland‐specific, sex‐enriched genes. Higher expression of Cftr chloride and Scnn1 sodium channels in the male submandibular correlated with greater NaCl reabsorption. In conclusion, adult salivary glands display sex‐ and gland‐specific differences in gene expression that reflect their unique functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Mukaibo
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Xin Gao
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ning-Yan Yang
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Maria S Oei
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tetsuji Nakamoto
- Department of Prosthodontics, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - James E Melvin
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Widdicombe JH. Early studies of airway submucosal glands. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L990-L998. [PMID: 30864819 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00068.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This historical article provides a comprehensive review of early research on the structure and function of airway submucosal glands. The literature before 1950 or so, is virtually unknown, but in addition to being of historical interest it contains much of relevance to current research. Airway glands were first mentioned in 1602. The first description of their general form, size, and distribution was in 1712. Gland morphology was determined in 1827 by injecting mercury into their openings. Wax was later used. Detailed comparative information for all regions of the tracheobronchial tree was provided by Frankenhauser in 1879 (Untersuchungen uber den bau der Tracheo-Bronchial-Schleimhaut). Histological studies began in 1870, and by the end of the 19th century, all the major histological features had been described. The first physiological studies on airway mucous secretion were published in 1892. Kokin, in 1896 (Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere 63: 622-630), was the first to measure secretion from individual glands. It was not, however, until 1933 that gland secretion was quantified. This early literature raises important questions as to the role of the collecting duct epithelium in modifying primary secretions. It also provides perhaps the most accurate measure of basal gland secretion in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Widdicombe
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California , Davis, California
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13
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Yokoyama T, Takemoto M, Hirakawa M, Saino T. Different immunohistochemical localization for TMEM16A and CFTR in acinar and ductal cells of rat major salivary glands and exocrine pancreas. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:50-55. [PMID: 30389171 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mRNA expression and immunohistochemical localization of Cl- channels, transmembrane member 16A (TMEM16A or anoctamin 1), and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in rat major salivary glands and exocrine pancreas. RT-PCR detected mRNA expression of TMEM16A and CFTR in the extracts of the parotid gland (PG), submandibular gland (SMG), sublingual gland (SLG), and pancreas. Immunoreactivity for TMEM16A was localized in the apical membrane of serous acinar and intercalated ductal cells in the PG and SMG as well as mucous acinar cells in the SLG; however, it was not detected in striated ductal cells of these tissues. Although striated ductal cells in the PG, SMG and SLG, and granular ductal cells in the SMG, were immunoreactive for CFTR in the luminal side, serous, mucous acinar, and intercalated ductal cells were not immunoreactive for CFTR in any of the major salivary glands. In the exocrine pancreas, immunoreactivity for TMEM16A was localized in the apical membrane of acinar cells, while immunoreactivity for CFTR was localized in the luminal side of intercalated ductal cells. These results suggest that different localization of TMEM16A and CFTR immunoreactivities reflects the respective functions of acinar and ductal cells in major salivary glands and exocrine pancreas.
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14
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Hakami Z, Hand AR. Developmental Morphology of the Palatine Glands in Rats: An Electron Microscope Study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1820-1833. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaki Hakami
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Orthodontics; College of Dentistry, Jazan University; Jazan Saudi Arabia
| | - Arthur R. Hand
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences and Cell Biology; School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut; Farmington Connecticut
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15
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Mukaibo T, Munemasa T, Masaki C, Cui C, Melvin J. Defective NaCl Reabsorption in Salivary Glands of Eda-Null X-LHED Mice. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1244-1251. [PMID: 29913094 PMCID: PMC6151911 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518782461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the ectodysplasin A gene ( EDA) cause X-LHED (X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia), the most common human form of ectodermal dysplasia. Defective EDA signaling is linked to hypoplastic development of epithelial tissues, resulting in hypotrichosis, hypodontia, hypohidrosis, and xerostomia. The primary objective of the present study was to better understand the salivary gland dysfunction associated with ectodermal dysplasia using the analogous murine disorder. The salivary flow rate and ion composition of the 3 major salivary glands were determined in adult Eda-deficient Tabby hemizygous male (Ta/Y) and heterozygous female (Ta/X) mice. Submandibular and sublingual glands of Eda-mutant mice were smaller than wild-type littermates, while parotid gland weight was not significantly altered. Fluid secretion by the 3 major salivary glands was essentially unchanged, but the decrease in submandibular gland size was associated with a dramatic loss of ducts in Ta/Y and Ta/X mice. Reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-, previously linked in salivary glands to Scnn1 Na+ channels and Cftr Cl- channels, respectively, was markedly reduced at high flow rates in the ex vivo submandibular glands of Ta/Y mice (~60%) and, to a lesser extent, Ta/X mice (Na+ by 14%). Consistent with decreased Na+ reabsorption in Ta/Y mice, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis detected decreased mRNA expression for Scnn1b and Scnn1g, genes encoding the β and γ subunits, respectively. Moreover, the Na+ channel blocker amiloride significantly inhibited Na+ and Cl- reabsorption by wild-type male submandibular glands to levels comparable to those observed in Ta/Y mice. In summary, fluid secretion was intact in the salivary glands of Eda-deficient mice but displayed marked Na+ and Cl- reabsorption defects that correlated with the loss of duct cells and decreased Scnn1 Na+ channel expression. These results provide a likely mechanism for the elevated NaCl concentration observed in the saliva of affected male and female patients with X-LHED.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Mukaibo
