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Li SY, Hussain SB, Vincent C. Response of carbon fixation, allocation, and growth to source-sink manipulation by defoliation in vegetative citrus trees. Physiol Plant 2024; 176:e14304. [PMID: 38686664 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Source-sink balance in plants determines carbon distribution, and altering it can impact carbon fixation, transport, and allocation. We aimed to investigate the effect of altered source-sink ratios on carbon fixation, transport, and distribution in 'Valencia' sweet orange (Citrus x sinensis) by various defoliation treatments (0%, 33%, 66%, and 83% leaf removal). Gas exchange parameters were measured on 0 and 10 days after defoliation using A/Ci response curves, and leaf export was measured two days after defoliation using radioisotope tracer techniques. Greater defoliation increased the maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax), electron transport rate (J1200), and triose-phosphate utilization rate (TPU). Leaf export was unaffected by defoliation but increased in leaves closer to the shoot apex. Basipetal translocation velocity in the trunk remained unaltered, indicating that more photosynthates remained in the shoot rather than being transported directly to the root sink. Defoliated plants initiated more new flush shoots but accumulated less shoot biomass per plant after 8 weeks. Carbon allocation to fine roots was smaller in defoliated plants, suggesting defoliation led to retention of carbohydrates in aboveground organs such as the trunk and other shoots from previous growing cycles. In conclusion, the low source-sink ratio increased carbon fixation without impacting individual leaf export in citrus. The results suggest that intermediate sinks such as the aboveground perennial organs play a role in mediating the translocation velocity. Further research is necessary to better understand the dynamics of source-sink regulation in citrus trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yang Li
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Syed Bilal Hussain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Christopher Vincent
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
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2
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Chu LL, Zheng WX, Liu HQ, Sheng XX, Wang QY, Wang Y, Hu CG, Zhang JZ. ACC SYNTHASE4 inhibits gibberellin biosynthesis and FLOWERING LOCUS T expression during citrus flowering. Plant Physiol 2024; 195:479-501. [PMID: 38227428 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Flowering is an essential process in fruit trees. Flower number and timing have a substantial impact on the yield and maturity of fruit. Ethylene and gibberellin (GA) play vital roles in flowering, but the mechanism of coordinated regulation of flowering in woody plants by GA and ethylene is still unclear. In this study, a lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm) 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene (CiACS4) was overexpressed in Nicotiana tabacum and resulted in late flowering and increased flower number. Further transformation of citrus revealed that ethylene and starch content increased, and soluble sugar content decreased in 35S:CiACS4 lemon. Inhibition of CiACS4 in lemon resulted in effects opposite to that of 35S:CiACS4 in transgenic plants. Overexpression of the CiACS4-interacting protein ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR3 (CiERF3) in N. tabacum resulted in delayed flowering and more flowers. Further experiments revealed that the CiACS4-CiERF3 complex can bind the promoters of FLOWERING LOCUS T (CiFT) and GOLDEN2-LIKE (CiFE) and suppress their expression. Moreover, overexpression of CiFE in N. tabacum led to early flowering and decreased flowers, and ethylene, starch, and soluble sugar contents were opposite to those in 35S:CiACS4 transgenic plants. Interestingly, CiFE also bound the promoter of CiFT. Additionally, GA3 and 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACC) treatments delayed flowering in adult citrus, and treatment with GA and ethylene inhibitors increased flower number. ACC treatment also inhibited the expression of CiFT and CiFE. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of ethylene to regulate flower number and mitigate the impacts of extreme weather on citrus yield due to delayed flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Le Chu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei-Xuan Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hai-Qiang Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xing-Xing Sheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qing-Ye Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yue Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chun-Gen Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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3
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Dong M, Yin T, Gao J, Zhang H, Yang F, Wang S, Long C, Fu X, Liu H, Guo L, Zhou D. Transcriptome differential expression analysis of defoliation of two different lemon varieties. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17218. [PMID: 38685937 PMCID: PMC11057431 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
'Allen Eureka' is a bud variety of Eureka lemon with excellent fruiting traits. However, it suffers from severe winter defoliation that leads to a large loss of organic nutrients and seriously affects the tree's growth and development as well as the yield of the following year, and the mechanism of its response to defoliation is still unclear. In order to investigate the molecular regulatory mechanisms of different leaf abscission periods in lemon, two lemon cultivars ('Allen Eureka' and 'Yunning No. 1') with different defoliation traits were used as materials. The petiole abscission zone (AZ) was collected at three different defoliation stages, namely, the pre-defoliation stage (CQ), the mid-defoliation stage (CZ), and the post-defoliation stage (CH). Transcriptome sequencing was performed to analyze the gene expression differences between these two cultivars. A total of 898, 4,856, and 3,126 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in CQ, CZ, and CH, respectively, and the number of DEGs in CZ was the largest. GO analysis revealed that the DEGs between the two cultivars were mainly enriched in processes related to oxidoreductase, hydrolase, DNA binding transcription factor, and transcription regulator activity in the defoliation stages. KEGG analysis showed that the DEGs were concentrated in CZ and involved plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism. The expression trends of some DEGs suggested their roles in regulating defoliation in lemon. Eight gene families were obtained by combining DEG clustering analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), including β-glucosidase, AUX/IAA, SAUR, GH3, POD, and WRKY, suggesting that these genes may be involved in the regulation of lemon leaf abscission. The above conclusions enrich the research related to lemon leaf abscission and provide reliable data for the screening of lemon defoliation candidate genes and analysis of defoliation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichao Dong
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, China
| | - Tuo Yin
- The Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation of Southwest China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Junyan Gao
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, China
| | - Hanyao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation of Southwest China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, China
| | - Chunrui Long
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, China
| | - Xiaomeng Fu
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, China
| | - Hongming Liu
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, China
| | - Lina Guo
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, China
| | - Dongguo Zhou
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, China
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Abstract
Conventional methods for measuring the various dimensions of a fruit vary from vernier calipers to machine vision systems. This accounts for system bulkiness, high installation charges, and miscellaneous difficulties in continuous and precise monitoring. Considering the limitations, this paper reveals an inventive liquid-state stretchable strain sensor by incorporating poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and silver nitrate into an indigenous transparent polymer band. The combination of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and Ecoflex having an optimal mixing ratio (20:80) realized the equilibrium between a large strain, low stress, and less stickiness. The inclusion of a liquid polymer promoted high viscosity and chemical stability, while the addition of a metallic salt enhanced the electrical conductivity of the sensor. The correlation between strain and resistance showed high sensitivity and good repeatability of the PEG-silver nitrate composite. Linear resistance changes were noted with high coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.99) at least up to the strain of 30%. The performance test as a dendrometer on fruits of two different species demonstrated excellent stability of the sensor with increasing ratios from 1.7 to 3.9 kΩ/mm. This tunable elastic band sensor opened up a route toward long-term evaluation-targeted versatile applications such as fruit growth monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jae Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Robin Joyce
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghoon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Suh JH, Guha A, Wang Z, Li SY, Killiny N, Vincent C, Wang Y. Metabolomic analysis elucidates how shade conditions ameliorate the deleterious effects of greening (Huanglongbing) disease in citrus. Plant J 2021; 108:1798-1814. [PMID: 34687249 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Under tropical and subtropical environments, citrus leaves are exposed to excess sunlight, inducing photoinhibition. Huanglongbing (HLB, citrus greening), a devastating phloem-limited disease putatively caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, exacerbates this challenge with additional photosynthetic loss and excessive starch accumulation. A combined metabolomics and physiological approach was used to elucidate whether shade alleviates the deleterious effects of HLB in field-grown citrus trees, and to understand the underlying metabolic mechanisms related to shade-induced morpho-physiological changes in citrus. Using metabolite profiling and multinomial logistic regression, we identified pivotal metabolites altered in response to shade. A core metabolic network associated with shade conditions was identified through pathway enrichment analysis and metabolite mapping. We measured physio-biochemical responses and growth and yield characteristics. With these, the relationships between metabolic network and the variables measured above were investigated. We found that moderate-shade alleviates sink limitation by preventing excessive starch accumulation and increasing foliar sucrose levels. Increased growth and fruit yield in shaded compared with non-shaded trees were associated with increased photosystem II efficiency and leaf carbon fixation pathway metabolites. Our study also shows that, in HLB-affected trees under shade, the signaling of plant hormones (auxins and cytokinins) and nitrogen supply were downregulated with reducing new shoot production likely due to diminished needs of cell damage repair and tissue regeneration under shade. Overall, our findings provide the first glimpse of the complex dynamics between cellular metabolites and leaf physiological functions in citrus HLB pathosystem under shade, and reveal the mechanistic basis of how shade ameliorates HLB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hyuk Suh
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Anirban Guha
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Zhixin Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Sheng-Yang Li
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Christopher Vincent
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
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Vadlamudi T, Kaldis A, Divi VSG, Patil BL, Voloudakis AE. The Citrus yellow mosaic badnavirus ORFI functions as a RNA-silencing suppressor. Virus Genes 2021; 57:469-473. [PMID: 34379307 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Citrus yellow mosaic badnavirus (CMBV) causes mosaic disease in all economically important citrus cultivars of India, with losses reaching up to 70%. CMBV belongs to the genus Badnavirus, family Caulimoviridae, possessing a circular double-stranded (ds) DNA genome with six open reading frames (ORFs I to VI), whose functions are yet to be deciphered. The RNA-silencing suppressor (RSS) activity has not been assigned to any CMBV ORF as yet. In the present study, it was found that ORFI exhibited RSS activity among all the six CMBV ORFs tested. Studies were done by employing the well-established Agrobacterium-mediated transient assay based on the transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana 16c plant line expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The RSS activity of ORFI was confirmed by the analysis of the GFP visual expression in the agroinfiltrated leaves, further supported by quantification of GFP expression by RT-PCR. Based on the GFP visual expression, the CMBV ORFI was a weak RSS when compared to the p19 protein of tomato bushy stunt virus. In contrast, the ORFII, ORFIV, ORFV, ORFVI, and CP gene did not exhibit any RSS activity. Hence, ORFI is the first ORF of CMBV to be identified with RNA-silencing suppression activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharanath Vadlamudi
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
- Department of Virology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517502, India
| | - Athanasios Kaldis
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Basavaprabhu L Patil
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560089, India
| | - Andreas E Voloudakis
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece.
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Pan H, Lyu S, Chen Y, Xu S, Ye J, Chen G, Wu S, Li X, Chen J, Pan D. MicroRNAs and Transcripts Associated with an Early Ripening Mutant of Pomelo ( Citrus grandis Osbeck). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9348. [PMID: 34502256 PMCID: PMC8431688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
'Liuyuezaoyou' is an early-ripening cultivar selected from a bud mutation of Citrus grandis Osbeck 'Guanximiyou'. They were designated here as MT and WT, respectively. The fruit of MT matures about 45 days earlier than WT, which was accompanied by significant changes in key phytohormones, sugar compounds and organic acids. Recent studies have showed that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in regulation of fruit ripening process. The aim of this study was to compare MT fruits with WT ones to uncover if miRNAs were implicated in the ripening of C. grandis. Fruits of both WT and MT at four developmental stages were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and RT-PCR. Several independent miRNA libraries were constructed and sequenced. A total of 747 known miRNAs were identified and 99 novel miRNAs were predicted across all libraries. The novel miRNAs were found to have hairpin structures and possess star sequences. These results showed that transcriptome and miRNAs are substantially involved in a complex and comprehensive network in regulation of fruit ripening of this species. Further analysis of the network model revealed intricate interactions of miRNAs with mRNAs during the fleshy fruit ripening process. Several identified miRNAs have potential targets. These include auxin-responsive protein IAA9, sucrose synthase 3, V-type proton ATPase, NCED1 (ABA biosynthesis) and PL1/5 (pectate lyase genes), as well as NAC100 putative coordinated regulation networks, whose interactions with respective miRNAs may contribute significantly to fruit ripening of C. grandis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.P.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (G.C.); (S.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Shiheng Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.P.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (G.C.); (S.W.); (X.L.)
