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Robinson SM, Jameson KA, Bloom I, Ntani G, Crozier SR, Syddall H, Dennison EM, Cooper CR, Sayer AA. Development of a Short Questionnaire to Assess Diet Quality among Older Community-Dwelling Adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:247-253. [PMID: 28244562 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of a short questionnaire to assess diet quality in older adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Hertfordshire, UK. PARTICIPANTS 3217 community-dwelling older adults (59-73 years). MEASUREMENTS Diet was assessed using an administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ); two measures of diet quality were defined by calculating participants' 'prudent diet' scores, firstly from a principal component analysis of the data from the full FFQ (129 items) and, secondly, from a short version of the FFQ (including 24 indicator foods). Scores calculated from the full and short FFQ were compared with nutrient intake and blood concentrations of vitamin C and lipids. RESULTS Prudent diet scores calculated from the full FFQ and short FFQ were highly correlated (0.912 in men, 0.904 in women). The pattern of associations between nutrient intake (full FFQ) and diet scores calculated using the short and full FFQs were very similar, both for men and women. Prudent diet scores calculated from the full and short FFQs also showed comparable patterns of association with blood measurements: in men and women, both scores were positively associated with plasma vitamin C concentration and serum HDL; in women, an inverse association with serum triglycerides was also observed. CONCLUSIONS A short food-based questionnaire provides useful information about the diet quality of older adults. This simple tool does not require nutrient analysis, and has the potential to be of value to non-specialist researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Robinson
- SM Robinson; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton. SO16 6YD; Telephone: +44 (0)23 8077 7624; Fax: +44 (0)23 8070 4021; e-mail:
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Rohe BG, Carter R, Thompson WR, Duncan RL, Cooper CR. Experimental integrative muscular movement technique enhances cervical range of motion in patients with chronic neck pain: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med 2015; 21:223-8. [PMID: 25839390 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2014.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neck pain presents a tremendous physical and financial burden. This study compared the efficacy of the complementary and alternative medical treatments of integrative muscular movement technique (IMMT) and Swedish massage on neck pain in women of occupation age, the largest demographic group with neck pain. METHODS A total of 38 women were assigned to IMMT (n=28) or Swedish massage (n=10) in a blinded manner. Both groups received eight 30-minute treatments over 4 weeks. Cervical range of motion (ROM) in flexion, extension, sidebending, and rotation was measured before and after treatment. Each patient's pain was assessed by using an analogue pain scale of 0-10. RESULTS Compared with the Swedish massage group, patients receiving IMMT experienced a significant increase in ROM in cervical flexion (p<0.001), extension (p<0.001), sidebending (p<0.05), and rotation (p<0.001). Absolute change in pain for IMMT was -1.75 units compared with -0.3 units for Swedish massage (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Patients receiving the IMMT demonstrated significantly improved cervical ROM in every movement measured compared with Swedish massage. Inclusion of the IMMT in a treatment regimen for chronic neck pain may lead to decreased pain and increased cervical ROM. These positive effects of the IMMT intervention may have a role in enhancing functional outcomes in patients with neck pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Rohe
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, DE
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Chung SW, Cooper CR, Farach-Carson MC, Ogunnaike BA. A control engineering approach to understanding the TGF-β paradox in cancer. J R Soc Interface 2011; 9:1389-97. [PMID: 22188767 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β, a key cytokine that regulates diverse cellular processes, including proliferation and apoptosis, appears to function paradoxically as a tumour suppressor in normal cells, and as a tumour promoter in cancer cells, but the mechanisms underlying such contradictory roles remain unknown. In particular, given that this cytokine is primarily a tumour suppressor, the conundrum of the unusually high level of TGF-β observed in the primary cancer tissue and blood samples of cancer patients with the worst prognosis, remains unresolved. To provide a quantitative explanation of these paradoxical observations, we present, from a control theory perspective, a mechanistic model of TGF-β-driven regulation of cell homeostasis. Analysis of the overall system model yields quantitative insight into how cell population is regulated, enabling us to propose a plausible explanation for the paradox: with the tumour suppressor role of TGF-β unchanged from normal to cancer cells, we demonstrate that the observed increased level of TGF-β is an effect of cancer cell phenotypic progression (specifically, acquired TGF-β resistance), not the cause. We are thus able to explain precisely why the clinically observed correlation between elevated TGF-β levels and poor prognosis is in fact consistent with TGF-β's original (and unchanged) role as a tumour suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Wook Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Thompson WR, Carter R, Rohe B, Duncan RL, Cooper CR. A novel massage therapy technique for management of chronic cervical pain: a case series. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork 2011; 4:1-7. [PMID: 22016757 PMCID: PMC3184474 DOI: 10.3822/ijtmb.v4i3.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neck pain is a generalized condition resulting from a complex etiology with presentation of a wide variety of symptoms. Neck pain is most often accompanied by decreased range of motion (ROM), muscle and joint stiffness, and limitations in functional capabilities. This condition may result in significant personal and societal burden. Purpose: We evaluated the effectiveness of a novel massage therapy intervention by following the treatment regimen and outcomes of two patients experiencing chronic neck pain. Participants: Two patients (46 and 53 years old) experienced chronic (>5 years) neck pain. Both patients reported pain, limited ROM, and muscle and joint stiffness. Additionally, the first patient reported a lack of sleep, and both patients stated their pain interfered with their quality of life and activities of daily living. Intervention: Patients received the Integrative Muscular Movement Technique (IMMT) intervention approximately twice a week for a total of eight treatments, each approximately 20 minutes in duration. Results: Both patients experienced a reduction in pain and an increase in cervical ROM in flexion, extension, rotation, and sidebending. The first patient also reported an increased ability to sleep. Both patients reported an increased ability to perform activities of daily living, including work-related responsibilities. Conclusions: For the two patients included in this report, therapist observations and patient reports indicate that inclusion of the IMMT treatment in a treatment regimen for chronic neck pain may lead to decreased pain and increased cervical ROM. These positive effects of the IMMT intervention may have a role in enhancing functional outcomes of these patients.