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section,
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Oral Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - T. Munemasa
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section,
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Oral Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - C. Masaki
- Department of Oral Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - C.Y. Cui
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National
Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J.E. Melvin
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section,
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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Adthapanyawanich K, Nakata H, Iseki S. Expression and localization of phosphodiesterase 2A in the submandibular gland of mice. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 90:91-99. [PMID: 29597062 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Phosphodiesterases comprise a superfamily of enzymes that hydrolyze and inactivate cyclic AMP (cAMP) and/or cyclic GMP (cGMP), thereby regulating cellular signaling mechanisms. We herein investigated the production of phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A) in the mouse submandibular gland. DESIGN The expression and localization of the mRNA and protein of PDE2A were examined in the submandibular gland of male and female mice using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Among the different species of phosphodiesterases examined in the mouse submandibular gland, PDE2A, which hydrolyzes cAMP and cGMP, exhibited a marked sexual difference; it was more abundantly expressed in females. The mRNA and protein signals for PDE2A were intense in all acinar and duct portions, including the striated duct, in females, whereas in males, these signals were markedly weaker in the granular convoluted duct, the counterpart of the female striated duct, than in acini and other duct portions. Furthermore, the signals for protein kinases A and G1, which are intracellular effectors of cAMP and cGMP, respectively, were markedly weaker in the male granular convoluted duct. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cyclic nucleotide-dependent signaling mechanisms function poorly in granular convoluted duct cells in the mouse submandibular gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannika Adthapanyawanich
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Naresuan University, Pitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Hiroki Nakata
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shoichi Iseki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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17
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Ohshima H. Oral biosciences: The annual review 2017. J Oral Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Gao X, Oei MS, Ovitt CE, Sincan M, Melvin JE. Transcriptional profiling reveals gland-specific differential expression in the three major salivary glands of the adult mouse. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:263-271. [PMID: 29373073 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00124.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-Seq was used to better understand the molecular nature of the biological differences among the three major exocrine salivary glands in mammals. Transcriptional profiling found that the adult murine parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands express greater than 14,300 protein-coding genes, and nearly 2,000 of these genes were differentially expressed. Principle component analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed three distinct clusters according to gland type. The three salivary gland transcriptomes were dominated by a relatively few number of highly expressed genes (6.3%) that accounted for more than 90% of transcriptional output. Of the 912 transcription factors expressed in the major salivary glands, greater than 90% of them were detected in all three glands, while expression for ~2% of them was enriched in an individual gland. Expression of these unique transcription factors correlated with sublingual and parotid specific subsets of both highly expressed and differentially expressed genes. Gene ontology analyses revealed that the highly expressed genes common to all glands were associated with global functions, while many of the genes expressed in a single gland play a major role in the function of that gland. In summary, transcriptional profiling of the three murine major salivary glands identified a limited number of highly expressed genes, differentially expressed genes, and unique transcription factors that represent the transcriptional signatures underlying gland-specific biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland.,Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
| | - Maria S Oei
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Catherine E Ovitt
- Center for Oral Biology and Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York
| | - Murat Sincan
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James E Melvin
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
