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Production of the Food Enzyme Acetolactate Decarboxylase (ALDC) from Bacillus subtilis ICA 56 Using Agro-Industrial Residues as Feedstock. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the beer brewing process, some compounds are formed in the primary fermentation step and may affect the final quality of beer. These compounds, called off flavors, such as diacetyl, are produced during fermentation and are related to a buttery taste. The use of acetolactate decarboxylase (ALDC) in the traditional beer brewing process may significantly increase productivity since it allows for a faster decrease in the adverse flavor caused by diacetyl. However, production costs directly impact its application. For this reason, we analyzed the effect of different cultivation media on ALDC production by Bacillus subtilis ICA 56 and process economics. Different carbon and nitrogen sources, including agro-industrial residues, were evaluated. The best result was obtained using sugarcane molasses and corn steep solids (CSS), allowing a 74% reduction in ALDC production cost and an enzyme activity of 4.43 ± 0.12 U·mL−1. The enzymatic extract was then characterized, showing an optimum temperature at 40 °C and stability at different pH levels, being able to maintain more than 80% of its catalytic capacity between pH values of 3.6 and 7.0, with higher enzymatic activity at pH 6.0 (50 mM MES Buffer), reaching an ALDC activity of 5.30 ± 0.06 U·mL−1.
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Systematic metabolic engineering of Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z for 2,3-butanediol production from methane. Metab Eng 2018; 47:323-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Stereospecificity of Corynebacterium glutamicum 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase and implications for the stereochemical purity of bioproduced 2,3-butanediol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10573-10583. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Radoš D, Carvalho AL, Wieschalka S, Neves AR, Blombach B, Eikmanns BJ, Santos H. Engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum for the production of 2,3-butanediol. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:171. [PMID: 26511723 PMCID: PMC4625470 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0362-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2,3-Butanediol is an important bulk chemical with a wide range of applications. In bacteria, this metabolite is synthesised from pyruvate via a three-step pathway involving α-acetolactate synthase, α-acetolactate decarboxylase and 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase. Thus far, the best producers of 2,3-butanediol are pathogenic strains, hence, the development of more suitable organisms for industrial scale fermentation is needed. Herein, 2,3-butanediol production was engineered in the Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) organism Corynebacterium glutamicum. A two-stage fermentation process was implemented: first, cells were grown aerobically on acetate; in the subsequent production stage cells were used to convert glucose into 2,3-butanediol under non-growing and oxygen-limiting conditions. RESULTS A gene cluster, encoding the 2,3-butanediol biosynthetic pathway of Lactococcus lactis, was assembled and expressed in background strains, C. glutamicum ΔldhA, C. glutamicum ΔaceEΔpqoΔldhA and C. glutamicum ΔaceEΔpqoΔldhAΔmdh, tailored to minimize pyruvate-consuming reactions, i.e., to prevent carbon loss in lactic, acetic and succinic acids. Producer strains were characterized in terms of activity of the relevant enzymes in the 2,3-butanediol forming pathway, growth, and production of 2,3-butanediol under oxygen-limited conditions. Productivity was maximized by manipulating the aeration rate in the production phase. The final strain, C. glutamicum ΔaceEΔpqoΔldhAΔmdh(pEKEx2-als,aldB,Ptuf butA), under optimized conditions produced 2,3-butanediol with a 0.66 mol mol(-1) yield on glucose, an overall productivity of 0.2 g L(-1) h(-1) and a titer of 6.3 g L(-1). CONCLUSIONS We have successfully developed C. glutamicum into an efficient cell factory for 2,3-butanediol production. The use of the engineered strains as a basis for production of acetoin, a widespread food flavour, is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušica Radoš
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República-EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Ana Lúcia Carvalho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República-EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal. .,Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Stefan Wieschalka
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, 89069, Ulm, Germany. .,Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH, Erwin-Rentschler-Straße, 21, 88471, Laupheim, Germany.
| | - Ana Rute Neves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República-EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal. .,CED-Discovery, Chr Hansen A/S, 10-12 Bøge Alle, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.
