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Park SK, Kee Y, Ryu T, Kim H, Hwang BJ. Enzymatic construction of shRNA library from oligonucleotide library. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:573-581. [PMID: 30830681 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) expressed from vectors have been used as an effective means of exploiting the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway in mammalian cells. Genome-scale screening with shRNA libraries has been used to investigate the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes on a large scale. Although several methods have been developed to construct shRNA libraries, their broad application has been limited by the high cost of constructing these libraries. OBJECTIVE We develop a new method that efficiently constructs a shRNA library at low cost, using treatments with several enzymes and an oligonucleotide library. METHODS The library of shRNA expression cassettes, which were cloned into a lentiviral plasmid, was produced through several enzymatic reactions, starting from a library of 20,000 different short oligonucleotides produced by microarray-based oligonucleotide synthesis. RESULTS The NGS sequence analysis of the library shows that 99.8% of them (19,956 from 20,000 sequences) were contained in the library: 63.2% of them represent the correct sequences and the rest showed one or two base pair differences from the expected sequences. CONCLUSION Considering the ease of our method, shRNA libraries of new genomes and of specific populations of genes can be prepared in a short period of time for genome-scale RNAi library screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Kyun Park
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 24341, South Korea
| | - Yun Kee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 24341, South Korea
| | - Taehoon Ryu
- Celemics, 19F, Bldg.A, BYC Highcity, 131, Gasandigital 1-ro,Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 153-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoki Kim
- Celemics, 19F, Bldg.A, BYC Highcity, 131, Gasandigital 1-ro,Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 153-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Joon Hwang
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 24341, South Korea.
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Tarashima N, Ando H, Kojima T, Kinjo N, Hashimoto Y, Furukawa K, Ishida T, Minakawa N. Gene Silencing Using 4'-thioDNA as an Artificial Template to Synthesize Short Hairpin RNA Without Inducing a Detectable Innate Immune Response. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e274. [PMID: 26730811 PMCID: PMC5012546 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of a versatile technique to induce RNA interference (RNAi) without immune stimulation in vivo is of interest as existing approaches to trigger RNAi, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) and plasmid DNA (pDNA) expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA), present drawbacks arising from innate immune stimulation. To overcome them, an intelligent shRNA expression device (iRed) designed to induce RNAi was developed. The minimum sequence of iRed encodes only the U6 promoter and shRNA. A series of iRed comprises a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified 4′-thioDNA in which any one type of adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T) nucleotide unit was substituted by each cognate 4′-thio derivatives, i.e., dSA iRed, dSG iRed, dSC iRed, and ST iRed respectively. Each modified iRed acted as a template to transcribe shRNA with RNAi activity. The highest shRNA yield was generated using dSC iRed that exerted gene silencing activity in an orthotopic mouse model of mesothelioma. Reducing the minimal structure required to transcribe shRNA and the presence of the 4′-thiomodification synergistically function to abrogate innate immune response induced by dsDNA. The iRed will introduce a new approach to induce RNAi without inducing a detectable innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Tarashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ando
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Kojima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nozomi Kinjo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Furukawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Ishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Noriaki Minakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Tanaka H. Construction of shRNA expression plasmids for silkworm cell lines using single-stranded DNA and Bst DNA polymerase. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 942:347-55. [PMID: 23027060 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-119-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transfection of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression plasmids is conventionally performed for gene-specific knockdown in cultured mammalian and insect cells. Here, I describe a simple method to synthesize an inverted repeat DNA in a U6 small nuclear RNA promoter-based parent vector using a single-stranded inverted repeat DNA and Bst DNA polymerase. The shRNA expression plasmids constructed by this method were confirmed to promote efficient RNA interference knockdown in silkworm cell lines. This method may be useful for constructing a relatively large number of shRNA expression plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Tanaka
- Insect Mimetics Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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4
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McIntyre GJ, Yu YH, Lomas M, Fanning GC. The effects of stem length and core placement on shRNA activity. BMC Mol Biol 2011; 12:34. [PMID: 21819628 PMCID: PMC3175162 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-12-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Expressed short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) used in mammalian RNA interference (RNAi) are often designed around a specific short interfering RNA (siRNA) core. Whilst there are algorithms to aid siRNA design, hairpin-specific characteristics such as stem-length and siRNA core placement within the stem are not well defined. Results Using more than 91 hairpins designed against HIV-1 Tat and Vpu, we investigated the influence of both of these factors on suppressive activity, and found that stem length does not correspond with predictable changes in suppressive activity. We also detected multiple processed products for all stem lengths tested. However, the entire length of the hairpin stem was not equally processed into active products. As such, the placement of the siRNA core at the base terminus was critical for activity. Conclusion We conclude that there is no fixed correlation between stem length and suppressive activity. Instead, core selection and placement likely have a greater influence on the effectiveness of shRNA-based silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen J McIntyre
- Johnson and Johnson Research Pty Ltd, Level 4 Biomedical Building, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW, 1430, Australia.
