Nanocurcumin Restores Arsenic-Induced Disturbances in Neuropharmacological Activities in Wistar Rats

The present study was carried out to examine the ameliorative potential of nanocurcumin against arsenic induced (sub-chronic) alterations in central nervous system in male Wistar rats. Nanocurcumin was synthesised and the hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential and particle size were~76.60 nm, (-) 30 mV and 95nm, respectively. Experimental rats sub-chronically exposed to sodium (meta) arsenite (As; 10 mg.kg-1; 70 days; p.o) induced significant (p<0.05) reduction in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione and favoured free radical generation and induced lipid peroxidation in brain tissue. The exposure resulted in significant (p<0.05) decrease in voluntary- and involuntary motor activities and enhanced anxiety levels. However, experimental rats receiving nanocurcumin (15 mg.kg-1; p.o) showed significant (p<0.05) recovery in enzymatic - and non-enzymatic antioxidant defence system and restoration of redox balance and overcome arsenic induced depression in motor activities and elevated anxiety levels. Further, Arsenic induced elevation in pro-inflammatory cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2 activity and prostaglandin-E2 in brain and angiotensin-II levels (plasma) was significantly (p<0.05) ameliorated by nanocurcumin. Additionally, quantitative real -time polymerase chain reaction revealed a fivefold decrease in Nox2 expression in brain following nanocurcumin administration. Thus, the study concludes that nanocurcumin can serve as a potential therapeutic candidate to counter arsenic induced redox imbalance and neuropharmacological disturbances and there exists a vast scope to exploit its utility after appropriate clinical modelling.

Fabrications of hybrid Polyurethane-Pd doped ZrO2 smart carriers for self-healing high corrosion protective coatings

The work demonstrates the effective utilization of hybrid Polyurethane - palladium doped zirconium oxide (Pd-ZrO₂) as innovative carriers for corrosion protection coatings on steel materials. ZrO₂ and Pd-ZrO₂ nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using Photodeposition followed by the hydrothermal synthesis method. The synthesized nanoparticles were then incorporated into the polyurethane matrix and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The FTIR and SEM confirm the presence of ZrO₂ and Pd-ZrO₂ nanoparticles and their morphologies in polyurethane composites material. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicated that the polyurethane matrix remained stable up to 250 °C. At 800 °C, >50% of residues are observed for Pd-ZrO₂ - polyurethane in the TGA analysis, which confirms that the primer and nanoparticles addition enhances the thermal stability of the composite. The water contact angle measurement explains the hydrophobic behavior of nanocomposite modified coatings on a mild steel substrate. It indicates that Pd-ZrO₂ and primer significantly increase the hydrophobicity of polyurethane. The major advantages of developing water-repellent or hydrophobic surfaces open up a world of possibilities for metals and alloys in terms of corrosion prevention. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and a salt spray test were used to determine the anti-corrosion behavior of the prepared polymer nanocomposites. The polymer nanocomposite coatings have better anti-corrosive capabilities when compared to pure polyurethane. The corrosion protection efficiency increased from 76.63% to 97.57% upon incorporating 2 wt % of Pd-ZrO₂ in the polyurethane matrix. The results confirmed that the modifications on the polyurethane enhanced the hydrophobicity and anti-corrosion properties of the polymer nanocomposite coatings.

Anti-dengue Potential of Mangiferin: Intricate Network of Dengue to Human Genes

Dengue fever has become one of the deadliest infectious diseases and requires the development of effective antiviral therapies. It is caused by members of the Flaviviridae family, which also cause various infections in humans, including dengue fever, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile fever, and yellow fever. In addition, since 2019, dengue-endemic regions have been grappling with the public health and socio-economic impact of the ongoing coronavirus disease 19. Co-infections of coronavirus and dengue fever cause serious health complications for people who also have difficulty managing them. To identify the potentials of mangiferin, a molecular docking with various dengue virus proteins was performed. In addition, to understand the gene interactions between human and dengue genes, Cytoscape was used in this research. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes software was used to find the paths of Flaviviridae. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and the Reactome Pathway Library were used to understand the biochemical processes involved. The present results show that mangiferin shows efficient docking scores and that it has good binding affinities with all docked proteins. The exact biological functions of type I interferon, such as interferon-α and interferon-β, were also shown in detail through the enrichment analysis of the signaling pathway. According to the docking results, it was concluded that mangiferin could be an effective drug against the complications of dengue virus 1, dengue virus 3, and non-structural protein 5. In addition, computational biological studies lead to the discovery of a new antiviral bioactive molecule and also to a deeper understanding of viral replication in the human body. Ultimately, the current research will be an important resource for those looking to use mangiferin as an anti-dengue drug.

