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Zhao L, Hu Y, Liang L, Dhanasekaran S, Zhang X, Yang X, Wu M, Song Y, Zhang H. WSC1 Regulates the Growth, Development, Patulin Production, and Pathogenicity of Penicillium expansum Infecting Pear Fruits. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:1025-1034. [PMID: 38181197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the role of WSC1 in the infection of pear fruit by Penicillium expansum was investigated. The WSC1 gene was knocked out and complemented by Agrobacterium-mediated homologous recombination technology. Then, the changes in growth, development, and pathogenic processes of the knockout mutant and the complement mutant were analyzed. The results indicated that deletion of WSC1 slowed the growth rate, reduced the mycelial and spore yield, and reduced the ability to produce toxins and pathogenicity of P. expansum in pear fruits. At the same time, the deletion of WSC1 reduced the tolerance of P. expansum to cell wall stress factors, enhanced antioxidant capacity, decreased hypertonic sensitivity, decreased salt stress resistance, and was more sensitive to most metal ions. Our results confirmed that WSC1 plays an important role in maintaining cell wall integrity and responding to stress, toxin production, and the pathogenicity of P. expansum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Fruit Research Institute, All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, Jinan 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yize Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyi Liang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Solairaj Dhanasekaran
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangzheng Yang
- Jinan Fruit Research Institute, All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, Jinan 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Maoyu Wu
- Jinan Fruit Research Institute, All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, Jinan 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Nowak A, Duchnik W, Makuch E, Kucharski Ł, Ossowicz-Rupniewska P, Cybulska K, Sulikowski T, Moritz M, Klimowicz A. Epilobium angustifolium L. Essential Oil-Biological Activity and Enhancement of the Skin Penetration of Drugs-In Vitro Study. Molecules 2021; 26:7188. [PMID: 34885770 PMCID: PMC8658823 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilobium angustifolium L. is a popular medicinal plant found in many regions of the world. This plant contains small amounts of essential oil whose composition and properties have not been extensively investigated. There are few reports in the literature on the antioxidant and antifungal properties of this essential oil and the possibility of applying it as a potential promoter of the skin penetration of drugs. The essential oil was obtained by distillation using a Clavenger type apparatus. The chemical composition was analyzed by the GC-MS method. The major active compounds of E. angustifolium L. essential oil (EOEa) were terpenes, including α-caryophyllene oxide, eucalyptol, β-linalool, camphor, (S)-carvone, and β-caryophyllene. The analyzed essential oil was also characterized by antioxidant activity amounting to 78% RSA (Radical Scavenging Activity). Antifungal activity against the strains Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus, A. parasiticum, and Penicillium cyclopium was also determined. The largest inhibition zone was observed for strains from the Aspergillus group. The EOEa enhanced the percutaneous penetration of ibuprofen and lidocaine. After a 24 h test, the content of terpene in the skin and the acceptor fluid was examined. It has been shown that the main compounds contained in the essential oil do not penetrate through the skin, but accumulate in it. Additionally, FTIR-ATR analysis showed a disturbance of the stratum corneum (SC) lipids caused by the essential oil application. Due to its rich composition and high biological activity, EOEa may be a potential candidate to be applied, for example, in the pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries. Moreover, due to the reaction of the essential oil components with SC lipids, the EOEa could be an effective permeation enhancer of topically applied hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nowak
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland; (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Wiktoria Duchnik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland; (W.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Edyta Makuch
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, PL-70322 Szczecin, Poland; (E.M.); (P.O.-R.)
| | - Łukasz Kucharski
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland; (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Paula Ossowicz-Rupniewska
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, PL-70322 Szczecin, Poland; (E.M.); (P.O.-R.)
| | - Krystyna Cybulska
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, PL-71434 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Tadeusz Sulikowski
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, PL-71252 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Michał Moritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland; (W.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Adam Klimowicz
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland; (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
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Al Attiya W, Hassan ZU, Al-Thani R, Jaoua S. Prevalence of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in Arabic coffee (Coffea arabica): Protective role of traditional coffee roasting, brewing and bacterial volatiles. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259302. [PMID: 34714880 PMCID: PMC8555823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infection and synthesis of mycotoxins in coffee leads to significant economic losses. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of toxigenic fungi, their metabolites, and the effect of traditional roasting and brewing on ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxins (AFs) contents of naturally contaminated coffee samples. In addition, in vivo biocontrol assays were performed to explore the antagonistic activities of Bacillus simplex 350–3 (BS350-3) on the growth and mycotoxins synthesis of Aspergillus ochraceus and A. flavus. The relative density of A. niger, A. flavus, Penicillium verrucosum and A. carbonarius on green coffee bean was 60.82%, 7.21%, 3.09% and 1.03%, respectively. OTA contents were lowest in green coffee beans (2.15 μg/kg), followed by roasted (2.76 μg/kg) and soluble coffee (8.95 μg/kg). Likewise, AFs levels were highest in soluble coffee (90.58 μg/kg) followed by roasted (33.61 μg/kg) and green coffee (9.07 μg/kg). Roasting naturally contaminated coffee beans at three traditional methods; low, medium and high, followed by brewing resulted in reduction of 58.74% (3.50 μg/kg), 60.88% (3.72 μg/kg) and 64.70% (4.11 μg/kg) in OTA and 40.18% (34.65 μg/kg), 47.86% (41.17 μg/kg) and 62.38% (53.73 μg/kg) AFs contents, respectively. Significant inhibitions of AFs and OTA synthesis by A. flavus and A. carbonarius, respectively, on infected coffee beans were observed in presence of Bacillus simplex BS350-3 volatiles. Gas chromatography mass spectrochemistry (GC-MS/MS) analysis of head-space BS350-3 volatiles showed quinoline, benzenemethanamine and 1-Octadecene as bioactive antifungal molecules. These findings suggest that marketed coffee samples are generally contaminated with OTA and AFs, with a significant level of roasted and soluble coffee contaminated above EU permissible limits for OTA. Further, along with coffee roasting and brewing; microbial volatiles can be optimized to minimize the dietary exposure to mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadha Al Attiya
- Environmental Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zahoor Ul Hassan
- Environmental Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Roda Al-Thani
- Environmental Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Samir Jaoua
- Environmental Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- * E-mail:
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Jimdjio CK, Xue H, Bi Y, Nan M, Li L, Zhang R, Liu Q, Pu L. Effect of Ambient pH on Growth, Pathogenicity, and Patulin Production of Penicillium expansum. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:550. [PMID: 34437421 PMCID: PMC8402621 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is an important postharvest pathogen of pomaceous fruit and a causal agent of blue mold or soft rot. In this study, we investigated the effect of ambient pH on growth, ultrastructure alteration, and pathogenicity of P. expansum, as well as accumulation of patulin and expression of genes involved in patulin biosynthesis. Under different pH, the fungus was routinely cultured and collected for growth, pathogenicity, patulin production, and gene expression studies using transmission electron microscopy, apple inoculation, HPLC, and RT-qPCR methods. Different ambient pH had significant impact on expression of genes and growth factors involved in patulin biosynthesis. Under same range of pH, gene expression profile, growth factors, and patulin accumulation (in vivo and in vitro) all showed similar changing trends. A well-developed cell was observed in addition to upregulation of genes at pH between pH 5.0 and 7.0, while the opposite was observed when pH was too basic (8.5) or too acid (2.5). Additionally, ambient pH had direct or indirect influence on expression of PecreaA, PelaeA, and PepacC. These findings will help in understanding the effect of ambient pH on growth, pathogenicity, and patulin production and support the development of successful methods for combating P. expansum infection on apple fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carelle Kouasseu Jimdjio
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (C.K.J.); (M.N.); (L.L.); (Q.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Huali Xue
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (C.K.J.); (M.N.); (L.L.); (Q.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Mina Nan
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (C.K.J.); (M.N.); (L.L.); (Q.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Lan Li
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (C.K.J.); (M.N.); (L.L.); (Q.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Qili Liu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (C.K.J.); (M.N.); (L.L.); (Q.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Lumei Pu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (C.K.J.); (M.N.); (L.L.); (Q.L.); (L.P.)