- Department of Environmental Horticulture and Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL 32703, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yanqiong Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.P.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (G.C.); (S.W.); (X.L.)
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shirong Xu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.P.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (G.C.); (S.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Jianwen Ye
- Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Pinghe County, Zhangzhou 363700, China;
| | - Guixin Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.P.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (G.C.); (S.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Shaohua Wu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.P.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (G.C.); (S.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoting Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.P.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (G.C.); (S.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Environmental Horticulture and Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL 32703, USA
| | - Dongming Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.P.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (G.C.); (S.W.); (X.L.)
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Wang F, Chen L, Chen S, Chen H, Liu Y. Characterization of two closely related citrus cultivars using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS-based widely targeted metabolomics. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254759. [PMID: 34283861 PMCID: PMC8291699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus cultivars are widely spread worldwide, and some of them only differ by specific mutations along the genome. It is difficult to distinguish them by traditional morphological identification. To accurately identify such similar cultivars, the subtle differences between them must be detected. In this study, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS-based widely targeted metabolomics analysis was conducted to study the chemical differences between two closely related citrus cultivars, Citrus reticulata 'DHP' and C. reticulata 'BZH'. Totally 352 metabolites including 11 terpenoids, 35 alkaloids, 80 phenolic acids, 25 coumarins, 7 lignans, 184 flavonoids and 10 other compounds were detected and identified; Among them, 15 metabolites are unique to DHP and 16 metabolites are unique to BZH. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal signal correction and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) can be used to clearly discriminate between DHP and BZH. 93 metabolites including 36 down-regulated and 57 up-regulated are significantly different in DHP and BZH. They are mainly involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, flavones, flavonols, and isoflavonoids. In addition, the relative content levels of flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids are much higher in the peel of DHP than that of BZH, the presence of which may correlate with the quality difference of the peels. The results reported herein indicate that metabolite analysis based on UPLC-ESI-MS/MS is an effective means of identifying cultivars with different genotypes, especially those that cannot be distinguished based on traditional identification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Standardization Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Food & Drugs Authority of Nanchong, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Standardization Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiwei Chen
- Food & Drugs Authority of Nanchong, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Standardization Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Youping Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Standardization Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Ribeiro C, Xu J, Teper D, Lee D, Wang N. The transcriptome landscapes of citrus leaf in different developmental stages. Plant Mol Biol 2021; 106:349-366. [PMID: 33871796 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The temporal expression profiles of citrus leaves explain the sink-source transition of immature leaves to mature leaves and provide knowledge regarding the differential responses of mature and immature leaves to biotic stress such as citrus canker and Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri). Citrus is an important fruit crop worldwide. Different developmental stages of citrus leaves are associated with distinct features, such as differences in susceptibilities to pathogens and insects, as well as photosynthetic capacity. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying these distinctions by comparing the gene expression profiles of mature and immature citrus leaves. Immature (stages V3 and V4), transition (stage V5), and mature (stage V6) Citrus sinensis leaves were chosen for RNA-seq analyses. Carbohydrate biosynthesis, photosynthesis, starch biosynthesis, and disaccharide metabolic processes were enriched among the upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the V5 and V6 stages compared with that in the V3 and V4 stages. Glucose level was found to be higher in V5 and V6 than in V3 and V4. Among the four stages, the largest number of DEGs between contiguous stages were identified between V5 and V4, consistent with a change from sink to source, as well as with the sucrose and starch quantification data. The differential expression profiles related to cell wall synthesis, secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and terpenoids, amino acid biosynthesis, and immunity between immature and mature leaves may contribute to their different responses to Asian citrus psyllid infestation. The expression data suggested that both the constitutive and induced gene expression of immunity-related genes plays important roles in the greater resistance of mature leaves against Xanthomonas citri compared with immature leaves. The gene expression profiles in the different stages can help identify stage-specific promoters for the manipulation of the expression of citrus traits according to the stage. The temporal expression profiles explain the sink-source transition of immature leaves to mature leaves and provide knowledge regarding the differential responses to biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ribeiro
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Jin Xu
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Doron Teper
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Donghwan Lee
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA.
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10
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Zheng G, Chao Y, Liu M, Yang Y, Zhang D, Wang K, Tao Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Wei M. Evaluation of dynamic changes in the bioactive components in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Citrus reticulata 'Chachi') under different harvesting and drying conditions. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:3280-3289. [PMID: 33222189 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' pericarp (CRCP) is one cultivar of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Chenpi), which is widely applied in medicine and food. To determine the potential value of CRCP harvested at different stages and subjected to different drying processes, the dynamic changes in the bioactive components were profiled and evaluated in this study. RESULTS The contents of all non-volatile components, i.e. synephrine, limonin, phenolic acids and flavonoids, decreased with delayed harvest time. The volatiles thujene, α-pinene, β-pinene, d-citronellol, d-citronellal, decanal, linalool, geraniol, l-cis-carveol, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, carvacrol, perillaldehyde, methyl 2-(methylamino)benzoate and d-limonene were considered the characteristic components for distinguishing CRCP harvested at different stages. Phenolic acids, synephrine and limonin were stable at different drying temperatures; however, high-temperature drying at 60 °C induced a significant transformation in the flavonoids (especially polymethoxyflavones) and volatile substances in CRCP. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that most of the bioactive components declined with the growth of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi'. And it is believed that the fresh peel should be naturally sun-dried or dried at low temperature (30 or 45 °C) rather than at high temperature (60 °C) to prevent excessive loss of nutrients. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingxin Chao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengshi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Yang
- Tianda Pharmaceutical (Zhuhai) Co. Ltd, Zhuhai, China
| | - Dedong Zhang
- Tianda Pharmaceutical (Zhuhai) Co. Ltd, Zhuhai, China
| | - Kanghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Tao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Ye LX, Zhang JX, Hou XJ, Qiu MQ, Wang WF, Zhang JX, Hu CG, Zhang JZ. A MADS-Box Gene CiMADS43 Is Involved in Citrus Flowering and Leaf Development through Interaction with CiAGL9. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105205. [PMID: 34069068 PMCID: PMC8156179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MADS-box genes are involved in various developmental processes including vegetative development, flower architecture, flowering, pollen formation, seed and fruit development. However, the function of most MADS-box genes and their regulation mechanism are still unclear in woody plants compared with model plants. In this study, a MADS-box gene (CiMADS43) was identified in citrus. Phylogenetic and sequence analysis showed that CiMADS43 is a GOA-like Bsister MADS-box gene. It was localized in the nucleus and as a transcriptional activator. Overexpression of CiMADS43 promoted early flowering and leaves curling in transgenic Arabidopsis. Besides, overexpression or knockout of CiMADS43 also showed leaf curl phenotype in citrus similar to that of CiMADS43 overexpressed in Arabidopsis. Protein–protein interaction found that a SEPALLATA (SEP)-like protein (CiAGL9) interacted with CiMADS43 protein. Interestingly, CiAGL9 also can bind to the CiMADS43 promoter and promote its transcription. Expression analysis also showed that these two genes were closely related to seasonal flowering and the development of the leaf in citrus. Our findings revealed the multifunctional roles of CiMADS43 in the vegetative and reproductive development of citrus. These results will facilitate our understanding of the evolution and molecular mechanisms of MADS-box genes in citrus.
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Tang Q, Zhang R, Zhou J, Zhao K, Lu Y, Zheng Y, Wu C, Chen F, Mu D, Ding Z, Xie H, He Y. The levels of bioactive ingredients in Citrus aurantium L. at different harvest periods and antioxidant effects on H 2 O 2 -induced RIN-m5F cells. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:1479-1490. [PMID: 32844448 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus aurantium L. (Aurantii fructus) is a multi-purpose citrus fruit with high medicinal and nutritional value, but currently there are no data that can be used to investigate the appropriate harvest time to obtain high-quality citrus bioactive ingredients from it. RESULTS Phytochemicals and the levels of the main bioactive ingredients were investigated by ultra high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS). The flavanone, polymethoxyflavone, coumarin, synephrine, and limonin content in the citrus fruit was analyzed at different harvest periods, and significant differences, ranging from 0.03 ± 0.01 to 116.26 ± 40.20 g kg-1 (DW), were shown. These compounds were present in higher amounts in June and then decreased gradually, while the biomass accumulation of most of them showed an increasing tendency around harvest time. The H2 O2 -induced RIN-m5F cells model was employed to evaluate their antioxidant capacity. Citrus fruit harvested from June 11 to July 7 possessed an excellent antioxidant capacity by inhibiting the intensity of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (P < 0.01) and improving superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH) activity (P < 0.01). The chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of citrus leaves, stems, and roots were also evaluated, and these showed great variation compared with other citrus fruits. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that harvesting time was related closely to the phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacity. CONCLUSION Citrus fruit can be appropriately harvested from June to early July when the levels of bioactive ingredients and antioxidant activity reach higher values. This research provides practical information for producing high-quality citrus products. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiali Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Kanghong Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Lu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yajie Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Changqiao Wu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Detian Mu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zixuan Ding
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongqi Xie
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingjie He
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Devi TR, Dasgupta M, Sahoo MR, Kole PC, Prakash N. High efficient de novo root-to-shoot organogenesis in Citrus jambhiri Lush.: Gene expression, genetic stability and virus indexing. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246971. [PMID: 33606806 PMCID: PMC7894961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A protocol for high-frequency direct organogenesis from root explants of Kachai lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) was developed. Full-length roots (~3 cm) were isolated from the in vitro grown seedlings and cultured on Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with Nitsch vitamin (MSN) with different concentrations of cytokinin [6-benzylaminopurine, (BAP)] and gibberellic acid (GA3). The frequency of multiple shoot proliferation was very high, with an average of 34.3 shoots per root explant when inoculated on the MSN medium supplemented with BAP (1.0 mg L–1) and GA3 (1.0 mg L–1). Optimal rooting was induced in the plantlets under half strength MSN medium supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 0.5–1.0 mg L–1). IAA induced better root structure than 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), which was evident from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The expressions of growth regulating factor genes (GRF1 and GRF5) and GA3 signaling genes (GA2OX1 and KO1) were elevated in the regenerants obtained from MSN+BAP (1.0 mg L-1)+GA3 (1.0 mg L-1). The expressions of auxin regulating genes were high in roots obtained in ½ MSN+IAA 1.0 mg L-1. Furthermore, indexing of the regenerants confirmed that there was no amplicons detected for Huanglongbing bacterium and Citrus tristeza virus. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers detected no polymorphic bands amongst the regenerated plants. This is the first report that describes direct organogenesis from the root explant of Citrus jambhiri Lush. The high-frequency direct regeneration protocol in the present study provides an enormous significance in Citrus organogenesis, its commercial cultivation and genetic conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhumita Dasgupta
- ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Sahoo
- ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Imphal, Manipur, India
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Narendra Prakash
- ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Imphal, Manipur, India
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Meng X, Chen WW, Wang YY, Huang ZR, Ye X, Chen LS, Yang LT. Effects of phosphorus deficiency on the absorption of mineral nutrients, photosynthetic system performance and antioxidant metabolism in Citrus grandis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246944. [PMID: 33596244 PMCID: PMC7888624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth, development and production. However, little is known about the effects of P deficiency on nutrient absorption, photosynthetic apparatus performance and antioxidant metabolism in citrus. Seedlings of 'sour pummelo' (Citrus grandis) were irrigated with a nutrient solution containing 0.2 mM (Control) or 0 mM (P deficiency) KH2PO4 until saturated every other day for 16 weeks. P deficiency significantly decreased the dry weight (DW) of leaves and stems, and increased the root/shoot ratio in C. grandis but did not affect the DW of roots. The decreased DW of leaves and stems might be induced by the decreased chlorophyll (Chl) contents and CO2 assimilation in P deficient seedlings. P deficiency heterogeneously affected the nutrient contents of leaves, stems and roots. The analysis of Chl a fluorescence transients showed that P deficiency impaired electron transport from the donor side of photosystem II (PSII) to the end acceptor side of PSI, which showed a greater impact on the performance of the donor side of PSII than that of the acceptor side of PSII and photosystem I (PSI). P deficiency increased the contents of ascorbate (ASC), H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) in leaves. In contrast, P deficiency increased the ASC content, reduced the glutathione (GSH) content and the activities of SOD, CAT, APX and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), but did not increase H2O2 production, anthocyanins and MDA content in roots. Taking these results together, we conclude that P deficiency affects nutrient absorption and lowers photosynthetic performance, leading to ROS production, which might be a crucial cause of the inhibited growth of C. grandis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Meng
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yu Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zeng-Rong Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin Ye
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li-Song Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lin-Tong Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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15
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Ma G, Zhang L, Kudaka R, Inaba H, Furuya T, Kitamura M, Kitaya Y, Yamamoto R, Yahata M, Matsumoto H, Kato M. Exogenous Application of ABA and NAA Alleviates the Delayed Coloring Caused by Puffing Inhibitor in Citrus Fruit. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020308. [PMID: 33546256 PMCID: PMC7913354 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined spraying of gibberellin (GA) and prohydrojasmon (PDJ) was an effective method to reduce peel puffing in Satsuma mandarins. However, in the GA-and-PDJ combined treatment, fruit color development was delayed during the ripening process. In the present study, to improve the coloration of the GA and PDJ-treated fruit, the effects of exogenous application of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) on chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation were investigated. The results showed that both ABA and NAA treatments accelerated the color changes from green to orange in the GA and PDJ-treated fruit during the ripening process. With the NAA and ABA treatments, chlorophylls contents were decreased rapidly, and the contents of β,β-xanthophylls were significantly enhanced in the GA and PDJ-treated fruit. In addition, gene expression results showed that the changes of the chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolisms in the NAA and ABA treatments were highly regulated at the transcriptional level. The results presented in this study suggested that the application of NAA and ABA could potentially be used for improving the coloration of the GA and PDJ-treated fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (G.M.); (L.Z.); (M.Y.)