Effect of Telmisartan on Arsenic-Induced (Sub-chronic) Perturbations in Redox Homeostasis, Pro-inflammatory Cascade and Aortic Dysfunction in Wistar Rats

An experimental study was conducted in male Wistar rats to explore the antioxidant potential of telmisartan (an AT₁ receptor blocker) to overcome arsenic ('As')-induced perturbations in redox homeostasis pro-inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin-E₂ levels and aortic dysfunction in Wistar rats. Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of six each. Group-I served as untreated control, while group-II received sodium (meta) arsenite (NaAsO₂) (10 mg/kg b.wt. p.o) for a period of 60 days. Experimental rats in group-III received treatment similar to group-II, but in addition received telmisartan (with 1% aqueous solution of Tween 80) @ 10 mg/kg b.wt. (p.o) for a similar duration, while rats in group-IV received telmisartan alone. Arsenic exposure resulted in significant (p < 0.05) elevation in the levels of superoxide anion ([Formula: see text]) radicals (control: 768.20 ± 126.77 vs group-II: 1232.75 ± 97.85 pmol of NBT reduced/min/mg protein). Telmisartan administration showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in [Formula: see text] generation (815.34 ± 43.41 pmol of NBT reduced/min/mg protein). Sub-chronic exposure to 'As' significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx and GR activity and GSH levels in the aorta, thus induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) measured as measured in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) called as malondialdehyde (MDA). However, the administration of telmisartan effectively countered the LPO (24.03 ± 1.18 nmol of MDA/g) on account of restoring the levels of aforesaid antioxidant defense system. Telmisartan administration effectively attenuated the 'As'-induced surge in pro-inflammatory cytokines (viz., IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) levels, as well as countered the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX₂) as indicated by a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PGE₂ level in the aorta. In addition to it, there was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in plasma angiotensin II (Ang-II) levels in experimental rats receiving telmisartan. Quantitative RT-PCR studies revealed that sub-chronic exposure to 'As' upregulated the Nox₂ mRNA expression, but there was a 1.2-fold reduction in expression level upon co-administration of telmisartan. Histopathological examination revealed marked recovery from 'As'-induced disruption of tunica adventitia and loss of connective tissue in experimental rats receiving telmisartan. The study concludes that telmisartan can overcome aortic dysfunction induced by sub-chronic exposure to arsenic through drinking water in experimental rats through restoration of redox balance, attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators and downregulation of Nox₂ mRNA expression.

Comparative evaluation of bond strength of resin cements with and without 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (mdp) to zirconia and effect of thermocycling on bond strength – An in vitro study

Background

To compare bond strength of resin cements with and without 10-Methacryloyloxydecyl Dihydrogen Phosphate (MDP) to zirconia and evaluate effect of thermocycling on bond strength.

Material and Methods

Standardised test specimens were fabricated as per ADA specification 131. Each Zirconia specimen was mounted in autopolymerzing acrylic resin material. The specimens were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 – specimens bonded with resin cement containing 10-MDP and Group II - specimens bonded with resin cement without 10-MDP. Forty samples of resin cement cylinders were prepared with dimensions of 6mm height and 4mm diameter in line with ADA specification 27 were cured onto the zirconia surface of 10mm x10mm x5mm using customised moulds. Specimens from each cement group were further divided into 2 subgroups: Subgroup A – Specimens that were not thermocycled and Subgroup B – Specimens that were thermocycled. Specimens were then subjected to tensile bond testing by using a Universal testing machine, the data were analysed using independent sample t test for bond strength and paired t test for effect of thermocycling. Statistical analysis used: Data was subjected to normalcy test (Shapiro-wilk test). Data showed normal distribution. Hence parametric test paired t test were applied.

Results

Paired t test revealed that the thermocycling affected the bond strength to zirconia. The highest bond strength was achieved for the resin cement with 10-MDP before thermocycling, whereas the lowest bond strength values were recorded for resin cement without 10-MDP after thermocycling.

Conclusions

Resin cement with 10-MDP showed superior bond strength to Zirconia than resin cement without 10-MDP. Adhesive failure was predominant at Zirconia and resin cement interface. Thermocycling had a significant effect on the bond strength of resin cements to zirconia, showing decreased bond strength.

Key words:10-MDP, Tensile Strength, Zirconia.

Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Bauhinia racemosa Lam.: a comprehensive review

Background

Bauhinia racemosa is not familiarly known in Asian countries due to its limited existence and lack of medicinal information. It is commonly used as a medicine, ornamental plant, fence plant, and fodder for livestock since ancient times. It is also used as a landfill tree to avoid soil erosion of the forest.

Main body

In South India, people cultivate this plant in their premises in order to protect themselves from the effects of thunder. In this review, the various research prospects of this plant have been analyzed and are summarized. The aim of this review is to provide the traditional uses, phytochemicals and pharmacological activities of B. racemosa, and to highlight the current pharmacological developments of this medicinal plant.