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El Hajj Assaf C, Zetina-Serrano C, Tahtah N, Khoury AE, Atoui A, Oswald IP, Puel O, Lorber S. Regulation of Secondary Metabolism in the Penicillium Genus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9462. [PMID: 33322713 PMCID: PMC7763326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium, one of the most common fungi occurring in a diverse range of habitats, has a worldwide distribution and a large economic impact on human health. Hundreds of the species belonging to this genus cause disastrous decay in food crops and are able to produce a varied range of secondary metabolites, from which we can distinguish harmful mycotoxins. Some Penicillium species are considered to be important producers of patulin and ochratoxin A, two well-known mycotoxins. The production of these mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites is controlled and regulated by different mechanisms. The aim of this review is to highlight the different levels of regulation of secondary metabolites in the Penicillium genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle El Hajj Assaf
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), member of Food2Know, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Chrystian Zetina-Serrano
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
| | - Nadia Tahtah
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
- Centre D’analyse et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaires, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, P.O. Box 17-5208, Mar Mikhael, Beirut 1104, Lebanon;
| | - André El Khoury
- Centre D’analyse et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaires, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, P.O. Box 17-5208, Mar Mikhael, Beirut 1104, Lebanon;
| | - Ali Atoui
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, P.O. Box 5, Beirut 1104, Lebanon;
| | - Isabelle P. Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
| | - Sophie Lorber
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
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Liu Y, Li M, Li T, Chen Y, Zhang L, Zhao G, Zhuang J, Zhao W, Gao L, Xia T. Airborne fungus-induced biosynthesis of anthocyanins in Arabidopsis thaliana via jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signaling. Plant Sci 2020; 300:110635. [PMID: 33180713 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are plant-specific pigments, the biosynthesis of which is stimulated by pathogen infection in several plant species. A. thaliana seedlings injected with airborne fungi can accumulate a high content of anthocyanins. The mechanism involved in fungus-induced anthocyanin accumulation in plants has not been fully described. In this study, the fungus Penicillium corylophilum (P. corylophilum), isolated from an Arabidopsis culture chamber, triggered jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and anthocyanin accumulation in A. thaliana. Inhibitors of JA and SA biosynthesis suppressed the anthocyanin accumulation induced by P. corylophilum. The anthocyanin content was minimal in both the null mutant of JA-receptor coi1 and the null mutant of SA-receptor npr1 under P. corylophilum stimulation. The results indicate that JA and SA signaling mediated fungus-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in A. thaliana. P. corylophilum led to different levels of anthocyanin generation in null mutants for MYB75, bHLH, EGL3, and GL3 transcription factors and WD40 protein, demonstrating that multiple MYB-bHLH-WD40 transcription factor complexes participated in fungus-induced anthocyanin accumulation in A. thaliana. The present study will help further elucidate the mechanism of plant resistance to pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lingjie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Guifu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wenyan Zhao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Luciano‐Rosario D, Keller NP, Jurick WM. Penicillium expansum: biology, omics, and management tools for a global postharvest pathogen causing blue mould of pome fruit. Mol Plant Pathol 2020; 21:1391-1404. [PMID: 32969130 PMCID: PMC7548999 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Blue mould, caused primarily by Penicillium expansum, is a major threat to the global pome fruit industry, causing multimillion-dollar losses annually. The blue mould fungus negatively affects fruit quality, thereby reducing fresh fruit consumption, and significantly contributes to food loss. P. expansum also produces an array of mycotoxins that are detrimental to human health. Management options are limited and the emergence of fungicide-resistant Penicillium spp. makes disease management difficult, therefore new approaches and tools are needed to combat blue mould in storage. This species profile comprises a comprehensive literature review of this aggressive pathogen associated with pomes (apple, pear, quince), focusing on biology, mechanisms of disease, control, genomics, and the newest developments in disease management. TAXONOMY Penicillium expansum Link 1809. Domain Eukaryota, Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Subphylum Pezizomycotina, Class Eurotiomycetes, Subclass: Eurotiomycetidae, Order Eurotiales; Family Trichocomaceae, Genus Penicillium, Species expansum. BIOLOGY A wide host range necrotrophic postharvest pathogen that requires a wound (e.g., stem pull, punctures, bruises, shoulder cracks) or natural openings (e.g., lenticel, stem end, calyx sinus) to gain ingress and infect. TOXINS Patulin, citrinin, chaetoglobosins, communesins, roquefortine C, expansolides A and B, ochratoxin A, penitrem A, rubratoxin B, and penicillic acid. HOST RANGE Primarily apples, European pear, Asian pear, medlar, and quince. Blue mould has also been reported on stone fruits (cherry, plum, peach), small fruits (grape, strawberry, kiwi), and hazel nut. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Blue mould initially appears as light tan to dark brown circular lesions with a defined margin between the decayed and healthy tissues. The decayed tissue is soft and watery, and blue-green spore masses appear on the decayed area, starting at the infection site and radiating outward as the decayed area ages. DISEASE CONTROL Preharvest fungicides with postharvest activity and postharvest fungicides are primarily used to control decay. Orchard and packinghouse sanitation methods are also critical components of an integrated pest management strategy. USEFUL WEBSITES Penn State Tree Fruit Production Guide (https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit), Washington State Comprehensive Tree Fruit (http://treefruit.wsu.edu/crop-protection/disease-management/blue-mold/), The Apple Rot Doctor (https://waynejurick.wixsite.com/applerotdr), penicillium expansum genome sequences and resources (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/browse/#!/eukaryotes/11336/).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyDepartment of BacteriologyFood Research InstituteUniversity of Wisconsin at MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
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Wang Y, Gao Y, Zang P, Xu Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals underlying immune response mechanism of fungal (Penicillium oxalicum) disease in Gastrodia elata Bl. f. glauca S. chow (Orchidaceae). BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:445. [PMID: 32993485 PMCID: PMC7525978 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrodia elata Bl. f. glauca S. Chow is a medicinal plant. G. elata f. glauca is unavoidably infected by pathogens in their growth process. In previous work, we have successfully isolated and identified Penicillium oxalicum from fungal diseased tubers of G. elata f. glauca. As a widespread epidemic, this fungal disease seriously affected the yield and quality of G. elata f. glauca. We speculate that the healthy G. elata F. glauca might carry resistance genes, which can resist against fungal disease. In this study, healthy and fungal diseased mature tubers of G. elata f. glauca from Changbai Mountain area were used as experimental materials to help us find potential resistance genes against the fungal disease. RESULTS A total of 7540 differentially expressed Unigenes (DEGs) were identified (FDR < 0.01, log2FC > 2). The current study screened 10 potential resistance genes. They were attached to transcription factors (TFs) in plant hormone signal transduction pathway and plant pathogen interaction pathway, including WRKY22, GH3, TIFY/JAZ, ERF1, WRKY33, TGA. In addition, four of these genes were closely related to jasmonic acid signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The immune response mechanism of fungal disease in G. elata f. glauca is a complex biological process, involving plant hormones such as ethylene, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and disease-resistant transcription factors such as WRKY, TGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yugang Gao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Pu Zang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yue Xu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
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Chen D, Li G, Liu J, Wisniewski M, Droby S, Levin E, Huang S, Liu Y. Multiple transcriptomic analyses and characterization of pathogen-related core effectors and LysM family members reveal their differential roles in fungal growth and pathogenicity in Penicillium expansum. Mol Genet Genomics 2020; 295:1415-1429. [PMID: 32656702 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is a destructive phytopathogen causing postharvest decay on many stored fruits. To develop effective and safe management strategies, it is important to investigate its pathogenicity-related mechanisms. In this study, a bioinformatic pipeline was constructed and 50 core effector genes were identified in P. expansum using multiple RNA-seq data sets and their putative functions were implicated by comparatively homologous analyses using pathogen-host interaction database. To functionally characterize P. expansum LysM domain proteins during infection, null mutants for the 15 uncharacterized putative LysM effectors were constructed and the fungal growth rate on either PDA or Cazpek medium or lesion expansion rate on the infected apple fruits was evaluated. The results showed the growth rate of knockout mutants from PeLysM5, PeLysM12 and PeLysM15 was retarded on PDA medium. No significant difference in growth rate was observed between wild type and all mutants on solid Cazpek medium. Nevertheless, the hypha of wild type displayed deeper yellow on the back of Cazpek medium than those of knockout mutants. On the infecting apples fruits, the knockout mutants from PeLysM5, PeLysM7, PeLysM8, PeLysM9, PeLysM10, PeLysM11, PeLysM14, PeLysM15, PeLysM16, PeLysM18 and PeLysM19 showed enhanced fungal virulence, with faster decaying on infected fruits than those from wild type. By contrast, the knockout mutation at PeLysM12 locus led to reduced lesion expansion rate on the infected apple fruits. In addition, P. expansum-apple interaction RNA-seq experiment was performed using apple fruit tissues infected by the wild type and knockout mutant ΔPeLysM15, respectively. Transcriptome analyses indicated that deletion of PeLysM15 could activate expression of several core effector genes, such as PEX2_055830, PEX2_036960 and PEX2_108150, and a chitin-binding protein, PEX2_064520. These results suggest PeLysM15 may play pivotal roles in fungal growth and development and involve pathogen-host interaction by modulating other effector genes' expression. Our results could provide solid data reference and good candidates for further pathogen-related studies in P. expansum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Guangwei Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing, College of Forestry and Life Science, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, 402160, China
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - Samir Droby
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Elena Levin
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Shengxiong Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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10
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Souleyre EJF, Bowen JK, Matich AJ, Tomes S, Chen X, Hunt MB, Wang MY, Ileperuma NR, Richards K, Rowan DD, Chagné D, Atkinson RG. Genetic control of α-farnesene production in apple fruit and its role in fungal pathogenesis. Plant J 2019; 100:1148-1162. [PMID: 31436867 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are important compounds in plant trophic interactions. A meta-analysis of GC-MS data from a diverse range of apple (Malus × domestica) genotypes revealed that apple fruit produces a range of terpene volatiles, with the predominant terpene being the acyclic branched sesquiterpene (E,E)-α-farnesene. Four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for α-farnesene production in ripe fruit were identified in a segregating 'Royal Gala' (RG) × 'Granny Smith' (GS) population with one major QTL on linkage group 10 co-locating with the MdAFS1 (α-farnesene synthase-1) gene. Three of the four QTLs were derived from the GS parent, which was consistent with GC-MS analysis of headspace and solvent-extracted terpenes showing that cold-treated GS apples produced higher levels of (E,E)-α-farnesene than RG. Transgenic RG fruit downregulated for MdAFS1 expression produced significantly lower levels of (E,E)-α-farnesene. To evaluate the role of (E,E)-α-farnesene in fungal pathogenesis, MdAFS1 RNA interference transgenic fruit and RG controls were inoculated with three important apple post-harvest pathogens [Colletotrichum acutatum, Penicillium expansum and Neofabraea alba (synonym Phlyctema vagabunda)]. From results obtained over four seasons, we demonstrate that reduced (E,E)-α-farnesene is associated with decreased disease initiation rates of all three pathogens. In each case, the infection rate was significantly reduced 7 days post-inoculation, although the size of successful lesions was comparable with infections on control fruit. These results indicate that (E,E)-α-farnesene production is likely to be an important factor involved in fungal pathogenesis in apple fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige J F Souleyre
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Joanna K Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Adam J Matich
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Xiuyin Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Martin B Hunt
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Mindy Y Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nadeesha R Ileperuma
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kate Richards
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Daryl D Rowan
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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11
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Merino MC, Guidarelli M, Negrini F, De Biase D, Pession A, Baraldi E. Induced expression of the Fragaria × ananassa Rapid alkalinization factor-33-like gene decreases anthracnose ontogenic resistance of unripe strawberry fruit stages. Mol Plant Pathol 2019; 20:1252-1263. [PMID: 31355517 PMCID: PMC6715598 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) genes encode for ubiquitous small peptides that stimulate apoplastic alkalinization through interaction with malectin-like receptor kinase. RALF peptides may act as negative regulators of plant immune response, inhibiting the formation of the signal receptor complex for immune activation. Recently RALF homologues were identified in different fungal pathogen genomes contributing to host infection ability. Here, FaRALF-33-like gene expression was evaluated in strawberry fruits inoculated with Colletotrichum acutatum, Botrytis cinerea, or Penicillium expansum after 24 and 48 h post-infection. To investigate the role of FaRALF-33-like in strawberry susceptibility, transient transformation was used to overexpress it in white unripe fruits and silence it in red ripe fruits. Agroinfiltrated fruits were inoculated with C. acutatum and expression, and histological analysis of infection were performed. Silencing of FaRALF-33-like expression in C. acutatum-inoculated red fruits led to a delay in fruit colonization by the fungal pathogen, and infected tissues showed less penetrated infective hyphae than in wild-type fruits. In contrast, C. acutatum-inoculated white unripe fruits overexpressing the FaRALF-33-like gene decreased the ontogenic resistance of these fruits, leading to the appearance of disease symptoms and penetrated subcuticular hyphae, normally absent in white unripe fruits. The different response of transfected strawberry fruits to C. acutatum supports the hypothesis that the FaRALF-33-like gene plays an important role in the susceptibility of fruits to the fungal pathogen C. acutatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Merino
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL)University of Bolognaviale Fanin 44BolognaItaly
- Present address:
Instituto de Patología Vegetal Ing. Agr. Sergio Fernando Nome (IPAVE) – Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFyMA) INTA-CONICETCentro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaCórdobaArgentina
| | - Michela Guidarelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL)University of Bolognaviale Fanin 44BolognaItaly
| | - Francesca Negrini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL)University of Bolognaviale Fanin 44BolognaItaly
| | - Dario De Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyUniversity of BolognaVia San Giacomo 14Bologna40126Italy
| | - Annalisa Pession
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyUniversity of BolognaVia San Giacomo 14Bologna40126Italy
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL)University of Bolognaviale Fanin 44BolognaItaly
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12
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Chen C, Cai N, Chen J, Wan C. Clove Essential Oil as an Alternative Approach to Control Postharvest Blue Mold Caused by Penicillium italicum in Citrus Fruit. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050197. [PMID: 31117317 PMCID: PMC6572225 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium italicum causes blue mold disease and leads to huge economic losses in citrus production. As a natural antifungal agent, clove essential oil (CEO), which is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) substance, shows strong in vitro activity against fungal pathogens. However, few studies on CEO for controlling postharvest blue mold disease caused by P. italicum in citrus fruit have been reported. Our aims were to investigate the control efficacy and possible mechanisms involved of CEO against P. italicum. In the present study, CEO treatment inhibited the disease development of blue mold when applied at 0.05% to 0.8% (v/v), and with the effective concentration being obtained as 0.4% (v/v). Besides its direct antifungal activity, CEO treatment also spurred a rapid accumulation of H2O2 compared with untreated fruits, which might contribute to enhancing an increase in the activities of defense-related enzymes, such as β-1,3-glucanase (β-Glu), chitinase (CHI), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and lipoxygenase (LOX) in citrus fruit. Results of real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) showed that the gene expressions of β-Glu, CHI, PAL, POD and PPO were up-regulated in CEO-treated fruits. At the same time, CEO treatment led to down-regulated expression of the LOX gene in citrus fruit. Clove essential oil effectively control the disease incidence of blue mold decay in citrus fruit by motivating the host-defense responses, suppressing the malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation while enhancing the activities and gene expressions of defense-related enzymes. Our study provides an alternative preservative applying CEO to reduce postharvest fungal decay in citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuying Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Nan Cai
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Jinyin Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
- Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 337055, China.
