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Janus-faces of NME-oncoprotein interactions. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 388:175-87. [PMID: 25366701 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of Nm23 (NME1, NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1) as the first non-metastatic protein, a great deal of research on members of the NME family of proteins has focused on roles in processes implicated in carcinogenesis and particularly their regulation of cellular motility and the process of metastatic spread. To date, there are ten identified members of this family of genes, and these can be dichotomized into groups both taxonomically and by the presence or absence of their nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity with NMEs 1-4 encoding nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDPKs) and NMEs 5-9 plus RP2 displaying little if any NDPK activity. NMEs are relatively small proteins that can form hetero-oligomers (typically hexamers), and given the apparent genetic redundancy of some NMEs and the number of different isoforms, it is perhaps not surprising that there remains a great deal of uncertainty regarding their function and even more regarding cellular mechanisms of action. Since residues that contribute to NDPK activity span much of the protein, it seems likely that the consequences of NME expression must be mediated through their NDPK activity, through interactions with other structures in cells including protein-protein interactions or through combinations of these. Our goal in this review is to focus on some of the protein-protein interactions that have been identified and to highlight some of the challenges that face this area of research.
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Henríquez DR, Bodaleo FJ, Montenegro-Venegas C, González-Billault C. The light chain 1 subunit of the microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) is responsible for Tiam1 binding and Rac1 activation in neuronal cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53123. [PMID: 23300879 PMCID: PMC3531375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) is a neuronal protein involved in the stabilization of microtubules both in the axon and somatodendritic compartments. Acute, genetic inactivation of MAP1B leads to delayed axonal outgrowth, most likely due to changes in the post-translational modification of tubulin subunits, which enhances microtubule polymerization. Furthermore, MAP1B deficiency is accompanied by abnormal actin microfilament polymerization and dramatic changes in the activity of small GTPases controlling the actin cytoskeleton. In this work, we showed that MAP1B interacts with a guanine exchange factor, termed Tiam1, which specifically activates Rac1. These proteins co-segregated in neurons, and interact in both heterologous expression systems and primary neurons. We dissected the molecular domains involved in the MAP1B-Tiam1 interaction, and demonstrated that pleckstrin homology (PH) domains in Tiam1 are responsible for MAP1B binding. Interestingly, only the light chain 1 (LC1) of MAP1B was able to interact with Tiam1. Moreover, it was able to increase the activity of the small GTPase, Rac1. These results suggest that the interaction between Tiam1 and MAP1B, is produced by the binding of LC1 with PH domains in Tiam1. The formation of such a complex impacts on the activation levels of Rac1 confirming a novel function of MAP1B related with the control of small GTPases. These results also support the idea of cross-talk between cytoskeleton compartments inside neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Henríquez
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Sottnik JL, Daignault-Newton S, Zhang X, Morrissey C, Hussain MH, Keller ET, Hall CL. Integrin alpha2beta 1 (α2β1) promotes prostate cancer skeletal metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 30:569-78. [PMID: 23242739 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Men who die of prostate cancer (PCa) do so because of systemic metastases, the most frequent of which are within the skeleton. Recent data suggest that the colonization of the skeleton is mediated in part by collagen type I, the most abundant protein within the bone. We have shown that enhanced collagen I binding through increased expression of integrin α2β1 stimulated in vitro invasion and promoted the growth of PCa cells within the bone. Accordingly, we sought to determine whether α2β1 integrin is a potential mediator of skeletal metastasis. To examine whether α2β1 integrin mediates PCa metastasis, α2 integrin was over-expressed in low-tumorigenic LNCaP PCa cells or selectively knocked-down in highly metastatic LNCaPcol PCa cells. We document that the over-expression of α2 cDNA stimulated whereas α2 shRNA inhibited the ability of transduced cells to bind to or migrate towards collagen in vitro. Correspondingly, α2 integrin knock-down reduced the tumor burden of intra-osseous tumors compared to control-transduced cells. To investigate the clinical significance of α2β1 expression in PCa, α2β1 protein was measured in prostatic tissues and in soft tissue and bone metastases. The data demonstrate that α2β1 protein was elevated in PCa skeletal metastases compared to either PCa primary lesions or soft tissue metastases suggesting that α2β1 contributes to the selective metastasis to the bone. Taken together, these data support that α2β1 integrin is needed for the efficient metastasis of PCa cells to the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Sottnik