Conclusions

The B. racemosa has immense therapeutic potential for treating diseases with both traditional and pharmacological applications. But many traditional uses of B. racemosa have not been validated by current investigations in the aspects of pharmaceutical. Until now, research on phyto-constituents from B. racemosa has not been done in an extensive way. Hence, the identified phytochemicals of B. racemosa should also be subjected to pharmacological studies to illuminate the biological mechanisms of these unreported secondary metabolites for the prevention of diseases or microbial infections and other health disorders of human and animal races.

Energy and carbon budgeting of traditional land use change with groundnut based cropping system for environmental quality, resilient soil health and farmers income in eastern Indian Himalayas

Energy intensive traditional cereals based monoculture often lead to high greenhouse gas emissions and degradation of land and environmental quality. Present study aimed at evaluating the energy and carbon budget of diversified groundnut (Arachis hypogea L) based cropping system with over existing traditional practice towards the development of a sustainable production technology through restoration of soil and environmental quality and enhancement of farming resiliency by stabilizing farmers' income. The trials comprised of three introduced groundnut based systems viz. groundnut- pea (Pisum sativum), groundnut-lentil (Lens esculenta) and groundnut-toria (Brasssica campestris var. Toria) replacing three existing systems viz. maize (Zea mays L) - fallow, maize - toria, and rice (Oryza sativa L)-fallow systems. Four years study revealed that adoption of groundnut based systems reduced non-renewable energy input use (fertilizers, chemical, machinery and fossil fuels) by 25.5%, consequently that reduced the cost of production. Repeated analysis of variance measurement also affirmed that groundnut based systems (groundnut-pea>groundnut-lentil> groundnut-toria) increased the energy use efficiency, energy productivity, carbon use efficiency, net returns and decreased the specific energy and energy intensiveness. Groundnut based systems increased the mean system productivity and water productivity in terms of groundnut equivalent yield by 3.7 and 3.1 folds over existing practice. The savings of fossil fuel reduced greenhouse gas emissions owing to reduced use of farm machinery and synthetic fertilizers. Groundnut based systems significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the soil carbon concentration (8.7-18.1%) and enzymatic activities (27.1-51.8%) over existing practice. Consequently, estimated soil quality index values were 35.9-77.3% higher under groundnut based systems than existing practice. Thus, the study indicated the resilient nature of groundnut based systems as an environmentally safe and sustainable production technology for enhancing resource use efficiency, reduce carbon emission, energy intensiveness and cost of production in the Eastern Himalaya region of India and similar ecosystems.

High efficient de novo root-to-shoot organogenesis in Citrus jambhiri Lush.: Gene expression, genetic stability and virus indexing

A protocol for high-frequency direct organogenesis from root explants of Kachai lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) was developed. Full-length roots (~3 cm) were isolated from the in vitro grown seedlings and cultured on Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with Nitsch vitamin (MSN) with different concentrations of cytokinin [6-benzylaminopurine, (BAP)] and gibberellic acid (GA₃). The frequency of multiple shoot proliferation was very high, with an average of 34.3 shoots per root explant when inoculated on the MSN medium supplemented with BAP (1.0 mg L^–1) and GA₃ (1.0 mg L^–1). Optimal rooting was induced in the plantlets under half strength MSN medium supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 0.5–1.0 mg L^–1). IAA induced better root structure than 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), which was evident from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The expressions of growth regulating factor genes (GRF1 and GRF5) and GA₃ signaling genes (GA2OX1 and KO1) were elevated in the regenerants obtained from MSN+BAP (1.0 mg L^-1)+GA₃ (1.0 mg L^-1). The expressions of auxin regulating genes were high in roots obtained in ½ MSN+IAA 1.0 mg L^-1. Furthermore, indexing of the regenerants confirmed that there was no amplicons detected for Huanglongbing bacterium and Citrus tristeza virus. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers detected no polymorphic bands amongst the regenerated plants. This is the first report that describes direct organogenesis from the root explant of Citrus jambhiri Lush. The high-frequency direct regeneration protocol in the present study provides an enormous significance in Citrus organogenesis, its commercial cultivation and genetic conservation.

Valorization of chicken feather waste into bioactive keratin hydrolysate by a newly purified keratinase from Bacillus sp. RCM-SSR-102

The objective of this study is the characterization of a keratinase from Bacillus sp.RCM-SSR-102 and its application in the preparation of keratin hydrolysate from chicken feather waste. The purified KER102 keratinase was characterized as a serine-metallo protease having a molecular weight of 30 kDa with optimum pH and temperature of 10 and 50 °C respectively. The keratinase could retain 98% activity at pH 10 and above and 55% activity at 20% salt concentration. The KER102 keratinase was found to be stable in the presence of oxidizing agents, surfactants and organic solvents. The keratinase could also hydrolyze both soluble and insoluble complex protein substrates. The KER102 keratinase could hydrolyze up to 5% (w/v) feather releasing 1.7 ± 0.19 mg/mL soluble peptides. The feather keratin hydrolysate (FKH) had both antioxidant and antityrosinase activity. The IC₅₀ value of FKH in 2, 2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (1.02 ± 0.01 mg/mL), 2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity (20 ± +00.04 μg/mL) and anti-tyrosinase activity (1.2 ± 0.22 mg/mL) was recorded. The FKH also had DNA protecting ability against oxidative damage. Antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase compounds have potential applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry. Hence, the purified keratinase can be a potential candidate for the production of antioxidant and antityrosinase compounds from chicken feather waste.