| | - Chunpeng Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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13
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Tunsagool P, Jutidamrongphan W, Phaonakrop N, Jaresitthikunchai J, Roytrakul S, Leelasuphakul W. Insights into stress responses in mandarins triggered by Bacillus subtilis cyclic lipopeptides and exogenous plant hormones upon Penicillium digitatum infection. Plant Cell Rep 2019; 38:559-575. [PMID: 30715581 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis CLP extract activates defense gene expression and increases the unique protein production involving in pathways of ISR, SAR, ubiquitin-proteasome system, and glycolysis for stress responses in flavedo tissues. Cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) of Bacillus subtilis ABS-S14 had ability to activate plant defensive pathways, increase resistance and control green mold rot caused by Penicillium digitatum in mandarin fruit. The current study investigated transcriptional and proteomic data to highlight the unique induction effect of CLPs produced by B. subtilis ABS-S14 on the defense mechanism of mandarins in response to P. digitatum attack, and their differences from those following the exogenous plant hormone application. The proteomic patterns of the flavedo tissues as affected by Bacillus CLP extract, salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and ethephon (Et) were explored. qPCR analysis revealed the great effects of CLP extract in enhancing the transcription of PAL, ACS1, GLU, POD, and PR1. Tryptic peptides by LC-MS analysis between treatments with and without fungal infection were compared. B. subtilis CLP extract empowered the plant's immune response to wound stress by the significant production of calmodulin-binding receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase 2, molybdenum cofactor sulfurase, and NAD+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Ubiquitin carrier protein abundance was developed only in the treated flavedo with CLP extract coupled with P. digitatum infection. The gene expression and overall proteome findings involving pathways of ubiquitin proteasome system, ISR, SAR, and energy production provide a new insight into the molecular mechanisms of the antagonist B. subtilis ABS-S14 inducing resistance against green mold in mandarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paiboon Tunsagool
- Department of Biochemistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | | | - Narumon Phaonakrop
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park (TSP), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Janthima Jaresitthikunchai
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park (TSP), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park (TSP), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
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14
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Li T, Shi D, Wu Q, Yin C, Li F, Shan Y, Duan X, Jiang Y. Mechanism of Cell Wall Polysaccharides Modification in Harvested 'Shatangju' Mandarin ( Citrus reticulate Blanco) Fruit Caused by Penicillium italicum. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040160. [PMID: 31022937 PMCID: PMC6523094 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modification of cell wall polysaccharide in the plant plays an important role in response to fungi infection. However, the mechanism of fungi infection on cell wall modification need further clarification. In this study, the effects of Penicillium italicum inoculation on 'shatangju' mandarin disease development and the potential mechanism of cell wall polysaccharides modification caused by P. italicum were investigated. Compared to the control fruit, P. italicum infection modified the cell wall polysaccharides, indicated by water-soluble pectin (WSP), acid-soluble pectin (ASP), hemicellulose and lignin contents change. P. italicum infection enhanced the activities of polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylesterase (PME), and the expression levels of xyloglucanendotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) and expansin, which might contribute to cell wall disassembly and cellular integrity damage. Additionally, higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via decreasing antioxidant metabolites and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) also contributed to the cell wall polysaccharides modification. Meanwhile, the gene expression levels of hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) and germin-like protein (GLP) were inhibited by pathogen infection. Altogether, these findings suggested that cell wall degradation/modification caused by non-enzymatic and enzymatic factors was an important strategy for P. italicum to infect 'shatangju' mandarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Dingding Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Qixian Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Chunxiao Yin
- Long Ping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Fengjun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Youxia Shan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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15
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Le T, Ly VT, Thu NTM, Nguyen A, Thanh NT, Chau NVV, Thwaites G, Perfect J, Kolamunnage-Dona R, Hope W. Population Pharmacodynamics of Amphotericin B Deoxycholate for Disseminated Infection Caused by Talaromyces marneffei. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e01739-18. [PMID: 30420478 PMCID: PMC6355582 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01739-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B deoxycholate (DAmB) is a first-line agent for the initial treatment of talaromycosis. However, little is known about the population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DAmB for talaromycosis. Pharmacokinetic data were obtained from 78 patients; among them, 55 patients had serial fungal CFU counts in blood also available for analysis. A population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model was fitted to the data. The relationships between the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/MIC and the time to blood culture sterilization and the time to death were investigated. There was only modest pharmacokinetic variability in the average AUC, with a mean ± standard deviation of 11.51 ± 3.39 mg·h/liter. The maximal rate of drug-induced kill was 0.133 log10 CFU/ml/h, and the plasma concentration of the DAmB that induced the half-maximal rate of kill was 0.02 mg/liter. Fifty percent of patients sterilized their bloodstreams by 83.16 h (range, 13 to 264 h). A higher initial fungal burden was associated with a longer time to sterilization (hazard ratio [HR], 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36 to 0.70; P < 0.001). There was a weak relationship between AUC/MIC and the time to sterilization, although this did not reach statistical significance (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.06, P = 0.091). Furthermore, there was no relationship between the AUC/MIC and time to death (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.08; P = 0.607) or early fungicidal activity {slope = log[(0.500 - 0.003·(AUC/MIC)]; P = 0.319} adjusted for the initial fungal burden. The population pharmacokinetics of DAmB are surprisingly consistent. The time to sterilization of the bloodstream may be a useful pharmacodynamic endpoint for future studies. (This study has been registered at the ISRCTN registry under no. ISRCTN59144167.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Le
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vo Trieu Ly
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Mai Thu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashley Nguyen
- University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nguyen Tat Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Perfect
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ruwanthi Kolamunnage-Dona
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - William Hope
- Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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16
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Tannous J, Kumar D, Sela N, Sionov E, Prusky D, Keller NP. Fungal attack and host defence pathways unveiled in near-avirulent interactions of Penicillium expansum creA mutants on apples. Mol Plant Pathol 2018; 19:2635-2650. [PMID: 30047230 PMCID: PMC6638163 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Amongst the universal diseases affecting apples, blue mould caused by Penicillium expansum is a major concern, resulting in yield and quality losses as a result of the production of the mycotoxin patulin. Despite the characterization of the patulin biosynthetic gene cluster at both the molecular and chemical levels, the underlying regulation of patulin biosynthesis in P. expansum and the mechanisms of apple colonization remain largely obscure. Recent work has indicated that sucrose, a carbon catabolite repressive metabolite, is a critical factor in the regulation of patulin synthesis. Here, CreA, the global carbon catabolite regulator, was assessed for virulence both in vitro and in vivo. We showed that loss-of-function creA strains were nearly avirulent and did not produce patulin in apples. On the basis of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis and physiological experimentation, these mutants were unable to successfully colonize apples for a multitude of potential mechanisms including, on the pathogen side, a decreased ability to produce proteolytic enzymes and to acidify the environment and impaired carbon/nitrogen metabolism and, on the host side, an increase in the oxidative defence pathways. Our study defines CreA and its downstream signalling pathways as promising targets for the development of strategies to fight against the development and virulence of this post-harvest pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Tannous
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadison 53706WIUSA
| | - Dilip Kumar
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh ProduceAgricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet Dagan50250Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet Dagan50250Israel
| | - Edward Sionov
- Department of Food StorageAgricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet Dagan50250Israel
| | - Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh ProduceAgricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet Dagan50250Israel
- College of Food Science and EngineeringGansu Agricultural UniversityYinmencun 1Anning District, Lanzhou730070China
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadison 53706WIUSA
- Department of BacteriologyUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadison 53706WIUSA
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17
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Chen K, Tian Z, Luo Y, Cheng Y, Long CA. Antagonistic Activity and the Mechanism of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DH-4 Against Citrus Green Mold. Phytopathology 2018; 108:1253-1262. [PMID: 29799309 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-17-0032-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Citrus fruit usually suffer significant losses during the storage and transportation stages. Green mold, a postharvest rot of citrus fruit caused by Penicillium digitatum, is one of the most serious fungal diseases. In this study, the antagonist strain DH-4 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens according to morphological observation and 16S ribosomal DNA analysis. In addition, it showed broad antifungal activity, especially the suppression of Penicillium spp. The culture filtrate of strain DH-4 exhibited apparent activity against P. digitatum in vitro and in vivo. In storage, the culture filtrate with DH-4 in it showed a better antiseptic effect. The antifungal substances in the culture filtrate, produced by strain DH-4, displayed stable activity in various extreme conditions. In addition, the antifungal substances in the culture filtrate were identified as macrolactin, bacillaene, iturins, fengycin, and surfactin by ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis. The UPLC fractions containing these antifungal compounds were basically heat tolerant and all responsible for the antagonistic activity against P. digitatum. Transmission electron microscope observation indicated that the antifungal substances might cause abnormalities in the P. digitatum cellular ultrastructure, which could be the possible mode of action of B. amyloliquefaciens against P. digitatum. In addition, it was confirmed via scanning electron microscope analysis that the main way it inhibited P. digitatum was by secreting antimicrobial compounds without direct interaction. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanism of B. amyloliquefaciens against citrus green mold as well as providing a potential application for the biocontrol of postharvest rot diseases in citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- All authors: Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of the Ministry of Education, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China; and first author: Center of Applied Biotechnology, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan 430415, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghuan Tian
- All authors: Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of the Ministry of Education, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China; and first author: Center of Applied Biotechnology, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan 430415, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Luo
- All authors: Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of the Ministry of Education, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China; and first author: Center of Applied Biotechnology, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan 430415, P. R. China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- All authors: Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of the Ministry of Education, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China; and first author: Center of Applied Biotechnology, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan 430415, P. R. China
