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Brewster DT, Bycroft BL, Cooney JM, Cordiner SB, Hunt MB, Jensen DJA, McGhie TK, Sansom CE, van Klink JW, Rowan DD. Safety and Perceptions of Risk in the Handling of Laboratory Chemicals in a Biological Research Community. ACS Chem Health Saf 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.2c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane T. Brewster
- Mt Albert Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 120 Mt Albert Road, Sandringham, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Bruce L. Bycroft
- Palmerston North Papaioea Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 23 Batchelar Road, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Janine M. Cooney
- Ruakura Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Bisley Road, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - Sarah B. Cordiner
- Palmerston North Papaioea Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 23 Batchelar Road, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Martin B. Hunt
- Palmerston North Papaioea Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 23 Batchelar Road, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Dwayne J. A. Jensen
- Ruakura Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Bisley Road, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - Tony K. McGhie
- Palmerston North Papaioea Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 23 Batchelar Road, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Catherine E. Sansom
- Plant Extracts Research Unit, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - John W. van Klink
- Plant Extracts Research Unit, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Daryl D. Rowan
- Palmerston North Papaioea Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 23 Batchelar Road, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
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Souleyre EJF, Bowen JK, Matich AJ, Tomes S, Chen X, Hunt MB, Wang MY, Ileperuma NR, Richards K, Rowan DD, Chagné D, Atkinson RG. Genetic control of α-farnesene production in apple fruit and its role in fungal pathogenesis. Plant J 2019; 100:1148-1162. [PMID: 31436867 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are important compounds in plant trophic interactions. A meta-analysis of GC-MS data from a diverse range of apple (Malus × domestica) genotypes revealed that apple fruit produces a range of terpene volatiles, with the predominant terpene being the acyclic branched sesquiterpene (E,E)-α-farnesene. Four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for α-farnesene production in ripe fruit were identified in a segregating 'Royal Gala' (RG) × 'Granny Smith' (GS) population with one major QTL on linkage group 10 co-locating with the MdAFS1 (α-farnesene synthase-1) gene. Three of the four QTLs were derived from the GS parent, which was consistent with GC-MS analysis of headspace and solvent-extracted terpenes showing that cold-treated GS apples produced higher levels of (E,E)-α-farnesene than RG. Transgenic RG fruit downregulated for MdAFS1 expression produced significantly lower levels of (E,E)-α-farnesene. To evaluate the role of (E,E)-α-farnesene in fungal pathogenesis, MdAFS1 RNA interference transgenic fruit and RG controls were inoculated with three important apple post-harvest pathogens [Colletotrichum acutatum, Penicillium expansum and Neofabraea alba (synonym Phlyctema vagabunda)]. From results obtained over four seasons, we demonstrate that reduced (E,E)-α-farnesene is associated with decreased disease initiation rates of all three pathogens. In each case, the infection rate was significantly reduced 7 days post-inoculation, although the size of successful lesions was comparable with infections on control fruit. These results indicate that (E,E)-α-farnesene production is likely to be an important factor involved in fungal pathogenesis in apple fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige J F Souleyre
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Joanna K Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Adam J Matich
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Xiuyin Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Martin B Hunt
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Mindy Y Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nadeesha R Ileperuma
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kate Richards
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Daryl D Rowan