Genetic Architecture and Anthocyanin Profiling of Aromatic Rice From Manipur Reveals Divergence of Chakhao Landraces

Aromatic rice of Manipur popularly known as Chakhao is a speciality glutinous rice, for which protection under geographical indication in India has been granted recently. The agronomic and nutraceutical variability of the Chakhao rice germplasm is yet to be genetically characterized. To address this gap, characterization of ninety-three landraces for agro-morphological traits, grain pigmentation, antioxidant properties, and molecular genetic variation was carried out to unravel their population genetic structure. Two major groups were identified based on pericarp color, namely, purple and non-purple, which showed a significant variation for plant height, panicle length, and grain yield. Molecular marker analysis revealed three subpopulations that could be associated with pericarp pigmentation. Deep purple genotypes formed POP3, japonica genotypes adapted to hill environment formed POP1, while POP2 comprised of both indica and aus types. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed two major anthocyanin compounds in pigmented rices, namely, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and peonidin-3-O-glucoside (P3G). The total anthocyanin content among pigmented genotypes ranged from 29.8 to 275.8 mg.100g-1 DW. Total phenolics ranged from 66.5 to 700.3 mg GAE.100g-1 DW with radical scavenging activity (RSA) varying between 17.7 and 65.7%. Anthocyanins and phenolics showed a direct relationship with RSA implying the nutraceutical benefits of deep pigmented rice such as Manipur black rice. Aromatic rices from Manipur were found to be genetically diverse. Therefore, efforts need to be made for maintaining the geographic identity of these rice and utilization in breeding for region-specific cultivar improvement.

Comparative study on phenolic, flavonoids and in vitro antioxidant activity of wild edible plants from Loktak Lake wetland ecosystem under North East Indian Himalayan Region

The present study investigates the antioxidant activity of 28 wild edible plants (WEPs) resources of Loktak Lake wetland ecosystem of Manipur, North East Indian Himalayan Region and their correlation with phenolics and flavonoids. Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay. The antioxidant capacity was found to wide ranges of 1.71 to 263.7 µM TEAC/g fresh weight. In three assays, maximum antioxidant capacity is in same order Jussiaea repens L. > Gynura cusimbua (D. Don) Moore > Polygonum sagitattum L. ranging from 99.5 to 263.7 µM TEAC/g fresh weight. The correlation study established that all the three antioxidant assays are positively correlated and phenolics have contributed more in antioxidant activity than flavonoids. Among 28 WEPs, Jussiaea repens L. and Gynura cusimbua (D. Don) Moore were found to be most promising. These plants can be used as source of natural antioxidant additives, nutritional supplements or ingredients of functional foods.

Reactive oxygen species scavenging mechanisms associated with polyethylene glycol mediated osmotic stress tolerance in Chinese potato

Influence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated osmotic stress on reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging machinery of Chinese potato (Solenostemon rotundifolius (Poir.) J. K. Morton) was investigated. Five genotypes of Chinese potato were raised in Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium containing 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP, 1 mg L-1) along with various concentrations of PEG-6000 mediated stress conditions (0, -0.2 and -0.5 MPa) and evaluated for osmotic stress tolerance in vitro. The medium containing PEG-6000 had a detrimental effect on plantlet growth and development while compared with the control. Accumulation of H2O2 was lower in Sreedhara and Subala and higher in Nidhi under PEG stress, which was evident by in situ detection in leaves. Lipid peroxidation product such as malondialdehyde (MDA) content was increased due to PEG stress which was more in susceptible genotype than that in tolerant ones. An enhanced ROS-scavenging antioxidant enzyme was observed under stress with respect to the control. The enzymes of ascorbate-glutathione cycle showed an important role in scavenging ROS. The imposition of PEG stress also increased the non-enzymatic antioxidants viz., the ascorbate and reduced glutathione content which was prominent in tolerant genotypes in comparison to susceptible. The present study indicated that, Sreedhara and Subala showed more tolerance to osmotic stress with better ROS scavenging machineries which would be the lines of interest for augmenting future breeding strategies in this climate resilient minor tuber crop.