| | - Chao-An Long
- All authors: Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of the Ministry of Education, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China; and first author: Center of Applied Biotechnology, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan 430415, P. R. China
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18
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Abstract
Fungal rots in sugar beet roots held in long-term storage can lead to considerable sucrose loss but the incidence and distribution of fungal rots inside sugar beet piles and pathogenicity for some species is poorly understood. Thus, Idaho sugar beet held in five outdoor and two indoor piles in 2014 and 2015 were investigated. The root surface area covered by fungal growth and discolored and healthy tissue were assessed in nine 1-m2 areas per pile using a stratified random sampling design. Pathogenicity was evaluated indoors via plug inoculation in 2015 and 2016. Botrytis cinerea covered more root surface area inside indoor piles (6 to 22%) than outdoor piles (0 to 3%) (P < 0.0001). No trends were evident for the Athelia-like sp. (0 to 15%) and Penicillium-type spp. (0 to 8%). Penicillium-type isolates comprised the following species: 60% Penicillium expansum, 34% P. cellarum, 3% P. polonicum, and 3% Talaromyces rugulosus. Trace levels (<1% of root surface) of other fungi, including Cladosporium and Fusarium spp., were evident on roots and in isolations. Based on sample location in a pile, there were no trends or differences; however, two outdoor piles (OVP1 and OVP2) had more healthy tissue (90 to 96%) than other piles (28 to 80%) (P < 0.0001). When the pathogenicity tests were analyzed by species, all were significantly different from each other (P < 0.0001), except for P. polonicum and P. expansum: B. cinerea (61 mm of rot), P. polonicum (36 mm), P. expansum (35 mm), P. cellarum (28 mm), Athelia-like sp. (21 mm), T. rugulosus (0 mm; not different from check), and noninoculated check (0 mm). The OVP1 and OVP2 piles had negligible fungal growth on roots after more than 120 days of storage under ambient conditions, which indicates that acceptable storage can be achieved over this time period through covering piles with tarps and cooling with ventilation pipe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Strausbaugh
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory, Kimberly, ID 83341
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20
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Levin E, Ballester AR, Raphael G, Feigenberg O, Liu Y, Norelli J, Gonzalez-Candelas L, Ma J, Dardick C, Wisniewski M, Droby S. Identification and characterization of LysM effectors in Penicillium expansum. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186023. [PMID: 29084256 PMCID: PMC5662087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
P. expansum is regarded as one of the most important postharvest rots of apple fruit and is also of great concern to fruit processing industries. Elucidating the pathogenicity mechanism of this pathogen is of utmost importance for the development of effective and safe management strategies. Although, many studies on modification of the host environment by the pathogen were done, its interactions with fruit during the early stages of infection and the virulence factors that mediate pathogenicity have not been fully defined. Effectors carrying LysM domain have been identified in numerous pathogenic fungi and their role in the first stages of infection has been established. In this study, we identified 18 LysM genes in the P. expansum genome. Amino acid sequence analysis indicated that P. expansum LysM proteins belong to a clade of fungal-specific LysM. Eleven of the discovered LysM genes were found to have secretory pathway signal peptide, among them, 4 (PeLysM1 PeLysM2, PeLysM3 and PeLysM4) were found to be highly expressed during the infection and development of decay of apple fruit. Effect of targeted deletion of the four putative PeLysM effectors on the growth and pathogenicity was studied. Possible interactions of PeLysM with host proteins was investigated using the yeast-two-hybrid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Levin
- Department of Postharvest Science, ARO, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ana Rosa Ballester
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ginat Raphael
- Department of Postharvest Science, ARO, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Oleg Feigenberg
- Department of Postharvest Science, ARO, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - John Norelli
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, USDA-ARS, Kearneysville, WV, United States of America
| | - Luis Gonzalez-Candelas
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jing Ma
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, USDA-ARS, Kearneysville, WV, United States of America
| | - Christopher Dardick
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, USDA-ARS, Kearneysville, WV, United States of America
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, USDA-ARS, Kearneysville, WV, United States of America
| | - Samir Droby
- Department of Postharvest Science, ARO, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
- * E-mail:
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21
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Kumar D, Barad S, Chen Y, Luo X, Tannous J, Dubey A, Glam Matana N, Tian S, Li B, Keller N, Prusky D. LaeA regulation of secondary metabolism modulates virulence in Penicillium expansum and is mediated by sucrose. Mol Plant Pathol 2017; 18:1150-1163. [PMID: 27528575 PMCID: PMC6638289 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium expansum, the causal agent of blue mould rot, is a critical health concern because of the production of the mycotoxin patulin in colonized apple fruit tissue. Although patulin is produced by many Penicillium species, the factor(s) activating its biosynthesis are not clear. Sucrose, a key sugar component of apple fruit, was found to modulate patulin accumulation in a dose-responsive pattern. An increase in sucrose culture amendment from 15 to 175 mm decreased both patulin accumulation and expression of the global regulator laeA by 175- and five-fold, respectively, whilst increasing expression of the carbon catabolite repressor creA. LaeA was found to regulate several secondary metabolite genes, including the patulin gene cluster and concomitant patulin synthesis in vitro. Virulence studies of ΔlaeA mutants of two geographically distant P. expansum isolates (Pe-21 from Israel and Pe-T01 from China) showed differential reduction in disease severity in freshly harvested fruit, ranging from no reduction for Ch-Pe-T01 strains to 15%-25% reduction for both strains in mature fruit, with the ΔlaeA strains of Is-Pe-21 always showing a greater loss in virulence. The results suggest the importance of abiotic factors in LaeA regulation of patulin and other secondary metabolites that contribute to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Kumar
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh ProduceAgricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet Dagan50250Israel
| | - Shiri Barad
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh ProduceAgricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet Dagan50250Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot76100Israel
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100093China
| | - Xingyu Luo
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53706‐1598USA
| | - Joanna Tannous
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53706‐1598USA
| | - Amit Dubey
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh ProduceAgricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet Dagan50250Israel
| | - Nofar Glam Matana
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh ProduceAgricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet Dagan50250Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot76100Israel
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100093China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100093China
| | - Nancy Keller
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53706‐1598USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53706‐1598USA
- Department of BacteriologyUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53706‐1598USA
| | - Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh ProduceAgricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet Dagan50250Israel
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22
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Sánchez-Torres P, Vilanova L, Ballester AR, López-Pérez M, Teixidó N, Viñas I, Usall J, González-Candelas L, Torres R. Unravelling the contribution of the Penicillium expansum PeSte12 transcription factor to virulence during apple fruit infection. Food Microbiol 2017; 69:123-135. [PMID: 28941893 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Blue mould disease caused by Penicillium expansum infection is one of the most important diseases of pome fruit accounting for important economic losses. In the present study, the PeSte12 transcription factor gene was identified, and deletant mutants were produced by gene replacement. Knockout mutants showed a significant decrease of virulence during apple fruit infection. Virulence was affected by the maturity stage of the fruit (immature, mature and over-mature), and disease severity was notably reduced when the apples were stored at 0 °C. The ΔPeSte12 mutants resulted defective in asexual reproduction, producing less conidia, but this characteristic did not correlate with differences in microscopic morphology. In addition, the ΔPeSte12 mutants produced higher quantity of hydrogen peroxide than the wild type strain. Gene expression analysis revealed that PeSte12 was induced over time during apple infection compared to axenic growth, particularly from 2 dpi, reinforcing its role in virulence. Analysis of transcriptional abundance of several genes in ΔPeSte12 mutants showed that in most of the evaluated genes, PeSte12 seemed to act as a negative regulator during axenic growth, as most of them exhibited an increasing expression pattern along the time period evaluated. The highest expression values corresponded to detoxification, ATPase activity, protein folding and basic metabolism. Gene expression analysis during apple infection showed that 3 out of 9 analysed genes were up regulated; thus, PeSte12 seemed to exert a positive control to particular type of aldolase. These results demonstrate the PeSte12 transcription factor could play an important role in P. expansum's virulence and asexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Sánchez-Torres
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Apartado Oficial, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Laura Vilanova
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruit centre, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Rosa Ballester
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), C. Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario López-Pérez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), C. Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Neus Teixidó
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruit centre, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Viñas
- Food Technology Department, Lleida University, XaRTA-Postharvest, Agrotecnio Center, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Usall
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruit centre, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Luis González-Candelas
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), C. Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosario Torres
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruit centre, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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23
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Parafati L, Cirvilleri G, Restuccia C, Wisniewski M. Potential Role of Exoglucanase Genes (WaEXG1 and WaEXG2) in the Biocontrol Activity of Wickerhamomyces anomalus. Microb Ecol 2017; 73:876-884. [PMID: 27816988 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of yeasts, including Wickerhamomyces anomalus, as biocontrol agents of fungi responsible for postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables has been investigated for the past two decades. Among a variety of mechanisms, the production of glucanases coded by the "killer genes" WaEXG1 and WaEXG2 have been reported to play a role in the ability of yeast to inhibit other fungi. The objective of the present study was to determine the expression of these genes by RT-qPCR, utilizing gene-specific primers, when W. anomalus was grown on grape berries and oranges that were either non-inoculated or inoculated with Botrytis cinerea or Penicillium digitatum, or in minimal media supplemented with cell walls of various plant pathogens and different amounts of glucose. Results indicated that WaEXG2 was more responsive than WaEXG1 to the nutritional environment (including the addition of glucose to cell wall-amended media) in vitro and appeared to play a greater role in the cellular metabolism of W. anomalus. WaEXG2 expression also appeared to be more responsive to the presence of cell walls of P. digitatum and B. cinerea than other fungal species, whereas the same level of induction was not seen in vivo when the yeast was grown in wounded/pathogen-inoculated fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Parafati
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Cirvilleri
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Restuccia
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA
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24
