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Abdel-Rahman M, Elmasry HM, Ahmed-Farid OA, Hegazy SM, Rezk MM. Neurological study on the effect of CeNPs and/or La Cl 3 on adult male albino rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 81:127323. [PMID: 37890446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanides are a group of 15 elements (8 heavy and 7 light) grouped for their proximity in the chemical and physical properties. Recently, this group of elements has received great attention because of their importance, and their entrance into many industrial technologies making the probability of the living organisms' exposure to it increase. The present study aims to study ability of cerium nanoparticles (CeNPs) or lanthanum (LaCl3) to cross the blood brain barrier also, investigate their neuro effect separately or together on some parameters in six brain areas (cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum, midbrain, and hypothalamus) of the adult male albino rats. The results showed the ability of both elements to distribute and accumulate in the different brain areas. Also, the results of CeNPs or LaCl3 treatment were in the same line where each element caused a significant decrease in norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and GABA accompanied with a significant increase in 5- hydroxyl indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) glucose level. On the other hand, GSH and MDA showed a significant decrease after CeNPs treatment while, with LaCl3 treatment, MDA showed a significant increase in the different brain areas after 3 weeks of treatment. The coadministration of CeNPs and La Cl3 caused an ameliorating effect in all the tested parameters. In conclusion, from the previous studies the effects of lanthanides in the present study may be in part due to its effect on the release or turnover of neurotransmitters and insulin secretion. Finally, the ameliorative effect of CeNPs may be regarded as its high activity to scavenge the free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Heba M Elmasry
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Omar A Ahmed-Farid
- Department of Physiology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Sherein M Hegazy
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Rezk
- Isotopes Department, Nuclear Materials Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
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2
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Thiel A, Weishaupt AK, Nicolai MM, Lossow K, Kipp AP, Schwerdtle T, Bornhorst J. Simultaneous quantitation of oxidized and reduced glutathione via LC-MS/MS to study the redox state and drug-mediated modulation in cells, worms and animal tissue. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1225:123742. [PMID: 37209457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) levels represent an important marker for oxidative stress and potential disease progression in toxicological research. Since GSH can be oxidized rapidly, using a stable and reliable method for sample preparation and GSH/GSSG quantification is essential to obtain reproducible data. Here we describe an optimised sample processing combined with a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, validated for different biological matrices (lysates from HepG2 cells, C. elegans, and mouse liver tissue). To avoid autoxidation of GSH, samples were treated with the thiol-masking agent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) in a single step. With an analysis time of 5 min, the developed LC-MS/MS method offers simultaneous determination of GSH and GSSG at high sample throughput with high sensitivity. This is especially interesting with respect of screening for oxidative and protective properties of substances in in vitro and in vivo models, e.g. C. elegans. In addition to method validation parameters (linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery, interday, intraday), we verified the method by using menadione and L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) as well established modulators of cellular GSH and GSSG concentrations. Thereby menadione proved to be a reliable positive control also in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Thiel
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Weishaupt
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Merle M Nicolai
- Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Kristina Lossow
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 24, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna P Kipp
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 24, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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3
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Zhang F, Chen F, Shen R, Chen YX, Zhao Z, Zhang B, Fang J. Naphthalimide Fluorescent Skeleton for Facile and Accurate Quantification of Glutathione. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4301-4309. [PMID: 36812128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), the most prevalent nonprotein thiol in biological systems, acts as both an antioxidant to manipulate intracellular redox homeostasis and a nucleophile to detoxify xenobiotics. The fluctuation of GSH is closely related to the pathogenesis of diverse diseases. This work reports the construction of a nucleophilic aromatic substitution-type probe library based on the naphthalimide skeleton. After an initial evaluation, the compound R13 was identified as a highly efficient GSH fluorescent probe. Further studies demonstrate that R13 could readily quantify GSH in cells and tissues via a straightforward fluorometric assay with a comparable accuracy to the results from the HPLC. We then used R13 to quantify the content of GSH in mouse livers after X-ray irradiation, revealing that irradiation-induced oxidative stress leads to the increase of oxidized GSH (GSSG) and depletion of GSH. In addition, probe R13 was also applied to investigate the alteration of the GSH level in the Parkinson's mouse brains, showing a decrease of GSH and an increase of GSSG in Parkinson's mouse brains. The convenience of the probe in quantifying GSH in biological samples facilitates further understanding of the fluctuation of the GSH/GSSG ratio in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ruipeng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ya-Xiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhengjia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
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4
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Xue L, Yu D, Sun J, Guan L, Xie C, Wang L, Jia Y, Tian J, Fan H, Sun H. Rapid GSH detection and versatile peptide/protein labelling to track cell penetration using coumarin-based probes. Analyst 2023; 148:532-538. [PMID: 36349786 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01510b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Biothiols play essential roles in balancing the redox state and modulating cellular functions. Fluorescent probes for monitoring/labelling biothiols often suffer from slow reaction rates, strong background fluorescence and cytotoxic byproduct release. Thus, developing facile and versatile probes to overcome the challenges is still in high demand. Here, we report four coumarin-maleimides as fast responding and fluorogenic probes to detect GSH or label peptides/proteins. The probes quantitatively and selectively react with GSH via Michael addition within 1-2 min, achieving an 11-196-fold increase in fluorescence quantum yield via blockage of the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process. Optimized probe 4 is applied for the detection of GSH in vitro (A549 cells) and in vivo (zebrafish embryos). Taking advantage of the fast Michael addition between the maleimide moiety and the sulfhydryl group, we expand the application of our method for fluorescent labelling of peptides/proteins and for tracking their cellular uptake process. The labelling strategy works for both Cys-bearing and Cys-free proteins after the introduction of a sulfhydryl group using Traut's reagent. Fluorescence assay reveals that the TAT-peptide can efficiently enter cells, but H3 protein, part of nucleosomes, prefers to bind on the cell membrane by electrostatic interactions, shedding light on the cellular uptake activity of nucleosomes and affording a potential membrane staining strategy. Overall, our study illustrates the broad potential of coumarin-maleimide based dual-functional probes for GSH detection and versatile protein labelling in biochemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xue
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China. .,School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P. R. China
| | - Dehao Yu
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Sun
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China.
| | - Liangyu Guan
- BayRay Innovation Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518132, P. R. China
| | - Chengzhi Xie
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China.
| | - Luo Wang
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanyuan Jia
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China.
| | - Junyu Tian
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China.
| | - Heli Fan
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China.
| | - Huabing Sun
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China.