- Department of Urology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Ma S, Nowak FV. The RhoGAP domain-containing protein, Porf-2, inhibits proliferation and enhances apoptosis in neural stem cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 46:573-82. [PMID: 21185940 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are essential to developing and mature CNS. They shape the structural and functional layouts of the brain in developing CNS and continue to proliferate, generating new neurons in several adult brain regions. Preoptic regulatory factor-2 (Porf-2), a RhoGAP domain-containing protein expressed in CNS, has a role in gender-related brain development and function. Porf-2 expression was knocked down in C17.2, a mouse cerebellar multipotent cell line. This increased proliferation and decreased drug-induced apoptosis without affecting cell type distribution following differentiation induction. It lowered levels of cyclin kinase inhibitor p21, affected G1 to S phase cell cycle transition; partially blocked the elevation in p53 transcriptional activity, p21 and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) levels caused by bleomycin, but had no influence on enhancement of Bax in response to staurosporine. Thus Porf-2 may inhibit NSC proliferation by enhancing p21 protein levels followed by G1 phase arrest; it plays pro-apoptotic roles in response to drug treatment through both p53 transcription-dependent and independent pathways. This is consistent with categorization of Porf-2 as a functional RhoGAP in CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Type I collagen receptor (alpha2beta1) signaling promotes prostate cancer invasion through RhoC GTPase. Neoplasia 2008; 10:797-803. [PMID: 18670640 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The most frequent site of metastasis in human prostate cancer (PCa) is the bone. Preferential adhesion of PCa cells to bone-specific factors may facilitate the selective metastasis of the skeleton. The most abundant protein within the skeleton is type I collagen. We previously demonstrated that PCa cells selected in vitro for collagen I binding (LNCaP(col)) are highly motile and acquired the capacity to grow within the bone compared to nontumorigenic LNCaP parental cells. Treatment with alpha(2)beta(1)-neutralizing antibodies selectively blocked collagen-stimulated migration, suggesting that integrin signaling mediates PCa migration. To elucidate the mechanism of collagen-stimulated migration, we evaluated integrin-associated signaling pathways in non-collagen-binding LNCaP parental cells and in collagen-binding isogenic C4-2B and LNCaP(col) PCa cells. The expression and activity of RhoC guanosine triphosphatase was increased five- to eightfold in collagen-binding LNCaP(col) and C4-2B cells, respectively, compared to parental LNCaP cells. RhoC activation was selectively blocked with antibodies to alpha(2)beta(1) where treatment with a small hairpin RNA specific for RhoC suppressed collagen-mediated invasion without altering the PCa cells' affinity for collagen I. We conclude that the ligation of alpha(2)beta(1) by collagen I activates RhoC guanosine triphosphatase, which mediates PCa invasion, and suggests a mechanism for the preferential metastasis of PCa cells within the bone.
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van Golen KL, Ying C, Sequeira L, Dubyk CW, Reisenberger T, Chinnaiyan AM, Pienta KJ, Loberg RD. CCL2 induces prostate cancer transendothelial cell migration via activation of the small GTPase Rac. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:1587-97. [PMID: 18646053 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 85% of the men who will die of prostate cancer (PCa) have skeletal metastases present. The ability of PCa cells to interact with the microenvironment determines the success of the tumor cell to form metastatic lesions. The ability to bind to human bone marrow endothelial (HBME) cells and undergo transendothelial cell migration are key steps in allowing the PCa cell to extravasate from the bone microvasculature and invade the bone stroma. We have previously demonstrated that monoctyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1; CCL2) is expressed by HBME cells and promotes PCa proliferation and migration. In the current study, we demonstrate that the CCL2 stimulation of PCa cells activates the small GTPase, Rac through the actin-associated protein PCNT1. Activation of Rac GTPase is accompanied by morphologic changes and the ability of the cells to undergo diapedesis through HBME cells. These data suggest a role for HBME-secreted CCL2 in promoting PCa cell extravasation into the bone microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L van Golen