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Norelli JL, Wisniewski M, Fazio G, Burchard E, Gutierrez B, Levin E, Droby S. Genotyping-by-sequencing markers facilitate the identification of quantitative trait loci controlling resistance to Penicillium expansum in Malus sieversii. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172949. [PMID: 28257442 PMCID: PMC5336245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum is the most important postharvest disease of apple worldwide and results in significant financial losses. There are no defined sources of resistance to blue mold in domesticated apple. However, resistance has been described in wild Malus sieversii accessions, including plant introduction (PI)613981. The objective of the present study was to identify the genetic loci controlling resistance to blue mold in this accession. We describe the first quantitative trait loci (QTL) reported in the Rosaceae tribe Maleae conditioning resistance to P. expansum on genetic linkage group 3 (qM-Pe3.1) and linkage group 10 (qM-Pe10.1). These loci were identified in a M.× domestica 'Royal Gala' X M. sieversii PI613981 family (GMAL4593) based on blue mold lesion diameter seven days post-inoculation in mature, wounded apple fruit inoculated with P. expansum. Phenotypic analyses were conducted in 169 progeny over a four year period. PI613981 was the source of the resistance allele for qM-Pe3.1, a QTL with a major effect on blue mold resistance, accounting for 27.5% of the experimental variability. The QTL mapped from 67.3 to 74 cM on linkage group 3 of the GMAL4593 genetic linkage map. qM-Pe10.1 mapped from 73.6 to 81.8 cM on linkage group 10. It had less of an effect on resistance, accounting for 14% of the experimental variation. 'Royal Gala' was the primary contributor to the resistance effect of this QTL. However, resistance-associated alleles in both parents appeared to contribute to the least square mean blue mold lesion diameter in an additive manner at qM-Pe10.1. A GMAL4593 genetic linkage map composed of simple sequence repeats and 'Golden Delicious' single nucleotide polymorphism markers was able to detect qM-Pe10.1, but failed to detect qM-Pe3.1. The subsequent addition of genotyping-by-sequencing markers to the linkage map provided better coverage of the PI613981 genome on linkage group 3 and facilitated discovery of qM-Pe3.1. A DNA test for qM-Pe3.1 has been developed and is currently being evaluated for its ability to predict blue mold resistance in progeny segregating for qM-Pe3.1. Due to the long juvenility of apple, the availability of a DNA test to screen for the presence of qM-Pe3.1 at the seedling stage will greatly improve efficiency of breeding apple for blue mold resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L. Norelli
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gennaro Fazio
- Plant Genetic Resources Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Erik Burchard
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Gutierrez
- Plant Genetic Resources Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Elena Levin
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Samir Droby
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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25
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Snini SP, Tannous J, Heuillard P, Bailly S, Lippi Y, Zehraoui E, Barreau C, Oswald IP, Puel O. Patulin is a cultivar-dependent aggressiveness factor favouring the colonization of apples by Penicillium expansum. Mol Plant Pathol 2016; 17:920-30. [PMID: 26582186 PMCID: PMC6638343 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The blue mould decay of apples is caused by Penicillium expansum and is associated with contamination by patulin, a worldwide regulated mycotoxin. Recently, a cluster of 15 genes (patA-patO) involved in patulin biosynthesis was identified in P. expansum. blast analysis revealed that patL encodes a Cys6 zinc finger regulatory factor. The deletion of patL caused a drastic decrease in the expression of all pat genes, leading to an absence of patulin production. Pathogenicity studies performed on 13 apple varieties indicated that the PeΔpatL strain could still infect apples, but the intensity of symptoms was weaker compared with the wild-type strain. A lower growth rate was observed in the PeΔpatL strain when this strain was grown on nine of the 13 apple varieties tested. In the complemented PeΔpatL:patL strain, the ability to grow normally in apple and the production of patulin were restored. Our results clearly demonstrate that patulin is not indispensable in the initiation of the disease, but acts as a cultivar-dependent aggressiveness factor for P. expansum. This conclusion was strengthened by the fact that the addition of patulin to apple infected by the PeΔpatL mutant restored the normal fungal colonization in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma P Snini
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Joanna Tannous
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France
- Université Saint-Joseph, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherches (Faculté des Sciences), Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Mar Roukos, Mkallès, PO Box 11-514 Riad El Solh, Beyrouth, 1107 2050, Lebanon
| | - Pauline Heuillard
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylviane Bailly
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Lippi
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Enric Zehraoui
- INRA, UR1264 - MycSA, CS20032, F-33883, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Christian Barreau
- INRA, UR1264 - MycSA, CS20032, F-33883, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Puel
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France
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26
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Abstract
To investigate the relationships among Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms, we conducted a questionnaire and an indoor environment mold survey in a sample of newly built dwellings in Japan. The questionnaire included questions on SBS symptoms and lifestyle and a mold survey conducted in the living room of each dwelling. The odds ratios (OR) for insufficient sleep were 3.58 in males and 2.57 (weighted for SBS symptoms; W) in females, 0.38 (W) for alcohol consumption in males, and 0.10 (W) for working hours in females. The ORs for total molds were 2.90 and 2.90 (W): 2.25 (W) for Cladosporium cladosporioides, 3.60 and 7.69 (W) for Penicillium sp. in females, and 4.08 and 8.82 (W) for Alternaria alternata in males. These results suggest that the presence of Penicillium sp. in females and Alternaria alternata in males increases the risk of SBS, whereas sufficient sleep, moderate alcohol consumption for males, and fewer working hours for females might alleviate SBS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakayama
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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27
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Banani H, Marcet-Houben M, Ballester AR, Abbruscato P, González-Candelas L, Gabaldón T, Spadaro D. Genome sequencing and secondary metabolism of the postharvest pathogen Penicillium griseofulvum. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:19. [PMID: 26729047 PMCID: PMC4700700 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penicillium griseofulvum is associated in stored apples with blue mould, the most important postharvest disease of pome fruit. This pathogen can simultaneously produce both detrimental and beneficial secondary metabolites (SM). In order to gain insight into SM synthesis in P. griseofulvum in vitro and during disease development on apple, we sequenced the genome of P. griseofulvum strain PG3 and analysed important SM clusters. RESULTS PG3 genome sequence (29.3 Mb) shows that P. griseofulvum branched off after the divergence of P. oxalicum but before the divergence of P. chrysogenum. Genome-wide analysis of P. griseofulvum revealed putative gene clusters for patulin, griseofulvin and roquefortine C biosynthesis. Furthermore, we quantified the SM production in vitro and on apples during the course of infection. The expression kinetics of key genes of SM produced in infected apple were examined. We found additional SM clusters, including those potentially responsible for the synthesis of penicillin, yanuthone D, cyclopiazonic acid and we predicted a cluster putatively responsible for the synthesis of chanoclavine I. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide relevant information to understand the molecular basis of SM biosynthesis in P. griseofulvum, to allow further research directed to the overexpression or blocking the synthesis of specific SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Banani
- DiSAFA - Dept. Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences and AGROINNOVA - Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agroenvironmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
| | - Marina Marcet-Houben
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme. Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain.
| | - Pamela Abbruscato
- Bioeconomy Unit, Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
| | - Luis González-Candelas
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain.
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme. Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Davide Spadaro
- DiSAFA - Dept. Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences and AGROINNOVA - Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agroenvironmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
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Oh SY, Mead PJ, Sharma BS, Quinton VM, Boermans HJ, Smith TK, Swamy HVLN, Karrow NA. Effect of Penicillium mycotoxins on the cytokine gene expression, reactive oxygen species production, and phagocytosis of bovine macrophage (BoMacs) function. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:446-53. [PMID: 26394380 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bovine macrophages (BoMacs) were exposed to the following Penicillium mycotoxins (PM): citrinin (CIT), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), mycophenolic acid (MPA) and penicillic acid (PA). PM exposure at the concentration that inhibits proliferation by 25% (IC25) differentially for 24h altered the gene expression of various cytokines. OTA significantly induced IL-1α expression (p<0.05), while the expression of IL-6 was suppressed (p<0.01). MPA significantly induced the expression of IL-1α (p<0.05) and reduced the expression of IL-12α (p<0.01) and IL-10 (p<0.01). PAT significantly suppressed the expression of IL-23 (p<0.01), IL-10 (p<0.05) and TGF-β (p<0.05). Some PMs also affected reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phagocytosis of Mycobacterium avium ssp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) at higher concentrations. PAT and PA for example, significantly decreased the percent phagocytosis of MAP at 5.0 (p<0.01) and 15.6 μM (p<0.01), respectively, but only PA significantly suppressed PAM-3-stimulated ROS production at 62.5 (p<0.05) and 250.0 μM (p<0.01). OTA significantly increased the percent phagocytosis of MAP at 6.3 (p<0.05) and 12.5 μM (p<0.01). These findings suggest that exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of PMs can affect macrophage function, which could affect immunoregulation and innate disease resistance to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Young Oh
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science (APS), Ontario Agriculture College (OAC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Philip J Mead
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science (APS), Ontario Agriculture College (OAC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bhawani S Sharma
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science (APS), Ontario Agriculture College (OAC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - V Margaret Quinton
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science (APS), Ontario Agriculture College (OAC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Herman J Boermans
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ontario Veterinary College (OVC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Trevor K Smith
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science (APS), Ontario Agriculture College (OAC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - H V L N Swamy
- Devenish Nutrition Ltd, Bengaluru, Karnataka State 560024, India
| | - Niel A Karrow
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science (APS), Ontario Agriculture College (OAC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Harries E, Gandía M, Carmona L, Marcos JF. The Penicillium digitatum protein O-mannosyltransferase Pmt2 is required for cell wall integrity, conidiogenesis, virulence and sensitivity to the antifungal peptide PAF26. Mol Plant Pathol 2015; 16:748-761. [PMID: 25640475 PMCID: PMC6638402 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The activity of protein O-mannosyltransferases (Pmts) affects the morphogenesis and virulence of fungal pathogens. Recently, PMT genes have been shown to determine the sensitivity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the antifungal peptide PAF26. This study reports the identification and characterization of the three Pdpmt genes in the citrus post-harvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum. The Pdpmt genes are expressed during fungal growth and fruit infection, with the highest induction for Pdpmt2. Pdpmt2 complemented the growth defect of the S. cerevisiae Δpmt2 strain. The Pdpmt2 gene mutation in P. digitatum caused pleiotropic effects, including a reduction in fungal growth and virulence, whereas its constitutive expression had no phenotypic effect. The Pdpmt2 null mutants also showed a distinctive colourless phenotype with a strong reduction in the number of conidia, which was associated with severe alterations in the development of conidiophores. Additional effects of the Pdpmt2 mutation were hyphal morphological alterations, increased sensitivity to cell wall-interfering compounds and a blockage of invasive growth. In contrast, the Pdpmt2 mutation increased tolerance to oxidative stress and to the antifungal activity of PAF26. These data confirm the role of protein O-glycosylation in the PAF26-mediated antifungal mechanism present in distantly related fungal species. Important to future crop protection strategies, this study demonstrates that a mutation rendering fungi more resistant to an antifungal peptide results in severe deleterious effects on fungal growth and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Harries