| | - Bastian Blombach
- Institute for Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Bernhard J Eikmanns
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, 89069, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Helena Santos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República-EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal. .,Lisbon Academy of Sciences, R. Academia das Ciências 19, 1249, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Abstract
Pyruvate and acetyl-CoA form the backbone of central metabolism. The nonoxidative cleavage of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and formate by the glycyl radical enzyme pyruvate formate lyase is one of the signature reactions of mixed-acid fermentation in enterobacteria. Under these conditions, formic acid accounts for up to one-third of the carbon derived from glucose. The further metabolism of acetyl-CoA to acetate via acetyl-phosphate catalyzed by phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase is an exemplar of substrate-level phosphorylation. Acetyl-CoA can also be used as an acceptor of the reducing equivalents generated during glycolysis, whereby ethanol is formed by the polymeric acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhE) enzyme. The metabolism of acetyl-CoA via either the acetate or the ethanol branches is governed by the cellular demand for ATP and the necessity to reoxidize NADH. Consequently, in the absence of an electron acceptor mutants lacking either branch of acetyl-CoA metabolism fail to cleave pyruvate, despite the presence of PFL, and instead reduce it to D-lactate by the D-lactate dehydrogenase. The conversion of PFL to the active, radical-bearing species is controlled by a radical-SAM enzyme, PFL-activase. All of these reactions are regulated in response to the prevalent cellular NADH:NAD+ ratio. In contrast to Escherichia coli and Salmonella species, some genera of enterobacteria, e.g., Klebsiella and Enterobacter, produce the more neutral product 2,3-butanediol and considerable amounts of CO2 as fermentation products. In these bacteria, two molecules of pyruvate are converted to α-acetolactate (AL) by α-acetolactate synthase (ALS). AL is then decarboxylated and subsequently reduced to the product 2,3-butandiol.
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Chu H, Xin B, Liu P, Wang Y, Li L, Liu X, Zhang X, Ma C, Xu P, Gao C. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of (2S,3S)-butane-2,3-diol from glucose. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:143. [PMID: 26379775 PMCID: PMC4570510 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butane-2,3-diol (2,3-BD) is a fuel and platform biochemical with various industrial applications. 2,3-BD exists in three stereoisomeric forms: (2R,3R)-2,3-BD, meso-2,3-BD and (2S,3S)-2,3-BD. Microbial fermentative processes have been reported for (2R,3R)-2,3-BD and meso-2,3-BD production. RESULTS The production of (2S,3S)-2,3-BD from glucose was acquired by whole cells of recombinant Escherichia coli coexpressing the α-acetolactate synthase and meso-butane-2,3-diol dehydrogenase of Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens strain SDM. An optimal biocatalyst for (2S,3S)-2,3-BD production, E. coli BL21 (pETDuet-PT7-budB-PT7-budC), was constructed and the bioconversion conditions were optimized. With the addition of 10 mM FeCl3 in the bioconversion system, (2S,3S)-2,3-BD at a concentration of 2.2 g/L was obtained with a stereoisomeric purity of 95.0 % using the metabolically engineered strain from glucose. CONCLUSIONS The engineered E. coli strain is the first one that can be used in the direct production of (2S,3S)-2,3-BD from glucose. The results demonstrated that the method developed here would be a promising process for efficient (2S,3S)-2,3-BD production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipei Chu
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Xin
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Peihai Liu
- />Rizhao Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Rizhao, 276800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixiang Li
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuxiu Liu
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Gao
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