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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7
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Sequeira L, Dubyk CW, Riesenberger TA, Cooper CR, van Golen KL. Rho GTPases in PC-3 prostate cancer cell morphology, invasion and tumor cell diapedesis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2008; 25:569-79. [PMID: 18461284 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-008-9173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rho GTPases comprise one of the eight subfamilies of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTP-binding proteins and are involved in cytoskeletal organization. Previously, using a dominant negative construct, we demonstrated a role for RhoC GTPase in conferring invasive capabilities to PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Further, we demonstrated that inactivation of RhoC led to morphological changes commensurate with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and was accompanied by increased random, linear motility and decreased directed migration and invasion. EMT was related positively to sustained expression and activity of Rac GTPase. In the current study we analyze the individual roles of RhoA, RhoC and Rac1 GTPases in PC-3 cell directed migration, invasion and tumor cell diapedesis across a human bone marrow endothelial cell layer in vitro. RESULTS Use of specific shRNA directed against RhoA, RhoC or Rac1 GTPases demonstrated a role for each protein in maintaining cell morphology. Furthermore, we demonstrate that RhoC expression and activation is required for directed migration and invasion, while Rac1 expression and activation is required for tumor cell diapedesis. Inhibition of RhoA expression produced a slight increase in invasion and tumor cell diapedesis. CONCLUSIONS Individual Rho GTPases are required for critical aspects of migration, invasion and tumor cell diapedesis. These data suggest that coordinated activation of individual Rho proteins is required for cells to successfully complete the extravasation process; a key step in distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sequeira
- The Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Physiology, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Hall CL, Dai J, van Golen KL, Keller ET, Long MW. Type I collagen receptor (alpha 2 beta 1) signaling promotes the growth of human prostate cancer cells within the bone. Cancer Res 2007; 66:8648-54. [PMID: 16951179 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The most frequent site of prostate cancer metastasis is the bone. Adhesion to bone-specific factors may facilitate the selective metastasis of prostate cancer to the skeleton. Therefore, we tested whether prostate cancer bone metastasis is mediated by binding to type I collagen, the most abundant bone protein. We observed that only bone metastatic prostate cancer cells bound collagen I, whereas cells that form only visceral metastases failed to bind collagen. To confirm the relationship between collagen adhesion and bone metastatic potential, a collagen-binding variant of human LNCaP prostate cancer cells was derived through serial passage on type I collagen (LNCaP(col)). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis showed that LNCaP(col) cells express increased levels of the integrin collagen I receptor alpha(2)beta(1) compared with LNCaP cells. Antibodies to the alpha(2)beta(1) complex inhibited LNCaP(col) binding to collagen, confirming that integrins mediated the attachment. Correspondingly, LNCaP(col) cells displayed enhanced chemotactic migration toward collagen I compared with LNCaP cells, an activity that could be blocked with alpha(2)beta(1) antibodies. To directly test the role of alpha(2)beta(1)-dependent collagen binding in bone metastasis, LNCaP and LNCaP(col) cells were injected into the tibia of nude mice. After 9 weeks, 7 of 13 (53%) mice injected with LNCaP(col) developed bone tumors, whereas 0 of 8 mice injected with LNCaP cells had evidence of boney lesions. LNCaP(col) cells were found to express increased levels of the metastasis-promoting RhoC GTPase compared with parental LNCaP. We conclude that collagen I attachment mediated by alpha(2)beta(1) initiates motility programs through RhoC and suggest a mechanism for prostate cancer metastasis to the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Hall
- Department of Urology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0940, USA.