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Avda, Agustín Escardino-7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Gandía
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Avda, Agustín Escardino-7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Carmona
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Avda, Agustín Escardino-7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose F Marcos
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Avda, Agustín Escardino-7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
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Całkosiński I, Płoneczka-Janeczko K, Ostapska M, Dudek K, Gamian A, Rypuła K. Microbiological Analysis of Necrosols Collected from Urban Cemeteries in Poland. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:169573. [PMID: 26301242 PMCID: PMC4537714 DOI: 10.1155/2015/169573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Decomposition of organic matter is the primary function in the soil ecosystem, which involves bacteria and fungi. Soil microbial content depends on many factors, and secondary biological and chemical contaminations change and affect environmental feedback. Little work has been done to estimate the microbiological risk for cemetery employees and visitors. The potential risk of infection for people in the cemetery is primarily associated with injury and wound contamination during performing the work. The aim of this study was to analyze the microbiota of cemetery soil obtained from cemeteries and bacterial composition in selected soil layers encountered by gravediggers and cemetery caretakers. The most common bacterial pathogens were Enterococcus spp. (80.6%), Bacillus spp. (77.4%), and E. coli (45.1%). The fungi Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were isolated from 51% and 6.4% of samples, respectively. Other bacterial species were in the ground cemetery relatively sparse. Sampling depth was not correlated with bacterial growth (p > 0.05), but it was correlated with several differences in microbiota composition (superficial versus deep layer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Całkosiński
- Laboratory of Neurotoxicology and Environmental Diagnosis, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Płoneczka-Janeczko
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magda Ostapska
- Laboratory of Neurotoxicology and Environmental Diagnosis, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dudek
- Department of Logistics and Transport Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Technology, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rypuła
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
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Zheng J, Gui X, Cao Q, Yang R, Yan Y, Deng L, Lio J. A Clinical Study of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Associated Penicillium Marneffei Infection from a Non-Endemic Area in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130376. [PMID: 26083736 PMCID: PMC4471200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of penicilliosis among the patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in non-endemic areas of China, and then to discuss its incubation period and the diagnostic performance of serum galactomannan test for penicilliosis. Methods Medical records and travel histories of penicilliosis patients in Zhongnan hospital from January 2006 to December 2013, and the interval from when the patients left the endemic area to the onset of the disease was analyzed. Serum galactomannan levels of penicilliosis patients and AIDS patients with fever were measured by the Platelia Aspergillus Enzyme Immunoassay Kit. Results A total of 47 AIDS-associated penicilliosis were confirmed by fungal culture, which accounted for 4.8% of 981 AIDS-related admissions. The sensitivity and specificity of serum galactomannan test for penicilliosis were 95.8% (23/24) and 90.9% (30/33), respectively, (cutoff index = 1.0). Two independent predictors for early mortality (death within 12 weeks) of the patients (21.3%, 10/47) were a delayed diagnosis and no treatment with antifungal therapy. Among 14 patients who became ill after leaving endemic areas, ten patients presented with the onset symptoms within 12 months (from 11 days to 360 days). We found a patient living with asymptomatic P. marneffei fungemia who had not received any antifungal therapy until 18 months’ follow up. Conclusions The co-infection of P. marneffei and HIV was not uncommon in the non-endemic areas of penicilliosis in China. There exists a latent form of infection for P. marneffei. The incubation period of penicilliosis may be quite different from one patient to another. In AIDS patients, the serum galactomannan test has utility for the diagnosis of penicilliosis. When patients with penicilliosis/AIDS were diagnosed early and treated with standardized antifungal therapy and combined antiretroviral therapy, their prognosis improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinding Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xien Gui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yajun Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liping Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jonathan Lio
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Li B, Zong Y, Du Z, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Qin G, Zhao W, Tian S. Genomic Characterization Reveals Insights Into Patulin Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity in Penicillium Species. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2015; 28:635-47. [PMID: 25625822 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-14-0398-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium species are fungal pathogens that infect crop plants worldwide. P. expansum differs from P. italicum and P. digitatum, all major postharvest pathogens of pome and citrus, in that the former is able to produce the mycotoxin patulin and has a broader host range. The molecular basis of host-specificity of fungal pathogens has now become the focus of recent research. The present report provides the whole genome sequence of P. expansum (33.52 Mb) and P. italicum (28.99 Mb) and identifies differences in genome structure, important pathogenic characters, and secondary metabolite (SM) gene clusters in Penicillium species. We identified a total of 55 gene clusters potentially related to secondary metabolism, including a cluster of 15 genes (named PePatA to PePatO), that may be involved in patulin biosynthesis in P. expansum. Functional studies confirmed that PePatL and PePatK play crucial roles in the biosynthesis of patulin and that patulin production is not related to virulence of P. expansum. Collectively, P. expansum contains more pathogenic genes and SM gene clusters, in particular, an intact patulin cluster, than P. italicum or P. digitatum. These findings provide important information relevant to understanding the molecular network of patulin biosynthesis and mechanisms of host-specificity in Penicillium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boqiang Li
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zong
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenglin Du
- 2 Core Genomic Facility, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yong Chen
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guozheng Qin
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenming Zhao
- 2 Core Genomic Facility, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Shiping Tian
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhu C, Wang W, Wang M, Ruan R, Sun X, He M, Mao C, Li H. Deletion of PdMit1, a homolog of yeast Csg1, affects growth and Ca(2+) sensitivity of the fungus Penicillium digitatum, but does not alter virulence. Res Microbiol 2015; 166:143-52. [PMID: 25725383 PMCID: PMC4393796 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
GDP-mannose:inositol-phosphorylceramide (MIPC) and its derivatives are important for Ca(2+) sensitization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and for the virulence of Candida albicans, but its role in the virulence of plant fungal pathogens remains unclear. In this study, we report the identification and functional characterization of PdMit1, the gene encoding MIPC synthase in Penicillium digitatum, one of the most important pathogens of postharvest citrus fruits. To understand the function of PdMit1, a PdMit1 deletion mutant was generated. Compared to its wild-type control, the PdMit1 deletion mutant exhibited slow radial growth, decreased conidia production and delayed conidial germination, suggesting that PdMit1 is important for the growth of mycelium, sporulation and conidial germination. The PdMit1 deletion mutant also showed hypersensitivity to Ca(2+). Treatment with 250 mmol/l Ca(2+) induced vacuole fusion in the wild-type strain, but not in the PdMit1 deletion mutant. Treatment with 250mmol/lCaCl2 upregulated three Ca(2+)-ATPase genes in the wild-type strain, and this was significantly inhibited in the PdMit1 deletion mutant. These results suggest that PdMit1 may have a role in regulating vacuole fusion and expression of Ca(2+)-ATPase genes by controlling biosynthesis of MIPC, and thereby imparts P. digitatum Ca(2+) tolerance. However, we found that PdMit1 is dispensable for virulence of P. digitatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyi Zhu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Weili Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Mingshuang Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Ruoxin Ruan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xuepeng Sun
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Meixian He
- Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321007, China
| | - Cungui Mao
- Department of Medicine and Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8155, USA
| | - Hongye Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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López-Pérez M, Ballester AR, González-Candelas L. Identification and functional analysis of Penicillium digitatum genes putatively involved in virulence towards citrus fruit. Mol Plant Pathol 2015; 16:262-75. [PMID: 25099378 PMCID: PMC6638479 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Penicillium digitatum, the causal agent of green mould rot, is the most destructive post-harvest pathogen of citrus fruit in Mediterranean regions. In order to identify P. digitatum genes up-regulated during the infection of oranges that may constitute putative virulence factors, we followed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA macroarray hybridization approach. The origin of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was determined by comparison against the available genome sequences of both organisms. Genes coding for fungal proteases and plant cell wall-degrading enzymes represent the largest categories in the subtracted cDNA library. Northern blot analysis of a selection of P. digitatum genes, including those coding for proteases, cell wall-related enzymes, redox homoeostasis and detoxification processes, confirmed their up-regulation at varying time points during the infection process. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation was used to generate knockout mutants for two genes encoding a pectin lyase (Pnl1) and a naphthalene dioxygenase (Ndo1). Two independent P. digitatum Δndo1 mutants were as virulent as the wild-type. However, the two Δpnl1 mutants analysed were less virulent than the parental strain or an ectopic transformant. Together, these results provide a significant advance in our understanding of the putative determinants of the virulence mechanisms of P. digitatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario López-Pérez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
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Ballester AR, Marcet-Houben M, Levin E, Sela N, Selma-Lázaro C, Carmona L, Wisniewski M, Droby S, González-Candelas L, Gabaldón T. Genome, Transcriptome, and Functional Analyses of Penicillium expansum Provide New Insights Into Secondary Metabolism and Pathogenicity. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2015; 28:232-48. [PMID: 25338147 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-14-0261-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between secondary metabolism and infection in pathogenic fungi has remained largely elusive. The genus Penicillium comprises a group of plant pathogens with varying host specificities and with the ability to produce a wide array of secondary metabolites. The genomes of three Penicillium expansum strains, the main postharvest pathogen of pome fruit, and one Pencillium italicum strain, a postharvest pathogen of citrus fruit, were sequenced and compared with 24 other fungal species. A genomic analysis of gene clusters responsible for the production of secondary metabolites was performed. Putative virulence factors in P. expansum were identified by means of a transcriptomic analysis of apple fruits during the course of infection. Despite a major genome contraction, P. expansum is the Penicillium species with the largest potential for the production of secondary metabolites. Results using knockout mutants clearly demonstrated that neither patulin nor citrinin are required by P. expansum to successfully infect apples. Li et al. ( MPMI-12-14-0398-FI ) reported similar results and conclusions in their recently accepted paper.