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Igbokwe CO. Ultrastructure of the Parotid Salivary Gland in the Greater Cane Rats ( Thryonomys Swinderianus). J Microsc Ultrastruct 2018; 6:17-22. [PMID: 30023263 PMCID: PMC6014244 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The parotid glands of adult male African greater cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) were examined by light microscopy (semi-thin sections) and transmission electron microscopy. Histologically, it consisted of acinar cells with vacuoles which corresponded to large oval electron-dense granules, intercalated, striated ducts, and myoepithelial cells which contacted the cells and intercalated ducts (IDs). The cytoplasmic organizations of acinar cells represented the features of serous secreting cells. Ultrastructurally, the acinar cells contained granules of low and moderately electron densities without substructures in their matrix. Lipid droplets were interspersed with the granules. Several coalesced low electron-dense granules were common in some of the acinar cells. The acinar cells also contained few dilated (vesicular) and abundant parallel arrays of tubular rough endoplasmic reticulum and extensive Golgi complex. IDs were lined by tall cuboidal cells interconnected by tight junctions. Secretory granules were absent in their cytoplasm. Striated ducts were composed of columnar cells with few basal cells, and secretory granules were absent as well. Apical blebbing was observed in these ducts. Myoepithelial cells were limited to the acinar-intercalated ductal system. Nerve terminals were observed among the adjacent acinar cells and the underlying basement lamina. The functional significance of these structures is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casmir O Igbokwe
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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20
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Structural characterization of endogenous peroxidase activity in human, rat, hamster, and Suncus murinus salivary glands. J Oral Biosci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Distinct hormonal regulation of two types of sexual dimorphism in submandibular gland of mice. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:261-272. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2719-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Ultrastructure of the parotid salivary gland in the greater cane rats (Thryonomys swinderianus). J Microsc Ultrastruct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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23
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Gotouda H, Tamamura R, Kono T, Ootani Y, Kanno T, Kuwada-Kusunose T, Suzuki K, Sakae T, Okada H, Nasu I. Immunohistological Study of the Major Salivary Glands in the Gray Short-Tailed Opossums ( Monodelphis domestica). J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2017. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.26.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Gotouda
- Department of Preventive and Public Oral Health, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Ryo Tamamura
- Department of Histology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Tetsuro Kono
- Department of Histology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Yukari Ootani
- Department of Histology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Takeshi Kanno
- Department of Histology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Takao Kuwada-Kusunose
- Department of Liberal Arts (Biology), Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Kunihiro Suzuki
- Department of Liberal Arts (Biology), Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Toshiro Sakae
- Department of Histology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- Department of Histology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Ikuo Nasu
- Department of Preventive and Public Oral Health, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
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24
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Expression and localization of calpain 3 in the submandibular gland of mice. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 70:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Shatrov AB. Comparative morphology and ultrastructure of the prosomal salivary glands in the unfed larvae Leptotrombidium orientale (Acariformes, Trombiculidae), a possible vector of tsutsugamushi disease agent. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2015; 66:347-367. [PMID: 25910992 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-9912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The prosomal salivary glands of the unfed larvae Leptotrombidium orientale (Schluger) were investigated using transmission electron microscopy. In total, four pairs of the prosomal glands were identified--three pairs, the lateral, the medial and the anterior, belong to the podocephalic system, and one pair, the posterior, is separate having an own excretory duct. All glands are simple alveolar/acinous with prismatic cells arranged around a relatively small intra-alveolar lumen with the duct base. The cells of all glands besides the lateral ones contain practically mature electron-dense secretory granules ready to be discharged from the cells. The secretory granules in the lateral glands undergo formation and maturation due to the Golgi body activity. The cells of all gland types contain a large basally located nucleus and variously expressed rough endoplasmic reticulum. Specialized duct-forming cells filled with numerous freely scattered microtubules are situated in the middle zone of each gland's acinus and form the intra-alveolar lumen and the duct base. Both the acinar (secretory) and the duct-forming cells contact each other via gap junctions and septate desmosomes. Axons of nerve cells come close to the basal extensions of the duct-forming cells where they form the bulb-shaped synaptic terminations. The process of secretion is under the control of the nerve system that provides contraction of the duct-forming cells and discharge of secretion from the secretory cells into the intra-alveolar lumen and further to the exterior. Unfed larvae of L. orientale, the potential vector of tsutsugamushi disease agents, contain the most simply organized salivary secretory granules among known trombiculid larvae, and this secretion, besides the lateral glands, does not undergo significant additional maturation. Thus, the larvae are apparently ready to feed on the appropriate host just nearly after hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Shatrov
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034, St-Petersburg, Russia,
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26