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Lee SC, Sim N, Clement MV, Yadav SK, Pervaiz S. Dominant negative Rac1 attenuates paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in human melanoma cells through upregulation of heat shock protein 27: A functional proteomic analysis. Proteomics 2007; 7:4112-22. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gadea G, de Toledo M, Anguille C, Roux P. Loss of p53 promotes RhoA-ROCK-dependent cell migration and invasion in 3D matrices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 178:23-30. [PMID: 17606864 PMCID: PMC2064414 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200701120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its role in controlling cell cycle progression, the tumor suppressor protein p53 can also affect other cellular functions such as cell migration. In this study, we show that p53 deficiency in mouse embryonic fibroblasts cultured in three-dimensional matrices induces a switch from an elongated spindle morphology to a markedly spherical and flexible one associated with highly dynamic membrane blebs. These rounded, motile cells exhibit amoeboid-like movement and have considerably increased invasive properties. The morphological transition requires the RhoA–ROCK (Rho-associated coil-containing protein kinase) pathway and is prevented by RhoE. A similar p53-mediated transition is observed in melanoma A375P cancer cells. Our data suggest that genetic alterations of p53 in tumors are sufficient to promote motility and invasion, thereby contributing to metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Gadea
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universite Mixte de Recherche 5237, Institut Federatif de Recherche 122, F-34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
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11
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Engers R, Springer E, Kehren V, Simic T, Young DA, Beier J, Klotz LO, Clark IM, Sies H, Gabbert HE. Rac upregulates tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression by redox-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling. FEBS J 2006; 273:4754-69. [PMID: 16984397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Rho-like GTPase Rac regulates distinct actin cytoskeleton changes required for adhesion, migration and invasion of cells. Tiam1 specifically activates Rac, and Rac has been shown to affect several signaling pathways in a partly cell-type-specific manner. Recently, we demonstrated that Rac activation inhibits Matrigel invasion of human carcinoma cells by transcriptional upregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. The purpose of the present study was to identify key mediators of Tiam1/Rac-induced tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression. Mutational analysis of the human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 promoter revealed a major role for a distinct activating protein-1 site at -92/-86 and a minor role for an adjacent polyoma enhancer A3 site. Moreover, Rac activation induced the generation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent reactive oxygen species-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1,2. In contrast, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activities were not affected. In line with this, Tiam1/Rac-induced tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression as well as Tiam1/Rac-induced binding of nuclear extracts to the activating protein-1 site at -92/-86 were inhibited by catalase and by specific inhibitors of the extracellular signal-related kinase-1,2 activators, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-2 (PD098059, U0126). In conclusion, Rac-induced transcriptional upregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 is mediated by reactive oxygen species-dependent activation of extracellular signal-related kinase-1,2 and by transcription factors of the activating protein-1 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Engers
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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12
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Abstract
Caveolin-1 is the major structural protein in caveolae; small Omega-shaped invaginations within the plasma membrane. Caveolae are involved in signal transduction, wherein caveolin-1 acts as a scaffold to organise multiple molecular complexes regulating a variety of cellular events. Caveolin-1 has both tumour suppressor and oncogenic activities. However, recent evidence suggests a role for caveolin-1 in promoting cancer cell migration and metastasis with both loss and overexpression of caveolin-1 being described as a marker for progression in a variety of tumour types. Further studies are beginning to determine the molecular mechanisms by which caveolin-1 acts in promoting a metastatic phenotype. Targeting caveolin-1 expression may present a novel means of preventing metastasis. The purpose of this review is twofold: firstly, to survey the current knowledge of the contribution of caveolin-1 in promoting a metastasis, and secondly, to explore the viability of targeting caveolin-1 with novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L van Golen
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0575-0548, USA.
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Yao H, Dashner EJ, van Golen CM, van Golen KL. RhoC GTPase is required for PC-3 prostate cancer cell invasion but not motility. Oncogene 2006; 25:2285-96. [PMID: 16314838 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is projected that in 2005, approximately 220 900 men will be newly diagnosed with carcinoma of the prostate (CaP). Men who are diagnosed with locally advanced or metastatic disease undergo androgen ablation therapy and most will relapse and progress within 18 months. Metastasis to bone is the major clinical concern during CaP progression, as it is associated with intractable pain, bone fracture and paralysis resulting from spinal cord compression. Therefore, an understanding of the key mechanisms involved in CaP cell bone metastasis is vital to development of novel treatments. The Rho GTPases are molecular switches involved in cell survival, motility and invasion. Increased expression of RhoC GTPase is linked to enhanced metastatic potential in multiple cancers; however, the role of RhoC GTPase in CaP metastasis has not been addressed. In the current study, we demonstrate that RhoC GTPase is expressed and active in PC-3 CaP cells. RhoC inhibition, either pharmacologically with C3 exotransferase or molecularly through expression of a dominant-negative RhoC, promotes IGF-I stimulated random motility but decreases in vitro invasion and experimental metastases. Inhibition of RhoC activity results in drastic morphologic changes and alterations in the expression and distribution of focal adhesion-related proteins. These data suggest that RhoC inhibition leads to activation of other GTPases involved in nondirected motility and that expression of active RhoC is required for the invasive phenotype of PC-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0548, USA
