1
|
Planz V, Lehr CM, Windbergs M. In vitro models for evaluating safety and efficacy of novel technologies for skin drug delivery. J Control Release 2016; 242:89-104. [PMID: 27612408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For preclinical testing of novel therapeutics, predictive in vitro models of the human skin are required to assess efficacy, absorption and safety. Simple as well as more sophisticated three-dimensional organotypic models of the human skin emerged as versatile and powerful tools simulating healthy as well as diseased skin states. Besides addressing the demands of research and industry, such models serve as valid alternative to animal testing. Recently, the acceptance of several models by regulatory authorities corroborates their role as important building block for preclinical development. However, valid assessment of readout parameters derived from these models requires suitable analytical techniques. Standard analytical methods are mostly destructive and limited regarding in-depth investigation on molecular level. The combination of adequate in vitro models with modern non-invasive analytical modalities bears a great potential to address important skin drug delivery related questions. Topics of interest are for instance the assessment of repeated dosing effects and xenobiotic biotransformation, which cannot be analyzed by destructive techniques. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current in vitro skin models differing in functional complexity and mimicking healthy as well as diseased skin states. Further, benefits and limitations regarding analytical evaluation of efficacy, absorption and safety of novel drug carrier systems applied to such models are discussed along with a prospective view of anticipated future directions. In addition, emerging non-invasive imaging modalities are introduced and their significance and potential to advance current knowledge in the field of skin drug delivery is explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Planz
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Maike Windbergs
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Haag SF, Fleige E, Chen M, Fahr A, Teutloff C, Bittl R, Lademann J, Schäfer-Korting M, Haag R, Meinke MC. Skin penetration enhancement of core-multishell nanotransporters and invasomes measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Int J Pharm 2011; 416:223-8. [PMID: 21745556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to cross the skin barrier several techniques and carrier systems were developed to increase skin penetration of topical dermatics and to reduce systemic adverse effects by avoiding systemic application. Ultra-flexible vesicles, e.g. invasomes and core-multishell (CMS) nanotransporters are efficient drug delivery systems for dermatological applications. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic techniques were used for the determination of localization and distribution of the spin label 3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (PCA; logP=-1.7) within the carrier systems and the ability of the carriers to promote penetration of PCA into the skin. The results show an exclusive localization of PCA in the hydrophilic compartments of the invasome dispersion and the CMS nanotransporter solution. PCA penetration was enhanced 2.5 fold for CMS and 1.9 fold for invasomes compared to PCA solution. Investigation of penetration depth by step-wise removal of the stratum corneum by tape stripping revealed deepest PCA penetration for invasomes. UV-irradiation of PCA-exposed skin samples revealed that the spin label is still reactive. In conclusion novel polymer-based CMS nanotransporters and invasomes can favor the penetration of PCA or hydrophilic drugs. This offers possibilities for e.g. improved photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S F Haag
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Pharmazie, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Parys W, Pyka A. USE OF TLC AND DENSITOMETRY TO EVALUATE THE CHEMICAL STABILITY OF NICOTINIC ACID AND ITS ESTERS ON SILICA GEL. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826071003769470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Parys
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Alina Pyka
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martini G, Ciani L. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy in drug delivery. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:211-54. [DOI: 10.1039/b808263d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
5
|
Caddeo C, Teskač K, Sinico C, Kristl J. Effect of resveratrol incorporated in liposomes on proliferation and UV-B protection of cells. Int J Pharm 2008; 363:183-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
6
|
Abramović Z, Šuštaršič U, Teskač K, Šentjurc M, Kristl J. Influence of nanosized delivery systems with benzyl nicotinate and penetration enhancers on skin oxygenation. Int J Pharm 2008; 359:220-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
7
|
Pyka A, Klimczok W. Application of Densitometry for the Evaluation of the Separation Effect of Nicotinic Acid Derivatives. Part II. Nicotinic Acid and its Esters. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701465688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Pyka
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry , Silesian Academy of Medicine , Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - W. Klimczok
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry , Silesian Academy of Medicine , Sosnowiec, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pyka A, Klimczok W. Application of Densitometry for the Evaluation of the Separation Effect of Nicotinic Acid Derivatives. Part I. Nicotinic Acid and its Amides. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701451670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Pyka
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Silesian Academy of Medicine , Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - W. Klimczok