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5
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Sun CK, Tsai TH. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic herb-drug interactions of common over-the-counter pain medications. Biomed Chromatogr 2023:e5591. [PMID: 36710381 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pain is one of the most common reasons for seeking medical intervention, and self-medication with over-the-counter medications and/or traditional herbal remedies has become increasingly popular. In this review, original articles on understanding possible herb-drug interactions between traditional herbs and four major pain medications-acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen-are compiled and analyzed. In terms of analytical methods, high-performance liquid chromatography using an isocratic eluent system coupled to biological sample clean-up is the most common, while a wide variety of detectors have been observed, including a photodiode array, variable wavelength detector, electrochemical detector and tandem mass spectrometer. Both synergistic and anti-synergistic effects were observed for acetaminophen and aspirin, while only synergistic effects have been found for naproxen. Currently, no interactions have been reported for ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Kai Sun
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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6
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Influence of year, genotype and cultivation system on nutritional values and bioactive compounds in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Food Chem 2022; 389:133090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Wang M, Zhan Y, Wang H, Zhang C, Li G, Zou L. A photoelectrochemical sensor for glutathione based on Bi 2S 3-modified TiO 2 nanotube arrays. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj06045g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel photoelectrochemical sensor for the determination of glutathione based on Bi2S3-modified TiO2 nanotube arrays. Under the excitation of visible light, glutathione can be oxidized by the holes created by the Bi2S3/TiO2 NTAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Hanxiao Wang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Gaiping Li
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Lina Zou
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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8
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Kalinovic S, Stamm P, Oelze M, Daub S, Kröller-Schön S, Kvandova M, Steven S, Münzel T, Daiber A. Comparison of three methods for in vivo quantification of glutathione in tissues of hypertensive rats. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:1048-1061. [PMID: 34918601 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.2016735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine, GSH) is a tripeptide that is part of the antioxidant defense system and contributes to numerous redox-regulatory processes. In vivo, reduced GSH and oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG) are present in redox equilibrium and their ratio provides important information on the cellular redox state. Here, we compared three different methods for in vivo quantification of glutathione in tissues of hypertensive rats, an accepted animal model of oxidative stress. In the present study, we used hypertensive rats (infusion of 1 mg/kg/d angiotensin-II for 7 days) to determine the levels of reduced GSH and/or GSH/GSSG ratios in different tissue samples. We used an HPLC-based method with direct electrochemical detection (HPLC/ECD) and compared it with Ellman's reagent (DTNB) dependent derivatization of reduced GSH to the GS-NTB adduct and free NTB (UV/Vis HPLC) as well as with a commercial GSH/GSSG assay (Oxiselect). Whereas all three methods indicated overall a decreased redox state in hypertensive rats, the assays based on HPLC/ECD and DTNB derivatization provided the most significant differences. We applied a direct, fast and sensitive method for electrochemical GSH detection in tissues from hypertensive animals, and confirmed its reliability for in vivo measurements by head-to-head comparison with two other established assays. The HPLC/ECD but not DTNB and Oxiselect assays yielded quantitative GSH data but all three assays reflected nicely the qualitative redox changes and functional impairment in hypertensive rats. However, especially our GSH/GSSG values are lower than reported by others pointing to problems in the work-up protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanela Kalinovic
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul Stamm
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Oelze
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen Daub
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Swenja Kröller-Schön
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Miroslava Kvandova
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Steven
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany
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9
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Picchi V, Gobbi S, Fattizzo M, Zefelippo M, Faoro F. Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with N-Acetyl Cysteine to Mitigate Ozone and Other Possible Oxidative Stresses in Durum Wheat. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:691. [PMID: 33918532 PMCID: PMC8065401 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Modern durum wheat cultivars are more prone to ozone stress because of their high photosynthetic efficiency and leaf gas exchanges that cause a greater pollutant uptake. This, in turn, generates an increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that is a challenge to control by the antioxidant system of the plant, therefore affecting final yield, with a reduction up to 25%. With the aim of mitigating oxidative stress in wheat, we used chitosan nanoparticles (CHT-NPs) either unloaded or loaded with the antioxidant compound N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), on plants grown either in a greenhouse or in an open field. NAC-loaded NPs were prepared by adding 0.5 mg/mL NAC to the CHT solution before ionotropic gelation with tripolyphosphate (TTP). Greenhouse experiments evidenced that CHT-NPs and CHT-NPs-NAC were able to increase the level of the leaf antioxidant pool, particularly ascorbic acid (AsA) content. However, the results of field trials, while confirming the increase in the AsA level, at least in the first phenological stages, were less conclusive. The presence of NAC did not appear to significantly affect the leaf antioxidant pool, although the grain yield was slightly higher in NAC-treated parcels. Furthermore, both NAC-loaded and -unloaded CHT-NPs partially reduced the symptom severity and increased the weight of 1000 seeds, thus showing a moderate mitigation of ozone injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Picchi
- CREA Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via G. Venezian 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Gobbi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (S.G.); (M.F.)
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Fattizzo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (S.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Mario Zefelippo
- Agronomist and Agricultural Consultant, Via S. Francesco D’Assisi 7/A, 27058 Voghera, Italy;
| | - Franco Faoro
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (S.G.); (M.F.)
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10
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Facile and sensitive measurement of GSH/GSSG in cells by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Talanta 2021; 224:121852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Measurement of Glutathione as a Tool for Oxidative Stress Studies by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184196. [PMID: 32933160 PMCID: PMC7571047 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Maintenance of the ratio of glutathione in the reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) state in cells is important in redox control, signal transduction and gene regulation, factors that are altered in many diseases. The accurate and reliable determination of GSH and GSSG simultaneously is a useful tool for oxidative stress determination. Measurement is limited primarily to the underestimation of GSH and overestimation GSSG as a result of auto-oxidation of GSH. The aim of this study was to overcome this limitation and develop, optimise and validate a reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay of GSH and GSSG for the determination of oxidant status in cardiac and chronic kidney diseases. Methods: Fluorescence detection of the derivative, glutathione-O-pthaldialdehyde (OPA) adduct was used. The assay was validated by measuring the stability of glutathione and glutathione-OPA adduct under conditions that could affect the reproducibility including reaction time and temperature. Linearity, concentration range, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery and extraction efficiency and selectivity of the method were assessed. Results: There was excellent linearity for GSH (r2 = 0.998) and GSSG (r2 = 0.996) over concentration ranges of 0.1 µM–4 mM and 0.2 µM–0.4 mM respectively. The extraction of GSH from tissues was consistent and precise. The limit of detection for GSH and GSSG were 0.34 µM and 0.26 µM respectively whilst their limits of quantification were 1.14 µM and 0.88 µM respectively. Conclusion: These data validate a method for the simultaneous measurement of GSH and GSSG in samples extracted from biological tissues and offer a simple determination of redox status in clinical samples.