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Kuczmarski JM, Darocki MD, DuPont JJ, Sikes RA, Cooper CR, Farquhar WB, Edwards DG. Effect of moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease on flow-mediated dilation and progenitor cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:1085-92. [PMID: 21791552 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A reduction in progenitor cell populations that help preserve vascular continuity and induce vascularization may accentuate endothelial cell apoptosis and dysfunction, ultimately contributing to organ failure and increased cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We hypothesized that CD45+ myeloid and CD34+ hematopoietic circulating progenitor cell (CPC) subpopulations would be reduced, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMNC) colony-forming units (CFU) would be impaired, and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) would be impaired in patients with moderate-to-severe CKD as compared with healthy controls. Eleven moderate-to-severe CKD patients (mean estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]: 36 ± 5) and 14 healthy controls were studied; blood was drawn and FMD was assessed by brachial artery FMD. CPCs were quantified via flow cytometry, and isolated PBMNCs were cultured for the colony-forming assay. CKD patients had significantly impaired FMD; lower CD34+, CD34+/KDR+, CD34+/CD45- and CD34+/KDR+/CD45- hematopoietic CPCs; lower CD45+, CD45+/KDR+, CD34+/CD45+ and CD34+/KDR+/CD45+ myeloid CPCs; and impaired CFUs as compared with healthy controls. Regression analysis revealed that CD34+, CD34+/KDR+ and CD34+/CD45- hematopoietic CPCs were associated positively with eGFR and negatively with blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. The CD45+/KDR+ myeloid CPCs also were associated positively with eGFR and negatively with serum creatinine. CD34+ hematopoietic CPCs and CD45+/KDR+ as well as CD34+/CD45+ myeloid CPCs were associated positively with FMD. In conclusion, myeloid and hematopoietic CPCs are reduced and associated with renal function as well as FMD in CKD. Therefore, reductions in CPCs may be a potential mechanism by which vascular integrity is compromised, increasing cardiovascular disease risk and contributing to renal disease progression in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Kuczmarski
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, 541 South College Avenue, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Muthusamy A, Cooper CR, Gomes RR. Soluble perlecan domain I enhances vascular endothelial growth factor-165 activity and receptor phosphorylation in human bone marrow endothelial cells. BMC Biochem 2010; 11:43. [PMID: 21047416 PMCID: PMC2987766 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-11-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Immobilized recombinant perlecan domain I (PlnDI) binds and modulates the activity of heparin-binding growth factors, in vitro. However, activities for PlnDI, in solution, have not been reported. In this study, we assessed the ability of soluble forms to modulate vascular endothelial growth factor-165 (VEGF165) enhanced capillary tube-like formation, and VEGF receptor-2 phosphorylation of human bone marrow endothelial cells, in vitro. Results In solution, PlnDI binds VEGF165 in a heparan sulfate and pH dependent manner. Capillary tube-like formation is enhanced by exogenous PlnDI; however, PlnDI/VEGF165 mixtures combine to enhance formation beyond that stimulated by either PlnDI or VEGF165 alone. PlnDI also stimulates VEGF receptor-2 phosphorylation, and mixtures of PlnDI/VEGF165 reduce the time required for peak VEGF receptor-2 phosphorylation (Tyr-951), and increase Akt phosphorylation. PlnDI binds both immobilized neuropilin-1 and VEGF receptor-2, but has a greater affinity for neuropilin-1. PlnDI binding to neuropilin-1, but not to VEGF receptor-2 is dependent upon the heparan sulfate chains adorning PlnDI. Interestingly, the presence of VEGF165 but not VEGF121 significantly enhances PlnDI binding to Neuropilin-1 and VEGF receptor-2. Conclusions Our observations suggest soluble forms of PlnDI are biologically active. Moreover, PlnDI heparan sulfate chains alone or together with VEGF165 can enhance VEGFR-2 signaling and angiogenic events, in vitro. We propose PlnDI liberated during basement membrane or extracellular matrix turnover may have similar activities, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arivalagan Muthusamy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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Kuczmarski JM, Darocki M, Sikes RA, Cooper CR, Farquhar WB, Edwards DG. The Effect of Chronic Kidney Disease on Endothelial‐Dependent Dilation and Progenitor Cells. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.lb547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - William B. Farquhar
- Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences
- Biological SciencesThe University of DelawareNewarkDE
| | - David G. Edwards
- Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences
- Biological SciencesThe University of DelawareNewarkDE
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Welch DR, Cooper CR, Hurst DR, Lynch CC, Martin MD, Vaidya KS, VanSaun MN, Mastro AM. Metastasis Research Society-American Association For Cancer Research Joint Conference on Metastasis. Cancer Res 2009; 68:9578-82. [PMID: 19047132 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danny R Welch
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and National Foundation for Cancer Research-Center for Metastasis Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019, USA.
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9
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Muthusamy A, Davis CM, Cooper CR, Gomes RR. Characterization of osteoarthritic articular cartilage perlecan. Matrix Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2008.09.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cooper CR, Graves B, Pruitt F, Chaib H, Lynch JE, Cox AK, Sequeria L, van Golen KL, Evans A, Czymmek K, Bullard RS, Donald CD, Sol-Church K, Gendernalik JD, Weksler B, Farach-Carson MC, Macoska JA, Sikes RA, Pienta KJ. Novel surface expression of reticulocalbin 1 on bone endothelial cells and human prostate cancer cells is regulated by TNF-alpha. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:2298-309. [PMID: 18561328 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An unbiased cDNA expression phage library derived from bone-marrow endothelial cells was used to identify novel surface adhesion molecules that might participate in metastasis. Herein we report that reticulocalbin 1 (RCN1) is a cell surface-associated protein on both endothelial (EC) and prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines. RCN1 is an H/KDEL protein with six EF-hand, calcium-binding motifs, found in the endoplasmic reticulum. Our data indicate that RCN1 also is expressed on the cell surface of several endothelial cell lines, including human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMVECs), bone marrow endothelial cells (BMEC), and transformed human bone marrow endothelial cells (TrHBMEC). While RCN1 protein levels were highest in lysates from HDMVEC, this difference was not statistically significant compared BMEC and TrHBMEC. Given preferential adhesion of PCa to bone-marrow EC, these data suggest that RCN1 is unlikely to account for the preferential metastasis of PCa to bone. In addition, there was not a statistically significant difference in total RCN1 protein expression among the PCa cell lines. RCN1 also was expressed on the surface of several PCa cell lines, including those of the LNCaP human PCa progression model and the highly metastatic PC-3 cell line. Interestingly, RCN1 expression on the cell surface was upregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment of bone-marrow endothelial cells. Taken together, we show cell surface localization of RCN1 that has not been described previously for either PCa or BMEC and that the surface expression on BMEC is regulated by pro-inflammatory TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlton R Cooper
- Center for Translational Cancer Research and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
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11
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Lyles RH, Poindexter C, Evans A, Brown M, Cooper CR. Nonlinear model-based estimates of IC(50) for studies involving continuous therapeutic dose-response data. Contemp Clin Trials 2008; 29:878-86. [PMID: 18582601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We present statistical details for estimating an in vitro 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)), based on several models for continuous response data fit to bone-marrow endothelial cell lines replicated in vehicle and at several dose increments. Nonlinear models are fit via maximum likelihood assuming normal errors, and primary attention is given to exponential, Gompertz, and scaled logistic dose-response curves that admit increasing or decreasing monotonic and sigmoidal patterns. Careful consideration is given to dose axis scaling, comparative model fit via mean squared error and graphical assessment, analogues to weighted least squares analysis to address heterogeneity of variance across doses, and potential hormetic effects. Standard error estimation is discussed in detail, highlighting the advantage of reparameterizing dose-response models directly in terms of IC(50). Specific results for two cell lines are provided, along with a sample commercial software-based program for implementing a selection of the methods discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Lyles