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Lancui Zhang
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (G.M.); (L.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Rin Kudaka
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Hayato Inaba
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Takuma Furuya
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Minami Kitamura
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Yurika Kitaya
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Risa Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Masaki Yahata
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (G.M.); (L.Z.); (M.Y.)
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Hikaru Matsumoto
- National Institute of Fruit Tree Science (NIFTS), National Agriculture and Bio-Oriented Research Organization (NARO), Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan;
| | - Masaya Kato
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (G.M.); (L.Z.); (M.Y.)
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-54-238-4830
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Tang X, Wang X, Huang Y, Ma L, Jiang X, Rao MJ, Xu Y, Yin P, Yuan M, Deng X, Xu Q. Natural variations of TFIIAγ gene and LOB1 promoter contribute to citrus canker disease resistance in Atalantia buxifolia. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009316. [PMID: 33493197 PMCID: PMC7861543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is one of the most devastating diseases in citrus industry worldwide. Most citrus cultivars such as sweet orange are susceptible to canker disease. Here, we utilized wild citrus to identify canker-resistant germplasms, and found that Atalantia buxifolia, a primitive (distant-wild) citrus, exhibited remarkable resistance to canker disease. Although the susceptibility gene LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES 1 (LOB1) could also be induced in Atalantia after canker infection, the induction extent was far lower than that in sweet orange. In addition, three of amino acids encoded by transcription factor TFIIAγ in Atalantia (AbTFIIAγ) exhibited difference from those in sweet orange (CsTFIIAγ) which could stabilize the interaction between effector PthA4 and effector binding element (EBE) of LOB1 promoter. The mutation of AbTFIIAγ did not change its interaction with transcription factor binding motifs (TFBs). However, the AbTFIIAγ could hardly support the LOB1 expression induced by the PthA4. In addition, the activity of AbLOB1 promoter was significantly lower than that of CsLOB1 under the induction by PthA4. Our results demonstrate that natural variations of AbTFIIAγ and effector binding element (EBE) in the AbLOB1 promoter are crucial for the canker disease resistance of Atalantia. The natural mutations of AbTFIIAγ gene and AbLOB1 promoter in Atalantia provide candidate targets for improving the resistance to citrus canker disease. It has been well documented that most citrus cultivars are susceptible to canker disease, while little is known about the resistance or susceptibility of primitive or wild citrus to canker disease. This study reveals that primitive citrus (Atalantia buxifolia) is highly resistant to citrus canker. Transcriptome data demonstrated that Atalantia had an active resistance response to the infection of Xcc, compared with susceptible sweet orange. Our results indicated that natural variations of AbTFIIAγ gene and AbLOB1 promoter contributed to the resistance. Hence, we propose that the natural mutations of AbTFIIAγ gene and AbLOB1 promoter could provide candidate targets for breeding canker resistant citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, the People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, the People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, the People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Ma
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, the People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, the People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Junaid Rao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, the People's Republic of China
| | - Yuantao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, the People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yin
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, the People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, the People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, the People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, the People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Rao MJ, Zuo H, Xu Q. Genomic insights into citrus domestication and its important agronomic traits. Plant Commun 2021; 2:100138. [PMID: 33511347 PMCID: PMC7816076 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Citrus originated in Southeast Asia, and it has become one of the most important fruit crops worldwide. Citrus has a long and obscure domestication history due to its clonal propagation, long life cycle, wide sexual compatibility, and complex genetic background. As the genomic information of both wild and cultivated citrus becomes available, their domestication history and underlying traits or genes are becoming clear. This review outlines the genomic features of wild and cultivated species. We propose that the reduction of citric acid is a critical trait for citrus domestication. The genetic model representing the change during domestication may be associated with a regulatory complex known as WD-repeat-MYB-bHLH-WRKY (WMBW), which is involved in acidification and anthocyanin accumulation. The reduction in or loss of anthocyanins may be due to a hitchhiking effect of fruit acidity selection, in which mutation occurs in the common regulator of these two pathways in some domesticated types. Moreover, we have summarized the domestication traits and candidate genes for breeding purposes. This review represents a comprehensive summary of the genes controlling key traits of interest, such as acidity, metabolism, and disease resistance. It also sheds light on recent advances in early flowering from transgenic studies and provides a new perspective for fast breeding of citrus. Our review lays a foundation for future research on fruit acidity, flavor, and disease resistance in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid Rao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
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Lana G, Zacarias-Garcia J, Distefano G, Gentile A, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L. Transcriptional Analysis of Carotenoids Accumulation and Metabolism in a Pink-Fleshed Lemon Mutant. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1294. [PMID: 33143225 PMCID: PMC7692314 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pink lemon is a spontaneous bud mutation of lemon (Citrus limon, L. Burm. f) characterized by the production of pink-fleshed fruits due to an unusual accumulation of lycopene. To elucidate the genetic determinism of the altered pigmentation, comparative carotenoid profiling and transcriptional analysis of both the genes involved in carotenoid precursors and metabolism, and the proteins related to carotenoid-sequestering structures were performed in pink-fleshed lemon and its wild-type. The carotenoid profile of pink lemon pulp is characterized by an increased accumulation of linear carotenoids, such as lycopene, phytoene and phytofluene, from the early stages of development, reaching their maximum in mature green fruits. The distinctive phenotype of pink lemon is associated with an up-regulation and down-regulation of the genes upstream and downstream the lycopene cyclase, respectively. In particular, 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase genes were overexpressed in pink lemon compared with the wild-type, suggesting an altered regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis. Similarly, during early development of the fruits, genes of the carotenoid-associated proteins heat shock protein 21, fibrillin 1 and 2 and orange gene were overexpressed in the pulp of the pink-fleshed lemon compared to the wild-type, indicating its increased capacity for sequestration, stabilization or accumulation of carotenes. Altogether, the results highlighted significant differences at the transcriptomic level between the pink-fleshed lemon and its wild-type, in terms of carotenoid metabolism and the capacity of stabilization in storage structures between the two accessions. Such changes may be either responsible for the altered carotenoid accumulation or in contrast, a metabolic consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lana
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.L.); (G.D.); (A.G.)
| | - Jaime Zacarias-Garcia
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (J.Z.-G.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Gaetano Distefano
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.L.); (G.D.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.L.); (G.D.); (A.G.)
| | - María J. Rodrigo
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (J.Z.-G.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Lorenzo Zacarias
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (J.Z.-G.); (M.J.R.)