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Morphology and gene expression profile of the submandibular gland of androgen-receptor-deficient mice. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:320-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Culp DJ, Robinson B, Cash MN, Bhattacharyya I, Stewart C, Cuadra-Saenz G. Salivary mucin 19 glycoproteins: innate immune functions in Streptococcus mutans-induced caries in mice and evidence for expression in human saliva. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:2993-3008. [PMID: 25512380 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.597906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva functions in innate immunity of the oral cavity, protecting against demineralization of teeth (i.e. dental caries), a highly prevalent infectious disease associated with Streptococcus mutans, a pathogen also linked to endocarditis and atheromatous plaques. Gel-forming mucins are a major constituent of saliva. Because Muc19 is the dominant salivary gel-forming mucin in mice, we studied Muc19(-/-) mice for changes in innate immune functions of saliva in interactions with S. mutans. When challenged with S. mutans and a cariogenic diet, total smooth and sulcal surface lesions are more than 2- and 1.6-fold higher in Muc19(-/-) mice compared with wild type, whereas the severity of lesions are up to 6- and 10-fold higher, respectively. Furthermore, the oral microbiota of Muc19(-/-) mice display higher levels of indigenous streptococci. Results emphasize the importance of a single salivary constituent in the innate immune functions of saliva. In vitro studies of S. mutans and Muc19 interactions (i.e. adherence, aggregation, and biofilm formation) demonstrate Muc19 poorly aggregates S. mutans. Nonetheless, aggregation is enhanced upon adding Muc19 to saliva from Muc19(-/-) mice, indicating Muc19 assists in bacterial clearance through formation of heterotypic complexes with salivary constituents that bind S. mutans, thus representing a novel innate immune function for salivary gel-forming mucins. In humans, expression of salivary MUC19 is unclear. We find MUC19 transcripts in salivary glands of seven subjects and demonstrate MUC19 glycoproteins in glandular mucous cells and saliva. Similarities and differences between mice and humans in the expression and functions of salivary gel-forming mucins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Indraneel Bhattacharyya
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Carol Stewart
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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28
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Yamagishi R, Wakayama T, Nakata H, Adthapanyawanich K, Kumchantuek T, Yamamoto M, Iseki S. Expression and Localization of α-amylase in the Submandibular and Sublingual Glands of Mice. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2014; 47:95-102. [PMID: 25320406 PMCID: PMC4164700 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.14005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the major salivary glands of mice, acinar cells in the parotid gland (PG) are known to be the main site for the production of the digestive enzyme α-amylase, whereas α-amylase production in the submandibular gland (SMG) and sublingual gland (SLG), as well as the cell types responsible for α-amylase production, has been less firmly established. To clarify this issue, we examined the expression and localization of both the mRNA and protein of α-amylase in the major salivary glands of male and female mice by quantitative and histochemical methods. α-amylase mRNA levels were higher in the order of PG, SMG, and SLG. No sexual difference was observed in α-amylase mRNA levels in the PG and SLG, whereas α-amylase mRNA levels in the female SMG were approximately 30% those in the male SMG. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, signals for α-amylase mRNA and protein were found to be strongly positive in acinar cells of the PG, serous demilune cells of the SLG, and granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells of the male SMG, weakly positive in seromucous acinar cells of the male and female SMG, and negative in mucous acinar cells of the SLG. These results clarified that α-amylase is produced mainly by GCT cells and partly by acinar cells in the SMG, whereas it is produced exclusively by serous demilune cells in the SLG of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Yamagishi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Tomohiko Wakayama
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Hiroki Nakata
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Kannika Adthapanyawanich
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Tewarat Kumchantuek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Miyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Shoichi Iseki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
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29
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Gilloteaux J, Afolayan A. Clarification of the Terminology of the Major Human Salivary Glands: Acinus and Alveolus are not Synonymous. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1354-63. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- Department of Anatomical Sciences; St George's University International School of Medicine, K B. Taylor Global Scholar's Programme; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Adebowale Afolayan
- Department of Anatomical Sciences; St George's University International School of Medicine, K B. Taylor Global Scholar's Programme; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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30
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Moriguchi K, Utsumi M, Ohno N. Confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis of ectopic sublingual gland-like tissue inside the hamster submandibular gland. Microsc Res Tech 2013; 76:1284-91. [PMID: 24123513 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Based on its histochemical properties, the secretory portion of the hamster submandibular gland has been classified as seromucous cells. The presence of endogenous peroxidase (PO) reaction was shown in the nuclear envelope, cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The 3,3'-diaminobenzidene, tetrahydrochloride (DAB) method revealed bipartite secretory granules containing a PO-positive dense core surrounded by a less dense halo in these cells. In the present investigation, serous and mucous-like cells were found in resin-embedded semi-thin sections of the DAB-reacted hamster submandibular gland. These sections were already on glass slides for routine light microscopic observations, therefore electron microscopic analysis could be unrealizable. We then used reflectance-mode confocal laser scanning microscopy to visualize additional sites of PO activity as detected in these sections. Using this approach, we found mucous cells with PO activity-negative secretory granules and seromucous cells with PO activity-positive spot-like secretory granules of the regular sublingual gland most frequently adjacent to the serous cells with typical electron-dense secretory granules. These cells clearly differ from the seromucous cells with bipartite secretory granules and the granular duct cells with typical electron-dense secretory granules of the hamster submandibular gland. Additionally, secretory endpieces of the ectopic sublingual gland-like tissue empty into the duct of the hamster submandibular gland lobule. Thus, our findings suggest that a mass of sublingual gland tissue extends into the hamster submandibular gland during its development, and PO may be synthesized and secreted into the same duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Moriguchi