- Department of Biostatistics, The Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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12
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Sequeira L, Dubyk CW, Riesenberger TA, Cooper CR, van Golen KL. Rho GTPases in PC-3 prostate cancer cell morphology, invasion and tumor cell diapedesis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2008; 25:569-79. [PMID: 18461284 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-008-9173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rho GTPases comprise one of the eight subfamilies of the Ras superfamily of monomeric GTP-binding proteins and are involved in cytoskeletal organization. Previously, using a dominant negative construct, we demonstrated a role for RhoC GTPase in conferring invasive capabilities to PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Further, we demonstrated that inactivation of RhoC led to morphological changes commensurate with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and was accompanied by increased random, linear motility and decreased directed migration and invasion. EMT was related positively to sustained expression and activity of Rac GTPase. In the current study we analyze the individual roles of RhoA, RhoC and Rac1 GTPases in PC-3 cell directed migration, invasion and tumor cell diapedesis across a human bone marrow endothelial cell layer in vitro. RESULTS Use of specific shRNA directed against RhoA, RhoC or Rac1 GTPases demonstrated a role for each protein in maintaining cell morphology. Furthermore, we demonstrate that RhoC expression and activation is required for directed migration and invasion, while Rac1 expression and activation is required for tumor cell diapedesis. Inhibition of RhoA expression produced a slight increase in invasion and tumor cell diapedesis. CONCLUSIONS Individual Rho GTPases are required for critical aspects of migration, invasion and tumor cell diapedesis. These data suggest that coordinated activation of individual Rho proteins is required for cells to successfully complete the extravasation process; a key step in distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sequeira
- The Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Physiology, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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13
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Miles FL, Pruitt FL, van Golen KL, Cooper CR. Stepping out of the flow: capillary extravasation in cancer metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 25:305-24. [PMID: 17906932 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In order for cancer cells to successfully colonize a metastatic site, they must detach from the primary tumor using extracellular matrix-degrading proteases, intravasate and survive in the circulation, evade the immune response, and extravasate the vasculature to invade the target tissue parenchyma, where metastatic foci are established. Though many of the steps of metastasis are widely studied, the precise cellular interactions and molecular alterations associated with extravasation are unknown, and further study is needed to elucidate the mechanisms inherent to this process. Studies of leukocytes localized to inflamed tissue during the immune response may be used to elucidate the process of cancer extravasation, since leukocyte diapedesis through the vasculature involves critical adhesive interactions with endothelial cells, and both leukocytes and cancer cells express similar surface receptors capable of binding endothelial adhesion molecules. Thus, leukocyte extravasation during the inflammatory response has provided a model for transendothelial migration (TEM) of cancer cells. Leukocyte extravasation is characterized by a process whereby rolling mediated by cytokine-activated endothelial selectins is followed by firmer adhesions with beta1 and beta2 integrin subunits to an activated endothelium and subsequent diapedesis, which most likely involves activation of Rho GTPases, regulators of cytoskeletal rearrangements and motility. It is controversial whether such selectin-mediated rolling is necessary for TEM of cancer cells. However, it has been established that similar stable adhesions between tumor and endothelial cells precede cancer cell transmigration through the endothelium. Additionally, there is support for the preferential attachment of tumor cells to the endothelium and, accordingly, site-specific metastasis of cancer cells. Rho GTPases are critical to TEM of cancer cells as well, and some progress has been made in understanding the specific roles of the Rho GTPase family, though much is still unknown. As the mechanisms of cancer TEM are elucidated, new approaches to study and target metastasis may be utilized and developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayth L Miles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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14
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Barwe SP, Maul RS, Christiansen JJ, Anilkumar G, Cooper CR, Kohn DB, Rajasekaran AK. Preferential association of prostate cancer cells expressing prostate specific membrane antigen to bone marrow matrix. Int J Oncol 2007; 30:899-904. [PMID: 17332929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed almost exclusively in prostatic epithelial cells. Expression of PSMA is elevated in prostate cancer, with levels closely correlated with disease grade. Although the highest levels of PSMA expression are associated with high-grade, hormone-refractory and metastatic prostate cancer, the significance of elevated PSMA expression in advanced prostate cancer has yet to be fully elucidated. We provide evidence that prostatic carcinoma cells expressing PSMA exhibit reduced motility and increased attachment when grown on a bone marrow matrix substrate. This phenomenon occurs via activation of focal adhesion kinase and provides the first evidence of a link between PSMA expression and prostate cancer metastasis to the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali P Barwe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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15
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Sun YX, Fang M, Wang J, Cooper CR, Pienta KJ, Taichman RS. Expression and activation of alpha v beta 3 integrins by SDF-1/CXC12 increases the aggressiveness of prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2007; 67:61-73. [PMID: 17034033 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) and CXCR4 are key elements in the metastasis of prostate cancer cells to bone--but the mechanisms as to how it localizes to the marrow remains unclear. METHODS Prostate cancer cell lines were stimulated with SDF-1 and evaluated for alterations in the expression of adhesion molecules using microarrays, FACs, and Western blotting to identify alpha(v)beta(3) receptors. Cell-cell adhesion and invasion assays were used to verify that activation of the receptor is responsive to SDF-1. RESULTS We demonstrate that SDF-1 transiently regulates the number and affinity of alpha(v)beta(3) receptors by prostate cancer cells to enhance their metastatic behavior by increasing adhesiveness and invasiveness. SDF-1 transiently increased the expression of beta(3) receptor subunit and increased its phosphorylation in metastatic but not nonmetastatic cells. CONCLUSIONS The transition from a locally invasive phenotype to a metastatic phenotype may be primed by the elevated expression of alpha(v)beta(3) receptors. Activation and increased expression of alpha(v)beta(3) within SDF-1-rich organs may participate in metastatic localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xi Sun
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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Boyd KR, Miles F, Dumas M, Sequeira L, Graves B, Sikes R, Farach‐Carson MC, Cooper CR. Factors Secreted by Bone Stromal Cells and Osteoblasts Regulate Prostate Cancer Adhesion to Bone Endothelium. FASEB J 2006. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.20.4.a222-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Rachel Boyd
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Delaware207 Cannon HallNewarkDE19717
| | - Fayth Miles
- University of Delaware353 Wolf HallNewarkDE19717
| | - Mike Dumas
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Delaware353 Wolf HallNewarkDE19717
| | - Linda Sequeira
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Delaware353 Wolf HallNewarkDE19717
| | - Bianca Graves
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Delaware353 Wolf HallNewarkDE19717
| | - Robert Sikes
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Delaware330 Wolf HallNewarkDE19717
| | | | - Carlton R Cooper
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Delaware324 Wolf HallNewarkDE19717
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Abstract
