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Tartakoff AM. A zygote-based assay to evaluate intranuclear shuttling in S. cerevisiae. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100736. [PMID: 34430911 PMCID: PMC8365525 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It is often necessary to learn whether macromolecules occupy a fixed place in cells. This protocol makes it possible to learn whether individual nucleolar proteins in S. cerevisiae remain in place or depart from and return to the nucleolus. The protocol uses early zygotes in which parental nucleoli are separate for at least one hour. The protocol demonstrates that the localization of many nucleolar proteins is in fact highly dynamic. Photobleaching is not required. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Tartakoff et al. (2021). The mobility of proteins within the yeast nucleus can be judged by constructing zygotes The assay requires minimal equipment other than a sensitive fluorescent microscope The protocol can be completed within one day once appropriate cells are available
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Michael Tartakoff
- Pathology Department and Cell Biology Program, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Corresponding author
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Schuyler SC, Wu YFO, Chen HY, Ding YS, Lin CJ, Chu YT, Chen TC, Liao L, Tsai WW, Huang A, Wang LI, Liao TW, Jhuo JH, Cheng V. Peptide inhibitors of the anaphase promoting-complex that cause sensitivity to microtubule poison. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198930. [PMID: 29883473 PMCID: PMC5993284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an interest in identifying Anaphase Promoting-Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) inhibitors that lead to sensitivity to microtubule poisons as a strategy for targeting cancer cells. Using budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, peptides derived from the Mitotic Arrest Deficient 2 (Mad2)-binding motif of Cell Division Cycle 20 (Cdc20) were observed to inhibit both Cdc20- and CDC20 Homology 1 (Cdh1)-dependent APC/C activity. Over expression of peptides in vivo led to sensitivity to a microtubule poison and, in a recovery from a microtubule poison arrest, delayed degradation of yeast Securin protein Precocious Dissociation of Sisters 1 (Pds1). Peptides with mutations in the Cdc20 activating KILR-motif still bound APC/C, but lost the ability to inhibit APC/C in vitro and lost the ability to induce sensitivity to a microtubule poison in vivo. Thus, an APC/C binding and activation motif that promotes mitotic progression, namely the Cdc20 KILR-motif, can also function as an APC/C inhibitor when present in excess. Another activator for mitotic progression after recovery from microtubule poison is p31comet, where a yeast predicted open-reading frame YBR296C-A encoding a 39 amino acid predicted protein was identified by homology to p31comet, and named Tiny Yeast Comet 1 (TYC1). Tyc1 over expression resulted in sensitivity to microtubule poison. Tyc1 inhibited both APC/CCdc20 and APC/CCdh1 activities in vitro and bound to APC/C. A homologous peptide derived from human p31comet bound to and inhibited yeast APC/C demonstrating evolutionary retention of these biochemical activities. Cdc20 Mad2-binding motif peptides and Tyc1 disrupted the ability of the co-factors Cdc20 and Cdh1 to bind to APC/C, and co-over expression of both together in vivo resulted in an increased sensitivity to microtubule poison. We hypothesize that Cdc20 Mad2-binding motif peptides, Tyc1 and human hp31 peptide can serve as novel molecular tools for investigating APC/C inhibition that leads to sensitivity to microtubule poison in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Schuyler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yueh-Fu Olivia Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Ding
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Louis Liao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wei Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Anna Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Ing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wei Liao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hua Jhuo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Vivien Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Paulmurugan R, Gambhir SS. Firefly luciferase enzyme fragment complementation for imaging in cells and living animals. Anal Chem 2007; 77:1295-302. [PMID: 15732910 PMCID: PMC4154832 DOI: 10.1021/ac0484777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We identified different fragments of the firefly luciferase gene based on the crystal structure of firefly luciferase. These split reporter genes which encode for protein fragments, unlike the fragments currently used for studying protein-protein interactions, can self-complement and provide luciferase enzyme activity in different cell lines in culture and in living mice. The comparison of the fragment complementation associated recovery of firefly luciferase enzyme activity with intact firefly luciferase was estimated for different fragment combinations and ranged from 0.01 to 4% of the full firefly luciferase activity. Using a cooled optical charge-coupled device camera, the analysis of firefly luciferase fragment complementation in transiently transfected subcutaneous 293T cell implants in living mice showed significant detectable enzyme activity upon injecting d-luciferin, especially from the combinations of fragments identified (Nfluc and Cfluc are the N and C fragments of the firefly luciferase gene, respectively): Nfluc (1-475)/Cfluc (245-550), Nfluc (1-475)/Cfluc (265-550), and Nfluc (1-475)/Cfluc (300-550). The Cfluc (265-550) fragment, upon expression with the nuclear localization signal (NLS) peptide of SV40, shows reduced enzyme activity when the cells are cotransfected with the Nfluc (1-475) fragment expressed without NLS. We also proved in this study that the complementing fragments could be efficiently used for screening macromolecule delivery vehicles by delivering TAT-Cfluc (265-550) to cells stably expressing Nfluc (1-475) and recovering signal. These complementing fragments should be useful for many reporter-based assays including intracellular localization of proteins, studying cellular macromolecule delivery vehicles, studying cell-cell fusions, and also developing intracellular phosphorylation sensors based on fragment complementation.
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Kim SB, Ozawa T, Watanabe S, Umezawa Y. High-throughput sensing and noninvasive imaging of protein nuclear transport by using reconstitution of split Renilla luciferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:11542-7. [PMID: 15289615 PMCID: PMC511017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401722101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of functional proteins plays a key role in regulating gene expressions in response to extracellular signals. We developed a genetically encoded bioluminescent indicator for monitoring the nuclear trafficking of target proteins in vitro and in vivo. The principle is based on reconstitution of split fragments of Renilla reniformis (Rluc) by protein splicing with a DnaE intein (a catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase III). A target cytosolic protein fused to the N-terminal half of Rluc is expressed in mammalian cells. If the protein translocates into the nucleus, the Rluc moiety meets the C-terminal half of Rluc, and full-length Rluc is reconstituted by protein splicing. We demonstrated quantitative cell-based in vitro sensing of ligand-induced translocation of androgen receptor, which allowed high-throughput screening of exo- and endogenous agonists and antagonists. Furthermore, the indicator enabled noninvasive in vivo imaging of the androgen receptor translocation in the brains of living mice with a charge-coupled device imaging system. These rapid and quantitative analyses in vitro and in vivo provide a wide variety of applications for screening pharmacological or toxicological compounds and testing them in living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Bae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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