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12
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Xie K, Varatnitskaya M, Maghnouj A, Bader V, Winklhofer KF, Hahn S, Leichert LI. Activation leads to a significant shift in the intracellular redox homeostasis of neutrophil-like cells. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101344. [PMID: 31639650 PMCID: PMC6807386 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils produce a cocktail of oxidative species during the so-called oxidative burst to attack phagocytized bacteria. However, little is known about the neutrophils' redox homeostasis during the oxidative burst and there is currently no consensus about the interplay between oxidative species and cellular signaling, e.g. during the initiation of the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Using the genetically encoded redox sensor roGFP2, expressed in the cytoplasm of the neutrophil-like cell line PLB-985, we saw that stimulation by both PMA and E. coli resulted in oxidation of the thiol residues in this probe. In contrast to the redox state of phagocytized bacteria, which completely breaks down, the neutrophils' cytoplasmic redox state switched from its intital -318 ± 6 mV to a new, albeit higher oxidized, steady state of -264 ± 5 mV in the presence of bacteria. This highly significant oxidation of the cytosol (p value = 7 × 10-5) is dependent on NOX2 activity, but independent of the most effective thiol oxidant produced in neutrophils, MPO-derived HOCl. While the shift in the intracellular redox potential is correlated with effective NETosis, it is, by itself not sufficient: Inhibition of MPO, while not affecting the cytosolic oxidation, significantly decreased NETosis. Furthermore, inhibition of PI3K, which abrogates cytosolic oxidation, did not fully prevent NETosis induced by phagocytosis of bacteria. Thus, we conclude that NET-formation is regulated in a multifactorial way, in part by changes of the cytosolic thiol redox homeostasis in neutrophils, depending on the circumstance under which the generation of NETs was initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaibo Xie
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Microbial Biochemistry, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marharyta Varatnitskaya
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Microbial Biochemistry, Bochum, Germany
| | - Abdelouahid Maghnouj
- Ruhr University Bochum, Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Verian Bader
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Cell Biology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Konstanze F Winklhofer
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Cell Biology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Hahn
- Ruhr University Bochum, Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars I Leichert
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Microbial Biochemistry, Bochum, Germany.
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13
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S-Nitrosoglutathione loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles for prolonged nitric oxide release and enhanced healing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 132:94-102. [PMID: 30223029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-infected wounds have become a significant clinical issue worldwide. Recently, nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a potent antibacterial agent against MRSA infections and a wound-healing enhancer. Nevertheless, clinical applications of NO have been largely restricted by its gaseous state and short half-life. In this study, our aim was to develop S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO, an endogenous NO donor)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) [PLGA] microparticles (GSNO-MPs) that release NO over a prolonged period, to accelerate the healing of MRSA-infected wounds with less frequent dosing. GSNO was successfully encapsulated into PLGA microparticles by a solid-in-oil-in-water emulsion solvent evaporation method. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed the successful fabrication of GSNO-MPs. The latter released NO in a prolonged manner over 7 days and exerted a remarkable antibacterial activity against MRSA in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, GSNO-MPs had good antibacterial efficacy and were found to accelerate wound healing in a mouse model of MRSA-infected wounds. Therefore, NO-releasing MPs devised in this study may be a promising option for the treatment of cutaneous wounds infected by drug-resistant bacteria such as MRSA.
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14
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Zhang YP, Zhang Y, Xiao ZB, Zhang YB, Zhang J, Li ZQ, Zhu YB. CFTR prevents neuronal apoptosis following cerebral ischemia reperfusion via regulating mitochondrial oxidative stress. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:611-620. [PMID: 29761302 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is linked to cell apoptosis and abundantly expressed in brain tissue. Mitochondrial oxidative stress plays a key role in activating apoptotic pathway following cerebral ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. Reduced glutathione (GSH) is exclusively synthesized in cytosol but distributed in mitochondria. In the present study, we investigated whether CFTR affected mitochondrial oxidative stress via regulating GSH and thereby protected neurons against apoptosis following cerebral IR. Brains were subjected to global IR by four-vessel occlusion and CFTR activator forskolin (FSK) was used in vivo. CFTR silence was performed in vitro for neurons by RNA interference. We found that FSK suppressed neuronal apoptosis whereas CFTR silence enhanced neuronal apoptosis. FSK prevented the elevations in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase activities while FSK inhibited the reductions in complex I activity and mitochondrial GSH level following IR. FSK decreased mitochondrial oxidative stress partially and preserved mitochondrial function. On the contrary, CFTR silence exaggerated mitochondrial dysfunction. CFTR loss increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level and decreased GSH level in mitochondria. Importantly, we showed that CFTR was located on mitochondrial membrane. GSH transport assay suggested that GSH decrease may be a consequence not a reason for mitochondrial oxidative stress mediated by CFTR disruption. Our results highlight the central role of CFTR in the pathogenesis of cerebral IR injury. CFTR regulates neuronal apoptosis following cerebral IR via mitochondrial oxidative stress-dependent pathway. The mechanism of CFTR-mediated mitochondrial oxidative stress needs further studies. KEY MESSAGES: CFTR activation protects brain tissue against IR-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress. CFTR disruption enhances H2O2-induced neuronal apoptosis and CFTR loss leads to mitochondrial oxidative stress. CFTR regulates IR-induced neuronal apoptosis via mitochondrial oxidative stress. CFTR may be a potential therapeutic target to cerebral IR damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Zhang
- The Heart Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- The Heart Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Xiao
- The Heart Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yan-Bo Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Pediatric Heart Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery II, Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, 56 Nan-Li-Shi Road, 100045, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao-Bin Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery II, Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, 56 Nan-Li-Shi Road, 100045, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Glutathionylation: a regulatory role of glutathione in physiological processes. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2018; 69:1-24. [DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2018-69-2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Glutathione (γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine) is an intracellular thiol molecule and a potent antioxidant that participates in the toxic metabolism phase II biotransformation of xenobiotics. It can bind to a variety of proteins in a process known as glutathionylation. Protein glutathionylation is now recognised as one of important posttranslational regulatory mechanisms in cell and tissue physiology. Direct and indirect regulatory roles in physiological processes include glutathionylation of major transcriptional factors, eicosanoids, cytokines, and nitric oxide (NO). This review looks into these regulatory mechanisms through examples of glutathione regulation in apoptosis, vascularisation, metabolic processes, mitochondrial integrity, immune system, and neural physiology. The focus is on the physiological roles of glutathione beyond biotransformational metabolism.