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Liu J, Yuan Y, Wu Z, Li N, Chen Y, Qin T, Geng H, Xiong L, Liu D. A novel sterol regulatory element-binding protein gene (sreA) identified in penicillium digitatum is required for prochloraz resistance, full virulence and erg11 (cyp51) regulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117115. [PMID: 25699519 PMCID: PMC4336317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicilliumdigitatum is the most destructive postharvest pathogen of citrus fruits, causing fruit decay and economic loss. Additionally, control of the disease is further complicated by the emergence of drug-resistant strains due to the extensive use of triazole antifungal drugs. In this work, an orthologus gene encoding a putative sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) was identified in the genome of P. digitatum and named sreA. The putative SreA protein contains a conserved domain of unknown function (DUF2014) at its carboxyl terminus and a helix-loop-helix (HLH) leucine zipper DNA binding domain at its amino terminus, domains that are functionally associated with SREBP transcription factors. The deletion of sreA (ΔsreA) in a prochloraz-resistant strain (PdHS-F6) by Agrobacteriumtumefaciens-mediated transformation led to increased susceptibility to prochloraz and a significantly lower EC50 value compared with the HS-F6 wild-type or complementation strain (COsreA). A virulence assay showed that the ΔsreA strain was defective in virulence towards citrus fruits, while the complementation of sreA could restore the virulence to a large extent. Further analysis by quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that prochloraz-induced expression of cyp51A and cyp51B in PdHS-F6 was completely abolished in the ΔsreA strain. These results demonstrate that sreA is a critical transcription factor gene required for prochloraz resistance and full virulence in P. digitatum and is involved in the regulation of cyp51 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yongze Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zhi Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Na Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yuanlei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Tingting Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hui Geng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Deli Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- * E-mail:
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Avdeeva LV, Dragovoz IV, Korzh IV, Leonova NO, Iutinskaia GA, Berezhnaia AV, Kuptsov VN, Mandrik MN, Kolomiets ÉI. [Antagonistic activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum IMV B-7404 and BIM B-439D strains towards pathogenic bacteria and micromycetes]. Mikrobiol Z 2014; 76:27-33. [PMID: 25639040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study the antagonistic activity of strains Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum IMV B-7404 and BIM B-439D against bacterial and fungal pathogens of agricultural crops has been researched. It is shown that both strains of bacilli demonstrated a high level of antagonism to the vascular bacteriosis pathogen, average level of antagonism to micromycetes--root rot pathogens. To ofiobulez pathogen strain B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum BIM B-439D was more active. Cultural liquid of this strain effectively inhibited the spore's germination of pathogenic micromycetes Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea. Both strains of bacilli synthesized several hydrolytic exoenzymes: proteases, amylases, β-glucanases, chitinases and xylanases. The obtained data suggest the possibility of expanding the range of strain B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum BIM B-439D application for plant protection, as well as the need for further researches of the exometabolites spectrum of strain B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum IMV B-7404 and their biological activity in order to create an effective bioformulation for crop protection.
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Yang E, Chow WN, Wang G, Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Yuen KY, Lin X, Cai JJ. Signature gene expression reveals novel clues to the molecular mechanisms of dimorphic transition in Penicillium marneffei. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004662. [PMID: 25330172 PMCID: PMC4199489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic dimorphic fungi cause more than one million new infections each year, ranking them among the significant public health challenges currently encountered. Penicillium marneffei is a systemic dimorphic fungus endemic to Southeast Asia. The temperature-dependent dimorphic phase transition between mycelium and yeast is considered crucial for the pathogenicity and transmission of P. marneffei, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here, we re-sequenced P. marneffei strain PM1 using multiple sequencing platforms and assembled the genome using hybrid genome assembly. We determined gene expression levels using RNA sequencing at the mycelial and yeast phases of P. marneffei, as well as during phase transition. We classified 2,718 genes with variable expression across conditions into 14 distinct groups, each marked by a signature expression pattern implicated at a certain stage in the dimorphic life cycle. Genes with the same expression patterns tend to be clustered together on the genome, suggesting orchestrated regulations of the transcriptional activities of neighboring genes. Using qRT-PCR, we validated expression levels of all genes in one of clusters highly expressed during the yeast-to-mycelium transition. These included madsA, a gene encoding MADS-box transcription factor whose gene family is exclusively expanded in P. marneffei. Over-expression of madsA drove P. marneffei to undergo mycelial growth at 37°C, a condition that restricts the wild-type in the yeast phase. Furthermore, analyses of signature expression patterns suggested diverse roles of secreted proteins at different developmental stages and the potential importance of non-coding RNAs in mycelium-to-yeast transition. We also showed that RNA structural transition in response to temperature changes may be related to the control of thermal dimorphism. Together, our findings have revealed multiple molecular mechanisms that may underlie the dimorphic transition in P. marneffei, providing a powerful foundation for identifying molecular targets for mechanism-based interventions. Penicillium marneffei is a significant dimorphic fungal pathogen capable of causing lethal systemic infections. It grows in a yeast-like form at mammalian body temperature and a mold-like form at ambient temperature. The thermal dimorphism of P. marneffei is closely related to its virulence. In the present study, we re-sequenced the genome of P. marneffei using Illumina and PacBio sequencing technologies, and simultaneously assembled these newly sequenced reads in different lengths with previously obtained Sanger sequences. This hybrid assembly greatly improved the quality of the genome sequences. Next, we used RNA-seq to measure the global gene expression of P. marneffei at different phases and during dimorphic phase transitions. We found that 27% of genes showed signature expression patterns, suggesting that these genes function at different stages in the life cycle of P. marneffei. Moreover, genes with same expression patterns tend to be clustered together as neighbors to each other in the genome, suggesting an orchestrated transcriptional regulation for multiple neighboring genes. Over-expression of the MADS-box transcription factor, madsA, located in one of these clusters, confirms the function of this gene in driving the yeast-to-mycelia phase transition irrespective of the temperature cues. Our data also implies diverse roles of secreted proteins and non-coding RNAs in dimorphic transition in P. marneffei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ence Yang
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wang-Ngai Chow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patrick C. Y. Woo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Susanna K. P. Lau
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - James J. Cai
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Penicillium marneffei, one of the most important thermal dimorphic fungi, is a severe threat to the life of immunocompromised patients. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of P. marneffei remain largely unknown. In this work, we developed a model host by using nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate the virulence of P. marneffei. Using two P. marneffei clinical isolate strains 570 and 486, we revealed that in both liquid and solid media, the ingestion of live P. marneffei was lethal to C. elegans (P<0.001). Meanwhile, our results showed that the strain 570, which can produce red pigment, had stronger pathogenicity in C. elegans than the strain 486, which can’t produce red pigment (P<0.001). Microscopy showed the formation of red pigment and hyphae within C. elegans after incubation with P. marneffei for 4 h, which are supposed to be two contributors in nematodes killing. In addition, we used C. elegans as an in vivo model to evaluate different antifungal agents against P. marneffei, and found that antifungal agents including amphotericin B, terbinafine, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole successfully prolonged the survival of nematodesinfected by P. marneffei. Overall, this alternative model host can provide us an easy tool to study the virulence of P. marneffei and screen antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dedong Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyan Xi
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (LX); (EM)
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LX); (EM)
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Han P, Yan W, Luo Y, Tu W, He JY, Liu JM, Gong J, Wang YW, Li MK, Tian DA, Huang HJ. Chronic bronchitis with fungal infection presenting with marked elevation of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9: a case report. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7:6307-6312. [PMID: 25337284 PMCID: PMC4203255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is the most frequently applied serum tumor marker for diagnosis of cancers in the digestive organs. However, some patients with benign diseases can have elevated serum levels of CA19-9 as well. The current study presents a 55-year-old female who was admitted to our hospital for further evaluation of a nodular cavity shadow in the right lower lobe and clarification of the cause of the marked elevation of serum CA19-9 levels. Abdominal MRI and gastrointestinal endoscopy did not find any malignancy. As lung cancer cannot be excluded in this patient, a video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was carried, intraoperative and postoperative biopsy analysis both suggested chronic bronchitis with fungal infection (due to Histoplasma capsulatum or Penicillium marneffei) and organization. Immunohistochemistry showed marked positive staining for CA19-9 in the damaged lung tissue. The CA19-9 levels quickly returned to the normal range following lobe resection. Therefore, the marked elevation of serum CA19-9 levels, in this case, may have resulted from the chronic bronchitis with fungal infection.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers/blood
- Biopsy
- Bronchitis, Chronic/blood
- Bronchitis, Chronic/diagnosis
- Bronchitis, Chronic/microbiology
- Bronchitis, Chronic/surgery
- CA-19-9 Antigen/blood
- Female
- Histoplasma/pathogenicity
- Histoplasmosis/blood
- Histoplasmosis/diagnosis
- Histoplasmosis/microbiology
- Histoplasmosis/surgery
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lung Diseases, Fungal/blood
- Lung Diseases, Fungal/diagnosis
- Lung Diseases, Fungal/microbiology
- Lung Diseases, Fungal/surgery
- Middle Aged
- Penicillium/pathogenicity
- Pneumonectomy/methods
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted
- Time Factors
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
- Treatment Outcome
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Tuberculosis Prevention Institution of Wuhan Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wei Tu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jia-Yi He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing-Mei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jin Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yun-Wu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Meng-Ke Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030, China
| | - De-An Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huan-Jun Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030, China
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Liu D, Wei L, Guo T, Tan W. Detection of DOPA-melanin in the dimorphic fungal pathogen Penicillium marneffei and its effect on macrophage phagocytosis in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92610. [PMID: 24647795 PMCID: PMC3960263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Penicillium marneffei produces melanin-like pigment in vitro. The synthetic pathway of melanin and its possible influence in the protective yeast cells surviving within macrophage cells are not known. In this work, P. marneffei produced brown black pigment in the presence of L-DOPA and black particles were extracted from yeast cells treated with proteolytic enzymes, denaturant and concentrated hot acid. Kojic acid inhibited the brown-black pigment production of P. marneffei yeast grown on brain heart infusion agar. Transmitting electron microscopy showed spherical granular electron-dense particles with an average diameter of 100 nm in a beaded arrangement in the innermost cell wall. Electron-paramagnetic resonance revealed that the black particles contain a stable free radical compound. The UV-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectra of particles extracted from P. marneffei and synthetic DOPA-melanin showed a high degree of similarity. Melanized yeast cells decreased phagocytosis by macrophage cells and increased resistance to intracellular digestion in vitro. These results indicate that P. marneffei can synthesize DOPA-melanin or melanin-like compounds in vitro and suggest that the DOPA-melanin pathway is associated with cell wall structure and enhances the resistance to phagocytosis by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Lili Wei
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Weifen Tan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Abstract
A 71-year-old man with interstitial pneumonia was hospitalized due to a pulmonary infection. He had been living in Thailand and had returned to Japan three months earlier. Antibiotic therapy initially cleared the infection; however, the patient's condition relapsed. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Penicillium sp. were both detected in sputum and bronchial lavage fluid cultures and Penicillium sp. was identified to be P. marneffei. The infiltration observed on chest radiographs improved following treatment with itraconazole and tazobactam/piperacillin, and no relapse occurred. We herein report the first case of a non-HIV patient with P. marneffei infection in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Furusawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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43
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Chan JFW, Yee KS, Tang BSF, Cheng VCC, Hung IFN, Yuen KY. Adult-onset immunodeficiency due to anti-interferon-gamma autoantibody in mainland Chinese. Chin Med J (Engl) 2014; 127:1189-1190. [PMID: 24622460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Sang Yee
- Integrated Medical Services, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bone Siu-Fai Tang
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Barad S, Horowitz SB, Kobiler I, Sherman A, Prusky D. Accumulation of the mycotoxin patulin in the presence of gluconic acid contributes to pathogenicity of Penicillium expansum. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2014; 27:66-77. [PMID: 24024763 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-13-0138-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium expansum, the causal agent of blue mold rot, causes severe postharvest fruit maceration through secretion of D-gluconic acid (GLA) and secondary metabolites such as the mycotoxin patulin in colonized tissue. GLA involvement in pathogenicity has been suggested but the mechanism of patulin accumulation and its contribution to P. expansum pathogenicity remain unclear. The roles of GLA and patulin accumulation in P. expansum pathogenicity were studied using i) glucose oxidase GOX2-RNAi mutants exhibiting decreased GOX2 expression, GLA accumulation, and reduced pathogenicity; ii) IDH-RNAi mutants exhibiting downregulation of IDH (the last gene in patulin biosynthesis), reduced patulin accumulation, and no effect on GLA level; and iii) PACC-RNAi mutants exhibiting downregulation of both GOX2 and IDH that reduced GLA and patulin production. Present results indicate that conditions enhancing the decrease in GLA accumulation by GOX2-RNAi and PACC-RNAi mutants, and not low pH, affected patulin accumulation, suggesting GLA production as the driving force for further patulin accumulation. Thus, it is suggested that GLA accumulation may modulate patulin synthesis as a direct precursor under dynamic pH conditions modulating the activation of the transcription factor PACC and the consequent pathogenicity factors, which contribute to host-tissue colonization by P. expansum.