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14
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Abstract
Much remains to be learned about how cancer cells acquire the property of migration, a prerequisite for invasiveness and metastasis. Loss of p53 functions is assumed to be a crucial step in the development of many types of cancers, leading to dysregulation of cell cycle checkpoint controls and apoptosis. However, emerging evidence shows that the contribution of the tumour suppressor p53 to the control of tumorigenesis is not restricted to its well-known anti-proliferative activities, but is extended to other stages of cancer development, i.e. the modulation of cell migration. This interesting alternative function has been proposed in light of the effect of p53 on specific features of migrating cells, including cell spreading, establishment of cell polarization and the production of protrusions. The effects of p53 on cell motility are largely mediated through the regulation of Rho signalling, thereby controlling actin cytoskeletal organization. These recent studies connect the regulation of proliferation to the control of cell migration and define a new concept of p53 function as a tumour suppressor gene, suggesting that p53 might be involved in tumour invasion and metastasis. This review focuses on emerging data concerning the properties of p53 that contribute to its atypical role in the regulation of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauréline Roger
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS FRE 2593, IFR 24, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Kwei KA, Finch JS, Ranger-Moore J, Bowden GT. The role of Rac1 in maintaining malignant phenotype of mouse skin tumor cells. Cancer Lett 2006; 231:326-38. [PMID: 15893875 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Revised: 11/05/2004] [Accepted: 02/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously developed an in vitro tumor progression model with mouse skin keratinocytes to study the molecular targets that mediate the tumor cell's progression from a benign to a malignant phenotype. The malignantly transformed cells were found to have elevated MAP kinase signaling and increases in AP-1, NFkappaB and cAMP response element (CRE) transcription factors activities compared to their benign counter-part. In this study, we showed that Rac1, a member of the Rho superfamily of small GTPases, functions as a key signaling molecule that mediates these malignant phenotypes. We used a doxycycline inducible system to express dominant negative Rac1 (N17 Rac1) in the squamous cell carcinomas producing 6M90 cell line. Conditional expression of the N17 Rac1 was able to decrease multiple markers of malignancy including: growth rate, colony formation, migration, invasion and most importantly, in vivo tumor growth. In addition, these phenotypic changes were accompanied by decreases in mitogenic signals, which include ERK1/2, JNK, and PI-3 kinase/Akt activation. Transactivation mediated by AP-1, NFkappaB, and CRE were also attenuated by expression of dominant negative Rac1. These observations led us to conclude that Rac1 signaling is required for the malignant phenotypes of the squamous cell carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Kwei
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Arizona Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1515 North Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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16
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Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the primary tumor type in head and neck cancer. Typically, these tumor cells show persistent invasion that frequently leads to local recurrence and distant lymphatic metastasis. The process of invasion involves concurrent infiltration and destruction of adjacent tissues. As with normal mucosal epithelium, SCC cells express receptors that mediate cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion (integrins) and cell-cell adhesion (cadherins). Both receptor families represent important signaling devices that are capable of promoting survival and proliferation. Recent results indicate that integrins and cadherins cooperate to regulate invasive behavior. During SCC invasion, cells actively migrate through the surrounding ECM with the simultaneous remodeling of their intercellular adhesions. During invasion, integrin receptor engagement with specific ECM ligands along with concurrent remodeling of cadherin adhesions induces changes in the cytoskeleton though modulation of the activities of Rho family members. Tumor development and progression of SCC proceeds with the generation of variant cells with potential alterations in expression of adhesion receptors, and their associated signaling pathways lead to a highly invasive and metastatic phenotype. Understanding the molecular events that define this subset of invasive cells will facilitate the development of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall H Kramer
- Head and Neck Oncology Program, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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17