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Yauk YK, Chagné D, Tomes S, Matich AJ, Wang MY, Chen X, Maddumage R, Hunt MB, Rowan DD, Atkinson RG. The O-methyltransferase gene MdoOMT1 is required for biosynthesis of methylated phenylpropenes in ripe apple fruit. Plant J 2015; 82:937-950. [PMID: 25904040 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropenes, such as eugenol and trans-anethole, are important aromatic compounds that determine flavour and aroma in many herbs and spices. Some apple varieties produce fruit with a highly desirable spicy/aromatic flavour that has been attributed to the production of estragole, a methylated phenylpropene. To elucidate the molecular basis for estragole production and its contribution to ripe apple flavour and aroma we characterised a segregating population from a Royal Gala (RG, estragole producer) × Granny Smith (GS, non-producer) apple cross. Two quantitative trait loci (QTLs; accounting for 9.2 and 24.8% of the variation) on linkage group (LG) 1 and LG2 were identified that co-located with seven candidate genes for phenylpropene O-methyltransferases (MdoOMT1-7). Of these genes, only expression of MdoOMT1 on LG1 increased strongly with ethylene and could be correlated with increasing estragole production in ripening RG fruit. Transient over-expression in tobacco showed that MdoOMT1 utilised a range of phenylpropene substrates and catalysed the conversion of chavicol to estragole. Royal Gala carried two alleles (MdoOMT1a, MdoOMT1b) whilst GS appeared to be homozygous for MdoOMT1b. MdoOMT1a showed a higher affinity and catalytic efficiency towards chavicol than MdoOMT1b, which could account for the phenotypic variation at the LG1 QTL. Multiple transgenic RG lines with reduced MdoOMT1 expression produced lower levels of methylated phenylpropenes, including estragole and methyleugenol. Differences in fruit aroma could be perceived in these fruit, compared with controls, by sensory analysis. Together these results indicate that MdoOMT1 is required for the production of methylated phenylpropenes in apple and that phenylpropenes including estragole may contribute to ripe apple fruit aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yar-Khing Yauk
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Adam J Matich
- Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Mindy Y Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Xiuyin Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ratnasiri Maddumage
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Martin B Hunt
- Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Daryl D Rowan
- Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Souleyre EJF, Chagné D, Chen X, Tomes S, Turner RM, Wang MY, Maddumage R, Hunt MB, Winz RA, Wiedow C, Hamiaux C, Gardiner SE, Rowan DD, Atkinson RG. The AAT1 locus is critical for the biosynthesis of esters contributing to 'ripe apple' flavour in 'Royal Gala' and 'Granny Smith' apples. Plant J 2014; 78:903-15. [PMID: 24661745 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The 'fruity' attributes of ripe apples (Malus × domestica) arise from our perception of a combination of volatile ester compounds. Phenotypic variability in ester production was investigated using a segregating population from a 'Royal Gala' (RG; high ester production) × 'Granny Smith' (GS; low ester production) cross, as well as in transgenic RG plants in which expression of the alcohol acyl transferase 1 (AAT1) gene was reduced. In the RG × GS population, 46 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the production of esters and alcohols were identified on 15 linkage groups (LGs). The major QTL for 35 individual compounds was positioned on LG2 and co-located with AAT1. Multiple AAT1 gene variants were identified in RG and GS, but only two (AAT1-RGa and AAT1-GSa) were functional. AAT1-RGa and AAT1-GSa were both highly expressed in the cortex and skin of ripe fruit, but AAT1 protein was observed mainly in the skin. Transgenic RG specifically reduced in AAT1 expression showed reduced levels of most key esters in ripe fruit. Differences in the ripe fruit aroma could be perceived by sensory analysis. The transgenic lines also showed altered ratios of biosynthetic precursor alcohols and aldehydes, and expression of a number of ester biosynthetic genes increased, presumably in response to the increased substrate pool. These results indicate that the AAT1 locus is critical for the biosynthesis of esters contributing to a 'ripe apple' flavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige J F Souleyre
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