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Wu B, Liu X, Xu K, Zhang B. Genome-wide characterization, evolution and expression profiling of UDP-glycosyltransferase family in pomelo (Citrus grandis) fruit. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:459. [PMID: 33028214 PMCID: PMC7542425 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pomelo is one of the three major species of citrus. The fruit accumulates a variety of abundant secondary metabolites that affect the flavor. UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are involved in the glycosylation of secondary metabolites. RESULTS In the present study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of pomelo UGT family, a total of 145 UGTs was identified based on the conserved plant secondary product glycosyltransferase (PSPG) motif. These UGT genes were clustered into 16 major groups through phylogenetic analysis of these genes with other plant UGTs (A-P). Pomelo UGTs were distributed unevenly among the chromosomes. At least 10 intron insertion events were observed in these UGT genome sequences, and I-5 was identified to be the highest conserved one. The expression profile analysis of pomelo UGT genes in different fruit tissues during development and ripening was carried out by RNA-seq. CONCLUSIONS We identified 145 UGTs in pomelo fruit through transcriptome data and citrus genome database. Our research provides available information on UGTs studies in pomelo, and provides an important research foundation for screening and identification of functional UGT genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boping Wu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology / Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology / Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Pereyra MM, Díaz MA, Meinhardt F, Dib JR. Effect of stress factors associated with postharvest citrus conditions on the viability and biocontrol activity of Clavispora lusitaniae strain 146. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239432. [PMID: 32946508 PMCID: PMC7500625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Only quite recently, we have shown that yeast strains Clavispora lusitaniae 146 and Pichia fermentans 27 can act as efficient biocontrol agents for combating postharvest fungal diseases in lemons. During postharvest and storage conditions, microorganisms are subject to different stress factors that could affect both their survival and their protective capacity. Understanding the tolerance of yeasts to environmental stress factors could support the future development and commercial application of biological control formulations based on such organisms. Thus, the impact of different stressors on the viability and protection efficiency of C. lusitaniae strain 146 and P. fermentans strain 27 was evaluated, and the yeasts were subjected to oxidative stress, thermal treatments, exposure to NaOCl, osmotic stress, and ultraviolet irradiation. Candida oleophila strain O served as the reference control. C. lusitaniae 146 was more resistant to H2O2 in plate assays; however, in liquid media there was no significant difference to the other strains. Strain 146 was less affected by NaOCl, being able to survive with 300 ppm. P. fermentans 27 was the strain most heavily affected by osmotic pressure, while strains 146 and strain O showed a similar adaptation. UV-B irradiation severely affected C. oleophila and P. fermentans, while C. lusitaniae was the most resistant. Strains 146 and 27 were similarly tolerant to thermal shocks, compared to the reference strain, which was less viable. In in vivo tests, exposure to 10 mM H2O2, 45°C or 200 ppm NaOCl prior to fruit inoculation, reduced the antagonistic activity against the pathogen Penicillium digitatum. However, in no case was the biocontrol efficiency reduced to less than 50%. As C. lusitaniae 146 demonstrated a great potential to combat P. digitatum under a wide range of conditions, the organism is a promising candidate as an effective and valuable alternative to toxic fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina María Pereyra
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Mariana Andrea Díaz
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Friedhelm Meinhardt
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie (IMMB), Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail: (JRD); (FM)
| | - Julián Rafael Dib
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina
- Instituto de Microbiología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- * E-mail: (JRD); (FM)
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Ye LX, Gan ZM, Wang WF, Ai XY, Xie ZZ, Hu CG, Zhang JZ. Comparative analysis of the transcriptome, methylome, and metabolome during pollen abortion of a seedless citrus mutant. Plant Mol Biol 2020; 104:151-171. [PMID: 32656674 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pollen abortion could be mainly attributed to abnormal meiosis in the mutant. Multiomics analysis uncovered significant epigenetic variations between the mutant and its wild type during the pollen abortion process. Male sterility caused by aborted pollen can result in seedless fruit. A seedless Ponkan mandarin mutant (bud sport) was used to compare the transcriptome, methylome, and metabolome with its progenitor to understand the mechanism of citrus pollen abortion. Cytological observations showed that the anther of the mutant could form microspore mother cells, although the microspores failed to develop fertile pollen at the anther dehiscence stage. Based on pollen phenotypic analysis, pollen abortion could be mainly attributed to abnormal meiosis in the mutant. A transcriptome analysis uncovered the molecular mechanisms underlying pollen abortion between the mutant and its wild type. A total of 5421 differentially expressed genes were identified, and some of these genes were involved in the meiosis, hormone biosynthesis and signaling, carbohydrate, and flavonoid pathways. A total of 50,845 differentially methylated regions corresponding to 15,426 differentially methylated genes in the genic region were found between the mutant and its wild type by the methylome analysis. The expression level of these genes was negatively correlated with their methylation level, especially in the promoter regions. In addition, 197 differential metabolites were identified between the mutant and its wild type based on the metabolome analysis. The transcription and metabolome analysis further indicated that the expression of genes in the flavonoid, carbohydrate, and hormone metabolic pathways was significantly modulated in the pollen of the mutant. These results indicated that demethylation may alleviate the silencing of carbohydrate genes in the mutant, resulting in excessive starch and sugar hydrolysis and thereby causing pollen abortion in the mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhi-Meng Gan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wen-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Ai
- Institute of Pomology and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zong-Zhou Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chun-Gen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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22
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Zhang J, Wu X, Qiu J, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Qiu X, Huang Z, Xu W. Comprehensive Comparison on the Chemical Profile of Guang Chen Pi at Different Ripeness Stages Using Untargeted and Pseudotargeted Metabolomics. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:8483-8495. [PMID: 32610017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The peel of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' (GCP), which is highly valued in China for its health-promoting effects, is usually collected at different development stages to be processed into various functional foods. In the present work, a rapid method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography Q Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry-incorporated untargeted and pseudotargeted metabolomics analysis was developed to investigate the chemical variations in GCP at different ripeness stages. Samples that originated from an individual tree were collected at immature, near mature, and mature stages. A total of 112 compounds were identified or tentatively identified, and flavonoids malonyl glycosides and polymethoxyfolavones glycosides were reported for the first time. Untargeted metabolomics analysis indicated the distinct chemical profiles and significant changes during ripeness stages. Then, a validated pseudotargeted metabolomics method based on parallel reaction monitoring was further applied with a wide coverage of targeted compounds. The GCP samples were found differing in the content variations of flavonoid aglycones, flavonoid O-/C-glycosides, polymethoxyfolavones, limonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acid, which are important for phenotypic variations at different development stages. The present study is expected to provide new insight on comprehensive utilization of citrus peels at different ripeness stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Wu
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Qiu
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yating Zhang
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihai Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xu
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
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23
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de Carvalho EV, Cifuentes-Arenas JC, de Jesus CAS, Stuchi ES, Lopes SA, Girardi EA. Optimization of sampling and monitoring of vegetative flushing in citrus orchards. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233014. [PMID: 32433657 PMCID: PMC7239491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus trees produce flushes throughout the year, but there are no criteria established for a precise shoot monitoring in orchards under tropical climate. Methods for quantification of flush dynamics would be useful for horticultural and pest management studies because different insect vectors feed and reproduce on flushes. We estimated the minimum number and distribution of trees for sampling and determined the flushing pattern over time in ‘Valencia Late’ orange trees grafted onto ‘Swingle’ citrumelo rootstock. Shoots within a square frame (0.25 m2) on two sides of the canopy were counted and classified by their phenological stage. The minimum number of samples was estimated using the mean number of shoots and area under the flush shoot dynamics (AUFSD). The temporal and spatial distribution analysis was performed by Taylor’s power law and by multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). Additionally, a shoot maturity index (SMI) based on visual qualitative assessment of flushes is proposed. Considering the mean number of shoots, it was necessary to sample two sides of 16 trees to reach a relative sampling error (Er) of 25%, whereas by the AUFSD, only five trees were necessary to reach an Er of 10%. Flushes were predominantly randomly distributed over time and space. Testing eight transects, sampled trees should be distributed throughout the block, avoiding sampling concentration in a certain area. MCA showed that the west side and the upper sampling positions of trees were more likely to be associated with younger shoots. AUFSD and the evaluation of both sides of the canopy yielded a smaller number of trees to be assessed. The SMI was a reliable metric to estimate the shoot phenology of orange trees, and correlated well (R2 > 70%) with the mean number of shoots within the square frame. Therefore, SMI has the potential to make shoot monitoring in the field more practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Vieira de Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Juan Camilo Cifuentes-Arenas
- Departamento de Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura (Fundecitrus), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Santos de Jesus
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Sanches Stuchi
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
- Estação Experimental de Citricultura de Bebedouro, Bebedouro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Augusto Girardi
- Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura (Fundecitrus), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
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24
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Munir S, Li Y, He P, Huang M, He P, He P, Cui W, Wu Y, He Y. Core endophyte communities of different citrus varieties from citrus growing regions in China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3648. [PMID: 32108149 PMCID: PMC7046616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The native microbiomes of citrus trees play important roles in plant health, with good communication between the native microbiome and the host plant. Here, we report on the native endophytes in 24 citrus varieties in nine citrus growing regions in China; some of the trees were healthy and others had asymptomatic or symptomatic huanglongbing, which is caused by the pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). We used culture-dependent analysis and characterized the isolates by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The endophytes were compared between different citrus varieties, regions, and disease states (healthy, asymptomatic, and symptomatic). The total number of endophytes isolated from most of the citrus varieties was 104-106 CFU/g of leaves, but it differed significantly by disease state, with the highest numbers in the healthy leaves and the lowest in the symptomatic leaves (p < 0.05). Among the citrus varieties, the Valencia variety had the maximum number of endophyte species (22). The most dominant endophytes were Bacillus subtilis, B. velezensis, Curtobacterium luteum, and Microbacterium testaceum. The higher frequency of B. subtilis in the healthy/asymptomatic plants compared to the symptomatic plants suggests that it has a role in huanglongbing resistance. Native endophyte communities in various citrus varieties could be used to improve citrus growth and combat CLas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Munir
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Pengfei He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Min Huang
- Agriculture College and Urban Modern Agriculture Engineering Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, Yunnan, China
| | - Pengbo He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Pengjie He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenyan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yixin Wu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Screening and Application of Microbial Strains, Kunming, 650217, Yunnan, China
- Faculty of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yueqiu He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Screening and Application of Microbial Strains, Kunming, 650217, Yunnan, China.