Microvessel density is a prognostic factor for many cancers, including prostate. For this reason, several studies and therapeutic approaches that target the tumor microvasculature have been attempted. Thalidomide has long been recognized as an antiangiogenic molecule. Recently, this drug has regained favor as an anticancer agent and is in clinical trial for multiple myeloma and prostate cancer, among others. This article will briefly review the proposed mechanisms of action for thalidomide, discuss why these activities are of therapeutic value in diseases currently undergoing clinical trials, and summarize the current status of clinical trials for prostate cancer. The focus will be predominantly on the relationship of thalidomide to angiogenesis, as well as on the future and potential value of thalidomide-inspired structural derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nathaniel Brennen
- Laboratory for Cancer Ontogeny and Therapeutics, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA
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18
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Stewart DA, Cooper CR, Sikes RA. Changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM-associated proteins in the metastatic progression of prostate cancer. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004; 2:2. [PMID: 14711377 PMCID: PMC320496 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is no exception to the multi-step process of metastasis. As PCa progresses, changes occur within the microenvironments of both the malignant cells and their targeted site of metastasis, enabling the necessary responses that result in successful translocation. The majority of patients with progressing prostate cancers develop skeletal metastases. Despite advancing efforts in early detection and management, there remains no effective, long-term cure for metastatic PCa. Therefore, the elucidation of the mechanism of PCa metastasis and preferential establishment of lesions in bone is an intensive area of investigation that promises to generate new targets for therapeutic intervention. This review will survey what is currently know concerning PCa interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the roles of factors within the tumor and ECM microenvironments that contribute to metastasis. These will be discussed within the context of changes in expression and functional heterodimerization patterns of integrins, changes in ECM expression and reorganization by proteases facilitating invasion. In this context we also provide a brief summary of how growth factors (GFs), cytokines and regulatory signaling pathways favor PCa metastasis to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delisha A Stewart
- Laboratory for Cancer Ontogeny and Therapeutics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Carlton R Cooper
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Robert A Sikes
- Laboratory for Cancer Ontogeny and Therapeutics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Cooper CR, Sikes RA, Nicholson BE, Sun YX, Pienta KJ, Taichman RS. Cancer cells homing to bone: the significance of chemotaxis and cell adhesion. Cancer Treat Res 2004; 118:291-309. [PMID: 15043197 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9129-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlton R Cooper
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716, USA
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Lee HL, Pienta KJ, Kim WJ, Cooper CR. The effect of bone-associated growth factors and cytokines on the growth of prostate cancer cells derived from soft tissue versus bone metastases in vitro. Int J Oncol 2003; 22:921-6. [PMID: 12632088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer metastasis to bone may be mediated by preferential proliferation of these cells in the bone's microenvironment. We hypothesize that this preferential proliferation is mediated by bone-associated growth factors (GFs) and cytokines. To test our hypothesis, human prostate cancer cells, derived from both soft tissue (LNCaP, DuCaP, DU145) and bone metastases (PC-3, VCaP, MDA-2a, MDA-2b), were treated with bone-associated GFs and cytokines (PDGF, IGF-1, TGF-beta, EGF, bFGF, TNF-alpha, IL-1, and IL-6) for 48 h, and their growth responses were compared. The responses of soft tissue-derived prostate cancer cell lines to bone GFs and cytokines were variable. LNCaP cell growth was stimulated by IGF-1 but was inhibited by TNF-alpha. DU145 cell growth was stimulated with EGF. Prostate cancer cell lines derived from bone metastases also responded variably to bone GFs and cytokines. IL-1 stimulated the growth of MDA-2a and 2b cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. PDGF and bFGF both demonstrated variable effects on bone-derived prostate cancer cell lines. TNF-alpha inhibited proliferation of the VCaP cells. These findings demonstrate that human prostate cancer cell lines derived from bone metastases may not respond preferentially to bone-associated GFs and cytokines.
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Snider TG, Hoyt PG, Coats KS, Graves KF, Cooper CR, Storts RW, Luther DG, Jenny BF. Natural bovine lentiviral type 1 infection in Holstein dairy cattle. I. Clinical, serological, and pathological observations. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 26:89-101. [PMID: 12493490 PMCID: PMC7134018 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(02)00021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical, serological, and pathological abnormalities observed in Holstein cows naturally infected with bovine lentivirus 1 bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) and other infections were progressive and most commonly associated with weight loss, lymphoid system deficiency, and behavioral changes. Clinical evidence of meningoencephalitis was dullness, stupor, and occasional head or nose pressing postures. The polymerase chain reactions associated the BIV provirus with the lesions in the central nervous system and lymphoid tissues. Multiple concurrent infections developed in retrovirally infected cows undergoing normal stresses associated with parturition and lactation. A major functional correlate of the lymphoreticular alterations was the development of multiple secondary infections which failed to resolve after appropriate antibacterial therapy. The chronic disease syndrome in dairy cows associated with BIV may be useful as a model system for investigation of the pathogenesis of the nervous system lesions and lymphoid organ changes that occur in humans with lentiviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Snider
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University and A & M College, Baton Rouge 70803, USA.
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Cooper CR, Chay CH, Gendernalik JD, Lee HL, Bhatia J, Taichman RS, McCauley LK, Keller ET, Pienta KJ. Stromal factors involved in prostate carcinoma metastasis to bone. Cancer 2003; 97:739-47. [PMID: 12548571 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate carcinoma (PC) frequently metastasizes to bone, where it causes significant morbidity and mortality. Stromal elements in the primary and metastatic target organs are important mediators of tumor cell intravasation, chemoattraction, adhesion to target organ microvascular endothelium, extravasation, and growth at the metastatic site. METHODS The role of stromal factors in bone metastasis was determined with a cyclic DNA microarray comparison of a bone-derived cell PC cell line with a soft tissue-derived cell PC cell line and by evaluating the effects of selected stromal components on PC cell chemotaxis, cell adhesion to human bone marrow endothelium (HBME), and PC cell growth. RESULTS The authors demonstrate that PC cells express protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1; thrombin receptor), and its expression is up-regulated in PC compared with normal prostate tissue. In addition, this overexpression was very pronounced in bone-derived PC cell lines (VCaP and PC-3) compared with soft tissue PC cell lines (DUCaP, DU145, and LNCaP). The authors report that bone stromal factors, including stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and collagen Type I peptides, are chemoattractants for PC cells, and they demonstrate that some of these factors (e.g., extracellular matrix components, transforming growth factor beta, bone morphogenic proteins [BMPs], and SDF-1) significantly alter PC-HBME interaction in vitro. Finally, stromal factors, such as BMPs, can regulate the proliferation of PC cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Soluble and insoluble elements of the stroma are involved in multiple steps of PC metastasis to bone. The authors hypothesize that PAR1 may play a central role in prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlton R Cooper
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0946, USA