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Matich AJ, Comeskey DJ, Bunn BJ, Hunt MB, Rowan DD. Biosynthesis and enantioselectivity in the production of the lilac compounds in Actinidia arguta flowers. Phytochemistry 2011; 72:579-586. [PMID: 21377706 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of the lilac alcohols and alcohol epoxides from linalool in 'Hortgem Tahi' kiwifruit (Actinidiaarguta) flowers was investigated by incubating flowers with rac-linalool, rac-[4,4,10,10,10-(2)H(5)]linalool, (R)-8-hydroxylinalool and (R)-8-oxolinalool. All substrates were incorporated into the lilac alcohols although the (R)-configured compounds are not normally present in flowers. Biosynthesis of the lilac alcohol epoxides from rac-1,2-epoxy[4,4,10,10,10-(2)H(5)]linalool and rac-[4',4', 8', 8',8'-(2)H(5)]lilac aldehyde epoxide, rather than the lilac alcohols, was examined. Both substrates were non-enantioselectively converted to the lilac alcohol epoxides, suggesting two biosynthetic pathways for these compounds, contrary to previous reports. Their ability to process unnatural substrates indicates that A.arguta flowers have a greater biosynthetic capability than is suggested by their phytochemical composition. Linalool, the lilac compounds, and their biosynthetic intermediates were measured in the pistils, stamen, petals and sepals to determine if localisation in different organs contributed to only (S)-linalool being processed to the lilac compounds. Both linalool enantiomers were present in all organs, while most (97%) of the lilac compounds, and their precursors, were found in the petals. (S)-Linalool was not depleted from the flower petals, with respect to (R)-linalool, during the time of maximum production of the metabolites of (S)-linalool.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Matich
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Matich AJ, Bunn BJ, Hunt MB. The enantiomeric composition of linalool and linalool oxide in the flowers of kiwifruit (Actinidia) species. Chirality 2010; 22:110-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rowan DD, Hunt MB, Alspach PA, Whitworth CJ, Oraguzie NC. Heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations of apple (Malus x domestica) fruit volatiles in a genetically diverse breeding population. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:7944-7952. [PMID: 19691324 DOI: 10.1021/jf901359r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Flavor is an important quality trait of fruit and a target for improvement through plant breeding. Eighty-nine flavor volatiles from 240 apple (Malus domestica) genotypes from a highly diverse breeding population were measured by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) over 2 years. Heritabilities and phenotypic and genetic correlations were calculated for 23 flavor volatiles. Genetic correlations showed coinheritance of five groups of volatiles, ethyl esters, alcohols and alpha-farnesene, propyl and butyl esters, propanoate and 2-methylbutanoate esters, and acetate esters, consistent with our knowledge of volatile biosynthesis in apple. This work demonstrates a genetic structure underlying the highly variable volatile profiles observed for apple fruit and the potential of GC-MS volatile profiling for the genetic analysis of aroma volatiles in genetically diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl D Rowan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Plant & Food Research, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Rowan DD, Hunt MB, Dimouro A, Alspach PA, Weskett R, Volz RK, Gardiner SE, Chagné D. Profiling fruit volatiles in the progeny of a 'Royal Gala' x 'Granny Smith' apple (Malus x domestica) cross. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:7953-7961. [PMID: 19691320 DOI: 10.1021/jf901678v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Volatile flavor compounds from the fruit of the progeny of two apple (Malus x domestica) cultivars with distinctive flavor and volatile profiles, 'Royal Gala' and 'Granny Smith', were measured by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry over two fruiting seasons. Principal component analysis separated the volatile profiles into two groups according to the amounts produced of butyl, 2-methybutyl, pentyl, and hexyl acetates and of ethyl butanoate, butanol, 2-methylbutanol, and hexanol. Fruit containing the four acetate esters clustered with the 'Royal Gala' parent and were scored more similar to 'Royal Gala' than to "Granny Smith' in flavor. Fruit clustering with the 'Granny Smith' parent contained higher levels of ethyl butanoate and alcohols. Levels of acetate esters correlated to levels of their alcohol precursors, and control of this trait segregated in Mendelian fashion. The locus was mapped to the top of 'Royal Gala' linkage group 2 close to the Rvi4 (Vh4) locus for resistance to Venturia inaequalis , the causal agent of apple scab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl D Rowan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Rowan DD, Cao M, Lin-Wang K, Cooney JM, Jensen DJ, Austin PT, Hunt MB, Norling C, Hellens RP, Schaffer RJ, Allan AC. Environmental regulation of leaf colour in red 35S:PAP1 Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol 2009; 182:102-115. [PMID: 19192188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