- Faculty of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
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Romero-Trigueros C, Cabañero JJ, Tortosa PA, Gambín JM, Maestre-Valero JF, Nicolás EN. Medium-long term effects of saline reclaimed water and regulated deficit irrigation on fruit quality of citrus. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:1350-1357. [PMID: 31617215 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-conventional water sources and water-saving techniques can be valuable in semi-arid regions, although their long-term effects on citrus quality are little known. This study evaluated the effects of irrigation with two sources, transfer water (TW) and reclaimed water (RW), combined with two irrigation strategies, full irrigation (FI) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), on fruit quality of mandarins and grapefruits during eight growth seasons. RESULTS Reclaimed water irrigation in mandarin, without water restriction, influenced maturity index (MI) less than TW-FI, because titratable acidity (TA) increased to a greater degree than soluble solid contents (SSC). Nevertheless, juice quality standards were satisfied. Regardless of the irrigation treatment (FI or RDI), a trend towards increasing fruit weight was also detected with RW. In grapefruit, its rootstock (Citrus macrophylla) enhanced salinity resilience with respect to the rootstock of mandarin ('Carrizo' citrange) and, hence, MI was not affected by RW. The RDI strategy, without saline stress (TW-RDI), increased, to a similar degree, both SSC and TA in mandarin fruit, not affecting the MI. In grapefruit, the water stress of RDI did improve the MI due to the TA did not change and SSC increased significantly, the TA did not change. The combination of both strategies, RW-RDI, decreased the MI only in some years because TA increased proportionally more than SSC in mandarin. CONCLUSIONS The medium- and long-term feasibility of using RW and RDI to irrigate citrus was demonstrated. However, they must be performed cautiously and with appropriate management to avoid damaging fruit quality as a result of phytotoxic elements. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Romero-Trigueros
- Department of Irrigation, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Juan Ja Cabañero
- Department of Irrigation, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro An Tortosa
- Department of Irrigation, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Mb Gambín
- Department of Irrigation, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José F Maestre-Valero
- Department of Food Engineering and Agricultural Equipment, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Emilio N Nicolás
- Department of Irrigation, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Di Rauso Simeone G, Di Matteo A, Rao MA, Di Vaio C. Variations of peel essential oils during fruit ripening in four lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F.) cultivars. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:193-200. [PMID: 31502246 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lemon processing procedures yield a significant amount of waste as peels, which are 57% of processed lemons and represent a possible source of bioactive compounds (essential oils, EOs). EOs were extracted from lemon fruits belonging to four cultivars harvested at four different sampling times (25 October, 23 November, 20 December, 1 February), characterized, and quantified through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS The chemical composition of EOs highlighted that 26 compounds of the four lemon cultivars at the different ripening stages were clearly identified. The compounds analysed belonged to four chemical classes: monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and fatty alcohol esters. Among the monoterpene hydrocarbons, d-limonene, β-pinene, and γ-terpinene were the most abundant; and among the oxygenated monoterpenes, α-terpineol, nerol, and geraniol were the most abundant. Quantitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the most abundant monoterpene hydrocarbons (α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, d-limonene, and γ-terpinene) highlighted that the amount of EOs decreased during ripening stages. 'Ovale di Sorrento' and 'Sfusato Amalfitano' showed the highest level of EOs in December, whereas in 'Femminello Cerza' and 'Femminello Adamo' this occurred in November. EOs, as well as the phenolic compounds, were positively correlated with the antioxidant activity (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid). CONCLUSIONS EOs reached the highest level in the four lemon cultivars at different ripening stages. Campanian cultivars ('Ovale di Sorrento' and 'Sfusato Amalfitano') showed the greatest EO content in November, whereas in Sicilian cultivars ('Femminello Cerza' and 'Femminello Adamo') this occurred in December. Besides phenolic compounds, measured in lemon peel extracts, EOs can contribute to antioxidant activity, as demonstrated by the positive correlation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Di Matteo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Rao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Claudio Di Vaio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
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Tietel Z, Srivastava S, Fait A, Tel-Zur N, Carmi N, Raveh E. Impact of scion/rootstock reciprocal effects on metabolomics of fruit juice and phloem sap in grafted Citrus reticulata. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227192. [PMID: 31923191 PMCID: PMC6953815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rootstock has a significant impact on plant growth and development, including fruit maturation. However, the existence of mutual interaction between scion and rootstock is often neglected. To explore the origin of different fruit quality traits in citrus, we studied the effect of rootstock and the reciprocal interaction between scion and rootstock of nine combinations; three mandarin varieties grafted on three different rootstocks. We analyzed the metabolic profile of juice via gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS and LC-MS, respectively). Additionally, we profiled phloem sap composition in the scion and the rootstock. Quality traits of fruit and their physio-chemical characteristics were also evaluated. Results For all three cultivars, rootstock was found to affect fruit yield and biochemical fruit quality parameters (sugar and acidity) in interactions with the scions. In mandarin juice, eight of 48 compounds (two primary and six secondary) were related directly to the rootstock, and another seven (one primary and six secondary) were interactively affected by scion and rootstock. In scion and rootstock sap, six and 14 of 53 and 55 primary metabolites, respectively, were directly affected by the rootstock, while 42 and 33 were affected by rootstock interactively with scion, respectively. Conclusion In this work, we show for the first time a reciprocal effect between rootstock and scion. Based on our results, the scion and rootstock interaction might be organ, distance or time dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipora Tietel
- Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, Gilat, Israel
| | - Snehil Srivastava
- French Associates Institutes for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), Sede-Boqer Campus, Sede Boker, Israel
| | - Aaron Fait
- French Associates Institutes for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), Sede-Boqer Campus, Sede Boker, Israel
| | - Noemi Tel-Zur
- French Associates Institutes for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), Sede-Boqer Campus, Sede Boker, Israel
| | - Nir Carmi
- Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, Gilat, Israel
| | - Eran Raveh
- Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, Gilat, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Li J, Xiao L, Cheng Y, Cheng Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Ding L. Applications of carbon quantum dots to alleviate Cd 2+ phytotoxicity in Citrus maxima seedlings. Chemosphere 2019; 236:124385. [PMID: 31545192 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution may affect plant growth. The focus of this study was to explore remediation agents that alleviate cadmium toxicity in plants. The Citrus maxima (grapefruit) seedlings were cultivated for 10 days under hydroponic conditions amended with different concentrations of Cd2+ (50 and 200 mg/L) and CDs (600 and 900 mg/L). Our observations on roots and leaves showed that, the plant exposed to 200 mg/L Cd2+ alone was damaged, supported by the changes in anthocyanin contents, activity of antioxidant enzymes and cell membrane peroxidation damage (up to 35.8-45%). However, the physiological properties of the plant were improved upon exposed to 200 mg/L Cd2+ plus 900 mg/L CDs; it can be ascribed to Cd2+ sorption to the co-exposed CDs which reduced its freely dissolved concentration by more than 22.5%, thus significantly reducing the amount of Cd2+ entered the plant roots by 50.7-89.4%. Due to the oxidative stress induced by Cd2+ exposure at 200 mg/L, expression of glutathione-producing genes was up-regulated by 30-360% relative to the control, while the genes expression upon exposure to 200 mg/L Cd2+ and 900 mg/L CDs was reduced by 48.4-91.5% relative to that exposed to 200 mg/L Cd2+ alone. However, detoxification of CDs on plant leaves at 600 mg/L was insignificant, because a portion of Cd2+ taken up by roots can be transported to leaves associated with the internalized CDs. Therefore, CDs can be utilized as a repair agent to mitigate toxicity of Cd2+ to plant especially at a high amendment level (900 mg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Lian Xiao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongchao Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuxuan Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yunqiang Wang
- Institute of Economic Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Xilong Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Liyun Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for Fiber Optic Sensing Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Liao L, Dong T, Qiu X, Rong Y, Wang Z, Zhu J. Nitrogen nutrition is a key modulator of the sugar and organic acid content in citrus fruit. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223356. [PMID: 31600253 PMCID: PMC6786551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
'Huangguogan' (Citrus reticulata × C. sinensis) is a new cultivar of mandarin citrus in China, and the research on fertilization of 'Huangguogan' is very limited. In this study, the effect of N fertilization on 'Huangguogan' fruit quality was determined at ripening. Sugars (sucrose, fructose, and glucose), organic acids (pyruvic, oxalic, citric acid, etc.), and vitamin components were measured at six stages of fruit development, and eight enzymes related to the glycolytic and Krebs cycle were assessed. The 1.81 kg N y-1 treatment group showed the highest total soluble solids concentration and total soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio but the lowest titratable acidity (acid content) at ripening, while the N1 treatment (0 kg N y-1) showed the opposite trend. Sucrose and citric acid accumulated to the largest extent during fruit development. Sucrose and ascorbic acid content increased (8.46 to 50.97 mg g-1 and 8.16 to 27.39 mg g-1, respectively), while citric acid content decreased (90.81 to 0.02 mg g-1). Aconitase was the key enzyme responsible for the observed changes in citric acid. The N concentrations in ripening fruit ranged from 2.25% to 4.15%. Curve estimation and principal component analysis revealed that fruit N was positively correlated with the sugars and vitamin components and negatively correlated with the organic acids. The accumulation of these metabolites seemed closely related to the dynamic changes in fruit N concentration at the five N levels tested. In conclusion, we suggest that the 1.81 kg N y-1 treatment represents the most suitable N fertilizer treatment for 'Huangguogan' citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tiantian Dong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Qiu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Rong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jin Zhu
- Sichuan Provincial Agricultural Department, Chengdu, China
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Li Q, Chen HH, Qi YP, Ye X, Yang LT, Huang ZR, Chen LS. Excess copper effects on growth, uptake of water and nutrients, carbohydrates, and PSII photochemistry revealed by OJIP transients in Citrus seedlings. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:30188-30205. [PMID: 31422532 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seedlings of 'Shatian pummelo' (Citrus grandis) and 'Xuegan' (Citrus sinensis) were supplied daily with nutrient solution at a concentration of 0.5 (control), 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 μM CuCl2 for 6 months. Thereafter, seedling growth; leaf, root, and stem levels of nutrients; leaf gas exchange; levels of pigments; chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP) transients and related parameters; leaf and root relative water content; levels of nonstructural carbohydrates; H2O2 production rate; and electrolyte leakage were comprehensively examined (a) to test the hypothesis that Cu directly damages root growth and function, thus impairing water and nutrient uptake and hence inhibiting shoot growth; (b) to establish whether the Cu-induced preferential accumulation of Cu in the roots is involved in Cu tolerance of Citrus; and (c) to elucidate the possible causes for the Cu-induced decrease in photosynthesis. Most of the growth and physiological parameters were greatly altered only at 300-500 μM (excess) Cu-treated seedlings. Cu supply increased the level of Cu in the roots, stems, and leaves, with a greater increase in the roots than that in the stems and leaves. Many of the fibrous roots became rotten and died under excess Cu. These findings support the hypothesis that Cu directly damages root growth and function, thus impairing water and nutrient uptake and hence inhibiting shoot growth, and the conclusion that the preferential accumulation of Cu in the roots under excess Cu is involved in the tolerance of Citrus to Cu toxicity. The lower CO2 assimilation in excess Cu-treated leaves was caused mainly by nonstomatal factors, including structural damage to thylakoids, feedback inhibition due to increased accumulation of nonstructural carbohydrates, decreased uptake of water and nutrients, increased production of reactive oxygen species, and impaired photosynthetic electron transport chain. Also, we discussed the possible causes for the excess Cu-induced decrease in leaf pigments and accumulation of nonstructural carbohydrates in the roots and leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huan-Huan Chen
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yi-Ping Qi
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lin-Tong Yang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zeng-Rong Huang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Li-Song Chen
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Mora AD, Rosario J, Rojano-Delgado AM, Palma-Bautista C, Torra J, Alcántara-de la Cruz R, De Prado R. Multiple Resistance to Synthetic Auxin Herbicides and Glyphosate in Parthenium hysterophorus Occurring in Citrus Orchards. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:10010-10017. [PMID: 31414816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dominican farmers have started to apply synthetic auxin herbicides (SAHs) as the main alternative to mitigate the impacts of the occurrence of glyphosate-resistant (GR) Parthenium hysterophorus populations in citrus orchards. A GR P. hysterophorus population survived field labeled rates of glyphosate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), dicamba, and picloram, which showed poor control (<50%). In in vivo assays, resistance levels were high for glyphosate and moderate for picloram, dicamba, and 2,4-D. Sequencing the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene revealed the double Thr-102-Ile and Pro-106-Ser amino acid substitution, conferring resistance to glyphosate. Additionally, reduced absorption and impaired translocation contributed to this resistance. Regarding SAH, impaired 2,4-D transport and enhanced metabolism were confirmed in resistant plants. The application of malathion improved the efficacy of SAHs (control >50%), showing that metabolism of these herbicides was mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes. This study reports, for the first time, multiple resistance to SAHs and glyphosate in P. hysterophorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés D Mora