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Rodríguez A, Shimada T, Cervera M, Alquézar B, Gadea J, Gómez-Cadenas A, De Ollas CJ, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarías L, Peña L. Terpene down-regulation triggers defense responses in transgenic orange leading to resistance against fungal pathogens. Plant Physiol 2014; 164:321-39. [PMID: 24192451 PMCID: PMC3875811 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.224279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoid volatiles are isoprene compounds that are emitted by plants to communicate with the environment. In addition to their function in repelling herbivores and attracting carnivorous predators in green tissues, the presumed primary function of terpenoid volatiles released from mature fruits is the attraction of seed-dispersing animals. Mature oranges (Citrus sinensis) primarily accumulate terpenes in peel oil glands, with d-limonene accounting for approximately 97% of the total volatile terpenes. In a previous report, we showed that down-regulation of a d-limonene synthase gene alters monoterpene levels in orange antisense (AS) fruits, leading to resistance against Penicillium digitatum infection. A global gene expression analysis of AS versus empty vector (EV) transgenic fruits revealed that the down-regulation of d-limonene up-regulated genes involved in the innate immune response. Basal levels of jasmonic acid were substantially higher in the EV compared with AS oranges. Upon fungal challenge, salicylic acid levels were triggered in EV samples, while jasmonic acid metabolism and signaling were drastically increased in AS orange peels. In nature, d-limonene levels increase in orange fruit once the seeds are fully viable. The inverse correlation between the increase in d-limonene content and the decrease in the defense response suggests that d-limonene promotes infection by microorganisms that are likely involved in facilitating access to the pulp for seed-dispersing frugivores.
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Schinabeck MK, Ghannoum MA. Human Hyalohyphomycoses: A Review of Human Infections Due toAcremoniumspp.,Paecilomycesspp.,Penicilliumspp., andScopulariopsisspp. J Chemother 2013; 15 Suppl 2:5-15. [PMID: 14708962 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2003.15.supplement-2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Human infections due to opportunistic molds are on the rise. This is due to recent advances in medical technology that have led to increased numbers of patients who are immunosuppressed, receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics, or have indwelling medical devices. In this article, human infections caused by four hyalohyphomycoses, Acremonium spp., Paecilomyces spp., Penicillium spp., and Scopulariopsis spp., will be reviewed. Specific areas of focus will include the epidemiology, mycology, clinical presentations, and treatment options for each of these four hyaline molds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Schinabeck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Cubaiu L, Azara E, Ladu G, Venditti T, D'Hallewin G. Native pears of Sardinia affect Penicillium expansum pathogenesis. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2013; 78:573-577. [PMID: 25151833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium expansum causes blue mould rot, a serious post-harvest disease of pome fruits and is the main producer of the mycotoxin patulin. The occurrence of natural resistance against different hostpathogens, has been evidenced in some pear accessions of the Sardinian germoplasm. The aim of this research was to correlate P. expansum growth and patulin production on these indigenous pear accessions. In vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out with seven accessions ('Sarmentina', 'Vacchesa', 'De Puleu', 'De su Duca', 'Natalina', 'Oliena', 'Laconi 5') belonging to the CNR-ISPA ex situ collection and one national control cultivar ('Abate'). A wild type P. expansum from our collection was isolated from blue mould-decayed Sardinian pear fruit and selected for its aggressiveness and patulin production. The in vivo assay was carried out using 5 x 2 cm (Ø x thickness) sterilized fruit discs wounded and inoculated by a 10(5)UFC/mL concentration of P. expansum. Fruit discs were incubated at 23 degrees C for 7 days before analysis. The in vitro experiments, aimed at monitoring over time P. expansum mycelial growth and patulin accumulation, were performed with a standard medium (PDA) and a pear puree Agar Medium (PAM). Petri dishes with PDA and PAM were inoculated centrally with P. expansum conidia (10(5)UFC/ml) and then incubated at 23 degrees C for 7 days. Mycelial growth on Sardinian PAMs was inhibited in comparison to 'Abate' PAM and PDA. In particular, the accessions 'Sarmentina' and 'Vacchesa' showed the maximum inhibitory activity both in vitro and in vivo. Patulin production was detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The mycotoxin concentration in Sardinian PAMs was lower than that detected in PDA medium, pointing out a positive correlation between fungal growth inhibition and patulin production. The lowest concentration of patulin was found in 'Sarmentina' PAM. Based on these findings, some of Sardinian pear accessions seems to affect P. expansum pathogenesis and inhibit patulin production. Further researches are necessary to assess the mechanism of this biocontrol activity.
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Marcet-Houben M, Ballester AR, de la Fuente B, Harries E, Marcos JF, González-Candelas L, Gabaldón T. Genome sequence of the necrotrophic fungus Penicillium digitatum, the main postharvest pathogen of citrus. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:646. [PMID: 23171342 PMCID: PMC3532085 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penicillium digitatum is a fungal necrotroph causing a common citrus postharvest disease known as green mold. In order to gain insight into the genetic bases of its virulence mechanisms and its high degree of host-specificity, the genomes of two P. digitatum strains that differ in their antifungal resistance traits have been sequenced and compared with those of 28 other Pezizomycotina. RESULTS The two sequenced genomes are highly similar, but important differences between them include the presence of a unique gene cluster in the resistant strain, and mutations previously shown to confer fungicide resistance. The two strains, which were isolated in Spain, and another isolated in China have identical mitochondrial genome sequences suggesting a recent worldwide expansion of the species. Comparison with the closely-related but non-phytopathogenic P. chrysogenum reveals a much smaller gene content in P. digitatum, consistent with a more specialized lifestyle. We show that large regions of the P. chrysogenum genome, including entire supercontigs, are absent from P. digitatum, and that this is the result of large gene family expansions rather than acquisition through horizontal gene transfer. Our analysis of the P. digitatum genome is indicative of heterothallic sexual reproduction and reveals the molecular basis for the inability of this species to assimilate nitrate or produce the metabolites patulin and penicillin. Finally, we identify the predicted secretome, which provides a first approximation to the protein repertoire used during invasive growth. CONCLUSIONS The complete genome of P. digitatum, the first of a phytopathogenic Penicillium species, is a valuable tool for understanding the virulence mechanisms and host-specificity of this economically important pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Marcet-Houben
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Beatriz de la Fuente
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Eleonora Harries
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Jose F Marcos
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Luis González-Candelas
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
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Chong YB, Tan LP, Robinson S, Lim SK, Ng KP, Keng TC, Kamarulzaman A. Penicilliosis in lupus patients presenting with unresolved fever: a report of 2 cases and literature review. Trop Biomed 2012; 29:270-276. [PMID: 22735849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Penicilliosis is a rare occurrence among non human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients. We report here two cases of Penicillium marneffei infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Both patients had a recent flare of lupus and were on immunosuppressive drugs when they presented with prolonged fever without an obvious foci of infection, unresponsive to broad-spectrum antibiotics. They were leucopaenic upon admission, with rapid deterioration during the course of the illness. Diagnosis of penicilliosis via fungal isolation from blood culture was delayed resulting in the late initiation of antifungal agents. While both patients ultimately recovered, the delay in diagnosis led to a prolonged hospital stay with increased morbidity. Clinicians should be aware of this uncommon but emerging fungal pathogen in SLE patients and maintain a high index of suspicion in diagnosing this potentially fatal but treatable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Chong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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50
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Ballester AR, Lafuente MT, Forment J, Gadea J, De Vos RCH, Bovy AG, González-Candelas L. Transcriptomic profiling of citrus fruit peel tissues reveals fundamental effects of phenylpropanoids and ethylene on induced resistance. Mol Plant Pathol 2011; 12:879-97. [PMID: 21726388 PMCID: PMC6640524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium spp. are the major postharvest pathogens of citrus fruit in Mediterranean climatic regions. The induction of natural resistance constitutes one of the most promising alternatives to avoid the environmental contamination and health problems caused by chemical fungicides. To understand the bases of the induction of resistance in citrus fruit against Penicillium digitatum, we have used a 12k citrus cDNA microarray to study transcriptional changes in the outer and inner parts of the peel (flavedo and albedo, respectively) of elicited fruits. The elicitor treatment led to an over-representation of biological processes associated with secondary metabolism, mainly phenylpropanoids and cellular amino acid biosynthesis and methionine metabolism, and the down-regulation of genes related to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among phenylpropanoids, we detected the over-expression of a large subset of genes important for the synthesis of flavonoids, coumarins and lignin, especially in the internal tissue. Furthermore, these genes and those of ethylene biosynthesis showed the highest induction. The involvement of both phenylpropanoid and ethylene pathways was confirmed by examining changes in gene expression and ethylene production in elicited citrus fruit. Therefore, global results indicate that secondary metabolism, mainly phenylpropanoids, and ethylene play important roles in the induction of resistance in citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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