* High-temperature, low-light (HTLL) treatment of 35S:PAP1 Arabidopsis thaliana over-expressing the PAP1 (Production of Anthocyanin Pigment 1) gene results in reversible reduction of red colouration, suggesting the action of additional anthocyanin regulators. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) and Affimetrix-based microarrays were used to measure changes in anthocyanin, flavonoids, and gene expression in response to HTLL. * HTLL treatment of control and 35S:PAP1 A. thaliana resulted in a reversible reduction in the concentrations of major anthocyanins despite ongoing over-expression of the PAP1 MYB transcription factor. Twenty-one anthocyanins including eight cis-coumaryl esters were identified by LCMS. The concentrations of nine anthocyanins were reduced and those of three were increased, consistent with a sequential process of anthocyanin degradation. Analysis of gene expression showed down-regulation of flavonol and anthocyanin biosynthesis and of transport-related genes within 24 h of HTLL treatment. No catabolic genes up-regulated by HTLL were found. * Reductions in the concentrations of anthocyanins and down-regulation of the genes of anthocyanin biosynthesis were achieved by environmental manipulation, despite ongoing over-expression of PAP1. Quantitative PCR showed reduced expression of three genes (TT8, TTG1 and EGL3) of the PAP1 transcriptional complex, and increased expression of the potential transcriptional repressors AtMYB3, AtMYB6 and AtMYBL2 coincided with HTLL-induced down-regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. * HTLL treatment offers a model system with which to explore anthocyanin catabolism and to discover novel genes involved in the environmental control of anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl D Rowan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11 030, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mingshu Cao
- AgResearch Grasslands, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kui Lin-Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Janine M Cooney
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Dwayne J Jensen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Paul T Austin
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11 030, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Martin B Hunt
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11 030, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Cara Norling
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11 030, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Roger P Hellens
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Schaffer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand
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Matich AJ, Bunn BJ, Comeskey DJ, Hunt MB, Rowan DD. Chirality and biosynthesis of lilac compounds in Actinidia arguta flowers. Phytochemistry 2007; 68:1746-51. [PMID: 17466345 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of lilac compounds in 'Hortgem Tahi' kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta) flowers was investigated by treating inflorescences with d(5)-linalool. The incorporation of the deuterium label into 8-hydroxylinalool, 8-oxolinalool, the lilac aldehydes, alcohols, and alcohol epoxides was followed by GC-MS and enantioselective GC-MS. Both (R)- and (S)-linalool were produced naturally by the flowers, but 8-hydroxylinalool, 8-oxolinalool, and the lilac aldehydes and alcohols occurred predominantly as the (S) and 5'(S)-diastereoisomers, respectively. The enantioselective step in the biosynthesis of the lilac aldehydes and alcohols was concluded to be the oxidation of linalool to (S)-8-hydroxylinalool. In contrast, the lilac alcohol epoxides had a 5'(R):(S) ratio, the same as for linalool, which suggests that either these compounds are not synthesised from the 5'(S)-configured lilac aldehydes and alcohols, or that if indeed they are, then it is by an enantioselective step that favours utilisation of the 5'(R)-configured compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Matich
- The Horticultural and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Private Bag 11030, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Barnett LE, Broomfield AM, Hendriks WH, Hunt MB, McGhie TK. The In Vivo Antioxidant Action and the Reduction of Oxidative Stress by Boysenberry Extract Is Dependent on Base Diet Constituents in Rats. J Med Food 2007; 10:281-9. [PMID: 17651064 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary antioxidants are often defined by in vitro measures of antioxidant activity. Such measures are valid indicators of the antioxidant potential, but provide little evidence of activity as a dietary antioxidant. This study was undertaken to assess the in vivo antioxidant efficacy of a berry fruit extract by measuring biomarkers of oxidative damage to protein (carbonyls), lipids (malondialdehyde), and DNA (8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine urinary excretion) and plasma antioxidant status (antioxidant capacity, vitamin E) in rats when fed basal diets containing fish and soybean oils, which are likely to generate different levels of oxidative stress. Boysenberry (Rubus loganbaccus x baileyanus Britt) extract was used as the dietary antioxidant. The basal diets (chow, synthetic/soybean oil, or synthetic/fish oil) had significant effects on the biomarkers of oxidative damage and antioxidant status, with rats fed the synthetic/fish oil diet having the lowest levels of oxidative damage and the highest antioxidant status. When boysenberry extract was added to the diet, there was little change in 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine excretion in urine, oxidative damage to proteins decreased, and plasma malondialdehyde either increased or decreased depending on the basal diet. This study showed that boysenberry extract functioned as an in vivo antioxidant and raised the antioxidant status of plasma while decreasing some biomarkers of oxidative damage, but the effect was highly modified by basal diet. Our results are further evidence of complex interactions among dietary antioxidants, background nutritional status as determined by diet, and the biochemical nature of the compartments in which antioxidants function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Barnett
- The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., New Zealand
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Matich AJ, Bunn BJ, Hunt MB, Rowan DD. Lilac alcohol epoxide: a linalool derivative in Actinidia arguta flowers. Phytochemistry 2006; 67:759-63. [PMID: 16455117 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lilac alcohol epoxide (2-(5-methyl-5-(oxiran-2-yl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)propan-1-ol), a previously unreported monoterpene, was identified in the solvent extract of the flowers of seven Actinidia arguta genotypes. The diastereomeric lilac alcohol epoxides co-occurred with the lilac aldehydes and alcohols. Another compound, the lilac diol (2-(5-(1-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyl-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)propan-1-ol) was synthesised as part of our efforts to identify the lilac alcohol epoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Matich
- The Horticultural and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Palmerston North.
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Abstract
Musth in male elephants is an annual period of heightened sexual activity and aggression that is linked to physical, sexual and social maturation. It is mediated by the release of chemical signals such as the pheromone frontalin, which exists in two chiral forms (molecular mirror images, or enantiomers). Here we show that enantiomers of frontalin are released by Asian elephants in a specific ratio that depends on the animal's age and stage of musth, and that different responses are elicited in male and female conspecifics when the ratio alters. This precise control of communication by molecular chirality offers insight into societal interactions in elephants, and may be useful in implementing new conservation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Greenwood
- HortResearch, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92-169, Auckland, New Zealand
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Hislop JA, Hunt MB, Fielder S, Rowan DD. Synthesis of deuterated gamma-lactones for use in stable isotope dilution assays. J Agric Food Chem 2004; 52:7075-7083. [PMID: 15537321 DOI: 10.1021/jf048885b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two syntheses of deuterated gamma-lactones for use as internal standards in stable isotope dilution assays (SIDA) were developed. [2,2,3,3-2H4]-gamma-Octa-, -gamma-deca-, and -gamma-dodecalactones with >89% deuterium incorporation were prepared in 27, 17, and 19% overall yields, respectively, by the reduction of a doubly protected hydroxypropiolic acid with deuterium gas. [3,3,4-2H3]-gamma-Octa- and -gamma-dodecalactones were prepared in 6 and 23% yields with >92% deuterium incorporation by the free radical addition of 2-iodoacetamide to [1,1,2-2H3]-1-hexene and [1,1,2-2H3]-1-decene, respectively. Reaction yields were highly dependent upon the purity of the 1-alkene starting material. The deuterated gamma-lactones were evaluated as internal standards for SIDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Anna Hislop