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Edaphology , University of Cordoba , 14071 Cordoba , Spain
| | - Jesús Rosario
- Universidad Católica Tecnológica del Cibao-UCATECI , La Vega 41000 , República Dominicana
| | - Antonia M Rojano-Delgado
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Edaphology , University of Cordoba , 14071 Cordoba , Spain
| | | | - Joel Torra
- Department d'Hortofructicultura, Botánica i Jardineria, Agrotecnio , Universitat de Lleida , 25198 Lleida , Spain
| | | | - Rafael De Prado
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Edaphology , University of Cordoba , 14071 Cordoba , Spain
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Mesejo C, Martínez-Fuentes A, Reig C, Agustí M. The flower to fruit transition in Citrus is partially sustained by autonomous carbohydrate synthesis in the ovary. Plant Sci 2019; 285:224-229. [PMID: 31203887 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Why evergreen fruit tree species accumulate starch in the ovary during flower bud differentiation in spring, as deciduous species do during flower bud dormancy, is not fully understood. This is because in evergreen species carbon supply is assured by leaves during flower development. We suggest the existence of an autonomous mechanism in the flowers which counteracts the competition for photoassimilates with new leaves, until they become source organs. Our hypothesis is that starch accumulated during Citrus ovary ontogeny originates from 1) its own photosynthetic capacity and 2) the mobilization of reserves. Through defoliation experiments, we found that ovaries accumulate starch during flower ontogeny using a dual mechanism: 1) the autotrophic route of source organs activating Rubisco (RbcS) genes expression, and 2) the heterotrophic route of sink organs that hydrolyze sucrose in the cytosol. Defoliation 40 days before anthesis did not significantly reduce ovary growth, flower abscission or starch concentration up to 20 days after anthesis (i.e. 60 days later). Control flowers activated the energy depletion signaling system (i.e. SnRK1) and RbcS gene expression around athesis. Defoliation accelerated and boosted both activities, increasing SPS gene expression (sucrose synthesis), and SUS1, SUS3 and cwINV (sucrose hydrolysis) to maintain a glucose threshold which satisfied its need to avoid abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mesejo
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - A Martínez-Fuentes
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Reig
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Agustí
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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Xu Y, Zhu C, Xu C, Sun J, Grierson D, Zhang B, Chen K. Integration of Metabolite Profiling and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Genes Related to Volatile Terpenoid Metabolism in Finger Citron ( C. medica var. sarcodactylis). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142564. [PMID: 31311090 PMCID: PMC6680504 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Finger citron (Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis) is a popular ornamental tree and an important source of essential oils rich in terpenoids, but the mechanisms behind volatile formation are poorly understood. We investigated gene expression changes combined with volatile profiling of ten samples from three developing organs: flower, leaf, and fruit. A total of 62 volatiles were identified with limonene and γ-terpinene being the most abundant ones. Six volatiles were identified using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) that could be used as markers for distinguishing finger citron from other citrus species. RNA-Seq revealed 1,611,966,118 high quality clean reads that were assembled into 32,579 unigenes. From these a total of 58 terpene synthase (TPS) gene family members were identified and the spatial and temporal distribution of their transcripts was measured in developing organs. Transcript levels of transcription factor genes AP2/ERF (251), bHLH (169), bZIP (76), MYB (155), NAC (184), and WRKY (66) during finger citron development were also analyzed. From extracted subnetworks of three modules constructed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), thirteen TPS genes and fifteen transcription factors were suggested to be related to volatile terpenoid formation. These results provide a framework for future investigations into the identification and regulatory network of terpenoids in finger citron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaying Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Changqing Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Zhejiang Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Bo Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Magwaza LS, Carmen Alamar M, Tesfay SZ, Mditshwa A, Opara UL, Terry LA. Investigating the involvement of ABA, ABA catabolites and cytokinins in the susceptibility of 'Nules Clementine' mandarin to rind breakdown disorder. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:4142-4149. [PMID: 30767237 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Nules Clementine' mandarin was used to investigate the potential involvement of endogenous plant hormones in mediating citrus fruit susceptibility to rind breakdown disorder (RBD). The effect of light exposure (namely canopy position and bagging treatments) on the endogenous concentration of ABA, 7'-hydroxy-abscisic acid (7-OH-ABA), ABA-glucose ester (ABA-GE) and dihydrophaseic acid (DPA), and t-zeatin was tested using four preharvest treatments: outside, outside bagged, inside and inside bagged. Phytohormones concentration was evaluated during nine weeks of postharvest storage at 8 °C. RESULTS The shaded fruit inside the canopy had the highest RBD score (0.88) at the end of postharvest storage, while sun-exposed fruit had the lowest score (0.12). Before storage, ABA concentration was lowest (462.8 µg kg-1 ) for inside fruit, and highest in outside bagged fruit (680.5 µg kg-1 ). Although ABA concentration suddenly increased from the third week, reaching a maximum concentration of 580 µg kg-1 at week 6 in fruit from inside position, it generally reduced 1.6-fold ranging from 240.52 to 480.65 µg kg-1 throughout storage. The increase of 7-OH-ABA was more prominent in fruit from inside canopy. Overall, the concentration of ABA-GE increased three-fold with storage time. DPA concentration of bagged fruit from inside canopy position was significantly higher compared to outside fruit. The lower ABA-GE and higher DPA concentration in inside bagged fruit throughout storage also coincided with higher RBD. CONCLUSION The strong positive correlations between 7-OH-ABA, DPA and RBD incidence demonstrated that these ABA catabolites could be used as biomarkers for fruit susceptibility to the disorder. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lembe S Magwaza
- Discipline of Horticultural Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
- Discipline of Crop Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
- Plant Science Laboratory, Cranfield University, UK
| | | | - Samson Z Tesfay
- Discipline of Horticultural Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Asanda Mditshwa
- Discipline of Horticultural Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Umezuruike L Opara
- Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, South African Research Chair in Postharvest Technology, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, South African Research Chair in Postharvest Technology, Department of Food Science, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Leon A Terry
- Plant Science Laboratory, Cranfield University, UK
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Chen J, Yuan Z, Zhang H, Li W, Shi M, Peng Z, Li M, Tian J, Deng X, Cheng Y, Deng CH, Xie Z, Zeng J, Yao JL, Xu J. Cit1,2RhaT and two novel CitdGlcTs participate in flavor-related flavonoid metabolism during citrus fruit development. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:2759-2771. [PMID: 30840066 PMCID: PMC6506761 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Neohesperidosides are disaccharides that are present in some flavonoids and impart a bitter taste, which can significantly affect the commercial value of citrus fruits. In this study, we identified three flavonoid-7-O-di-glucosyltransferase (dGlcT) genes closely related to 1,2-rhamnosyltransferase (1,2RhaT) in citrus genomes. However, only 1,2RhaT was directly linked to the accumulation of neohesperidoside, as demonstrated by association analysis of 50 accessions and co-segregation analysis of an F1 population derived from Citrus reticulata × Poncirus trifoliata. In transgenic tobacco BY2 cells, over-expression of CitdGlcTs resulted in flavonoid-7-O-glucosides being catalysed into bitterless flavonoid-7-O-di-glucosides, whereas over-expression of Cit1,2RhaT converted the same substrate into bitter-tasting flavonoid-7-O-neohesperidoside. Unlike 1,2RhaT, during citrus fruit development the dGlcTs showed an opposite expression pattern to CHS and CHI, two genes encoding rate-limiting enzymes of flavonoid biosynthesis. An uncoupled availability of dGlcTs and substrates might result in trace accumulation of flavonoid-7-O-di-glucosides in the fruit of C. maxima (pummelo). Past human selection of the deletion and functional mutation of 1,2RhaT has led step-by-step to the evolution of the flavor-related metabolic network in citrus. Our research provides the basis for potentially improving the taste in citrus fruit through manipulation of the network by knocking-out 1,2RhaT or by enhancing the expression of dGlcT using genetic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ziyu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Wenyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Guizhou Fruit Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Meiyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhaoxin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Cecilia Hong Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jiwu Zeng
- Guangdong Fruit Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
- Correspondence: or
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Correspondence: or
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Liao L, Dong T, Liu X, Dong Z, Qiu X, Rong Y, Sun G, Wang Z. Effect of nitrogen supply on nitrogen metabolism in the citrus cultivar 'Huangguogan'. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213874. [PMID: 30897177 PMCID: PMC6428318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen metabolism in citrus has received increased attention due to its effects on plant growth and productivity. However, little is known about the effects of nitrogen fertilization on nitrogen metabolism in young trees of citrus cultivar ‘Huangguogan’ (Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis). Here, genes encoding nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and asparagine synthetase (AS), represented as HgNR, HgNiR, HgGS, HgGDH, and HgAS, respectively, were cloned from Huangguogan. Deduced protein sequences were analyzed and proteins were confirmed to be localized in their respective cellular organelles. Moreover, pot-cultured ‘Huangguogan’ seedlings were fertilized with 0 (N1), 1.36 (N2), 1.81 (N3), 2.26 (N4), or 2.72 (N5) kg N/year, for 12 months. Enzyme activity and enzyme-gene expression were studied in roots, leaves, and fruits at different stages. Finally, the effects of N application rate on root activity, leaf N, soluble protein, yield, and fruit quality at the ripening stage were measured. The results showed that: 1) HgNR, HgNiR, HgGDH, and HgAS gene products were found mainly in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane, while HgGS gene product was found mainly in cytoplasm and mitochondria. 2) Gene expression and enzyme activity differed among plant organs. As the root is in permanent direct contact with the soil we suggest that root gene expression and enzyme activity can be used as reference to determine N application rate. 3) Yield, fruit quality, enzyme activity, and enzyme-related gene expression were considerably lower at low than at high-N supply. However, they were all inhibited by excess nitrogen (i.e., 2.72 kg/year). Therefore, we recommend 1.81 kg N/year as the optimal N application rate for young ‘Huangguogan’ trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tiantian Dong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinya Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixiang Dong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Qiu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Rong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guochao Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail:
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Muñoz-Fambuena N, Nicolás-Almansa M, Martínez-Fuentes A, Reig C, Iglesias DJ, Primo-Millo E, Mesejo C, Agustí M. Genetic inhibition of flowering differs between juvenile and adult Citrus trees. Ann Bot 2019; 123:483-490. [PMID: 30289429 PMCID: PMC6377094 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In woody species, the juvenile period maintains the axillary meristems in a vegetative stage, unable to flower, for several years. However, in adult trees, some 1-year-old meristems flower whereas others remain vegetative to ensure a polycarpic growth habit. Both types of trees, therefore, have non-flowering meristems, and we hypothesize that the molecular mechanism regulating flower inhibition in juvenile trees is different from that in adult trees. METHODS In adult Citrus trees, the main endogenous factor inhibiting flower induction is the growing fruit. Thus, we studied the expression of the main flowering time, identity and patterning genes of trees with heavy fruit load (not-flowering adult trees) compared to that of 6-month-old trees (not-flowering juvenile trees). Adult trees without fruits (flowering trees) were used as a control. Second, we studied the expression of the same genes in the meristems of 6-month, and 1-, 3-, 5- and 7-year-old juvenile trees compared to 10-year-old flowering trees. KEY RESULTS The axillary meristems of juvenile trees are unable to transcribe flowering time and patterning genes during the period of induction, although they are able to transcribe the FLOWERING LOCUS T citrus orthologue (CiFT2) in leaves. By contrast, meristems of not-flowering adult trees are able to transcribe the flowering network genes but fail to achieve the transcription threshold required to flower, due to CiFT2 repression by the fruit. Juvenile meristems progressively achieve gene expression, with age-dependent differences from 6 months to 7 years, FD-like and CsLFY being the last genes to be expressed. CONCLUSIONS During the juvenile period the mechanism inhibiting flowering is determined in the immature bud, so that it progressively acquires flowering ability at the gene expression level of the flowering time programme, whereas in the adult tree it is determined in the leaf, where repression of CiFT2 gene expression occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Muñoz-Fambuena
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterraneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, CP, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - A Martínez-Fuentes
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterraneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, CP, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Reig
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterraneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, CP, Valencia, Spain
| | - D J Iglesias
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, crta Moncada-Náquera, km 4.5, Moncada, CP, Spain
| | - E Primo-Millo
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, crta Moncada-Náquera, km 4.5, Moncada, CP, Spain
| | - C Mesejo
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterraneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, CP, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Agustí
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterraneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, CP, Valencia, Spain