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5
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Chattopadhyay S, Ely A, Bloom K, Weinberg MS, Arbuthnot P. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication with linear DNA sequences expressing antiviral micro-RNA shuttles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:484-9. [PMID: 19733548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) may be harnessed to inhibit viral gene expression and this approach is being developed to counter chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Compared to synthetic RNAi activators, DNA expression cassettes that generate silencing sequences have advantages of sustained efficacy and ease of propagation in plasmid DNA (pDNA). However, the large size of pDNAs and inclusion of sequences conferring antibiotic resistance and immunostimulation limit delivery efficiency and safety. To develop use of alternative DNA templates that may be applied for therapeutic gene silencing, we assessed the usefulness of PCR-generated linear expression cassettes that produce anti-HBV micro-RNA (miR) shuttles. We found that silencing of HBV markers of replication was efficient (>75%) in cell culture and in vivo. miR shuttles were processed to form anti-HBV guide strands and there was no evidence of induction of the interferon response. Modification of terminal sequences to include flanking human adenoviral type-5 inverted terminal repeats was easily achieved and did not compromise silencing efficacy. These linear DNA sequences should have utility in the development of gene silencing applications where modifications of terminal elements with elimination of potentially harmful and non-essential sequences are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saket Chattopadhyay
- Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Tanaka H, Fujita K, Sagisaka A, Tomimoto K, Imanishi S, Yamakawa M. shRNA Expression Plasmids Generated by a Novel Method Efficiently Induce Gene-Specific Knockdown in a Silkworm Cell Line. Mol Biotechnol 2008; 41:173-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-008-9108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Castanotto D, Sakurai K, Lingeman R, Li H, Shively L, Aagaard L, Soifer H, Gatignol A, Riggs A, Rossi JJ. Combinatorial delivery of small interfering RNAs reduces RNAi efficacy by selective incorporation into RISC. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:5154-64. [PMID: 17660190 PMCID: PMC1976469 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the great potential of RNAi, ectopic expression of shRNA or siRNAs holds the inherent risk of competition for critical RNAi components, thus altering the regulatory functions of some cellular microRNAs. In addition, specific siRNA sequences can potentially hinder incorporation of other siRNAs when used in a combinatorial approach. We show that both synthetic siRNAs and expressed shRNAs compete against each other and with the endogenous microRNAs for transport and for incorporation into the RNA induced silencing complex (RISC). The same siRNA sequences do not display competition when expressed from a microRNA backbone. We also show that TAR RNA binding protein (TRBP) is one of the sensors for selection and incorporation of the guide sequence of interfering RNAs. These findings reveal that combinatorial siRNA approaches can be problematic and have important implications for the methodology of expression and use of therapeutic interfering RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Castanotto
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Division of Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope and Virus-cell interactions laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Kumi Sakurai
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Division of Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope and Virus-cell interactions laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Robert Lingeman
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Division of Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope and Virus-cell interactions laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Haitang Li
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Division of Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope and Virus-cell interactions laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Louise Shively
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Division of Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope and Virus-cell interactions laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Lars Aagaard
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Division of Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope and Virus-cell interactions laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Harris Soifer
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Division of Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope and Virus-cell interactions laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Anne Gatignol
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Division of Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope and Virus-cell interactions laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Arthur Riggs
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Division of Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope and Virus-cell interactions laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - John J. Rossi
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Division of Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope and Virus-cell interactions laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed.+626 301 8360+626 301 8271
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8
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Lai JC, Brown BD, Voskresenskiy AM, Vonhoff S, Klussman S, Tan W, Colombini M, Weeratna R, Miller P, Benimetskaya L, Stein CA. Comparison of d-g3139 and its enantiomer L-g3139 in melanoma cells demonstrates minimal in vitro but dramatic in vivo chiral dependency. Mol Ther 2007; 15:270-8. [PMID: 17235304 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G3139 (Genasense), an 18mer phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide targeted to the initiation codon region of the Bcl-2 messenger RNA (mRNA), downregulates Bcl-2 protein and mRNA expression in many cell lines. However, both the in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of action of G3139 are still uncertain. The isosequential L-deoxyribose enantiomer L-G3139, which does not downregulate Bcl-2 expression, was synthesized to study the role of the Bcl-2 protein in melanoma cells. Both D-G3139 and L-G3139 bind nonspecifically to basic fibroblast growth factor with approximately the same K(c), and cause highly effective inhibition of net formation in 518A2 melanoma cells on Matrigel. The uptakes of D-G3139 and L-G3139 in melanoma cells were also similar. However, unlike D-G3139, L-G3139 does not produce poly ADP-ribose polymerase-1 and procaspase-3 cleavage at 9.5 h after the initiation of the transfection, but can activate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis at approximately 48 h. Furthermore, treatment of A375 melanoma human xenografts in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice demonstrates that tumor growth is not inhibited by L-G3139, whereas D-G3139 significantly inhibits the rate of tumor growth. Furthermore, the immunostimulatory properties of L-G3139 appear to be nil, which differs dramatically from those of D-G3139. In conclusion, profound differences exist between D-G3139 and L-G3139 in vivo despite their similarities in vitro.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cytochromes c/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Interleukin-16/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Microscopy, Phase-Contrast