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16
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A sensitive and selective colorimetric sensor for reduced glutathione detection based on silver triangular nanoplates conjugated with gallic acid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Thomas A, Sivasankaran U, Kumar KG. Biothiols induced colour change of silver nanoparticles: A colorimetric sensing strategy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 188:113-119. [PMID: 28704805 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A sensor for the detection and determination of bio-thiols (glutathione (GSH) and cysteamine (Cyste)) has been developed by integrating the distinguished distance related optical characteristics of silver nanoparticles with the simplicity of colorimetric technique. In presence of these analytes, shift in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with change in its colour was observed. Yellow coloured AgNPs solution becomes colourless in presence of GSH and changes to red in presence of Cyste. FTIR, TEM and DLS studies were used to confirm the mechanism. The difference in absorption of AgNPs in the absence and presence of GSH was found to vary linearly in the range 1.00×10-5M to 5.00×10-7M concentration range with limit of detection at 3.68×10-7M. The method can also be applied to quantify Cyste in the range 1.10×10-6M to 5.00×10-8M with limit of detection at 1.80×10-8M. The utility of the proposed colorimetric assay is validated by determination of GSH and Cyste in artificial blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambily Thomas
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682 022, India
| | - Unni Sivasankaran
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682 022, India
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18
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Rizza S, Filomeni G. Chronicles of a reductase: Biochemistry, genetics and physio-pathological role of GSNOR. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 110:19-30. [PMID: 28533171 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
S-nitrosylation is a major redox posttranslational modification involved in cell signaling. The steady state concentration of S-nitrosylated proteins depends on the balance between the relative ability to generate nitric oxide (NO) via NO synthase and to reduce nitrosothiols by denitrosylases. Numerous works have been published in last decades regarding the role of NO and S-nitrosylation in the regulation of protein structure and function, and in driving cellular activities in vertebrates. Notwithstanding an increasing number of observations indicates that impairment of denitrosylation equally affects cellular homeostasis, there is still no report providing comprehensive knowledge on the impact that denitrosylation has on maintaining correct physiological processes and organ activities. Among denitrosylases, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) represents the prototype enzyme to disclose how denitrosylation plays a crucial role in tuning NO-bioactivity and how much it deeply impacts on cell homeostasis and human patho-physiology. In this review we attempt to illustrate the history of GSNOR discovery and provide the evidence so far reported in support of GSNOR implications in development and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Rizza
- Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress Research Group, Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Filomeni
- Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress Research Group, Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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19
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Enns GM, Cowan TM. Glutathione as a Redox Biomarker in Mitochondrial Disease-Implications for Therapy. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6050050. [PMID: 28467362 PMCID: PMC5447941 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6050050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Technical advances in the ability to measure mitochondrial dysfunction are providing new insights into mitochondrial disease pathogenesis, along with new tools to objectively evaluate the clinical status of mitochondrial disease patients. Glutathione (l-ϒ-glutamyl-l-cysteinylglycine) is the most abundant intracellular thiol, and the intracellular redox state, as reflected by levels of oxidized (GSSG) and reduced (GSH) glutathione, as well as the GSH/GSSG ratio, is considered to be an important indication of cellular health. The ability to quantify mitochondrial dysfunction in an affected patient will not only help with routine care, but also improve rational clinical trial design aimed at developing new therapies. Indeed, because multiple disorders have been associated with either primary or secondary deficiency of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and redox imbalance, developing mitochondrial therapies that have the potential to improve the intracellular glutathione status has been a focus of several clinical trials over the past few years. This review will also discuss potential therapies to increase intracellular glutathione with a focus on EPI-743 (α-tocotrienol quinone), a compound that appears to have the ability to modulate the activity of oxidoreductases, in particular NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Enns
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, H-315, Stanford, CA 94005-5208, USA.
| | - Tina M Cowan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, H-315, Stanford, CA 94005-5208, USA.
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20
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Suppression of Oxidative Stress and NFκB/MAPK Signaling by Lyophilized Black Raspberries for Esophageal Cancer Prevention in Rats. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040413. [PMID: 28441719 PMCID: PMC5409752 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in the laboratory has shown that lyophilized black raspberries (BRB) significantly inhibit N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced esophageal squamous cell carcinogenesis in rats. The objective of the present study is to characterize the underlying mechanism(s) of anti-cancer action of BRB in this preclinical animal model focusing on oxidative stress and its related oncogenic signaling pathways. Esophageal epithelial tissues were collected and assessed for markers of oxidative stress and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). BRB reduced the incidence of esophageal cancer from 100% in NMBA-treated rats to 81.5% in rats treated with NMBA plus BRB (p < 0.05). Tumor multiplicity was reduced from 4.73 ± 0.45 tumors per esophagus in NMBA-treated rats to 1.44 ± 0.26 in rats treated with NMBA plus BRB (p < 0.001). The data indicated that NMBA treatment increased production of hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxide, reduced expression and activity of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase 2, and activated NFκB/MAPK signaling in rat esophagus. The study’s results show that BRB reverses oxidative stress and suppresses NFκB/MAPK pathways, which could be the mechanisms for esophageal cancer chemopreventive action of BRB in rats.