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
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31
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Cecchini MP, Parnigotto M, Merigo F, Marzola P, Daducci A, Tambalo S, Boschi F, Colombo L, Sbarbati A. 3D printing of rat salivary glands: The submandibular-sublingual complex. Anat Histol Embryol 2013; 43:239-44. [PMID: 23822094 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The morphology and the functionality of the murid glandular complex, composed of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands (SSC), were the object of several studies conducted mainly using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Using a 4.7 T scanner and a manganese-based contrast agent, we improved the signal-to-noise ratio of the SSC relating to the surrounding anatomical structures allowing to obtain high-contrast 3D images of the SSC. In the last few years, the large development in resin melting techniques opened the way for printing 3D objects starting from a 3D stack of images. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of the 3D printing technique of soft tissues such as the SSC in the rat with the aim to improve the visualization of the organs. This approach is useful to preserve the real in vivo morphology of the SCC in living animals avoiding the anatomical shape changes due to the lack of relationships with the surrounding organs in case of extraction. It is also harmless, repeatable and can be applied to explore volumetric changes occurring during body growth, excretory duct obstruction, tumorigenesis and regeneration processes. 3D printing allows to obtain a solid object with the same shape of the organ of interest, which can be observed, freely rotated and manipulated. To increase the visibility of the details, it is possible to print the organs with a selected zoom factor, useful as in case of tiny organs in small mammalia. An immediate application of this technique is represented by educational classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Cecchini
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
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Chen CY, Tsai MM, Chi HC, Lin KH. Biological significance of a thyroid hormone-regulated secretome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2271-84. [PMID: 23429180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone, 3,3,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), modulates several physiological processes, including cellular growth, differentiation, metabolism and proliferation, via interactions with thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) in the regulatory regions of target genes. Several intracellular and extracellular protein candidates are regulated by T3. Moreover, T3-regulated secreted proteins participate in physiological processes or cellular transformation. T3 has been employed as a marker in several disorders, such as cardiovascular disorder in chronic kidney disease, as well as diseases of the liver, immune system, endocrine hormone metabolism and coronary artery. Our group subsequently showed that T3 regulates several tumor-related secretory proteins, leading to cancer progression via alterations in extracellular matrix proteases and tumor-associated signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinomas. Therefore, elucidation of T3/thyroid hormone receptor-regulated secretory proteins and their underlying mechanisms in cancers should facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets. This review provides a detailed summary on the known secretory proteins regulated by T3 and their physiological significance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: An Updated Secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Expression and localization of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β and its ligand pleiotrophin in the submandibular gland of mice. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:181-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Anatomy and ultrastructure of the salivary (prosomal) glands in unfed water mite larvae Piona carnea (C.L. Koch, 1836) (Acariformes: Pionidae). ZOOL ANZ 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Amano O, Mizobe K, Bando Y, Sakiyama K. Anatomy and histology of rodent and human major salivary glands: -overview of the Japan salivary gland society-sponsored workshop-. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2012; 45:241-50. [PMID: 23209333 PMCID: PMC3496860 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS OF BOTH HUMANS AND RODENTS CONSIST OF THREE PAIRS OF MACROSCOPIC GLANDS: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual. These glands secrete serous, mucous or mixed saliva via the proper main excretory ducts connecting the glandular bodies with the oral cavity. A series of discoveries about the salivary ducts in the 17th century by Niels Stensen (1638-1686), Thomas Wharton (1614-1673), and Caspar Bartholin (1655-1738) established the concept of exocrine secretion as well as salivary glands. Recent investigations have revealed the endocrine functions of parotin and a variety of cell growth factors produced by salivary glands.The present review aims to describe macroscopic findings on the major salivary glands of rodents and the microscopic differences between those of humans and rodents, which review should be of interest to those researchers studying salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Amano
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Development and Fostering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1–1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350–0283, Japan
| | - Kenichi Mizobe
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Development and Fostering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1–1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350–0283, Japan
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Restorative and Biomaterials Sciences,
Meikai University School of Dentistry
| | - Yasuhiko Bando
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Development and Fostering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1–1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350–0283, Japan
| | - Koji Sakiyama
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Development and Fostering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1–1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350–0283, Japan