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Lin M, DiVito MM, Merajver SD, Boyanapalli M, van Golen KL. Regulation of pancreatic cancer cell migration and invasion by RhoC GTPase and caveolin-1. Mol Cancer 2005; 4:21. [PMID: 15969750 PMCID: PMC1173138 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-4-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the current study we investigated the role of caveolin-1 (cav-1) in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC) cell migration and invasion; initial steps in metastasis. Cav-1 is the major structural protein in caveolae; small Omega-shaped invaginations within the plasma membrane. Caveolae are involved in signal transduction, wherein cav-1 acts as a scaffolding protein to organize multiple molecular complexes regulating a variety of cellular events. Recent evidence suggests a role for cav-1 in promoting cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis; however, the molecular mechanisms have not been described. The small monomeric GTPases are among several molecules which associate with cav-1. Classically, the Rho GTPases control actin cytoskeletal reorganization during cell migration and invasion. RhoC GTPase is overexpressed in aggressive cancers that metastasize and is the predominant GTPase in PC. Like several GTPases, RhoC contains a putative cav-1 binding motif. RESULTS Analysis of 10 PC cell lines revealed high levels of cav-1 expression in lines derived from primary tumors and low expression in those derived from metastases. Comparison of the BxPC-3 (derived from a primary tumor) and HPAF-II (derived from a metastasis) demonstrates a reciprocal relationship between cav-1 expression and p42/p44 Erk activation with PC cell migration, invasion, RhoC GTPase and p38 MAPK activation. Furthermore, inhibition of RhoC or p38 activity in HPAF-II cells leads to partial restoration of cav-1 expression. CONCLUSION Cav-1 expression inhibits RhoC GTPase activation and subsequent activation of the p38 MAPK pathway in primary PC cells thus restricting migration and invasion. In contrast, loss of cav-1 expression leads to RhoC-mediated migration and invasion in metastatic PC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Melinda M DiVito
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Sofia D Merajver
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Madanamohan Boyanapalli
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Kenneth L van Golen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Lahousse S, Smorowski AL, Denis C, Lantoine D, Kerckaert JP, Galiègue-Zouitina S. Structural features of hematopoiesis-specific RhoH/ARHH gene: high diversity of 5'-UTR in different hematopoietic lineages suggests a complex post-transcriptional regulation. Gene 2005; 343:55-68. [PMID: 15563831 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2004] [Revised: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoiesis-specific RhoH gene is thought to be deregulated in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL), by either a chromosomal translocation or mutations, which affect its 5' regulatory region. The encoded Rho protein, always GTP-bound in vivo, was hypothesized to behave as a Rac antagonist. Extensive expression analysis allowed the detection of RhoH transcripts in all hematopoietic lineages (lymphoid, erythroid, myeloid), with a high level in lymphoid cells. To initiate investigations on the molecular mechanisms that regulate RhoH gene expression, Race-PCR and primer extension were conducted in the B-cell line Raji, which allowed (i) the establishment of RhoH complex intron/exon organization and (ii) the detection of several transcription initiation sites. In addition, a high 5' end heterogeneity of RhoH mRNAs was observed, due to alternative splicing of some 5' exons and to the use of these different transcription start sites. RT-PCR analysis led to the identification of this 5' end heterogeneity in different hematopoietic lineages. Discrepancies were particularly observed between B and T cells, due to an alternative splicing of one 5' exon (1b), which might be an important element in RhoH gene regulation. Such specific features have never been described for any Rho family member gene. They provide a molecular basis to study complex mechanisms involved in the control of RhoH expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lahousse
- U. 524 Inserm, Institut de Recherches sur le Cancer de Lille, Place de Verdun, 59045 Lille cedex, France
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19
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Paradiso A, Cardone RA, Bellizzi A, Bagorda A, Guerra L, Tommasino M, Casavola V, Reshkin SJ. The Na+-H+ exchanger-1 induces cytoskeletal changes involving reciprocal RhoA and Rac1 signaling, resulting in motility and invasion in MDA-MB-435 cells. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 6:R616-28. [PMID: 15535843 PMCID: PMC1064074 DOI: 10.1186/bcr922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Revised: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An increasing body of evidence shows that the tumour microenvironment is essential in driving neoplastic progression. The low serum component of this microenvironment stimulates motility/invasion in human breast cancer cells via activation of the Na+–H+ exchanger (NHE) isoform 1, but the signal transduction systems that underlie this process are still poorly understood. We undertook the present study to elucidate the role and pattern of regulation by the Rho GTPases of this serum deprivation-dependent activation of both NHE1 and subsequent invasive characteristics, such as pseudopodia and invadiopodia protrusion, directed cell motility and penetration of normal tissues. Methods The present study was performed in a well characterized human mammary epithelial cell line representing late stage metastatic progression, MDA-MB-435. The activity of RhoA and Rac1 was modified using their dominant negative and constitutively active mutants and the activity of NHE1, cell motility/invasion, F-actin content and cell shape were measured. Results We show for the first time that serum deprivation induces NHE1-dependent morphological and cytoskeletal changes in metastatic cells via a reciprocal interaction of RhoA and Rac1, resulting in increased chemotaxis and invasion. Deprivation changed cell shape by reducing the amount of F-actin and inducing the formation of leading edge pseudopodia. Serum deprivation inhibited RhoA activity and stimulated Rac1 activity. Rac1 and RhoA were antagonistic regulators of both basal and stimulated tumour cell NHE1 activity. The regulation of NHE1 activity by RhoA and Rac1 in both conditions was mediated by an alteration in intracellular proton affinity of the exchanger. Interestingly, the role of each of these G-proteins was reversed during serum deprivation; basal NHE1 activity was regulated positively by RhoA and negatively by Rac1, whereas RhoA negatively and Rac1 positively directed the stimulation of NHE1 during serum deprivation. Importantly, the same pattern of RhoA and Rac1 regulation found for NHE1 activity was observed in both basal and serum deprivation dependent increases in motility, invasion and actin cytoskeletal organization. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the reported antagonistic roles of RhoA and Rac1 in cell motility/invasion and cytoskeletal organization may be due, in part, to their concerted action on NHE1 activity as a convergence point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Paradiso
- Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Oncology, Oncology Institute of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Angela Cardone
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonia Bellizzi
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Bagorda
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Guerra
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Unit of Infection and Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Valeria Casavola
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stephan J Reshkin
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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20
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Abstract
The importance of the Rho-GTPases in cancer progression, particularly in the area of metastasis, is becoming increasingly evident. This review will provide an overview of the role of the Rho-regulatory proteins in breast cancer metastatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0948, USA
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Cheng L, Mahon GM, Kostenko EV, Whitehead IP. Pleckstrin Homology Domain-mediated Activation of the Rho-specific Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Dbs by Rac1. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:12786-93. [PMID: 14701795 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313099200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dbs is a Rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor that was identified in a screen for proteins whose expression causes deregulated growth in NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts. Although Rac1 has not been shown to be a substrate for Dbs in either in vitro or in vivo assays, the Rat ortholog of Dbs (Ost) has been shown to bind specifically to GTP.Rac1 in vitro. The dependence of the Rac1/Dbs interaction on GTP suggests that Dbs may in fact be an effector for Rac1. Here we show that the interaction between activated Rac1 and Dbs can be recapitulated in mammalian cells and that the Rac1 docking site resides within the pleckstrin homology domain of Dbs. This interaction is specific for Rac1 and is not observed between Rac1 and several other members of the Rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor family. Co-expression of Dbs with activated Rac1 causes enhanced focus forming activity and elevated levels of GTP.RhoA in NIH 3T3 cells, indicating that Dbs is activated by the interaction. Consistent with this, activated Rac1 co-localizes with Dbs in NIH 3T3 cells, and natively expressed Rac1 relocalizes in response to Dbs expression. To summarize, we have characterized a surprisingly direct pleckstrin homology domain-mediated mechanism through which Rho GTPases can become functionally linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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22
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Nagaraja GM, Kandpal RP. Chromosome 13q12 encoded Rho GTPase activating protein suppresses growth of breast carcinoma cells, and yeast two-hybrid screen shows its interaction with several proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 313:654-65. [PMID: 14697242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized the cDNA for a Rho GTPase activating protein (GAP) mapping to chromosome 13q12. The cDNA was characterized by determining the complete sequence of a 4.8 kb cDNA clone that represents the 5' untranslated region (UTR), the translated region, and the 3' UTR. The protein has a sterile alpha-motif (SAM), a distinct GAP domain, and a conserved START (StAR related lipid transfer) domain. The cDNA has 5 instability motifs (ATTTA) in the 3' UTR and one motif in the translated region between GAP and START domains. The RhoGAP transcript is truncated in some breast carcinoma cell lines and it has low expression in other breast cancer cell lines as compared to a normal breast cell line. We have previously observed the absence of RhoGAP transcript in a breast tumor specimen. A GST-fusion of the RhoGAP was tested for its specificity on RhoA, Cdc42, and Rac1. The protein was most active for RhoA. Transfection of RhoGAP into MCF7 cells significantly inhibited cell growth. The introduction of the RhoGAP construct into MDAMB231 cells that had previously been transfected with a p21 construct did not affect cell proliferation, indicating the involvement of p21 in Rho-mediated proliferation of cancer cells. NIH3T3 cells overexpressing RhoGAP showed considerable inhibition of stress fiber formation. Several cDNAs were identified as RhoGAP interactors by using the yeast two-hybrid assay system. These cDNAs correspond to SWI/SNF, alpha-tubulin, HMG CoA reductase, and TAX1 binding protein (TAX1BP1). The interaction with HMG CoA reductase may partially explain the growth inhibition of breast carcinoma cells by statin class of cholesterol lowering drugs. The biological significance of the interacting proteins is discussed in the context of their involvement in tumorigenesis. Our results indicate that loss of RhoGAP or its altered activity suppresses the growth of breast tumor cells. The presence of various motifs in RhoGAP and its interaction with several other proteins suggest that the protein may regulate Rho signaling in multiple ways and possibly function in a Rho-independent manner.