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Snider TG, Coats KS, Storts RW, Graves KF, Cooper CR, Hoyt PG, Luther DG, Jenny BF. Natural bovine lentivirus type 1 infection in Holstein dairy cattle. II. Lymphoid tissue lesions. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 26:1-15. [PMID: 12602682 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(02)00022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) in Holstein cows was associated with morphologic evidence of lymphoid organ deficiency. Cows were subjected to normal management practices including parturition and lactation without adverse environmental stresses. During the clinical disease process there was marked weight loss and wasting with frequent and severe concurrent infections. Lymphoid follicular hyperplasia and dysplasia in lymph nodes, and hypertrophy and hyperplasia in hemal lymph nodes were characteristics of the lymphoid tissues. Atrophy of lymphoid cell compartments with depletion of lymphocytes and a lymphocytic lymphoid folliculitis were components of the lymphoid system pathology. The nodal tissue lesions resembled those observed in feline, simian, and human lentiviral disease. A functional correlation with immune system deficiency was the development of multiple bacterial infections which failed to resolve after appropriate therapy. The BIV-associated disease syndrome in dairy cows may be useful as a model system for investigation of the pathogenesis of the lymphoid organ changes that occur in humans and animals with lentiviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Snider
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Abstract
The majority of men with progressive prostate cancer develop metastases with the skeleton being the most prevalent metastatic site. Unlike many other tumors that metastasize to bone and form osteolytic lesions, prostate carcinomas form osteoblastic lesions. However, histological evaluation of these lesions reveals the presence of underlying osteoclastic activity. These lesions are painful, resulting in diminished quality of life of the patient. There is emerging evidence that prostate carcinomas establish and thrive in the skeleton due to cross-talk between the bone microenvironment and tumor cells. Bone provides chemotactic factors, adhesion factors, and growth factors that allow the prostate carcinoma cells to target and proliferate in the skeleton. The prostate carcinoma cells reciprocate through production of osteoblastic and osteolytic factors that modulate bone remodeling. The prostate carcinoma-induced osteolysis promotes release of the many growth factors within the bone extracellular matrix thus further enhancing the progression of the metastases. This review focuses on the interaction between the bone and the prostate carcinoma cells that allow for development and progression of prostate carcinoma skeletal metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Keller
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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Chay CH, Cooper CR, Gendernalik JD, Dhanasekaran SM, Chinnaiyan AM, Rubin MA, Schmaier AH, Pienta KJ. A functional thrombin receptor (PAR1) is expressed on bone-derived prostate cancer cell lines. Urology 2002; 60:760-5. [PMID: 12429291 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(02)01969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify genes important in prostate cancer metastatic to bone. Bone-specific metastasis is a common feature of prostate cancer and a significant cause of morbidity. METHODS To identify factors involved in organ-specific metastasis, we used cDNA microarray analysis to compare a bone-derived cell line, VCaP, with a soft tissue-derived cell line, DuCaP. Both cell lines were derived from the same patient and spontaneously passaged. RESULTS Forty-five genes were differentially expressed, and only seven of these also had increased expression in VCaP compared with normal prostatic tissue. Of these, protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) was verified as having increased expression by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis, as well as by immunohistochemistry. PAR1 expression in a panel of prostate cancer cell lines demonstrated increased expression in those cell lines derived from bone metastases. Alpha-thrombin stimulation of the VCaP cells produced a dose-dependent mobilization of intracellular calcium compared with DuCaP, suggesting that PAR1 expressed on the VCaP prostate cancer cell line is functional. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that a functional PAR1 is expressed on prostate cancer cell lines. The prostate cancer cell lines expressing PAR1 appear to have an association with increased bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Chay
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0946, USA
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Abstract
Integrin alpha(v)beta(3) is involved in varied cell biological activities, including angiogenesis, cell adhesion, and migration on several extracellular matrix components. Although alpha(v)beta(3) is not typically expressed in epithelial cells, it is expressed in macrophages, activated leukocytes, cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells, osteoclasts, and certain invasive tumors. Interestingly, the adhesion and migration of breast cancer cells on bone matrix are mediated, in part, by alpha(v)beta(3). Similar to breast cancer cells, prostate cancer cells preferentially metastasize to the bone. The biological events that mediate this metastatic pattern of prostate cancer are not well defined. This review discusses the role alpha(v)beta(3) plays in prostate cancer progression, with specific emphasis on bone metastasis and on alpha(v)beta(3) signaling in prostate cancer cells. The data suggest that alpha(v)beta(3), in part, facilitates prostate cancer metastasis to bone by mediating prostate cancer cell adhesion to and migration on osteopontin and vitronectin, which are common proteins in the bone microenvironment. These biological events require the activation of focal adhesion kinase and the subsequent activation of PI-3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlton R Cooper
- Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Cooper CR, Chay CH, Pienta KJ. The role of alpha(v)beta(3) in prostate cancer progression. Neoplasia 2002; 4:191-4. [PMID: 11988838 PMCID: PMC1531692 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo/7900224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2001] [Accepted: 07/25/2001] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Integrin alpha(v)beta(3) is involved in varied cell biological activities, including angiogenesis, cell adhesion, and migration on several extracellular matrix components. Although alpha(v)beta(3) is not typically expressed in epithelial cells, it is expressed in macrophages, activated leukocytes, cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells, osteoclasts, and certain invasive tumors. Interestingly, the adhesion and migration of breast cancer cells on bone matrix are mediated, in part, by alpha(v)beta(3). Similar to breast cancer cells, prostate cancer cells preferentially metastasize to the bone. The biological events that mediate this metastatic pattern of prostate cancer are not well defined. This review discusses the role alpha(v)beta(3) plays in prostate cancer progression, with specific emphasis on bone metastasis and on alpha(v)beta(3) signaling in prostate cancer cells. The data suggest that alpha(v)beta(3), in part, facilitates prostate cancer metastasis to bone by mediating prostate cancer cell adhesion to and migration on osteopontin and vitronectin, which are common proteins in the bone microenvironment. These biological events require the activation of focal adhesion kinase and the subsequent activation of PI-3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlton R Cooper
- Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Cooper CR, Bhatia JK, Muenchen HJ, McLean L, Hayasaka S, Taylor J, Poncza PJ, Pienta KJ. The regulation of prostate cancer cell adhesion to human bone marrow endothelial cell monolayers by androgen dihydrotestosterone and cytokines. Clin Exp Metastasis 2002; 19:25-33. [PMID: 11918080 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013849123736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A previous study from our laboratory suggested that prostate cancer metastasis to bone may be mediated, in part, by preferential adhesion to human bone marrow endothelial (HBME) cells. Tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells may be modulated by the effect of cytokines on cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) regulates VCAM expression on the endothelium and this effect is enhanced by dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) stimulates the expression of alpha2beta1 integrin on PC-3 cells. The current study investigated the effects of the above cytokines and DHT (singularly and in various combinations) upon HBME and prostate cancer cell expression of VCAM, alpha2 integrin subunit, and beta1 integrin subunit by flow cytometry. We also monitored the effects of the above treatments on PC-3 cell adhesion to HBME monolayers. The data demonstrate that none of the treatments significantly altered the expression of selected CAMs on HBME cell and neoplastic prostate cell lines. The treatment of HBME monolayers with various combinations of cytokines and DHT prior to performing adhesion assays with PC-3 demonstrates that treatments containing TGF-beta reduced PC-3 cell adhesion to HBME monolayers by 32% or greater (P < 0.05). The reduction in PC-3 cell adhesion to TGF-beta-treated HBME monolayers was dose dependent. Interestingly, LNCaP cells but not PC-3 cells treated with TGF-beta had a reduced ability to adhere to untreated HBME monolayers. These results suggest that TGF-beta may reduce tumor cell adhesion to bone marrow microvascular endothelium, in vivo. The biological significance of this observation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlton R Cooper
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0946, USA.