Anticancer efficacy of 6-thioguanine loaded chitosan nanoparticles with or without curcumin

6-Thioguanine encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles (6-TG-CNPs) has formulated by the ionic-gelation method. Morphologically, the 6-TG-CNPs were spherical and showed mean size, PDI, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency of 261.63 ± 6.01 nm, 0.34 ± 0.10, +15.97 ± 0.46 mV and 44.27%, respectively. The IR spectra confirmed the 6-TG complex with chitosan. The in vitro drug release profile of 6-TG-CNPs revealed an increase in sustained-release (91.40 ± 1.08% at 48 h) at pH 4.8 compared to less sustained-release (73.96 ± 1.12% at 48 h) at pH 7.4. The MTT assay was conducted on MCF-7 and PA-1 cell lines at 48 h incubation to determine % cell viability. The IC₅₀ values of 6-TG, 6-TG-CNPs, and curcumin for MCF-7 were 23.09, 17.82, and 15.73 μM, respectively. Likewise, IC₅₀ values of 6-TG, 6-TG-CNPs, and curcumin for PA-1 were 5.81, 3.92, and 12.89 μM, respectively. A combination of 6-TG-CNPs (IC₂₅) with curcumin (IC₂₅) on PA-1 and MCF-7 showed % cell viability of 43.67 ± 0.02 and 49.77 ± 0.05, respectively. The in vitro cytotoxicity potential in terms of % cell viability, early apoptosis, G2/M phase arrest, and DNA demethylating activity of 6-TG-CNPs alone and combination with curcumin proved to be more effective than that of 6-TG on PA-1 cells.

Genetic Variability Based on Tandem Repeat Numbers in a Genomic Locus of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Prevalent in North East India

The genetic variability of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) population associated with huanglongbing (HLB) disease of citrus in North Eastern (NE) region of India, a geographically locked region, and home for the diversity of many citrus species was analyzed on the basis of tandem repeat numbers (TRN) in variable CLIBASIA_01645 genomic loci. Fifty-five CLas strains sampled from different groves of NE Hill (NEH) region of India were in single amplicon group, but there was remarkable genetic variability in TRNs. The TRN in HLB-associated CLas strains varied from 0-21 and two novel repeat motifs were also identified. Among the NE population of CLas, TRN5 and TRN9 were most frequent (total frequency of 36.36%) followed by TRN4 (14.55%) and TRN6, TNR7 with a frequency of 12.73% each. Class II type CLas genotypes (5 < TRN ≤ 10) had highest prevalence (frequency of 60.00%) in the samples characterized in present study. Class I (TRN ≤ 5) genotypes were second highest prevalent (29.09%) in the NEH region. Further analysis of genetic diversity parameters using Nei's measure (H value) indicated wide genetic diversity in the CLas strains of NE India (H value of 0.58-0.86). Manipur CLas strains had highest genetic variability (0.86) as compared to Eastern, Southern and Central India. The R₁₀ values (TRN ≤ 10/TRN > 10) of NE CLas population was 10.43 (73/7), higher from other regions of India. Present study conclusively reported the occurrence of high genetic variability in TRN of CLas population in North East Indian citrus groves which have evolved to adapt to the specific ecological niche.

Treatment response and long term follow up in nineteen dogs diagnosed with chronic enteropathy in Australia

Chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs is common worldwide, but little data is available from Australia. The aim of this study was to describe treatment response and long-term outcome in a cohort of dogs with CE. Dogs were prospectively enrolled at Murdoch University and the University of Melbourne. After diagnostic investigation to rule out diseases other than CE, dogs underwent sequential therapeutic trials until achieving a clinical response (diet then antibiotics, and finally immunosuppressants). Success was defined as 75% reduction of clinical severity for a minimum of five weeks. A total of 21 dogs were enrolled, and 19 completed the study. One dog was euthanised for lack of response to treatment and one excluded for lack of owner compliance. Most dogs responded to diet (n = 10), followed by antibiotics (n = 7) and immunosuppressants (n = 2). Long-term remission (median 21.1 months, [3.0-44.7]) was achieved in eight out of ten dietary responders without additional treatment. In contrast, only two dogs with antibiotic response remained in long-term remission, of which one needed on-going antibiotic treatment. Longer term remission was achieved in the two dogs treated with immunosuppressants with on-going low dose therapy. This study concludes that most dogs referred for CE in Australia respond to dietary treatment (even after previous dietary interventions), and remission is long-term compared to dogs treated with an antibiotic. Furthermore, the need for long-term antibiotics in some dogs to maintain response may lead to antibiotic resistance. This study supports adequate dietary trials for CE in dogs, and a need for alternative second-line treatments.

Concentrations of interleukin-6, -8, -10 and tumour necrosis factor-α in the faeces of dogs with acute diarrhoea

AIM

To compare the concentration of faecal cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, -8, -10, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in dogs with acute diarrhoea with clinically normal (non-diarrhoeic) dogs.

METHODS

A total of 14 dogs presenting with acute diarrhoea, and 25 dogs with no history of gastrointestinal signs in the 2 months prior to enrolment, were recruited from two veterinary hospitals in Melbourne, Australia. Concentrations of IL-6, -8, -10, and TNF-α were measured in faecal samples using canine-specific ELISA.