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21
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McMurray F, Patten DA, Harper ME. Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress in Obesity-Recent Findings and Empirical Approaches. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:2301-2310. [PMID: 27804267 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are intricately linked to obesity and associated pathologies, notably insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. However, ROS are also thought to be important in intracellular signaling, which may paradoxically be required for insulin sensitivity. Many theories have been developed to explain this apparent paradox, which have broadened our understanding of these important small molecules. While many sites for intracellular ROS production have been described, mitochondrial generated ROS remain a major contributor in most cell types. Mitochondrial ROS generation is controlled by a number of factors described in this review. Moreover, these studies have established both a demand for novel sensitive approaches to measure ROS, as well as a need to standardize and review their suitability for different applications. METHODS To properly assess levels of ROS and mitochondrial ROS in the development of obesity and its complications, a growing number of tools have been developed. This paper reviews many of the common methods for the investigation of ROS in mitochondria, cell, animal, and human models. RESULTS Available approaches can be generally divided into those that measure ROS-induced damage (e.g., DNA, lipid, and protein damage); those that measure antioxidant levels and redox ratios; and those that use novel biosensors and probes for a more direct measure of different forms of ROS (e.g., 2',7'-di-chlorofluorescein (DCF), dihydroethidium (DHE) and its mitochondrial targeted form (MitoSOX), Amplex Red, roGFP, HyPer, mt-cpYFP, ratiometric H2 O2 probes, and their derivatives). Moreover, this review provides caveats and strengths for the use of these techniques in different models. CONCLUSIONS Advances in these techniques will undoubtedly advance the understanding of ROS in obesity and may help resolve unanswered questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McMurray
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Patten
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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22
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Appala RN, Chigurupati S, Appala RVVSS, Krishnan Selvarajan K, Islam Mohammad J. A Simple HPLC-UV Method for the Determination of Glutathione in PC-12 Cells. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:6897890. [PMID: 27127683 PMCID: PMC4834400 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6897890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and simple HPLC-UV method was developed and validated for the assay of glutathione (GSH) in PC-12 cells. Glutathione is a major intracellular antioxidant having multiple biological effects, best known for its cytoprotective effects against cell damage from reactive oxygen species and toxic reactive metabolites and regulating the cellular redox homeostasis. Due to its own sulfhydryl (SH) group, GSH readily reacts with Ellman's reagent to form a stable dimer which allows for quantitative estimation of GSH in biological systems by UV detection. The separation was achieved using a C8 column with a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer adjusted to pH 2.5 (mobile phase A) and acetonitrile (mobile phase B), running in a segmented gradient manner at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, and UV detection was performed at 280 nm. The developed HPLC-UV method was validated with respect to precision, accuracy, robustness, and linearity within a range of 1-20 μg/mL. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.05 and 0.1 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the method shows the applicability for monitoring the oxidative stress in PC-12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju N Appala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sultan Ul Uloom College of Pharmacy, Telangana, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Raju V V S S Appala
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, MAHSA University, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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23
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Chen XY, Cao Q. Enteric glial cells: Powerful guardian of intestinal epithelial barrier in inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:1379-1385. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i9.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium constitutes a physical and functional barrier between the external environment and the host organism. Once the integrity of this barrier is disrupted, inflammatory disorders and tissue injury are initiated and perpetuated. Beneath the intestinal epithelial cells lies a population of astrocyte-like cells that are known as enteric glia cells (EGCs). They play a key role in maintaining the homeostasis and integrity of intestinal epithelial barrier by secretion of some mediators and modulation of enteric neuronal activities. In this review, we will describe the functional roles of enteric glia cells in the intestinal barrier, and highlight the protective action of EGCs in inflammatory bowel disease.
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24
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Parente MR, Monteiro JT, Martins GG, Saraiva LM. Helicobacter pullorum induces nitric oxide release in murine macrophages that promotes phagocytosis and killing. Microbiology (Reading) 2016; 162:503-512. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida R. Parente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João T. Monteiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Gabriel G. Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Lígia M. Saraiva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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25
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Estrela JM, Ortega A, Mena S, Sirerol JA, Obrador E. Glutathione in metastases: From mechanisms to clinical applications. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:253-67. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1136259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Estrela
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angel Ortega
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Mena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J. Antoni Sirerol
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Obrador
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology and
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26
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Ketchum AR, Kappler MP, Wu J, Xi C, Meyerhoff ME. The preparation and characterization of nitric oxide releasing silicone rubber materials impregnated with S-nitroso- tert-dodecyl mercaptan. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:422-430. [PMID: 27087965 PMCID: PMC4826759 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01664a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, considerable research efforts have focused on increasing the biocompatibility a nd bactericidal activity of biomedical polymeric devices (e.g., catheters, etc.) through incorporation of nitric oxide (NO) releasing molecules. NO is an important endogenous molecule that is well known for enhancing blood flow via its vasodilatory activity, but it also exhibits potent antithrombotic and antimicrobial properties. In this work, we demonstrate that silicone rubber tubing can be impregnated with a tertiary S-nitrosothiol (RSNO), S-nitroso-tert-dodecylmercaptan, via a simple solvent swelling method. We further characterize the NO release and RSNO leaching from the tubing over time via use of chemiluminescence and UV/Vis spectroscopy, respectively. The tubing is shown to maintain an NO flux above the physiological levels released by endothelial cells, 0.5-4.0 × 10-10 molcm-2min-1, for more than 3 weeks while stored at 37 °C and exhibit minimal leaching. Finally, the RSNO impregnated tu bing exhibits significant antimicrobial activity over a 21 d period (vs. controls) during incubation in a CDC bioreactor after inoculation of media with S. aureus bacteria. The use of such lipophilic RSNO impregnated silicone rubber tubing could dramatically reduce the risk of catheter-related infections, which are a common problem associated with placement of intravascular or urinary catheters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Ketchum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Michael P Kappler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Chuanwu Xi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mark E Meyerhoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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27
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Lu M, Liu Y, Helmy R, Martin GE, Dewald HD, Chen H. Online Investigation of Aqueous-Phase Electrochemical Reactions by Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1676-1685. [PMID: 26242804 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry (EC) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool for elucidation of electrochemical reaction mechanisms. However, direct online analysis of electrochemical reaction in aqueous phase was rarely explored. This paper presents the online investigation of several electrochemical reactions with biological relevance in the aqueous phase, such as nitrosothiol reduction, carbohydrate oxidation, and carbamazepine oxidation using desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS). It was found that electroreduction of nitrosothiols [e.g., nitrosylated insulin B (13-23)] leads to free thiols by loss of NO, as confirmed by online MS analysis for the first time. The characteristic mass shift of 29 Da and the reduced intensity provide a quick way to identify nitrosylated species. Equally importantly, upon collision-induced dissociation (CID), the reduced peptide ion produces more fragment ions than its nitrosylated precursor ion (presumably the backbone fragmentation cannot compete with the facile NO loss for the precursor ion), thus facilitating peptide sequencing. In the case of saccharide oxidation, it was found that glucose undergoes electro-oxidation to produce gluconic acid at alkaline pH, but not at neutral and acidic pHs. Such a pH-dependent electrochemical behavior was also observed for disaccharides such as maltose and cellobiose. Upon electrochemical oxidation, carbamazepine was found to undergo ring contraction and amide bond cleavage, which parallels the oxidative metabolism observed for this drug in leucocytes. The mechanistic information of these redox reactions revealed by EC/DESI-MS would be of value in nitroso-proteome research and carbohydrate/drug metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lu
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Process and Analytical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Roy Helmy
- Department of Process and Analytical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Gary E Martin
- Department of Process and Analytical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Howard D Dewald