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Balfagón D, Zandalinas SI, Gómez-Cadenas A. High temperatures change the perspective: Integrating hormonal responses in citrus plants under co-occurring abiotic stress conditions. Physiol Plant 2019; 165:183-197. [PMID: 30091288 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants growing in the field are subjected to multiple stress factors acting simultaneously. Abnormally high temperatures are expected to affect wild plants and crops in the next years due to global warming. In this work, we have studied physiological, hormonal and molecular responses of the citrus rootstock, Carrizo citrange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf. × Citrus sinensis L. Osb.) subjected to wounding or high salinity occurring individually or in combination with heat stress. According to our results, combination of high salinity and heat stress aggravated the negative effects of salt intoxication in Carrizo. The high transpiration rate caused by high temperatures counteracted physiological responses of plants to salt stress and increased Cl- intake in leaves. In addition, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid accumulated specifically under combination of wounding and heat stress, whereas at low temperatures, wounded plants accumulated jasmonic acid (JA) and JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile). Moreover, an antagonism between salicylic acid (SA) and JA was observed, and wounded plants subjected to high temperatures did not accumulate JA nor JA-Ile whereas SA levels increased (via isochorismate synthase biosynthetic pathway). Wounded plants did not accumulate abscisic acid (ABA) but its catabolite phaseic acid. This could act as a signal for the upregulation of (ABA)-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT (ABRE)-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2 (CsAREB2) and RESPONSIVE TO DISSECATION 22 (CsRD22) in an ABA-independent way. This work uncovers some mechanisms that explain Carrizo citrange tolerance to high temperatures together with different hormonal signals in response to specific stresses. It is suggested that co-occurring abiotic stress conditions can modify (either enhance or reduce) the hormonal response to modulate specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Balfagón
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Sara I Zandalinas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
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Warburg S, Inbar M, Gal S, Salomon M, Palevsky E, Sadeh A. The effects of a windborne pollen-provisioning cover crop on the phytoseiid community in citrus orchards in Israel. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:405-412. [PMID: 29952069 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several phytoseiid species can potentially control the citrus rust mite (CRM). Their effectiveness varies, however, as do their intraguild interactions. Under laboratory conditions, Euseius stipulatus, E. scutalis and Iphiseius degenerans preyed effectively on CRM, whereas Amblyseius swirskii and Typhlodromus athiasae had no effect on CRM. In combination with A. swirskii, Euseius numbers were reduced due to intraguild predation, and consequently CRM suppression was less effective. In the field, predatory mite species can be variably provisioned by windborne pollen released from cover crops such as Rhodes grass (RG). We aimed to determine the effects of RG on the phytoseiid community in two field experiments, on different cultivars (pomelo and Shamouti orange). We also tested these communities for negative interspecific abundance relationships that are expected if their respective laboratory-observed intraguild interactions are manifested in the field. RESULTS Overall, on pomelo, we observed a dominance of A. swirskii, relatively low E. stipulatus and high CRM abundances. Amblyseius swirskii and E. stipulatus abundances were both elevated near RG, despite apparent intraguild predation by A. swirskii. Conversely, T. athiasae abundances were lower near RG, likely due to predation by A. swirskii. On Shamouti, E. stipulatus abundances were much higher than on pomelo and were not negatively related to A. swirskii abundances. There, RG increased E. stipulatus abundance, and CRM was reduced. CONCLUSION RG cover cropping can enhance CRM control, depending on variation in intraguild interactions among phytoseiids, particularly between A. swirskii and E. stipulatus. These may be modulated by climatic and/or cultivar effects. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Warburg
- Department of Entomology, Newe-Ya'ar Research Centre, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay, Israel
- Department of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Moshe Inbar
- Department of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shira Gal
- Department of Entomology, Newe-Ya'ar Research Centre, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Mor Salomon
- Israel Cohen Institute for Biological Control, Plant Production and Marketing Board, Citrus Division, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Eric Palevsky
- Department of Entomology, Newe-Ya'ar Research Centre, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Asaf Sadeh
- Department of Natural Resources, Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Centre, Rishon Letsion, Israel
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Ledesma-Escobar CA, Priego-Capote F, Robles-Olvera VJ, García-Torres R, Reyes De Corcuera JI, Luque de Castro MD. GC-MS study of changes in polar/mid-polar and volatile compounds in Persian lime (Citrus latifolia) during fruit growth. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:1020-1028. [PMID: 30009387 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus fruits possess a high content of bioactive compounds whose changes during fruit maturation have not been studied in depth. Fruits were sampled from week 1, after fruit onset (7 days after flowering), to week 14. Volatile compounds isolated by headspace-solid-phase microextraction and polar extracts from all samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS The relative abundance of 107 identified metabolites allowed differences among samples at different stages of fruit growth to be established. Principal component analysis showed a clear discrimination among samples, and analysis of variance revealed significant differences in 94 out of the 107 metabolites. Among total volatiles, monoterpenes increased their relative abundance from 86% to 94% during fruit growth, d-limonene, γ-terpinene and β-pinene being the most abundant; conversely, sesquiterpenes decreased from 11.5% to 2.8%, β-bisabolene and α-bergamotene being the most concentrated. Sugars, in general, exhibited a gradual increase in abundance, reaching a maximum between weeks 9 and 12. Citric and malic acids, representing approximately 90% of the total identified carboxylic acids, reached a maximum concentration at commercial maturity (week 14). CONCLUSION Of the 107 tentatively identified metabolites during Persian lime growth, sugars, carboxylic acids, and volatiles were those that experienced more significant changes and more clearly created differences among fruit growth stages. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Ledesma-Escobar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- University of Córdoba Agrifood Excellence Campus, Córdoba, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Feliciano Priego-Capote
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- University of Córdoba Agrifood Excellence Campus, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Víctor J Robles-Olvera
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico
| | | | - José I Reyes De Corcuera
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - María D Luque de Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- University of Córdoba Agrifood Excellence Campus, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Terol J, Nueda MJ, Ventimilla D, Tadeo F, Talon M. Transcriptomic analysis of Citrus clementina mandarin fruits maturation reveals a MADS-box transcription factor that might be involved in the regulation of earliness. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:47. [PMID: 30704398 PMCID: PMC6357379 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harvest time is a relevant economic trait in citrus, and selection of cultivars with different fruit maturity periods has a remarkable impact in the market share. Generation of early- and late-maturing cultivars is an important target for citrus breeders, therefore, generation of knowledge regarding the genetic mechanisms controlling the ripening process and causing the early and late phenotypes is crucial. In this work we analyze the evolution of the transcriptome during fruit ripening in 3 sport mutations derived from the Fina clementine (Citrus clementina) mandarin: Clemenules (CLE), Arrufatina (ARR) and Hernandina (HER) that differ in their harvesting periods. CLE is considered a mid-season cultivar while ARR and HER are early- and late-ripening mutants, respectively. RESULTS We used RNA-Seq technology to carry out a time course analysis of the transcriptome of the 3 mutations along the ripening period. The results indicated that in these mutants, earliness and lateness during fruit ripening correlated with the advancement or delay in the expression of a set of genes that may be implicated in the maturation process. A detailed analysis of the transcription factors known to be involved in the regulation of fruit ripening identified a member of the MADS box family whose expression was lower in ARR, the early-ripening mutant, and higher in HER, the late-ripening mutant. The pattern of expression of this gene during the maturation period was basically contrary to those of the ethylene biosynthetic genes, SAM and ACC synthases and ACC oxidase. The gene was present in hemizygous dose in the early-ripening mutant. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis provides new clues about the genetic control of fruit ripening in citrus and allowed the identification of a transcription factor that could be involved in the early phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Terol
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - M. José Nueda
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Daniel Ventimilla
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - Francisco Tadeo
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - Manuel Talon
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
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Navarro JM, Morte A. Mycorrhizal effectiveness in Citrus macrophylla at low phosphorus fertilization. J Plant Physiol 2019; 232:301-310. [PMID: 30551095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted with seedlings of Citrus macrophylla Wester to study the effects of P nutrition on plants inoculated with a mixture (Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae) of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The treatments consisted of factorial combinations of two factors: mycorrhization (-AM: non-inoculated plants, and +AM: inoculated plants) and P nutrition (0, 0.1, 1, and 5 mM P). After the P treatments had been applied for 165 days, the AM fungi showed an important effect on plant growth and P uptake, but this effect depended on the P fertilization. In the absence of P fertilization, inoculation with the AM fungi had little impact on P nutrition and plant growth. However, when 0.1 or 1 mM P was supplied, inoculation had a clear beneficial effect on plant growth, since P nutrition was significantly improved, the maximum growth of the +AM plants occurring at 1 mM P. The supply of 5 mM P did not increase plant growth with regard to 1 mM P due to a lack of improvement in leaf P nutrition and photosynthesis. The higher demand of the AM fungi in the roots of the +AM plants for sucrose reduced the concentration of sucrose in the leaves of plants receiving 5 mM P, and of fructose and glucose in the roots of plants supplied with 0.1 or 1 mM P, relative to the -AM plants. The inoculated plants grown with 5 mM P had a decreased starch concentration in their roots, in order to supply the high sugar demand of the AM fungi. The C drain towards the AM fungi in the +AM plants may have been compensated by a higher photosynthetic rate and improved mineral nutrition. Inoculation improved plant P nutrition in the 0.1 and 1 mM P treatments but had a lesser effect at 5 mM P. The tissue levels of certain nutrients, such as Mg, improved with inoculation regardless of the P treatment, but those of other nutrients - such as Zn or Fe - increased more in the +AM plants with lower P supply. So, in general, the +AM C. macrophylla plants receiving the highest P supply did not show improved mineral nutrition relative to the -AM plants. Overall, the results indicate that when the availability of P to C. macrophylla plants is high, the lower benefits received by the plants from the C-for-P trade can convert a mutualistic relationship between the host plant and AM fungi into a parasitic one since colonization can persist even when the availability of P in the soil is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa M Navarro
- Equipo de Riego y Fisiología del Estrés, IMIDA, C/ Mayor s/n, 30150, La Alberca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Asunción Morte
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Spain
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Yang C, Zhong Y, Powell CA, Doud MS, Duan Y, Huang Y, Zhang M. Antimicrobial Compounds Effective against Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Discovered via Graft-based Assay in Citrus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17288. [PMID: 30470774 PMCID: PMC6251869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35461-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), the most destructive citrus disease, is caused by three species of phloem-limited Candidatus Liberibacter. Chemical control is a critical short-term strategy against Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las). Currently, application of antibiotics in agricultural practices is limited due to public concerns regarding emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and potential side effects in humans. The present study screened 39 antimicrobials (non-antibiotics) for effectiveness against Las using an optimized graft-based screening system. Results of principal component, hierarchical clustering and membership function analyses demonstrated that 39 antimicrobials were clustered into three groups: "effective" (Group I), "partly effective" (Group II), and "ineffective" (Group III). Despite different modes of action, 8 antimicrobials (aluminum hydroxide, D,L-buthionine sulfoximine, nicotine, surfactin from Bacillus subtilis, SilverDYNE, colloidal silver, EBI-601, and EBI-602), were all as highly effective at eliminating or suppressing Las, showing both the lowest Las infection rates and titers in treated scions and inoculated rootstock. The ineffective group, which included 21 antimicrobials, did not eliminate or suppress Las, resulting in plants with increased titers of Candidatus Liberibacter. The other 10 antimicrobials partly eliminated/suppressed Las in treated and graft-inoculated plants. These effective antimicrobials are potential candidates for HLB control either via rescuing infected citrus germplasms or restricted field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Biological Resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, China
- Indian River Research and Education Center-Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
- Fruit research institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350003, China
| | - Yun Zhong
- Indian River Research and Education Center-Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Charles A Powell
- Indian River Research and Education Center-Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Melissa S Doud
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-US Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Yongping Duan
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-US Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Youzong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Biological Resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, China
- Indian River Research and Education Center-Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Muqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Biological Resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, China.