RESULTS

The diarrhoeic dogs were diagnosed with or managed for acute gastroenteritis (n = 6), extra-intestinal neoplasia (n = 2), parvoviral enteritis (n = 1), hepatopathy (n = 1), acute pancreatitis (n = 1), hypoadrenocorticism (n = 1), gastric dilatation volvulus (n = 1) and myelopathy (n = 1). IL-6 was detectable in the faeces of 10/14 (71%) diarrhoeic and 7/25 (28%) non-diarrhoeic dogs, and median concentrations were 10.8 (min 0.0, max 54.0) and 2.0 (min 0.0, max15.0) pg/mL, respectively (p = 0.01). IL-8 was detectable in the faeces of all diarrhoeic and 11 non-diarrhoeic dogs, and median concentrations were 149.7 (min 3.72, max 730.1) and 3.4 (min 0.0, max 22.5) pg/mL, respectively (p < 0.001). TNF-α was detected in the faeces of two of the diarrhoeic dogs (3.4 and 15.6 pg/mL) and none of the non-diarrhoeic dogs. IL-10 was not detected in the faeces of any dog.

CONCLUSIONS

Faecal concentrations of IL-6 and -8 were higher in diarrhoeic compared to non-diarrhoeic dogs, and are therefore potential candidates for non-invasive biomarkers to assess the severity and resolution of acute intestinal disease in dogs. However their correlation with disease progression and severity needs to be further investigated before their full clinical application can be determined.

Genetic diversity of Chilli veinal mottle virus infecting different chilli landraces in North East India indicates the possibility of transboundary movement of virus

Diverse chilli genetic resources of North East India occupy a unique niche in the Nation's chilli gene pool. Widely cultivated chilli landraces (King chilli: Capsicum chinense, bird eye chilli: Capsicum frutescens and Capsicum annuum) of North East India in general and Manipur in particular suffer from decline complex due to high incidence of viral diseases. With this background and the known prominent distribution of Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) in Asian region, we studied its prevalence and association with diverse symptoms of chilli landraces. Molecular indexing of samples from 40 chilli plantation groves of Manipur using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR targeting the coat protein (CP) region of ChiVMV genome revealed a high incidence and wide prevalence. Out of a total of 127 chilli samples collected from different groves of Manipur, 81 chilli samples (63.78%) were positive for ChiVMV. Interestingly, ChiVMV infection rate was comparatively higher in the hilly groves (69.23% samples positive) compared to the valley groves (60% samples positive). Present study through the extensive surveys and molecular indexing work, conclusively reported the association of ChiVMV with diverse symptoms like cupping of leaf lamina with mottling, vein banding and puckering in different chilli landraces. Further, five representative ChiVMV isolates sampled from different groves of Manipur upon mechanical inoculation showed significant variation in symptom expression, indicating wide pathogenic diversity among them. Partial coat protein (CP) sequence analysis of five ChiVMV isolates from Manipur although indicated genetic homogeneity among them, but distinctiveness from ChiVMV isolates reported from the other parts of India. Phylogenetic clustering of ChiVMV isolates from Manipur near Chinese isolates rather than other Indian isolates suggested the possibility of transboundary movement.

Feather degrading, phytostimulating, and biocontrol potential of native actinobacteria from North Eastern Indian Himalayan Region

Twelve actinobacterial strains were isolated from tomato rhizospheric soil from Manipur, a state in North East Indian Himalayan Region and screened for keratinolytic and plant growth promoting traits. Nine promising isolates were identified as Streptomyces species using partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Among the seven isolates showing chicken feather degradation activity, three keratinolytic strains RCM-SSR-2, -6, and -12 were found to be the most efficient feather degrading strains achieving 90% feather weight loss within 48 h of incubation. They also showed maximum keratinase and soluble peptide production. Strain RCM-SSR-2, -5, -6, -8, and -11 showed positive results for all plant growth promoting traits tested. Maximum indole-3-acetic acid production was exhibited by RCM-SSR-6. Strain RCM-SSR-1, -2, -5, -6, -9, and -11 showed antagonistic activity against three important plant pathogens. Feather hydrolysate of RCM-SSR-6 was also evaluated for in vitro seed germination test using garden pea seeds. Higher concentration of feather protein hydrolysate (3 mg ml^-1 ) inhibited shoot and root length of the germinating embryo. However, lower concentration (0.01 mg ml^-1 ) of feather protein hydrolysate promoted seed germination. Among the 12 strains, four isolates namely RCM-SSR-1, -2, -5, and -6 were found to be promising as multi-traits plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for development of organic fertilizer, phytostimulator, and biocontrol agents.

Prospective glioma grading using single-dose dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion MRI

AIM

To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of single-dose dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in prospective evaluation of glioma grading and to correlate the relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) values with mitotic and ki-67 indexes obtained at histopathology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 53 histologically proven patients with glioma were included in this study. DCE-MRI perfusion with a single dose of contrast medium was included in brain tumour protocol and prospective grading of glioma into low and high grade was done based on a previously reported rCBV cut-off value of 3. Tumours with rCBV ≥ 3 were considered to be high grade and rCBV < 3 were considered to be low grade. The sensitivity and specificity of the cut-off value were estimated. Ki-67 and mitotic indexes were also obtained on histopathological analysis along with histological grading.