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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28
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Ismail A, d'Orlyé F, Griveau S, Bedioui F, Varenne A, da Silva JAF. Capillary electrophoresis coupled to contactless conductivity detection for the analysis of S-nitrosothiols decomposition and reactivity. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1982-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulghani Ismail
- PSL Research University; Chimie ParisTech; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé; Paris France
- INSERM; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé; Paris France
- CNRS; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la santé UMR 8258; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé; Paris France
| | - Fanny d'Orlyé
- PSL Research University; Chimie ParisTech; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé; Paris France
- INSERM; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé; Paris France
- CNRS; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la santé UMR 8258; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé; Paris France
| | - Sophie Griveau
- PSL Research University; Chimie ParisTech; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé; Paris France
- INSERM; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé; Paris France
- CNRS; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la santé UMR 8258; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé; Paris France
| | - Fethi Bedioui
- PSL Research University; Chimie ParisTech; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé; Paris France
- INSERM; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé; Paris France
- CNRS; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la santé UMR 8258; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé; Paris France
| | - Anne Varenne
- PSL Research University; Chimie ParisTech; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé; Paris France
- INSERM; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé; Paris France
- CNRS; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la santé UMR 8258; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé; Paris France
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Bergareche C, Moysset L, Angelo AP, Chellik S, Simón E. Nitric-oxide inhibits nyctinastic closure through cGMP in Albizia lophantha leaflets. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1299-1305. [PMID: 25014265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive radical that acts as a direct or indirect cellular signalling molecule in plant growth, development and environmental responses. Here we studied the contribution of NO to the control of leaflet movements during nyctinastic closure. For this purpose, we tested the effect of NO donors and an NO scavenger, all supplied in light, on Albizia lophantha leaflet closure after transferral to darkness. Exogenous NO, applied as four donors [sodium nitroprusside (SNP), diethylammonium (Z)-1-(N,N-diethylamino) diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (DEA-NONOate), S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GS-NO)], inhibited nyctinastic leaflet closure while the application of an NO scavenger [2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO)] plus SNP cancelled the effect of the latter. The inclusion of Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) or sodium tungstate in the incubation media enhanced nyctinastic closure and also resulted in a decrease in the nitrate plus nitrite released by leaflets into the incubation solution. These results support the notion that NO is involved in regulating the nyctinastic closure of A. lophantha leaflets. Cellular perception of NO did not appear to be mediated by calcium. Pharmacological application of inhibitors of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) [1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazole-[4,3-a]-quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) and 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinequinone (Ly83583)], phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) (Sildenafil) and the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) analogue 8-bromoguanosine-3',5'-cyclomonophosphate sodium salt (8-Br-cGMP) indicated that cGMP was downstream of the NO signalling cascade during nyctinastic closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bergareche
- Plant Biology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Luisa Moysset
- Plant Biology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alcira Paola Angelo
- Plant Biology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samira Chellik
- Plant Biology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Simón
- Plant Biology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Yu YB, Li YQ. Enteric glial cells and their role in the intestinal epithelial barrier. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:11273-11280. [PMID: 25170211 PMCID: PMC4145765 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium constitutes a physical and functional barrier between the external environment and the host organism. It is formed by a continuous monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells maintained together by intercellular junctional complex, limiting access of pathogens, toxins and xenobiotics to host tissues. Once this barrier integrity is disrupted, inflammatory disorders and tissue injury are initiated and perpetuated. Beneath the intestinal epithelial cells lies a population of astrocyte-like cells that are known as enteric glia. The morphological characteristics and expression markers of these enteric glia cells were identical to the astrocytes of the central nervous system. In the past few years, enteric glia have been demonstrated to have a trophic and supporting relationship with intestinal epithelial cells. Enteric glia lesions and/or functional defects can be involved in the barrier dysfunction. Besides, factors secreted by enteric glia are important for the regulation of gut barrier function. Moreover, enteric glia have an important impact on epithelial cell transcriptome and induce a shift in epithelial cell phenotype towards increased cell adhesion and cell differentiation. Enteric glia can also preserve epithelial barrier against intestinal bacteria insult. In this review, we will describe the current body of evidence supporting functional roles of enteric glia on intestinal barrier.
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31
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Chang AHK, Sancheti H, Garcia J, Kaplowitz N, Cadenas E, Han D. Respiratory substrates regulate S-nitrosylation of mitochondrial proteins through a thiol-dependent pathway. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:794-804. [PMID: 24716714 PMCID: PMC4033640 DOI: 10.1021/tx400462r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
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S-Nitrosylation is a reversible post-translational
modification
on cysteinyl thiols that can modulate the function of redox-sensitive
proteins. The S-nitrosylation of mitochondrial proteins has been shown
to regulate various mitochondrial activities involved in energy-transducing
systems and mitochondrion-driven apoptosis. In isolated rat brain
mitochondria, we demonstrate that mitochondrial protein S-nitrosylation
is regulated by respiratory substrates (glutamate/malate) through
a thiol-dependent pathway. Mitochondrial proteins become susceptible
to S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO)-induced S-nitrosylation
in mitochondria with an oxidized environment (low glutathione (GSH),
NADH, and NADPH, and high GSSG, NAD+, and NADP+) caused by isolation of mitochondria using a discontinuous Percoll
gradient. Activation of mitochondrial respiration by respiratory substrates
leads to increased NAD(P)H and GSH levels, which in turn reduces mitochondrial
S-nitrosylated proteins. 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), which
depletes mitochondrial GSH and inhibits the thioredoxin–thioredoxin
reductase system, prevented the denitrosylation of mitochondrial proteins
caused by respiratory substrate treatment. Using biotin-switch coupled
with LC-MS/MS, several mitochondrial proteins were identified as targets
of S-nitrosylation including adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT)
and voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), important components of
the mitochondria permeability transition pore (MPTP), as well as ATP
synthase. The S-nitrosylation of ATP synthase by GSNO was found to
inhibit its activity. These findings emphasize the importance of respiratory
substrates in regulating S-nitrosylation through a thiol-dependent
(GSH and/or thioredoxin) pathway, with implications for mitochondrial
bioenergetics and mitochondrion-driven apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen H K Chang
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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32
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Zhang R, Huang G, Zeng W, Wu W. Conformations of Oxidized Glutathione in Aqueous Urea Solution by All-Atom Molecular Dynamic Simulations and 2D-NOESY Spectrum. J SOLUTION CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-013-0097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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33
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A new LC-MS/MS method for the clinical determination of reduced and oxidized glutathione from whole blood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 929:51-5. [PMID: 23660247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reduced levels of glutathione (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine, GSH) and the ratio of GSH to glutathione disulfide (GSSG) can serve as important indicators of oxidative stress and disease risk. Measured concentrations of GSH and GSSG vary widely between laboratories, largely due to the instability of GSH during sample handling and variables arising from different analytical methods. We have developed a simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for measuring whole blood GSH and GSSG that minimizes preanalytic and analytic variability, reliably eliminates interference from ion suppression, and can easily be implemented in clinical laboratories. Samples were deproteinized with sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) and derivatized with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) in a single preparative step, and the resulting supernatants combined with stable-isotope internal standards (GSH-(13)C, (15)N-NEM and GSSG-(13)C,(15)N), subjected to chromatographic separation using a Hypercarb column, and analyzed by MS/MS in the positive-ion mode. Results showed excellent linearity for both GSH and GSSG over the ranges of physiologic normal, with inter- and intra-assay CV's of 3.1-4.3% and accuracy between 95% and 101%. The lower limits of detection (LLOD) were 0.4μM for GSH and 0.1μM for GSSG and the lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) were 1.5μM for GSH and 0.1μM for GSSG. Derivatized samples are stable for at least 3 years when stored at -80°C, and underivatized samples for at least 24h at either 4°C or room temperature. Reference intervals were determined for 59 control samples, and were (mean±SD): GSH 900±140μM; GSSG 1.17±0.43μM; GSH/GSSG 880±370.