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Abstract
Androgen independence and bone metastasis are lethal complications in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Presently, there is no cure for patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. In order to develop more effective therapies for this disease, the molecular events involved in the development of androgen independence and bone metastasis must be elucidated and then targeted by therapeutic agents. Several studies presented at a recent conference on prostate cancer sponsored by the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) provided evidence that prostate cancer metastasis to bone is mediated by the prostate cancer cell expression of molecules that allow the cells to invade, grow in and stimulate cells in the bone microenvironment resulting in an osteoblastic reaction. Androgen independence was reportedly mediated by an increased expression of survival genes following androgen ablation therapies and several molecular mechanisms involved in genetic instability. Treatment strategies are being designed to target some of the molecular events involved in androgen independence and bone metastasis. Targeting these molecular events with combinational therapies will hopefully delay the progression to androgen independence in patients with early stage disease, suppress the growth of androgen-independent cells in patients with advanced disease and enhance the chemosensitivity of androgen-independent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlton R Cooper
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Haematology/Oncology and Department of Urology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Donald CD, Cooper CR, Harris-Hooker S, Emmett N, Scanlon M, Cooke DB. Cytoskeletal organization and cell motility correlates with metastatic potential and state of differentiation in prostate cancer. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2001; 47:1033-8. [PMID: 11785653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is the key cellular machinery responsible for cellular movement. Changes in the organization and distribution of actin and actin binding protein are necessary for several cellular processes such as focal adhesion formation, cell motility and cell invasion. Here we examined differences in cytoskeletal protein distribution, cell morphometry and cell motility of metastatic and non-metastatic cells. Correlations were found between metastatic potential phenotypic properties such as cell motility, cell spreading and cytoskeletal organization in prostate cancer. As a cell progresses from a normal state to a malignant state, it loses its ability to function normally and also become poorly differentiated. Differentiation therapy is concerned with the redirection of malignant cells toward a terminal, non-dividing state using non-cytotoxic agents. Two well acknowledged differentiation agents, retinoic acid (RA) and diflouromethylomithine (DFMO) were examined for their ability to alter cellular phenotypes associated with metastatic potential in rat prostate cancer cell lines. The results of these studies indicate that there are sub-cellular differences between non-metastatic and highly metastatic cells relative to cytoskeletal organization. We also show that treatment of highly metastatic cells with either RA or DFMO significantly alters cell morphology, cell morphometry and motility to states similar to non-metastatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Donald
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, GA 30314, USA
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Restrepo A, Baumgardner DJ, Bagagli E, Cooper CR, McGinnis MR, Lázera MS, Barbosa FH, Bosco SM, Camargo ZP, Coelho KI, Fortes ST, Franco M, Montenegro MR, Sano A, Wanke B. Clues to the presence of pathogenic fungi in certain environments. Med Mycol 2001; 38 Suppl 1:67-77. [PMID: 11204166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of various pathogenic fungi in rather unsuspected hosts and environments has always attracted the attention of the scientific community. Reports on the putative role of animals in fungal infections of humans bear important consequences on public health as well as on the understanding of fungal ecology. Fungi are ubiquitous in nature and their great capacity for adaptation allows them to survive and indeed, to thrive, in plants, trees and other natural substrata. Nonetheless, we are just beginning to learn the significance that these diverse fungal habitats have on the increasing number of immunosuppressed individuals. The accidental or permanent presence of fungi in animals, plants, soils and watercourses should not be taken too lightly because they constitute the source where potential pathogens will be contracted. If those fungal habitats that carry the largest risks of exposure could be defined, if seasonal variations in the production of infectious propagules could be determined, and if their mode of transmission were to be assessed, it would be possible to develop protective measures in order to avoid human infection. Additionally, unsuspected avenues for the exploration of fungal survival strategies would be opened, thus enhancing our capacity to react properly to their advancing limits. This paper explores several ecological connections between human pathogenic fungi and certain animals, trees, waterways and degraded organic materials. The occurrence of such connections in highly endemic areas will hopefully furnish more precise clues to fungal habitats and allow the design of control programs aimed at avoiding human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Restrepo
- Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia.
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Daniel BL, Birdwell RL, Butts K, Nowels KW, Ikeda DM, Heiss SG, Cooper CR, Jeffrey SS, Dirbas FM, Herfkens RJ. Freehand iMRI-guided large-gauge core needle biopsy: a new minimally invasive technique for diagnosis of enhancing breast lesions. J Magn Reson Imaging 2001; 13:896-902. [PMID: 11382950 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of reliable methods for minimally invasive biopsy of suspicious enhancing breast lesions has hindered the utilization of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. In this study, a freehand method was developed for large-gauge core needle biopsy (LCNB) guided by intraprocedural MRI (iMRI). Twenty-seven lesions in nineteen patients were biopsied using iMRI-guided LCNB without significant complications. Diagnostic tissue was obtained in all cases. Nineteen of the 27 lesions were subsequently surgically excised. Histopathologic analysis confirmed that iMRI-guided LCNB correctly distinguished benign lesions from malignancy in 18 of the 19 lesions. The histology revealed by core biopsy was partially discrepant with surgical biopsy in 2 of the other 19 lesions. Freehand iMRI-guided LCNB of enhancing breast lesions is promising. Larger studies are needed to determine the smallest lesion that can be sampled reliably and to precisely measure the accuracy of iMRI-guided LCNB as a minimally invasive tool to diagnose suspicious lesions found by breast MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:896-902.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Daniel
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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Cooper CR, McLean L, Walsh M, Taylor J, Hayasaka S, Bhatia J, Pienta KJ. Preferential adhesion of prostate cancer cells to bone is mediated by binding to bone marrow endothelial cells as compared to extracellular matrix components in vitro. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6:4839-47. [PMID: 11156243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that the preferential adhesion of prostate cancer cells to human bone marrow endothelial (HBME) cells may contribute to their preferential metastasis to bone. Although a subject of debate, it has been postulated that the endothelial cells of the bone marrow are fenestrated. It is unknown therefore whether prostate cancer cells adhere preferentially to the extracellular matrix (ECM) or the endothelial cells. It has also been demonstrated in other organ systems that the types of cell adhesion molecules on the surface of endothelial cells lining the organ microvasculature are determined, in part, by the ECM of the organ. We investigated how prostate cancer cell adhesion to HBME cells is affected by growing HBME cells on selected organ-derived ECM proteins in vitro. Growth of HBME cells and immortalized human aortic endothelial cells on bone, kidney, and placenta ECM proteins significantly increased their ability to bind PC-3 cells. This increased adhesion was not dose dependent and was not demonstrated with human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Scanning electron microscopic analysis demonstrated that prostate cancer cells adhered directly to the endothelial cells and not to the underlying substrata. These results suggest that unidentified cell adhesion molecules are expressed or up-regulated on the apical surfaces of human aortic endothelial cells and HBME cells grown on bone, kidney, and placenta ECMs. These results also strongly demonstrate that the adhesion of prostate cancer cells to bone may be initiated by direct binding to endothelial cells rather than direct binding to exposed ECM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Cooper
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
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Cooper CR, McLean L, Mucci NR, Poncza P, Pienta KJ. Prostate cancer cell adhesion to quiescent endothelial cells is not mediated by beta-1 integrin subunit. Anticancer Res 2000; 20:4159-62. [PMID: 11205242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that tumor cells' adhesion to quiescent endothelial cell is mediated by beta-1 integrins. The aim of this study was to determine the role beta-1 integrins play in prostate cancer cell adhesion to human bone marrow endothelial cells (HBME) and human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). MATERIALS AND METHODS A well described blocking antibody to beta-1 integrin subunit was used in adhesion assays to determine the role of beta-1 integrin subunit in the adhesion of PC-3 cells to both HBME cells and HAEC. RESULTS Antibody to the beta-1 integrin subunit failed to reduce PC-3 adhesion to HBME and HAEC, yet this same antibody significantly reduced adhesion of PC-3 cells to fibronectin coated wells. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that metastasis of prostate cancer cells to bone may be mediated, in part, by preferential adhesion to HBME cells; but beta-1 integrins most likely are not involved in this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Cooper