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Xu Y, Chu H, Gao C, Tao F, Zhou Z, Li K, Li L, Ma C, Xu P. Systematic metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for high-yield production of fuel bio-chemical 2,3-butanediol. Metab Eng 2014; 23:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Chen C, Wei D, Shi J, Wang M, Hao J. Mechanism of 2,3-butanediol stereoisomer formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4603-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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High yields of 2,3-butanediol and mannitol in Lactococcus lactis through engineering of NAD⁺ cofactor recycling. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6826-35. [PMID: 21841021 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05544-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of NADH-dependent steps, and particularly disruption of the las-located lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) gene in Lactococcus lactis, is common to engineering strategies envisaging the accumulation of reduced end products other than lactate. Reverse transcription-PCR experiments revealed that three out of the four genes assigned to lactate dehydrogenase in the genome of L. lactis, i.e., the ldh, ldhB, and ldhX genes, were expressed in the parental strain MG1363. Given that genetic redundancy is often a major cause of metabolic instability in engineered strains, we set out to develop a genetically stable lactococcal host tuned for the production of reduced compounds. Therefore, the ldhB and ldhX genes were sequentially deleted in L. lactis FI10089, a strain with a deletion of the ldh gene. The single, double, and triple mutants, FI10089, FI10089ΔldhB, and FI10089ΔldhBΔldhX, showed similar growth profiles and displayed mixed-acid fermentation, ethanol being the main reduced end product. Hence, the alcohol dehydrogenase-encoding gene, the adhE gene, was inactivated in FI10089, but the resulting strain reverted to homolactic fermentation due to induction of the ldhB gene. The three lactate dehydrogenase-deficient mutants were selected as a background for the production of mannitol and 2,3-butanediol. Pathways for the biosynthesis of these compounds were overexpressed under the control of a nisin promoter, and the constructs were analyzed with respect to growth parameters and product yields under anaerobiosis. Glucose was efficiently channeled to mannitol (maximal yield, 42%) or to 2,3-butanediol (maximal yield, 67%). The theoretical yield for 2,3-butanediol was achieved. We show that FI10089ΔldhB is a valuable basis for engineering strategies aiming at the production of reduced compounds.
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Ito T, Nakashimada Y, Kakizono T, Nishio N. High-yield production of hydrogen by Enterobacter aerogenes mutants with decreased alpha-acetolactate synthase activity. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 97:227-32. [PMID: 16233620 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(04)70196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Accepted: 01/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To enhance hydrogen (H2) production from glucose by Enterobacter aerogenes HU-101, two mutants, strains VP-1 and VP-2, with decreased alpha-acetolactate synthase activity, were isolated using the Voges-Proskauer (VP) test. In pH-uncontrolled batch culture, both mutants showed a lower 2,3-butanediol yield for the glucose consumed than that shown by the wild-type strain, although glucose remained in the medium after 12 h of culture. In the same cultures, compared to the H2 yield of 0.80 mol/mol-glucose of the wild-type strain, strain VP-1 showed a high H2 yield of 1.8 mol/mol-glucose with decreased lactate and increased succinate yields, while strain VP-2 showed an H2 yield of 1.0 mol/mol-glucose with an increased lactate yield. Increasing the phosphate buffer concentration, which contributes to maintaining the pH in the medium, increased the glucose consumption by both strains. However, in a pH-controlled batch culture at neutral pH, the H2 yield of strain VP-1 was decreased to 1.2 mol/mol-glucose due to the accumulation of formate, an intermediate of the H2-producing pathway, with the yield of H2 plus formate being 1.7 mol/mol-glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
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Geckil H, Barak Z, Chipman DM, Erenler SO, Webster DA, Stark BC. Enhanced production of acetoin and butanediol in recombinant Enterobacter aerogenes carrying Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2005; 26:325-30. [PMID: 15309606 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-004-0373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Microbial production of butanediol and acetoin has received increasing interest because of their diverse potential practical uses. Although both products are fermentative in nature, their optimal production requires a low level of oxygen. In this study, the use of a recombinant oxygen uptake system on production of these metabolites was investigated. Enterobacter aerogenes was transformed with a pUC8-based plasmid carrying the gene (vgb) encoding Vitreoscilla (bacterial)hemoglobin (VHb). The presence of vgb and production of VHb by this strain resulted in an increase in viability from 72 to 96 h in culture, but no overall increase in cell mass. Accumulation of the fermentation products acetoin and butanediol were enhanced (up to 83%) by the presence of vgb/VHb. This vgb/VHb related effect appears to be due to an increase of flux through the acetoin/butanediol pathway, but not at the expense of acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmet Geckil
- Department of Biology, Inonu University, Malatya 44069, Turkey.