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Balchin D, Wallace L, Dirr HW. S-nitrosation of glutathione transferase p1-1 is controlled by the conformation of a dynamic active site helix. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14973-84. [PMID: 23572520 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.462671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
S-Nitrosation is a post-translational modification of protein cysteine residues, which occurs in response to cellular oxidative stress. Although it is increasingly being linked to physiologically important processes, the molecular basis for protein regulation by this modification remains poorly understood. We used transient kinetic methods to determine a minimal mechanism for spontaneous S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO)-mediated transnitrosation of human glutathione transferase (GST) P1-1, a major detoxification enzyme and key regulator of cell proliferation. Cys(47) of GSTP1-1 is S-nitrosated in two steps, with the chemical step limited by a pre-equilibrium between the open and closed conformations of helix α2 at the active site. Cys(101), in contrast, is S-nitrosated in a single step but is subject to negative cooperativity due to steric hindrance at the dimer interface. Despite the presence of a GSNO binding site at the active site of GSTP1-1, isothermal titration calorimetry as well as nitrosation experiments using S-nitrosocysteine demonstrate that GSNO binding does not precede S-nitrosation of GSTP1-1. Kinetics experiments using the cellular reductant glutathione show that Cys(101)-NO is substantially more resistant to denitrosation than Cys(47)-NO, suggesting a potential role for Cys(101) in long term nitric oxide storage or transfer. These results constitute the first report of the molecular mechanism of spontaneous protein transnitrosation, providing insight into the post-translational control of GSTP1-1 as well as the process of protein transnitrosation in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Balchin
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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35
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Broniowska KA, Diers AR, Hogg N. S-nitrosoglutathione. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3173-81. [PMID: 23416062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is the S-nitrosated derivative of glutathione and is thought to be a critical mediator of the down stream signaling effects of nitric oxide (NO). GSNO has also been implicated as a contributor to various disease states. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the chemical nature of GSNO, its biological activities, the evidence that it is an endogenous mediator of NO action, and implications for therapeutic use. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS GSNO clearly exerts its cellular actions through both NO- and S-nitrosation-dependent mechanisms; however, the chemical and biological aspects of this compound should be placed in the context of S-nitrosation as a whole. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE GSNO is a central intermediate in formation and degradation of cellular S-nitrosothiols with potential therapeutic applications; thus, it remains an important molecule of study. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
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Agarwal AR, Zhao L, Sancheti H, Sundar IK, Rahman I, Cadenas E. Short-term cigarette smoke exposure induces reversible changes in energy metabolism and cellular redox status independent of inflammatory responses in mouse lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L889-98. [PMID: 23064950 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00219.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking leads to alteration in cellular redox status, a hallmark in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This study examines the role of cigarette smoke (CS) exposure in the impairment of energy metabolism and, consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction. Male A/J mice were exposed to CS generated by a smoking machine for 4 or 8 wk. A recovery group was exposed to CS for 8 wk and allowed to recover for 2 wk. Acute CS exposure altered lung glucose metabolism, entailing a decrease in the rate of glycolysis and an increase in the pentose phosphate pathway, as evidenced by altered expression and activity of GAPDH and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, respectively. Impairment of GAPDH was found to be due to glutathionylation of its catalytic site cysteines. Metabolic changes were associated with changes in cellular and mitochondrial redox status, assessed in terms of pyridine nucleotides and glutathione. CS exposure elicited an upregulation of the expression of complexes II, III, IV, and V and of the activity of complexes II, IV, and V. Microarray analysis of gene expression in mouse lungs after exposure to CS for 8 wk revealed upregulation of a group of genes involved in metabolism, electron transfer chain, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial transport and dynamics, and redox regulation. These changes occurred independently of inflammatory responses. These findings have implications for the early onset of alterations in energy and redox metabolism upon acute lung exposure to CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit R Agarwal
- Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA
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37
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Nowakowski A, Petering D. Sensor specific imaging of proteomic Zn2+ with zinquin and TSQ after cellular exposure to N-ethylmaleimide. Metallomics 2012; 4:448-56. [PMID: 22498931 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt00189f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the thiol binding reagent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) on proteomic Zn(2+) availability was investigated in rat glioma cells. Zinquin (ZQ) or TSQ, two related fluorescent sensors, were used to observe reactive Zn(2+). Control cells contained proteomic Zn(2+) but no detectable low molecular weight (LMW) Zn(2+). With either sensor, basal cellular fluorescence emission centered near 470 nm, indicative of sensor-Zn-proteins. ZQ sequestered 13% of proteomic Zn(2+) as Zn(ZQ)(2); TSQ reacted only with the Zn-proteome. NEM (100 μM) abolished LMW thiols, including glutathione (GSH) and lowered proteomic sulfhydryl content about 30%. In ZQ-treated cells, NEM exposure enhanced fluorescent intensity and the formation of Zn(ZQ)(2) (λ(MAX), 492 nm). Cells incubated with TSQ and NEM also displayed increased fluorescence without a spectral shift in wavelength maximum, consistent with increased formation of TSQ-Zn-protein adducts but not Zn(TSQ)(2). In neither experiment was Zn(2+) lost from cells. NEM altered Zn(2+) accessibility to sensors in membrane-nuclear and cytosolic fractions, but Zn(ZQ)(2) was only generated in the cytosol. Similar results were obtained when cell supernatant replaced cells. In contrast, when isolated proteome was reacted with ZQ and 100 μM NEM in the absence of GSH, 70% of the proteomic thiols underwent reaction. As a consequence, most of the ZQ-Zn-protein adducts were converted to Zn(ZQ)(2). Substituting TSQ for ZQ, only increased TSQ-Zn-proteins were observed. Evidently, the results of imaging cells with Zn(2+) sensors are dependent upon the specific chemical properties of the sensors and can only be understood after detailed chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Nowakowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53201, USA.