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate-binding protein whose level of expression has been shown to be correlated with metastatic potential in a number of different tumor types. The purpose of this investigation was to examine galectin-3 expression in several tumorigenic and nontumorigenic prostate cell lines and prostate tissue samples. METHODS The expression of galectin-3 in cell lines and tissue samples was evaluated by tissue immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Human cell lines PC-3M, PC-3, DU-145, PrEC-1, and MCF10A demonstrated the presence of galectin-3. Galectin-3 was not detected in TSU-pr1 and LNCaP by Western blot analysis. We furthered our studies by examining a series of human prostate tissue samples for expression of galectin-3. Overall, approximately 60-70% of the normal tissue examined demonstrated heterogenous expression of galectin-3. In stage II tumors, however, there was a dramatic decrease in galectin-3 expression in both PIN and tumor sections, with only 10.5% (2/19) of these samples expressing this protein. Stage III tumors also demonstrated a decreased expression of galectin-3, although this downregulation was not as dramatic, with 35% of PIN samples and 52% of tumor tissue expressing galectin-3 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that galectin-3 is downregulated in prostate cancer. The altered downregulation pattern of galectin-3 observed between tumor stages suggests different roles for galectin-3 in the progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Pacis
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. John's Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Cooper CR, Pienta KJ. Cell adhesion and chemotaxis in prostate cancer metastasis to bone: a minireview. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2000; 3:6-12. [PMID: 12497155 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/1999] [Revised: 02/15/2000] [Accepted: 02/16/2000] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a common phenomenon in patients with advanced prostate cancer. The molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in this process are not well understood. Past reviews on this subject primarily focused on prostate tumor growth in the bone marrow and the effects this growth has on bone homeostasis (ie osteoblastic and osteolytic). Cell chemotaxis and adhesion are also important for site-specific metastasis. In this review we have focused on chemotactic and cell adhesion molecules potentially involved in prostate cancer metastasis to bone. In addition, recently developed animal models for prostate cancer metastasis to bone are discussed. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases (2000) 3, 6-12
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Cooper
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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38
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Abstract
The response of the cerebral circulation to exercise has been studied with transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) because this modality provides continuous measurements of blood velocity and is well suited for the exercise environment. The use of TCD as an index of cerebral blood flow, however, requires the assumption that the diameter of the insonated vessel is constant. Here, we examine this assumption for rhythmic handgrip using a spectral index designed to measure trends in vessel flow. Nineteen normal subjects were studied during 5 min of volitional maximum rhythmic right handgrip at 1 Hz. TCD velocities from both middle arteries (left and right), blood pressure, and end-tidal PCO(2) were recorded every 10 s. A spectral weighted sum was also calculated as a flow index (FI). Averages were computed from the last 2 min of handgrip. Relative changes in velocity, FI, and pressure were calculated. The validity of FI was tested by comparing the change in diameter derived from equations relating flow and diameter. Mean blood pressure increased 23.8 +/- 17.8% (SD), and velocity increased 13.3 +/- 9.8% (left) and 9.6 +/- 8.3% (right). Although the mean change in FI was small [2.0 +/- 18. 2% (left) and 4.7 +/- 29.7% (right)], the variation was high: some subjects showed a significant increase in FI and others a significant decrease. Diameter estimates from two equations relating flow and luminal area were not significantly different. Decreases in FI were associated with estimated diameter decreases of 10%. Our data suggest that the cerebral blood flow (CBF) response to rhythmic handgrip is heterogeneous and that middle cerebral artery flow can decrease in some subjects, in agreement with prior studies using the Kety-Schmidt technique. We speculate that the velocity increase is due to sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction rather than a ubiquitous flow increase. Our data suggest that the use of ordinary TCD velocities to interpret the CBF response during exercise may be invalid.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Giller
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-8855, USA
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39
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Abstract
Lacazia loboi (syn. Loboa loboi), the etiological agent of lobomycosis, was compared in human and dolphin tissue using light and electron microscopy, and computer-assisted morphometrics. The histological features of the lesions were similar; however, preliminary electron microscopy data indicates that cell wall destruction may vary in the two hosts. Calcofluor stained tissue sections of human and dolphin tissue were examined with UV light microscopy and the images digitized. Measurements of area, minimum and maximum diameters, and perimeter were made. Student's t-test (alpha = 0.01) revealed that L. loboi cells infecting dolphin tissue were significantly smaller than those infecting human tissue. This study represents the first comparative analysis of the morphology of the etiological agent of this disease in its two known natural hosts. The data indicate that the organism may not be identical in the two hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Haubold
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
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40
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Abstract
Most species of Penicillium are considered relatively benign with respect to causing human disease. However, one species, P. marneffei, has emerged as a significant pathogen particularly among individuals who live in Southeast Asia and are concurrently infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. While environmental and epidemiological studies have yet to resolve the reason for the heightened virulence of P. marneffi, one characteristic does distinguish this fungus from other Penicillium species. Whereas the latter grow as monomorphic moulds bearing typical asexual propagules (conidia), P. marneffei is thermally dimorphic. At room temperature, P. marneffei exhibits the morphology characteristic of the genus. In contrast to other Penicillia, though, P. marneffei grows as a yeast-like entity (arthroconidium) when found in diseased tissue or cultivated at 37 degrees C. Studies in our laboratory have focused on the differential gene expression between the mould and arthroconidial phases. Many of the genes whose expression differs during mould-to-arthrocondium transition are related to energy metabolism. A better understanding of gene expression during morphogenesis in P. marneffei may help detect unique target sites or cellular processes that can be exploited in the development of antifungal agents or immunomodulation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Cooper
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0609, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Genetic variability is a salient feature of lentiviruses, contributing to the pathogenesis of these viruses by enabling them to persist in the host and to resist anti-retroviral treatment. Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), a lentivirus of unknown pathology, infects cattle in the United States and worldwide. Genetic diversity of BIV that is associated with naturally infected cattle is not well studied. We examined the genetic diversity and natural selection of a segment of the BIV pol gene amplified from the leukocyte DNA of naturally infected cattle. A portion of the reverse transcriptase domain (183 bp) of the pol region was targeted for amplification by PCR. PCR products were sequenced directly and aligned. When compared to the sequences of BIV R29-127, a molecular clone of the original BIV R29 isolate, all isolates were greater than 91% identical in nucleotide sequences and 77% identical in amino acid sequences. Pol genotypes were polymorphic at 14% of the nucleotide sites. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitutions (relative to the number of respective sites, Ka/Ks) was 0.16, indicating that this region of the BIV genome, like that of HIV-1, is subject to purifying selection. Based on the McDonald-Kreitman analysis, this region also was under positive Darwinian selection as HIV-1 and BIV diverged from a common progenitor. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that genotypes were geographically distinct, possibly indicating a common source of infection for animals within a herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Cooper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, USA
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Cooper CR, Denner J, Lopez EM. Cultural brokers: helping Latino children on pathways toward success. Future Child 1999; 9:51-57. [PMID: 10646258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Latino children in elementary and middle school not only experience developmental changes and confront the risks and adventures held by neighborhoods, they must also juggle the values and expectations of two cultures as they navigate their own pathways toward success. Integrating the results of a series of studies focused on the children of Mexican-American immigrants in California, this article discusses ways that teachers, parents, siblings, and program staff can help young Latino students succeed in U.S. schools and live according to their parents' values.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Cooper
- University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