RESULTS

Based on pre-defined rCBV cut-off values, prospective grading of low- and high-grade glioma was achieved with a sensitivity and specificity of 97.22% and 100%, respectively. Significant correlation was found between the mitotic/ki-67 indexes and rCBV values when data for high- and low-grade tumours was combined.

CONCLUSION

DCE-MRI performed with a single dose of contrast medium is as effective as a protocol with a double-dose of contrast medium for glioma grading using 3 T MRI and could be added to the routine evaluation protocol of brain tumours.

Indigenous traditional knowledge and usage of folk bio-medicines among Rongmei tribe of Tamenglong district of Manipur, India

BACKGROUND

Rongmei tribe (Kooki), are inhabitant of the Charoi Chagotlong village, Tupul, Tamenglong district of Manipur have the traditional knowledge of folk bio-medicine based on diverse plant species for the prevention and cure of certain chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to document and preserve the indigenous knowledge of the Rongmei tribe on folk medicines.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The present work was based on methodical field survey conducted between 2010, to 2013. Local people of within 30-70 age groups of both sexes were interviewed and a group discussion (using a structured interview schedule), was held to know about the type of plant parts used in folk bio-medicines, and their mode of use. The interviewers were drawn from a wide array of disciplines (Vendors, Farmers club, NGO's, scientific societies, etc.), to obtain maximum information in relation to folk bio-medicine.

RESULTS

A total of 60 species belonging to 36 different families (ranging from gymnosperm to angiosperm with medicinal benefits), were discussed briefly with significant emphasis on their local name, scientific name, family, parts used; they claimed to cure various ailments from these plants in this mode of folk bio-medicine. The different plant parts used were leaves, fruits, bulbs, bark, roots, seeds, tuber, trunk, flower, shoot, whole plant, rhizome, stem, wood and berries. Based on a life form of the reported plants comprise herbs, shrubs, trees, grasses, bulb, vine, climber, tuber and succulent.

CONCLUSION

Efforts should be made to promote the use of traditional biomedicines within rural communities to preserve the traditional knowledge.

Unilateral nevoid telangiectasia syndrome (UNTS) associated with chronic hepatitis C virus and positive immunoreactivity for VEGF

Unilateral Nevoid Telangectasia Syndrome (UNTS) is characterized by superficial telangiectasias in a unilateral distribution. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may play a role in the pathogenesis of UNTS in patients with underlying hepatic disease. We report a case of a patient with UNTS accompanied by chronic hepatitis C virus infection, with a normal serum estrogen profile and strong positive immunohistochemical staining of lesional skin with VEGF.

Synthesis and characterization of certain photocrosslinkable thermotropic liquid crystalline random copolyesters containing arylidene moiety

A new series of 12 thermotropic liquid crystalline and photocrosslinkable random copolyesters were synthesized from terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid and 4,4'-oxybis(benzoic acid) with four different arylidene diols and a common diol 1,2-bis(4-hydroxybenzoyloxy)ethane by direct polycondensation with diphenylchlorophosphate. The resulting polymers had inherent viscosities in the range 1.20–1.74 dl/g. Their structural features were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The thermal behaviour of the copolyesters was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry and hot stage optical polarized microscopy. Our investigation on the effect of monomer structure on liquid crystalline behaviour shows that the copolymers containing bis(benzylidene)cycloalkanone exhibited higher melting and isotropization temperatures and extended liquid crystalline range. All of the copolymers showed some degree of crystallinity as evidenced by wide-angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The photocrosslinkability of these polymers was established with UV irradiation/UV spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

Copper and cadmium removal from synthetic industrial wastewater using chitosan and nylon 6

PURPOSE

Chitosan with nylon 6 membranes was evaluated as adsorbents to remove copper and cadmium ions from synthetic industrial wastewater.

METHODS

Chitosan and nylon 6 with glutaraldehyde blend ratio with (1:1+Glu, 1:2+Glu, and 2:1+Glu) have been prepared and these were used as membranes to remove copper and cadmium ions from synthetic industrial wastewater. Characterization of the synthesized membrane has been done with FTIR, XRD, TGA/DTA, DSC, and SEM. Chemical parameters for quantities of adsorption of heavy metal contamination have been done and the kinetics of adsorption has also been carried out.

RESULTS

The optimal pH for the removal of Cd(II) and Cu(II) using chitosan with nylon 6. Maximum removal of the metals was observed at pH 5 for both the metals. The effect of adsorbent dose also has a pronounced effect on the percentage of removal of the metals. Maximum removal of both the metals was observed at 5 g/100 ml of the adsorbent.