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38
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Smith BC, Fernhoff NB, Marletta MA. Mechanism and kinetics of inducible nitric oxide synthase auto-S-nitrosation and inactivation. Biochemistry 2012; 51:1028-40. [PMID: 22242685 DOI: 10.1021/bi201818c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), the product of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) reaction, was previously shown to result in S-nitrosation of the NOS Zn(2+)-tetrathiolate and inactivation of the enzyme. To probe the potential physiological significance of NOS S-nitrosation, we determined the inactivation time scale of the inducible NOS isoform (iNOS) and found it directly correlates with an increase in the level of iNOS S-nitrosation. A kinetic model of NOS inactivation in which arginine is treated as a suicide substrate was developed. In this model, NO synthesized at the heme cofactor is partitioned between release into solution (NO release pathway) and NOS S-nitrosation followed by NOS inactivation (inactivation pathway). Experimentally determined progress curves of NO formation were fit to the model. The NO release pathway was perturbed through addition of the NO traps oxymyoglobin (MbO(2)) and β2 H-NOX, which yielded partition ratios between NO release and inactivation of ~100 at 4 μM MbO(2) and ~22000 at saturating trap concentrations. The results suggest that a portion of the NO synthesized at the heme cofactor reacts with the Zn(2+)-tetrathiolate without being released into solution. Perturbation of the inactivation pathway through addition of the reducing agent GSH or TCEP resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in the level of iNOS S-nitrosation that directly correlated with protection from iNOS inactivation. iNOS inactivation was most responsive to physiological concentrations of GSH with an apparent K(m) value of 13 mM. NOS turnover that leads to NOS S-nitrosation might be a mechanism for controlling NOS activity, and NOS S-nitrosation could play a role in the physiological generation of nitrosothiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Smith
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
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Yin F, Sancheti H, Cadenas E. Silencing of nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase impairs cellular redox homeostasis and energy metabolism in PC12 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:401-9. [PMID: 22198343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial NADPH generation is largely dependent on the inner-membrane nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT), which catalyzes the reduction of NADP(+) to NADPH utilizing the proton gradient as the driving force and NADH as the electron donor. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) silencing of NNT in PC12 cells results in decreased cellular NADPH levels, altered redox status of the cell in terms of decreased GSH/GSSG ratios and increased H(2)O(2) levels, thus leading to an increased redox potential (a more oxidized redox state). NNT knockdown results in a decrease of oxidative phosphorylation while anaerobic glycolysis levels remain unchanged. Decreased oxidative phosphorylation was associated with a) inhibition of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) activity; b) reduction of NADH availability, c) decline of mitochondrial membrane potential, and d) decrease of ATP levels. Moreover, the alteration of redox status actually precedes the impairment of mitochondrial bioenergetics. A possible mechanism could be that the activation of the redox-sensitive c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and its translocation to the mitochondrion leads to the inhibition of PDH (upon phosphorylation) and induction of intrinsic apoptosis, resulting in decreased cell viability. This study supports the notion that oxidized cellular redox state and decline in cellular bioenergetics - as a consequence of NNT knockdown - cannot be viewed as independent events, but rather as an interdependent relationship coordinated by the mitochondrial energy-redox axis. Disruption of electron flux from fuel substrates to redox components due to NNT suppression induces not only mitochondrial dysfunction but also cellular disorders through redox-sensitive signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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40
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Airaki M, Sánchez-Moreno L, Leterrier M, Barroso JB, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Detection and quantification of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plant organs by LC-ES/MS. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:2006-15. [PMID: 21965607 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is one of the major, soluble, low molecular weight antioxidants, as well as the major non-protein thiol in plant cells. However, the relevance of this molecule could be even greater considering that it can react with nitric oxide (NO) to generate S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) which is considered to function as a mobile reservoir of NO bioactivity in plants. Although this NO-derived molecule has an increased physiological and phytopathological relevance in plants cells, its identification and quantification in plant tissues have not be reported so far. Using liquid chromatography-electrospray/mass spectrometry (LC-ES/MS), a method was set up to detect and quantify simultaneously GSNO as well reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG, respectively) in different pepper plant organs including roots, stems and leaves, and in Arabidopsis leaves. The analysis of NO and GSNO reductase (GSNOR) activity in these pepper organs showed that the content of GSNO was directly related to the content of NO in each organ and oppositely related to the GSNOR activity. This approach opens up new analytical possibilities to understand the relevance of GSNO in plant cells under physiological and stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morad Airaki
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Sistemas Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apartado 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain
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Abstract
Protein S-nitrosation on cysteine residues has emerged as an important posttranslational modification in mammalian cells. Previous studies have suggested a primary role for thioredoxin (Trx) in controlling protein S-nitrosation reactions. Human Trx contains five conserved Cys, including two redox-active catalytic Cys (Cys32 and Cys35) and three non-active-site Cys (Cys62, Cys69, and Cys73), all of which have been reported as targets of S-nitrosation. Prior reports have studied thermodynamic end points of nitrosation reactions; however, the kinetics of Trx nitrosation has not previously been investigated. Using the transnitrosation agent, S-nitrosoglutathione, a kinetic analysis of the selectivity and redox dependence of Trx nitrosation at physiologically relevant concentrations and times was performed, utilizing a mass spectrometry-based method for the direct analysis of the nitrosated Trx. Reduced Trx (rTrx) was nitrosated 2.7-times faster than oxidized Trx (oTrx), and rTrx was nitrosated selectively on Cys62, whereas oTrx was nitrosated only on Cys73. These sites of nitrosation were confirmed at the peptide level using a novel modification of the biotin-switch technique called the reductive switch. These results suggest separate signaling pathways for Trx-SNO under different cellular redox states.
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