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacokinetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/metabolism
- Stereoisomerism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan C Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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9
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Kumar LD, Clarke AR. Gene manipulation through the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA): from in vitro to in vivo applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:87-100. [PMID: 17434644 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The conventional approach to investigate genotype-phenotype relationships has been the generation of gene targeted murine strains. However, the emergence of RNAi technologies has opened the possibility of much more rapid (and indeed more cost effective) genetic manipulation in vivo at the level of the transcriptome. Successful application of RNAi in vivo depends on intracellular targeted delivery of siRNA/shRNA molecules for efficient knockdown of the desired gene. In this review, we discuss the rationale and different strategies of using siRNA/shRNA for accomplishing the silencing of targeted genes in a spatial and /or temporally regulated manner. We also summarise the steps involved in extending these approaches to in vivo applications, with a specific focus upon the development of silencing in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Dinesh Kumar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Benimetskaya L, Ayyanar K, Kornblum N, Castanotto D, Rossi J, Wu S, Lai J, Brown BD, Popova N, Miller P, McMicken H, Chen Y, Stein CA. Bcl-2 protein in 518A2 melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:4940-8. [PMID: 16914583 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bcl-2 is an apoptotic protein that is highly expressed in advanced melanoma. Several strategies have been employed to target the expression of this protein, including G3139, an 18-mer phosphorothioate oligodeoxyribonucleotide targeted to the initiation region of the Bcl-2 mRNA. This compound has recently completed phase III global clinical evaluation, but the function of Bcl-2 as a target in melanoma has not been completely clarified. To help resolve this question, we have permanently and stably down-regulated Bcl-2 protein and mRNA expression in 518A2 cells by two different technologies and evaluated the resulting clones both in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 518A2 melanoma cells were transfected with plasmids engineered to produce either a single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide targeted to the initiation codon region of the Bcl-2 mRNA or a short hairpin RNA also targeted to the Bcl-2 mRNA. In vitro growth, the apoptotic response to G3139, and the G3139-induced release of cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria were evaluated. Cells were then xenografted into severe combined immunodeficient mice and tumor growth was measured. RESULTS In vitro, down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression by either method produced no change either in the rate of growth or in sensitivity to standard cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. Likewise, the induction of apoptosis by G3139 was entirely Bcl-2 independent. In addition, the G3139-induced release from isolated mitochondria was also relatively independent of Bcl-2 expression. However, when xenografted into severe combined immunodeficient mice, cells with silenced Bcl-2, using either technology, either failed to grow at all or grew to tumors of low volume and then completely regressed. In contrast, control cells with "normal" levels of Bcl-2 protein expression expanded to be large, necrotic tumors. CONCLUSIONS The presence of Bcl-2 protein profoundly affects the ability of 518A2 melanoma cells to grow as human tumor xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient mice. The in vivo role of Bcl-2 in melanoma cells thus differs significantly from its in vitro role, and these experiments further suggest that Bcl-2 may be an important therapeutic target even in tumors that do not contain the t14:18 translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luba Benimetskaya
- Albert Einstein-Montefiore Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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McIntyre GJ, Fanning GC. Design and cloning strategies for constructing shRNA expression vectors. BMC Biotechnol 2006; 6:1. [PMID: 16396676 PMCID: PMC1343552 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) encoded within an expression vector has proven an effective means of harnessing the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway in mammalian cells. A survey of the literature revealed that shRNA vector construction can be hindered by high mutation rates and the ensuing sequencing is often problematic. Current options for constructing shRNA vectors include the use of annealed complementary oligonucleotides (74 % of surveyed studies), a PCR approach using hairpin containing primers (22 %) and primer extension of hairpin templates (4 %). RESULTS We considered primer extension the most attractive method in terms of cost. However, in initial experiments we encountered a mutation frequency of 50 % compared to a reported 20-40 % for other strategies. By modifying the technique to be an isothermal reaction using the DNA polymerase Phi29, we reduced the error rate to 10 %, making primer extension the most efficient and cost-effective approach tested. We also found that inclusion of a restriction site in the loop could be exploited for confirming construct integrity by automated sequencing, while maintaining intended gene suppression. CONCLUSION In this study we detail simple improvements for constructing and sequencing shRNA that overcome current limitations. We also compare the advantages of our solutions against proposed alternatives. Our technical modifications will be of tangible benefit to researchers looking for a more efficient and reliable shRNA construction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen J McIntyre
- Johnson and Johnson Research Pty Ltd, 1 Central Ave, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW, 1430, Australia
- The school of Biological and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Gregory C Fanning
- Johnson and Johnson Research Pty Ltd, 1 Central Ave, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW, 1430, Australia
- Tibotec BVBA, Gen De Wittelaan L 11 B3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
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