- The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Private Bag 11030, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Rowan DD, Hunt MB, Fielder S, Norris J, Sherburn MS. Conjugated triene oxidation products of alpha-farnesene induce symptoms of superficial scald on stored apples. J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49:2780-7. [PMID: 11409966 DOI: 10.1021/jf0015221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The sesquiterpene alpha-farnesene (1) and its conjugated triene oxidation products accumulate in the skin of apples after harvest and are implicated as the causal agents of superficial scald. Conjugated triene oxidation products and analogues were synthesized and applied to the surface of Granny Smith apples either as vapors or in squalane. Farnesyl hydroperoxide (2a), trienol (2b), endoperoxide (3a), dehydronerolidol (5), and cumyl hydroperoxide (4) all produced the symptoms of superficial scald when applied at nanomolar doses. Scald-inducing activity was dependent on the mode of application. Farnesyl hydroperoxide (2a) was the most active conjugated triene when applied directly to the apple skin. Trienol (2b) also induced scald symptoms and partially reversed the inhibition of scald caused by diphenylamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Rowan
- Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Private Bag 11030, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Rowan DD, Allen JM, Fielder S, Hunt MB. Biosynthesis of straight-chain ester volatiles in red delicious and granny smith apples using deuterium-labeled precursors. J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47:2553-2562. [PMID: 10552526 DOI: 10.1021/jf9809028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of straight-chain ester volatiles by Granny Smith and Red Delicious apples was investigated using deuterium-labeled fatty acids, C-6 aldehydes, and alcohols. Perdeuterated saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were metabolized to hexyl-d(11), hexanoate-d(11), heptanoate-d(13), and octanoate-d(15) esters, whereas perdeuterated linoleic acid produced only hexyl-d(11) and hexanoate-d(11) esters. Exposure of fruit to vapors of deuterated 3Z-hexenal, 2E-hexenal, and hexanal identified the following biosynthetic processes: (1) isomerization between 3E, 3Z, and 2E-hexenals; (2) reduction to 3E, 3Z, and 2E-hexenyl esters; (3) reduction to hexanol and hexyl esters; (4) oxidation to hexanoic acid and formation of hexanoate esters; (5) beta-oxidation of hexanoic acid leading to butyl and butanoate esters; and (6) alpha-oxidation of hexanoic acid leading to pentyl and pentanoate esters. Unsaturated straight-chain ester volatiles appear to arise only by the lipoxygenase pathway and may be useful indicators of lipoxygenase activity in fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Rowan
- Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Batchelar Research Centre, Private Bag 11030, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Rowan DD, Allen JM, Fielder S, Hunt MB. Biosynthesis of straight-chain ester volatiles in red delicious and granny smith apples using deuterium-labeled precursors. J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47:2553-2562. [PMID: 10552526 DOI: 10.1021/jf9508209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of straight-chain ester volatiles by Granny Smith and Red Delicious apples was investigated using deuterium-labeled fatty acids, C-6 aldehydes, and alcohols. Perdeuterated saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were metabolized to hexyl-d(11), hexanoate-d(11), heptanoate-d(13), and octanoate-d(15) esters, whereas perdeuterated linoleic acid produced only hexyl-d(11) and hexanoate-d(11) esters. Exposure of fruit to vapors of deuterated 3Z-hexenal, 2E-hexenal, and hexanal identified the following biosynthetic processes: (1) isomerization between 3E, 3Z, and 2E-hexenals; (2) reduction to 3E, 3Z, and 2E-hexenyl esters; (3) reduction to hexanol and hexyl esters; (4) oxidation to hexanoic acid and formation of hexanoate esters; (5) beta-oxidation of hexanoic acid leading to butyl and butanoate esters; and (6) alpha-oxidation of hexanoic acid leading to pentyl and pentanoate esters. Unsaturated straight-chain ester volatiles appear to arise only by the lipoxygenase pathway and may be useful indicators of lipoxygenase activity in fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Rowan
- Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Batchelar Research Centre, Private Bag 11030, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Hunt MB, Chernikov MA, Felder E, Ott HR, Fisk Z, Canfield P. Low-temperature magnetic, thermal, and transport properties of FeSi. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 50:14933-14941. [PMID: 9975839 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.14933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Rowan DD, Hunt MB, Gaynor DL. Peramine, a novel insect feeding deterrent from ryegrass infected with the endophyte Acremonium loliae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1039/c39860000935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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