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Yang YT, Peredelchuk M, Bennett GN, San KY. Effect of variation of Klebsiella pneumoniae acetolactate synthase expression on metabolic flux redistribution in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000; 69:150-9. [PMID: 10861394 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(20000720)69:2<150::aid-bit4>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli strains carrying the Bacillus subtilis acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene were previously shown to produce less acetate with higher ATP yields. Metabolic flux analysis was used to show that excess pyruvate was channeled into the less inhibitory product, acetoin. To further understand the role of intrinsic enzymatic properties and the effect of variations in enzyme levels in the alternation of metabolic fluxes, we constructed a chromosomal integrant of the Klebsiella pneumoniae ALS gene. The reported in vitro Michaelis-Menten constants (K(m)) for the Bacillus and the Klebsiella ALS are 13.0 mM and 8.0 mM, respectively. Furthermore, expression of the Klebsiella ALS is under the control of an inducible trp promoter system. Shake-flask experiments showed a linear induction response (the ALS activity changes from about 9 to 223 U/mg of protein when the inducer concentration [IAA] varied from 0 to 40 mg/L). Chemostat experiments showed a similar induction response. Interactions between the branched reactions catalyzed by the PFL, LDH, and the ALS enzymes at the pyruvate node were examined. The results indicate the importance of in vivo enzyme activities in the redistribution of metabolic fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Yang
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, USA
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Smania AM, Argaraña CE. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a bovine butanediol dehydrogenase. Gene 1997; 197:231-8. [PMID: 9332371 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Using a polyclonal antibody against a bovine brain 30-kDa protein (p30), we isolated from a lambda gt11 bovine brain expression library a cDNA that codifies a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa. The cDNA nucleotide sequence contained a unique open reading frame encoding a 26.7 kDa polypeptide. The 257 amino acids deduced sequence showed a significant homology with several dehydrogenases, mainly with a bacterial acetoin reductase (62%). The cloned cDNA identity was confirmed by the determination of acetoin reductase activity in lysogens of lambda phage constructions containing the full length cDNA. The results described in this report are to our knowledge the first molecular characterization of a 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Smania
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
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Phalip V, Schmitt P, Divi�s C. Purification and characterization of the catabolic ?-acetolactate synthase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris. Curr Microbiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00314587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Ramos A, Lolkema JS, Konings WN, Santos H. Enzyme Basis for pH Regulation of Citrate and Pyruvate Metabolism by Leuconostoc oenos. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:1303-10. [PMID: 16534990 PMCID: PMC1388408 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.4.1303-1310.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrate and pyruvate metabolism by nongrowing cells of Leuconostoc oenos was investigated. (sup13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to elucidate the pathway of citrate breakdown and to probe citrate or pyruvate utilization, noninvasively, in living cell suspensions. The utilization of isotopically enriched substrates allowed us to account for the end products derived from the metabolism of endogenous reserves. The effect of environmental parameters, e.g., pH, gas atmosphere, and presence of malate, on the end products of citrate utilization was studied. Approximately 10% of the citrate supplied was converted to aspartate which remained inside the cells. A metabolic shift with pH was observed, with acetoin production being favored at pH 4, whereas lactate and acetate production increased significantly at higher pH values. The information obtained with NMR was complemented with studies on the relevant enzyme activities in the metabolic pathway of citrate breakdown. The intracellular pH of the cells was strongly dependent on the external pH; this result, together with the determination of the pH profile of the enzymic activities, allowed us to establish the basis for pH regulation; lactate dehydrogenase activity was optimal at pH 7, whereas the acetoin-forming enzymes displayed maximal activities below pH 5. Citrate utilization was also monitored in dilute cell suspensions for comparison with NMR experiments performed with dense suspensions.