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Matsuzaki T, Susa T, Shimizu K, Sawai N, Suzuki T, Aoki T, Yokoo S, Takata K. Function of the membrane water channel aquaporin-5 in the salivary gland. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2012; 45:251-9. [PMID: 23209334 PMCID: PMC3496861 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of saliva production in the salivary glands requires transepithelial water transfer from the interstitium to the acinar lumen. There are two transepithelial pathways: the transcellular and paracellular. In the transcellular pathway, the aquaporin water channels induce passive water diffusion across the membrane lipid bilayer. It is well known that aquaporin-5 (AQP5) is expressed in the salivary glands, in which it is mainly localized at the apical membrane of the acinar cells. This suggests the physiological importance of AQP5 in transcellular water transfer. Reduced saliva secretion under pilocarpine stimulation in AQP5-null mice compared with normal mice further indicates the importance of AQP5 in this process, at least in stimulated saliva secretion. Questions remain therefore regarding the role and importance of AQP5 in basal saliva secretion. It has been speculated that there would be some short-term regulation of AQP5 such as a trafficking mechanism to regulate saliva secretion. However, no histochemical evidence of AQP5-trafficking has been found, although some of biochemical analyses suggested that it may occur. There are no reports of human disease caused by AQP5 mutations, but some studies have revealed an abnormal subcellular distribution of AQP5 in patients or animals with xerostomia caused by Sjögren’s syndrome and X-irradiation. These findings suggest the possible pathophysiological importance of AQP5 in the salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Matsuzaki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Taketo Susa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kinue Shimizu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Nobuhiko Sawai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takeo Aoki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Satoshi Yokoo
- Department of Stomatology and Oral Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Stomatology and Oral Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kuniaki Takata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
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Mansouri SH, Atri A. Ultrastructure of Parotid and Mandibular Glands of Camel (Camelus dromedarius). JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.1994.9706035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Culp DJ, Zhang Z, Evans RL. Role of calcium and PKC in salivary mucous cell exocrine secretion. J Dent Res 2011; 90:1469-76. [PMID: 21933938 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511422817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid and exocrine secretion of mucins by salivary mucous glands is regulated predominantly by parasympathetic activation of muscarinic receptors. A direct role for subsequent putative signaling steps, phospholipase C (PLC), increased intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)), and isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC) in mediating muscarinic exocrine secretion has not been elucidated, and these are potential therapeutic targets to enhance mucin secretion in hyposalivary patients. We found that muscarinic-induced mucin secretion by rat sublingual tubulo-acini was dependent upon PLC activation and the subsequent increase in [Ca(2+)](i), and further identified a transient PKC-independent component of secretion dependent upon Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores, whereas sustained secretion required entry of extracellular Ca(2+). Interactions among carbachol, PKC inhibitors, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and thapsigargin to modulate [Ca(2+)](i) implicated conventional PKC isoforms in mediating sustained secretion. With increasing times during carbachol perfusion of glands, in situ, PKC-α redistributed across glandular membrane compartments and underwent a rapid and persistent accumulation near the luminal borders of mucous cells. PKC-β1 displayed transient localization near luminal borders, whereas the novel PKCs, PKC-δ or PKC-ε, displayed little or no redistribution in mucous cells. Collective results implicate synergistic interactions between diacylglycerol (DAG) and increasing [Ca(2+)](i) levels to activate cPKCs in mediating sustained muscarinic-induced secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Culp
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Oral Biology, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Moriguchi K, Utsumi M, Ohno N. EFTEM cytochemistry and sexual dimorphism of secretory granules in male and female hamster submandibular glands. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2011; 88:11-6. [PMID: 21882591 DOI: 10.2535/ofaj.88.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
After glutaraldehyde fixation followed by osmium tetroxide postfixing, the secretory granules of acinar cells in male hamster submandibular glands (SGs) exhibit a characteristic bipartite substructure, with an electron-lucid rim and a more electron-dense central core. In female hamsters, the reverse is seen, with the larger portion of the granules forming an electron-lucid core and an outer electron-dense crescent rim. In the present study of endogenous peroxidase (PO) activity of male and female hamster SGs, secretory granules in the acinar cells were studied by DAB cytochemical technique. Individual granules showed bipartite substructure with the PO activity in a positive center core and unreacted lucid rim in both the male and the female acinar cells. Through isolation of granular fractions, the male and the female granules exhibited the same bipartite structure. We also examined the relation between the PO activity and counterstained areas in male and female hamster SGs, and the secretory granules of acinar cells by using EFTEM. In the male SG, the secretory granules exhibited the characteristic bipartite substructure to carry out parallel-EELS, nitrogen reflecting the presence of DAB moieties and uranium from counterstaing the presence the central core but not in the rim. On the other hand, the female bipartite secretory granules of the SG, exhibit the nitrogen reflecting the presence in the central core and uranium in the rim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Moriguchi
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Research Institute of Advanced Oral Science, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan.