- Indian River Research and Education Center-Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA.
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-US Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA.
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Della Vechia JF, Ferreira MC, Andrade DJ. Interaction of spirodiclofen with insecticides for the control of Brevipalpus yothersi in citrus. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:2438-2443. [PMID: 29573135 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mite Brevipalpus yothersi (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) is of great importance in citriculture because it is a vector of the disease citrus leprosis. The frequency of application of a combination of pesticides has increased because of an increase in the occurrence of economically important pests of citrus. However, the combined effect of acaricide and other insecticides targeting B. yothersi is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a combination of spirodiclofen and other insecticides on the control of B. yothersi. RESULTS Analysis using spirodiclofen alone resulted in 97.22% efficiency in the control of B. yothersi on day 7 after application. A combination of spirodiclofen with either phosmet or imidacloprid resulted in 55% and 59% efficiency, respectively. A reduction in the efficiency of mite control by up to 42% was observed when the mites were exposed to a combination of acaricide with other insecticides. CONCLUSIONS Application of a combination of spirodiclofen with phosmet or imidacloprid compromises the efficiency of acaricide in the control of B. yothersi. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo C Ferreira
- Department of Crop Protection, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Daniel J Andrade
- Department of Crop Protection, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Vives-Peris V, Gómez-Cadenas A, Pérez-Clemente RM. Salt stress alleviation in citrus plants by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Pseudomonas putida and Novosphingobium sp. Plant Cell Rep 2018; 37:1557-1569. [PMID: 30062625 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2328-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This work reveals the protective role of two rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas putida and Novosphingobium sp., on citrus plants subjected to salt stress conditions. Detrimental salt stress effects on crops are likely to increase due to climate change reducing the quality of irrigation water. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) can mitigate stress-induced damage in plants cultivated under high salinity conditions. In this work, Citrus macrophylla (alemow) plants inoculated with the rhizobacteria Pseudomonas putida KT2440 or Novosphingobium sp. HR1a were subjected to salt stress for 30 days. Results showed that in absence of salt stress, Novosphingobium sp. HR1a induced a decrease of transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (gs). Both rhizobacteria reduced salt stress-induced damage. Levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) were lower in inoculated plants under salt stress conditions. Similarly, under stress conditions maximum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) in inoculated plants decreased to a lower extent than in non-inoculated ones. In stressed plants, Novosphingobium sp. HR1a also induced leaf accumulation of 3-indole acetic acid (IAA) and a delay in the decrease of quantum yield (ΦPSII). P. putida KT2440 inhibited root chloride and proline accumulation in response to salt stress. Although both bacterial species had beneficial effects on salt-stressed citrus plants, Novosphingobium sp. HR1a induced a better plant performance. Therefore, both strains could be candidates to be used as PGPRs in programs of inoculation for citrus protection against salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Vives-Peris
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Rosa María Pérez-Clemente
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain.
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Zanardi OZ, Bordini GP, Franco AA, de Morais MR, Yamamoto PT. Spraying pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides can induce outbreaks of Panonychus citri (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) in citrus groves. Exp Appl Acarol 2018; 76:339-354. [PMID: 30341475 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) is one of the main defoliator mites in citrus groves. In Brazil, P. citri was formerly considered a secondary pest, but in recent years, the population levels of this mite have increased in many groves, requiring additional acaricide applications for its control. The population growth of P. citri is associated with the increase in the number of applications of pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides to control insect citrus pests. This study assessed the effects of pyrethroid (deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, λ-cyhalothrin) and neonicotinoid (imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) insecticides on biological, behavioral and demographic parameters of P. citri. None of the insecticides tested affected larval hatching, but deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, and λ-cyhalothrin reduced the survival of larvae and protonymphs. Deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, and λ-cyhalothrin induced a significant increase in the fecundity of surviving females. Pyrethroids also caused repellency and changed feeding and oviposition preferences. In contrast, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam did not affect the survival of immature stages, but imidacloprid significantly increased fecundity. Imidacloprid and thiamethoxam did not cause any repellent effect or changes in the feeding and oviposition preferences. Based on the demographic parameters, deltamethrin, λ-cyhalothrin, and imidacloprid increased Ro, r, and λ, whereas esfenvalerate and thiamethoxam were similar to the control. Therefore, the use of these insecticides (especially deltamethrin, λ-cyhalothrin, and imidacloprid) requires caution, such as avoiding repeated use of these compounds during the periods of P. citri incidence in citrus groves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odimar Zanuzo Zanardi
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11 - Agronomia, Piracicaba, São Paulo, CEP 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Pavan Bordini
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11 - Agronomia, Piracicaba, São Paulo, CEP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Aline Aparecida Franco
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11 - Agronomia, Piracicaba, São Paulo, CEP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Matheus Rovere de Morais
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11 - Agronomia, Piracicaba, São Paulo, CEP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Takao Yamamoto
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11 - Agronomia, Piracicaba, São Paulo, CEP 13418-900, Brazil
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47
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Yang LT, Liu JW, Wu YM, Qi YP, Wang JL, Lai NW, Ye X, Chen LS. Proteome profile analysis of boron-induced alleviation of aluminum-toxicity in Citrus grandis roots. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 162:488-498. [PMID: 30015195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al)-toxicity and boron (B)-deficiency are two major factors limiting crop production in tropical and subtropical areas. Elevating B supply can alleviate the Al-induced inhibition of growth in Citrus grandis. Seedlings of C. grandis were irrigated for 18 weeks with nutrient solutions containing two B levels (2.5 and 20 μM H3BO3) and two Al levels (0 and 1.2 mM AlCl3·6H2O). By using 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) based MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS method, this study successfully identified and quantified sixty-one differentially abundant proteins in Citrus roots in response to B-Al interactions. The mechanisms underlying the B-induced alleviation of Al-toxicity unveiled by 2-DE technique could be summarized as follows: a) remodeling of cell wall by reducing the synthesis of lignin (sugar ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter ATPase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase) and increasing the modification of cell wall (UDP-forming); b) enhancing the abundances of proteasomes and turnover of dysfunctional proteins (proteasome or protease); c) increasing the abundance of stress response proteins, such as alcohol dehydrogenase, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (SAMS) and glycosyl hydrolase; d) reinforcing cellular biological regulation and signal transduction (calreticulin-1). For the first time, some proteins, such as cell division protein 48 (CDC48), calreticulin and phospholipase, which might be involved in the downstream signaling of Al in Citrus plants, were successfully identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Tong Yang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jing-Wen Liu
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Agricultural Bureau of Tianmen City, Tianmen 431700, China
| | - Yan-Mei Wu
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi-Ping Qi
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Jin-Ling Wang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ning-Wei Lai
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Li-Song Chen
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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48
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Chou YC, Ho CT, Pan MH. Immature Citrus reticulata Extract Promotes Browning of Beige Adipocytes in High-Fat Diet-Induced C57BL/6 Mice. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:9697-9703. [PMID: 30146891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a global public health issue. Promoting browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) helps to maintain energy homeostasis. Previous studies have found that citrus fruit exhibits a number of biological activities. Although most citrus fruit drop has been considered agricultural waste, the ability to use it may be desirable. In this study, we investigate the antiobesity effects of immature citrus fruits in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. The main phytochemical components of immature Citrus reticulata in water extraction analyzed by HPLC are synephrine, narirutin, hesperidin, nobiletin, and tangeretin (16.0 ± 1.08, 4.52 ± 0.31, 9.14 ± 0.32, 2.54 ± 0.07, 1.67 ± 0.05 mg/g, respectively). Oral administration of 1% immature Citrus reticulata extract (ICRE) for 11 weeks markedly reduced body weight gain, epididymal fat weight, fasting blood glucose, serum triglyceride, and total cholesterol ( P < 0.05 for all). In addition, histological analysis revealed that dietary ICRE decreased adipocyte size and hepatic steatosis compared to the HFD group ( P < 0.05 for both). Furthermore, we found that mice treated with ICRE have improved cold tolerance during acute cold challenge. These effects were associated with increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and thermogenic genes in inguinal WAT. Taken together, these results suggest that ICRE can prevent obesity and lipid accumulation through induction of brown-like adipocyte formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chun Chou
- Institute of Food Science and Technology , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901-8554 , United States
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology , Asia University , Taichung 41354 , Taiwan
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49
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Simón-Grao S, Nieves M, Martínez-Nicolás JJ, Cámara-Zapata JM, Alfosea-Simón M, García-Sánchez F. Response of three citrus genotypes used as rootstocks grown under boron excess conditions. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 159:10-19. [PMID: 29730402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In citrus, the effects of an excess of boron (B) are conditioned by the type of rootstock. In the present work, the morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of seedlings from three citrus genotypes, commonly used as rootstocks in citriculture. In particular, Citrange Carrizo (CC), Citrus macrophylla (CM) and sour orange (SO) seedlings were treated with an excess of B (10 mg L-1) in the nutrient solution in order to determine the relative tolerance and to understand the possible mechanisms that make a rootstock more tolerant than the others. To assess these responses, different parameters were measured in plants, such as vegetative growth, B concentration in leaves, stems and roots, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence, the concentration of osmolytes and the activity of enzymes related to the antioxidant system. The results showed, according to the growth parameters, that the SO rootstock was the most tolerant to an excess of B; while CC was the most sensitive. This result was due to the fact that SO plants accumulated less B in leaves, as its roots have a great capacity of restricting the uptake and transport of B towards the aerial part. Moreover, SO is suggested to diminish B toxicity risk through its antioxidant system, since it presented high activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as high accumulation of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Simón-Grao
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Nieves
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Spain
| | | | - José M Cámara-Zapata
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Spain
| | - Marina Alfosea-Simón
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Sánchez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain.
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50
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Miranda MP, Zanardi OZ, Tomaseto AF, Volpe HX, Garcia RB, Prado E. Processed kaolin affects the probing and settling behavior of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Lividae). Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:1964-1972. [PMID: 29505110 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternative methods that have the potential to reduce the entry of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), the major citrus pest worldwide, into commercial groves could be a viable approach for huanglongbing management. Kaolin is an aluminum silicate that when sprayed on plants forms a white particle film that interferes with host recognition by the insects. Diaphorina citri orients towards the host plants by visual and olfactory cues. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of processed kaolin on D. citri settling (no-choice) and probing behavior [electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique] under laboratory conditions, and to study its host plant finding ability and dispersal under field conditions in the absence and presence of young shoots. RESULTS Under laboratory conditions, kaolin caused an overall reduction of 40% in the number of psyllids settled on treated seedlings; furthermore, the proportion of individuals that were able to reach the phloem was 50% lower on kaolin-treated plants than on untreated plants. In the field, the plant finding ability of D. citri was disrupted on kaolin-treated trees (overall reduction of 96%), regardless of the vegetative condition, and psyllid dispersal was slower in kaolin-treated plots than in the untreated control. CONCLUSION This study clearly demonstrates that processed kaolin interferes negatively with different aspects of the host plant finding ability of D. citri. These findings suggest that processed kaolin has a high potential to reduce huanglongbing primary infection. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo P Miranda
- Department of Entomology, Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Odimar Z Zanardi
- Department of Entomology, Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur F Tomaseto
- Department of Entomology, Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Haroldo Xl Volpe
- Department of Entomology, Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael B Garcia
- Department of Entomology, Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Prado
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Institute of State of Minas Gerais, Lavras, Brazil
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