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Haubold EM, Aronson JF, Cowan DF, McGinnis MR, Cooper CR. Isolation of fungal rDNA from bottlenose dolphin skin infected with Loboa loboi. Med Mycol 1998; 36:263-7. [PMID: 10075494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal-specific primers targeted for highly conserved genomic nucleic acid sequences were used in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA from lobomycosis lesions in a bottlenose dolphin. Sequence alignments of this DNA possessed high homology to fungal ribosomal DNA sequences found in the genus Cladosporium. When used for in situ hybridization, the riboprobe transcribed from a cloned PCR-generated fragment bound to Loboa loboi cells. These results support the hypothesis that L. loboi in dolphin tissue is a fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Haubold
- Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0609, USA
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McGinnis MR, Pasarell L, Sutton DA, Fothergill AW, Cooper CR, Rinaldi MG. In vitro activity of voriconazole against selected fungi. Med Mycol 1998; 36:239-42. [PMID: 9776841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifty-nine isolates consisting of 14 genera and 33 species of ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and zygomycetes were tested against amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole using an in vitro modified macrobroth dilution procedure based upon the NCCLS M27-A standard method for yeasts. The triazoles voriconazole and itraconazole had similar MIC values, except for Acremonium alabamensis, A. strictum, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and Wangiella dermatitidis, which had substantially lower voriconazole MIC values. Voriconazole MIC values were lower than those for itraconazole for the 17 species of Trichosporon tested. Fluconazole had high MIC values, often greater than 128 microg ml-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R McGinnis
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pathology and WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609,
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Abstract
Psychological theories and research often assume nations are culturally homogeneous and stable. But global demographic, political, and economic changes and massive immigration have sparked new scholarly and policy interest in cultural diversity and change within nations. This chapter reviews interdisciplinary advances linking culture and psychological development. These challenge and strengthen the external and ecological validity of psychological theories and their applications. Seven theoretical perspectives are reviewed: individualism-collectivism; ecological systems; cultural-ecological; social identity; ecocultural and sociocultural; structure-agency; and multiple worlds. Reviews of each theory summarize key constructs and evidence, recent advances, links between universal and community-specific research and applications, and strengths and limitations. The chapter traces complementarities across theories for the case of personal and social identity. It concludes by discussing implications for science and policy. By viewing theories as distinct yet complementary, researchers and policy makers can forge interdisciplinary, international, and intergenerational collaborations on behalf of the culturally diverse communities of which we are a part.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Cooper
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.
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McGinnis MR, Pasarell L, Sutton DA, Fothergill AW, Cooper CR, Rinaldi MG. In vitro evaluation of voriconazole against some clinically important fungi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:1832-4. [PMID: 9257773 PMCID: PMC164017 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.8.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Voriconazole was compared to amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole by using an in vitro macrobroth dilution test based upon current National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards tentative standards against the dimorphic fungi and several opportunistic molds and yeasts. In all instances, the voriconazole MICs were lower than those of fluconazole. In most instances, the MICs were lower than the recorded MICs of amphotericin B and itraconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R McGinnis
- Department of Pathology and WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0609, USA
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Cooper CR, McGinnis MR. Pathology of Penicillium marneffei. An emerging acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related pathogen. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1997; 121:798-804. [PMID: 9278607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize current knowledge regarding the opportunistic dimorphic fungal pathogen Penicillium marneffei. Clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, mycology, histopathology, diagnostic serology, in vitro antifungal agent susceptibility testing, and therapy are discussed for human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals primarily living in Southeast Asia. DATA SOURCES Critical evaluation of peer-reviewed publications located through an electronic literature database search, supplemented by unpublished observations, were used to prepare this report. STUDY SELECTION Studies were selected based on either the fungal name Penicillium marneffei, penicilliosis, penicilliosis marneffei, or a combination of these. DATA EXTRACTION Articles were reviewed with appropriate data being abstracted and then synthesized into the review. DATA SYNTHESIS Differential diagnostic criteria for tissue diagnosis and laboratory identification of the fungus are detailed. The usefulness of mycoserology and antifungal therapy are evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Penicillium marneffei is an emerging pathogen, primarily among patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome residing in Southeast Asia. Although infection caused by P marneffei is endemic to this portion of the world, cases are being diagnosed and treated involving individuals who have traveled to this region. Penicilliosis marneffei can clinically resemble tuberculosis, molluscum contagiosum, cryptococcosis, and histoplasmosis. The successful treatment of P marneffei infection is dependent on its rapid and accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Cooper
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0609, USA
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48
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Odds FC, Rinaldi MG, Cooper CR, Fothergill A, Pasarell L, McGinnis MR. Candida and Torulopsis: a blinded evaluation of use of pseudohypha formation as basis for identification of medically important yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:313-6. [PMID: 8968937 PMCID: PMC229568 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.1.313-316.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Seventy yeast isolates representing species in the genera Candida and Torulopsis but excluding Candida albicans were examined in three laboratories for production of pseudohyphae in Dalmau cultures. The microscopic morphology of the isolates was scrutinized by four individuals experienced in yeast identification and three inexperienced persons, all of whom were blinded as to the putative identification of the yeasts. For 49 (70%) of the 70 isolates, the seven observers recorded comparable scores for morphology, but 5 (7%) of the isolates showed extreme variation in recorded morphologies, from true hyphae formed to no pseudohyphae formed. Isolates of Candida parapsilosis and Torulopsis glabrata consistently did and did not form pseudohyphae, respectively: however, other Candida and Torulopsis spp. did not always express their expected morphologies. In 48 (19%) of 252 readings (seven observers), 36 isolates of Candida spp. were scored as forming no pseudohyphae, and in 22 (9.2%) of 238 readings, 34 isolates of Torulopsis spp. were recorded as forming true hyphae or pseudohyphae. These results show that pseudohypha formation is not a reliable characteristic for identification of yeasts at the genus level; we suggest that the merger of Torulopsis spp. into the genus Candida should be finally accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Odds
- Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium
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49
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fifty clinical yeast isolates, representing equally Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, and Torulopsis glabrata, were tested in vitro for their susceptibility to terconazole and fluconazole. STUDY DESIGN The minimal inhibitory concentrations of terconazole and fluconazole were determined by use of a proposed standardized broth macrodilution assay. Also, the response of selected yeast isolates to 25 micrograms of either drug was measured by agarose disk diffusion experiments. RESULTS For all species the minimum inhibitory concentrations for terconazole were significantly lower than those for fluconazole (p < 0.05). In fact, for each individual isolate the minimum inhibitory concentration of terconazole was consistently lower than that of fluconazole. Differences in the geometric mean of terconazole and fluconazole minimum inhibitory concentrations were largest among C. krusei and T. glabrata, followed by C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. albicans, in order of decreasing difference. Disk diffusion experiments suggested that terconazole is a more effective fungistatic agent than fluconazole is. CONCLUSION Terconazole may be more effective than fluconazole against yeast species other than C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Cooper
- Medical Mycology Research Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0609, USA
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50
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Abstract
Forty-six isolates of Penicillium marneffei were differentiated into two DNA types on the basis of their restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Of the 22 human isolates of P. marneffei, 16 (72.7%) were type I and 6 (27.3%) were type II. Of the 23 bamboo rat isolates, 20 from Rhizomys sumatrensis were type I and 3 from Cannomys badius were type II. The soil isolate was type II. These data represent the first molecular epidemiological study of this important emerging fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vanittanakom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
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