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Epithelial–stromal interactions in salivary glands of rats exposed to chronic passive smoking. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:580-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Nicotinic receptor agonist-induced salivation and its cellular mechanism in parotid acini of rats. Auton Neurosci 2011; 161:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hai B, Yang Z, Millar SE, Choi YS, Taketo MM, Nagy A, Liu F. Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates postnatal development and regeneration of the salivary gland. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:1793-801. [PMID: 20367250 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative therapy of the salivary gland (SG) is a promising therapeutic approach for irreversible hyposalivation in patients with head and neck cancer treated by radiotherapy. However, little is known about the molecular regulators of stem/progenitor cell activity and regenerative processes in the SG. Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates the function of many adult stem cell populations, but its role in SG development and regeneration is unknown. Using BAT-gal Wnt reporter transgenic mice, we demonstrate that in the submandibular glands (SMGs) of newborn mice Wnt/β-catenin signaling is active in a few cells at the basal layer of intercalated ducts, the putative location of salivary gland stem/progenitor cells (SGPCs). Wnt activity decreases as mice age, but is markedly enhanced in SG ducts during regeneration of adult SMG after ligation of the main secretory duct. The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is also activated after duct ligation. Inhibition of epithelial β-catenin signaling in young Keratin5-rtTA/tetO-Dkk1 mice impairs the postnatal development of SMG, particularly affecting maturation of granular convoluted tubules. Conversely, forced activation of epithelial β-catenin signaling in adult Keratin5-rtTA/tetO-Cre/Ctnnb1((Ex3)fl) mice promotes proliferation of ductal cells, expansion of the SGPC compartment, and ectopic activation of Hh signaling. Taken together, these results indicate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates the activity of SGPCs during postnatal development and regeneration upstream of the Hh pathway, and suggest the potential of modulating Wnt/β-catenin and/or Hh pathways for functional restoration of SGs after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hai
- Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76502, USA
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Lamy E, Baptista E, Coelho A, Silva FCE. Morphological alterations in salivary glands of mice (Mus musculus) submitted to tannin enriched diets: comparison with sialotrophic effects of sympathetic agonists stimulation. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the effects of tannins at histomorphological level, mice were either fed with three structurally different types of tannins (tannic acid, chestnut, and quebracho) or treated with isoproterenol, during 10 days. Acini of parotid and submandibular glands increased significantly, being the increase higher for parotid compared to submandibular glands, and higher in the quebracho compared with the other tannin groups. Sublingual acinar size also increased after tannin consumption, by opposition to isoproterenol-treated animals. The results present evidences that the effects produced by tannins are dependent on their structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Lamy
- Universidade de Évora, Portugal
| | - E.S. Baptista
- Universidade de Évora, Portugal; Universidade de Évora, Portugal
| | - A.V. Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Portugal; Universidade de Évora
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Keattikunpairoj S, Wakayama T, Yamamoto M, Nakaya MA, Nakata H, Hipkaeo W, Sakulsak N, Iseki S. Expression of cAMP response element-binding protein in the duct system of the mouse submandibular gland. Histochem Cell Biol 2009; 132:647-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Das B, Cash MN, Hand AR, Shivazad A, Culp DJ. Expression of Muc19/Smgc gene products during murine sublingual gland development: cytodifferentiation and maturation of salivary mucous cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57:383-96. [PMID: 19110483 PMCID: PMC2664977 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2008.952853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muc19/Smgc expresses two splice variants, Smgc (submandibular gland protein C) and Muc19 (mucin 19), the latter a major exocrine product of differentiated murine sublingual mucous cells. Transcripts for Smgc were detected recently in neonatal sublingual glands, suggesting that SMGC proteins are expressed during initial salivary mucous cell cytodifferentiation. We therefore compared developmental expression of transcripts and translation products of Smgc and Muc19 in sublingual glands. We find abundant expression of SMGC within the initial terminal bulbs, with a subsequent decrease as Muc19 expression increases. During postnatal gland expansion, SMGC is found in presumptive newly formed acinar cells and then persists in putative acinar stem cells. Mucin levels increase 7-fold during the first 3 weeks of life, with little change in transcript levels, whereas between postnatal days 21 and 28, there is a 3-fold increase in Muc19 mRNA and heteronuclear RNA. Our collective results demonstrate the direct transition from SMGC to Muc19 expression during early mucous cell cytodifferentiation and further indicate developmentally regulated changes in Muc19/Smgc transcription, alternative splicing, and translation. These changes in Muc19/Smgc gene expression delineate multiple stages of salivary mucous cell cytodifferentiation and subsequent maturation during embryonic gland development through the first 4 weeks of postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswadip Das
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1600 SW Archer Rd., Gainesville, FL 32610-3003, USA
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Samuni Y, Zheng C, Cawley NX, Cotrim AP, Loh YP, Baum BJ. Sorting of growth hormone-erythropoietin fusion proteins in rat salivary glands. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 373:136-9. [PMID: 18544341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine and exocrine cells secrete proteins in either a constitutive manner or via the regulated secretory pathway (RSP), but the specific sorting mechanisms involved are not fully understood. After gene transfer to rat salivary glands, the transgenic model proteins human growth hormone (hGH) and erythropoietin (hEpo) are secreted primarily into saliva (RSP; exocrine) and serum (constitutive; endocrine), respectively. We hypothesized that fusion of hGH at either the C-terminus or the N-terminus of hEpo would re-direct hEpo from the bloodstream into saliva. We constructed and expressed two fusion proteins, hEpo-hGH and hGH-hEpo, using serotype 5-adenoviral vectors, and delivered them to rat submandibular glands in vivo via retroductal cannulation. Both the hEpo-hGH and hGH-hEpo fusion proteins, but not hEpo alone, were secreted primarily into saliva (p<0.0001 and p=0.0083, respectively). These in vivo studies demonstrate for the first time that hGH, in an N- as well as C-terminal position, influences the secretion of a constitutive pathway protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Samuni
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, USA.