CONCLUSION

Copper and cadmium recovery is parallel at all time. The percentage of removal of copper increased with increase in the pH from 3 to 5. In the case of cadmium containing wastewater, the maximum removal of metal occurred at pH 5. The uptake amount of Cu(2+) ions on chitosan increased rapidly with increasing contact time from 0 to 360 min and then reaches equilibrium after 360 min; the equilibrium constant for copper and cadmium ions is more or less the same for the adsorption reaction.

Modification of pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin following oral administration of curcumin in rabbits

Investigation was carried out in adult New Zealand white rabbits to study the influence of curcumin pre-treatment on pharmacokinetic disposition of norfloxacin following single oral administration. Sixteen rabbits were divided into two groups of eight each consisting of either sex. Animals in group-I were administered norfloxacin (100 mg/kg body weight p.o), while animals in group-II received similar dose of norfloxacin after pre-treatment with curcumin (60 mg/kg body weight per day, 3 days, p.o). Blood samples were drawn from the marginal ear vein into heparin-coated vials at 0 (zero time), 5, 10, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h post-treatment. Plasma norfloxacin concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The plasma concentration-time profile of norfloxacin was adequately described by a one-compartment open model. The pharmacokinetic data revealed that curcumin-treated animals had significantly (p < or = 0.05) higher area under the plasma concentration time curve and area under the first moment of plasma drug concentration-time curve. Prior treatment of curcumin significantly (p < or = 0.05) increased elimination half-life and volume of distribution of norfloxacin. Further treatment with curcumin reduced loading and maintenance doses by 26% and 24% respectively.

Evaluation of Testicular Toxicity Following Short-term Exposure to Cypermethrin in Albino Mice

The present study was undertaken to assess the testicular toxicity following short-term exposure to cypermethrin (α-CP) in albino mice. Cypermethrin was dissolved in arachis oil and administered to two groups of mice (n = 12/group) orally at the dose rate of 250 mg/kg body weight, once a day for 28 days. Fifty percent of the animals in both the groups were sacrificed on day 14 and the remaining on day 28. Plasma samples were subjected to radioimmunoassay to determine testosterone levels. The testes were collected to determine the cholesterol levels and the activity of transaminases (AST and ALT) or epididymal alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Histological study of testicular tissue was also undertaken to examine the α-CP-induced ultrastructural changes using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). α-CP significantly (P<0.05) increased the activities of testicular AST (1.36±0.12 vs. 1.19±0.10), ALT(1.78±0.11 vs. 1.36±0.09), and significantly (P<0.05) decreased the testosterone levels (0.86±0.24 vs. 1.72±0.18). Testicular cholesterol levels were elevated in treated animals as compared to control (1.81±0.16 vs. 1.42±0.08). Epididymal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was also decreased significantly (P<0.05) in treated animals (1.10±0.20 vs. 1.64±0.1). Histological studies on day 28 revealed rupture of spermatogonic cell membrane, shrinkage in the nucleus, stages of apoptosis, condensation of chromatin, and decreased cytoplasmic organelles. The study suggested that short-term exposure to α-CP in albino mice induced toxicopathological lesions in testicular tissue leading to decreased plasma testosterone levels.

Genetic control of rodent midbrain dopaminergic neuron development in the light of human disease

Dopamine-producing neurons in the mammalian midbrain have received considerable attention in recent years because of their involvement in diverse neurological and psychiatric human disorders such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), schizophrenia and addiction. Although the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of these disorders are far from being understood, it is meanwhile accepted that a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors lead to the disease state. More recent evidence also suggests that both neurological and psychiatric disorders result from early disturbances affecting the normal development of the mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons. Understanding the cues directing the generation of the different mesDA cell groups, the establishment of their proper connections within the brain and their maintenance in the adult are therefore also of great clinical interest. Rodents, and in particular the mouse, have served as the classical "surrogate" organism for these studies based on their phylogenetic relationship to humans, their relatively well characterized mesDA system on both the anatomical and physiological levels, and especially on the propensity of the mouse to genetic manipulation enabling the dissection of genetic pathways underlying the proper generation and maintenance of the mesDA system in this species. In the present review, we will summarize recent findings in the overall context of murine mesDA neuron development.

Phytochemical observation and antibacterial activity of Cyperus esculentus L

In the present study various extracts of Cyperus esculentus L. such as acetone, 50% ethanol, chloroform and petroleum ether were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against several human pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Citrobacter freundii, by using disc diffusion method. The activity of the samples were compared with that of standard antibiotics. The qualitative phytochemical analysis was also carried out with all the extracts of the sample. Of all the extracts 50% ethanol and acetone extract were found to be rich in phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and glycosides. Acetone extract showed highest inhibitory activity against S.aureus, ILpneumoniae and P.vulgaris. 50% ethanolic extract showed maximum activity against E.coli, S.aureus and Salmonella sp. Chloroform extract maximally inhibited the growth of S.aureus whereas, petroleum ether extract showed positive results against Salmonella sp respectively. All extracts were sensitive to C. freundii.