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23
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Abstract
During the development and progression of human cancer, cells undergo numerous changes in morphology, proliferation, and transcriptional profile. Over the past couple of decades there have been intense efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms involved, and members of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases have emerged as important players. Mutated versions of the Ras genes were first identified in human cancers some 20 years ago, but more recently, the Rho branch of the family has been receiving increased attention. In addition to the experimental evidence implicating Rho GTPase signaling in promoting malignant transformation, genetic analysis of human cancers has now revealed a few examples of direct alterations in the genes encoding regulators of Rho GTPases. In this review, we discuss the evidence implicating Rho GTPases in transformation and metastasis, as well as the progress made toward identifying their biochemical mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron B Jaffe
- CRC Oncogene and Signal Transduction Group, University College London, UK
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24
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Engers R, Springer E, Michiels F, Collard JG, Gabbert HE. Rac affects invasion of human renal cell carcinomas by up-regulating tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 expression. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:41889-97. [PMID: 11551917 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105049200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-like GTPases, including Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA, regulate distinct actin cytoskeleton changes required for adhesion, migration, and invasion of cells. Tiam1 specifically activates Rac, and earlier studies have demonstrated that Tiam1-Rac signaling affects migration and invasion in a cell type- and cell substrate-specific manner. In the present study, we examined the role of Tiam1-Rac signaling in migration and invasion of human renal cell carcinomas. Stable overexpression of Tiam1 or constitutively active V12-Rac1 in a human renal cell carcinoma cell line (clearCa-28) strongly inhibited cell migration by promoting E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Blocking E-cadherin-mediated adhesion by E-cadherin-specific HAV peptides allowed cells to migrate, but was not sufficient to antagonize Tiam1- and V12-Rac1-induced inhibition of Matrigel invasion, suggesting that Rac may influence invasion also through other mechanisms. Indeed, Tiam1-mediated Rac activation induced transcriptional up-regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and post-transcriptional up-regulation of TIMP-2, whereas secretion and activity levels of their counterparts, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and matrix metalloproteinase-2, respectively, were not affected. Application of recombinant TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 proteins significantly inhibited invasion of mock-transfected clearCa-28 cells, supporting a role of TIMPs in Rac-mediated inhibition of invasion. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that increased Rac signaling may inhibit invasion of epithelial tumor cells by up-regulation of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Engers
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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25
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Lee SY, Song EJ, Kim HJ, Kang HJ, Kim JH, Lee KJ. Rac1 regulates heat shock responses by reorganization of vimentin filaments: identification using MALDI-TOF MS. Cell Death Differ 2001; 8:1093-102. [PMID: 11687887 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2001] [Revised: 05/16/2001] [Accepted: 06/11/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1 has been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes, including actin remodeling and various signaling cascades. Here we have examined whether Rac1 might be involved in heat shock-induced cell signaling. We found that Rat2 stable cells expressing a dominant negative Rac1 mutant, RacN17 (Rat2-RacN17), were significantly more tolerant to heat shock than control Rat2 cells, and simultaneously inhibited the activation of SAPK/JNK by heat shock compared to control Rat2 cells. However, no discernible effect was observed in typical heat shock responses including total protein synthesis and heat shock protein synthesis. To identify the proteins involved in this difference, we separated the proteins of both Rat2 and Rat2-RacN17 cell lines after heat shock using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified the differentially expressed proteins by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) after in-gel trypsin digestion. Differentially expressed proteins between two cell lines were identified as vimentin. Rat2-RacN17 cells showed significant changes in vimentin as well as marked changes in vimentin reorganization by heat shock. The vimentin changes were identified as N-terminal head domain cleavage. These results suggest that Rac1 plays a pivotal role in the heat shock-induced signaling cascade by modifying intermediate vimentin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Lee
- The Center for Cell Signaling Research, Division of Molecular Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea
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