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Silesian Academy of Medicine , Sosnowiec, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abramovic Z, Sentjurc M, Kristl J, Khan N, Hou H, Swartz HM. Influence of different anesthetics on skin oxygenation studied by electron paramagnetic resonance in vivo. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 20:77-84. [PMID: 17143012 DOI: 10.1159/000097654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of two general anesthetics on skin oxygenation in mice are evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry. Up to now no data on the effects of different anesthetics on skin oxygenation could be found. In this study animals were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine or isoflurane, and partial pressure of oxygen (pO(2)) in the skin, heart rate and hemoglobin oxygen saturation were followed as a function of time and inhaled oxygen concentration. The skin pO(2) significantly increased continuously for about 60 min in mice anesthetized with isoflurane and remained constant after that. During ketamine/xylazine anesthesia, the pO(2) in the skin only slightly decreased. The skin pO(2) increased with higher inspired oxygen concentrations for both anesthetics groups. When breathing 21% oxygen, mice anesthetized with isoflurane had two-fold higher pO(2) in the skin compared to mice anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine. The heart rate was significantly lower in animals anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine, while hemoglobin saturation was almost the same in both groups at all inhaled oxygen concentrations. These results show that the type of anesthesia is an important parameter that needs to be considered in experiments where skin pO(2) is followed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Abramovic
- Laboratory for Biophysics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Erjavec V, Pavlica Z, Sentjurc M, Petelin M. In vivo study of liposomes as drug carriers to oral mucosa using EPR oximetry. Int J Pharm 2006; 307:1-8. [PMID: 16257157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to select the best types of liposomes for use as drug carriers for topical treatment of oral mucosal lesions. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry, using the paramagnetic probe lithium phthalocyanine, was used in vivo to measure the effects of a hyperemic drug, benzyl nicotinate (BN) which was incorporated into liposomes of varying size and composition. The liposomes were made from either hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated soy lecithin and mixed with polymethyl methacrylate ointment for application. EPR oximetry was used to measure the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in the oral mucosa before and after application of liposomes. It was found that the most pronounced changes of pO2 in oral mucosa and also the longest action of the drug occurred after the topical application of BN in multi-lamellar liposomes made from hydrogenated soy lecithin (p<0.0001). When these liposomes were applied to oral mucosa over 3 successive days it was found that pO2 increased the most on the first day, the effect gradually decreased following application on the second and third days. The duration of the resulting hyperemia was the longest on the second day (p<0.01). Among the examined carriers, multi-lamellar liposomes made from hydrogenated soy lecithin appear to be the most appropriate for local drug delivery to oral mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Erjavec
- Clinic for Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbiceva 60, 1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kristl J, Abramović Z, Sentjurc M. Skin oxygenation after topical application of liposome-entrapped benzyl nicotinate as measured by EPR oximetry in vivo: influence of composition and size. AAPS PHARMSCI 2003. [PMID: 12713274 DOI: 10.1208/ps050102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
New and improved drug delivery systems are the important subject of much scientific research. The development of formulations that increase skin oxygenation and of methods for measuring oxygen levels in skin are important for dealing with healing processes affected by the level of oxygen. We have used EPR oximetry in vivo to compare the influence of liposomal formulations of different size and composition with that of hydrogel with respect to the action of the entrapped benzyl nicotinate (BN). Following the topical application of BN onto the skin of mice, pO2 increase was measured by low-frequency EPR as a function of time. The effect of BN was evaluated by 3 different parameters: lag-time, time needed for maximum pO2 increase, and overall effectiveness expressed by the area under the response-time curve. An increase in skin oxygenation was observed after BN application. The results show that the effect of BN incorporated in liposomes is achieved more rapidly than the effect from hydrophilic gel. The composition of the liposomes significantly affects the time at which BN starts to act and, to a lesser extent, the maximum increase of pO2 in skin and the effectiveness of BN action. However, the size of the liposomes influences both the effectiveness of BN action and the time at which BN starts to act. After repeated application of liposomes, the pO2 baseline increased and the response of the skin tissue was faster. Our results demonstrate that EPR oximetry is a useful method for evaluating oxygen changes after drug application and for following the time course of their action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julijana Kristl
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Slovenia. julijana.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kristl J, Abramović Z, Sentjurc M. Skin oxygenation after topical application of liposome-entrapped benzyl nicotinate as measured by EPR oximetry in vivo: influence of composition and size. AAPS PHARMSCI 2003; 5:E2. [PMID: 12713274 PMCID: PMC2751470 DOI: 10.1208/ps050202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
New and improved drug delivery systems are the important subject of much scientific research. The development of formulations that increase skin oxygenation and of methods for measuring oxygen levels in skin are important for dealing with healing processes affected by the level of oxygen. We have used EPR oximetry in vivo to compare the influence of liposomal formulations of different size and composition with that of hydrogel with respect to the action of the entrapped benzyl nicotinate (BN). Following the topical application of BN onto the skin of mice, pO2 increase was measured by low-frequency EPR as a function of time. The effect of BN was evaluated by 3 different parameters: lag-time, time needed for maximum pO2 increase, and overall effectiveness expressed by the area under the response-time curve. An increase in skin oxygenation was observed after BN application. The results show that the effect of BN incorporated in liposomes is achieved more rapidly than the effect from hydrophilic gel. The composition of the liposomes significantly affects the time at which BN starts to act and, to a lesser extent, the maximum increase of pO2 in skin and the effectiveness of BN action. However, the size of the liposomes influences both the effectiveness of BN action and the time at which BN starts to act. After repeated application of liposomes, the pO2 baseline increased and the response of the skin tissue was faster. Our results demonstrate that EPR oximetry is a useful method for evaluating oxygen changes after drug application and for following the time course of their action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julijana Kristl
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Slovenia. julijana.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|