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Takahashi-Horiuchi Y, Sugiyama K, Sakashita H, Amano O. Expression of heat shock protein 27 with the transition from proliferation to differentiation of acinar precursor cell in regenerating submandibular gland of rats. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2008; 214:221-30. [PMID: 18323692 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.214.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) has been suggested to participate in the cell proliferation and differentiation during tissue development. In fact, we have demonstrated the transient occurrence of Hsp27 during the differentiation of salivary gland acinar cells in postnatal rats. The purpose of the present study is to explore the potential role of Hsp27 in the proliferation and differentiation of the acinar cells during regeneration of the salivary gland. Using the experimental regeneration model of the rat submandibular gland after the release of duct ligation, the spatio-temporal localization of Hsp27 was investigated in immunohistochemistry in regenerating acini. No epithelial cells were immunoreactive for Hsp27 immediately after unligation, but Hsp27-immunoreactive cells were observed in regenerating acini located at the end portion of survived ductal tissues on the third day after unligation. The number of Hsp27-immunoreactive cells in regenerating acini reached its peak on the 5th day after unligation, and started to decline on the 7th day. They were undetectable on the 14th day. Importantly, the increase in the number of Hsp27-immunoreactive cells was preceded by the decline in the cell proliferative activity, and Hsp27-immunoreactivity declined and disappeared in conjunction with the progression of acinar cell differentiation, as judged by the double-immunostaining for Hsp27 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a cell proliferation marker, or glycine-rich protein-alpha, a specific marker of differentiated acinar cells. All the findings suggest that Hsp27 is expressed with the transition from the cell proliferation to differentiation of the acinar precursor cells during the regenerating process.
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Voutetakis A, Zheng C, Wang J, Goldsmith CM, Afione S, Chiorini JA, Wenk ML, Vallant M, Irwin RD, Baum BJ. Gender differences in serotype 2 adeno-associated virus biodistribution after administration to rodent salivary glands. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 18:1109-18. [PMID: 17939749 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands (SGs) have proven useful targets for clinical applications of gene therapeutics. In this toxicology and biodistribution study, which conforms to U.S. Food and Drug Administration Good Laboratory Practice regulations, four doses (10(7)-10(10) particles) of a serotype 2 adeno-associated viral (AAV2) vector encoding human erythropoietin were directly administered to the right submandibular gland of male and female BALB/c mice (n = 21 per gender dose group). Control-treated (saline administered; n = 66) and vector-treated (n = 168) animals did not differ in clinical appearance, morbidity and mortality rates, food and water consumption, weight gain ratios, and final weight. Clinical hematology values also were unaffected by AAV2 administration except for parameters influenced by the expression of the recombinant protein (e.g., hematocrit). Mice were killed on days 3, 30, 55, and 92. No major vector-related toxicity was uncovered after complete pathology and histopathology review. However, a significant gender-related difference in vector biodistribution was revealed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In male mice vector (group receiving 10(10) particles/animal) effectively transduced, and was primarily confined within, the SGs (i.e., approximately 800 times more copies in SGs than in liver; day 3) and long lived. In contrast, in female mice, SG transduction was less efficient (260-fold less than in males; day 3) and short lived, and vector was disseminated widely via both the bloodstream (SG:liver copy ratio, approximately 1) and saliva (30-fold greater than in males). The observed vector biodistribution is likely due to differences in AAV2 receptor targets and structural differences affecting SG integrity. Sexual dimorphism is a factor of major significance that could potentially affect gene therapy clinical applications in SGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Voutetakis
- Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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