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Aristidou AA, San KY, Bennett GN. Modification of central metabolic pathway inescherichia coli to reduce acetate accumulation by heterologous expression of thebacillus subtilis acetolactate synthase gene. Biotechnol Bioeng 1994; 44:944-51. [PMID: 18618912 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260440810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A A Aristidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251-1892
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Deng WL, Chang HY, Peng HL. Acetoin catabolic system of Klebsiella pneumoniae CG43: sequence, expression, and organization of the aco operon. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:3527-35. [PMID: 8206829 PMCID: PMC205540 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.12.3527-3535.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A cosmid clone which was capable of depleting acetoin in vivo was isolated from a library of Klebsiella pneumoniae CG43 cosmids. The smallest functional subclone contained a 3.9-kb DNA fragment of the cosmid clone. Sequencing of the DNA fragment revealed three open reading frames (ORFs A, B, and C) encoding polypeptides of 34, 36, and 52 kDa, respectively. The presence of these proteins was demonstrated by expression of the recombinant DNA clone in Escherichia coli. Considerable similarities between the deduced amino acid sequences of the ORFs and those of the following enzymes were found: acetoin dissimilation enzymes, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, and branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex of various origins. Activities of these enzymes, including acetoin-dependent dichlorophenolin-dohenol oxidoreductase and dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase, were detected in the extracts of E. coli harboring the genes encoding products of the three ORFs. Although not required for acetoin depletion in vivo, a possible fourth ORF (ORF D), located 39 nucleotides downstream of ORF C, was also identified. The deduced N-terminal sequence of the ORF D product was highly homologous to the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenases of several organisms. Primer extension analysis identified the transcriptional start of the operon as an A residue 72 nucleotides upstream of ORF A.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung College of Medicine and Technology, Tao Yuan, Taiwan
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Xing R, Whitman WB. Purification and characterization of the oxygen-sensitive acetohydroxy acid synthase from the archaebacterium Methanococcus aeolicus. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:1207-13. [PMID: 8113159 PMCID: PMC205181 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.5.1207-1213.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetohydroxy acid synthase (EC 4.1.3.18) of the archaebacterium Methanococcus aeolicus was purified 1,150-fold to homogeneity. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 125,000, and it contained only one type of subunit (M(r) = 58,000). The amino-terminal sequence had 46 to 57% similarity to those of the large subunits of the eubacterial anabolic enzymes and 37 to 43% similarity to those of the yeast and plant enzymes. The methanococcal enzyme had a pH optimum of 7.6. The pI, estimated by chromatofocusing, was 5.6. Activity required Mg2+ or Mn2+ ions, thiamine pyrophosphate, and a flavin. Flavin adenine dinucleotide, flavin mononucleotide, and riboflavin plus 10 mM phosphate all supported activity. However, activity was strongly inhibited by these flavins at 0.3 mM. The Michaelis constants for pyruvate, MgCl2, MnCl2, thiamine pyrophosphate, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and flavin mononucleotide were 6.8 mM, 0.3 mM, 0.16 mM, 1.6 microM, 0.4 microM, and 1.3 microM, respectively. In cell extracts, the enzyme was sensitive to O2 (half-life = 2.7 min with 5% O2 in the headspace), but the purified enzyme was less sensitive to O2 (half-life = 78.0 min with 20% O2). Reconstitution of the enzyme with flavin adenine dinucleotide increased the sensitivity to O2. Moreover, in the assay the homogeneous enzyme was rapidly inactivated by O2, and the concentration required for 50% inhibition (I50) was obtained with an atmosphere of 0.11% O2. The methanococcal enzyme has similarities to the eubacterial and eucaryotic enzymes, consistent with the ancient origin of the archaebacterial enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Xing
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2605
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Blomqvist K, Nikkola M, Lehtovaara P, Suihko ML, Airaksinen U, Stråby KB, Knowles JK, Penttilä ME. Characterization of the genes of the 2,3-butanediol operons from Klebsiella terrigena and Enterobacter aerogenes. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:1392-404. [PMID: 8444801 PMCID: PMC193226 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.5.1392-1404.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The genes involved in the 2,3-butanediol pathway coding for alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase, alpha-acetolactate synthase (alpha-ALS), and acetoin (diacetyl) reductase were isolated from Klebsiella terrigena and shown to be located in one operon. This operon was also shown to exist in Enterobacter aerogenes. The budA gene, coding for alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase, gives in both organisms a protein of 259 amino acids. The amino acid similarity between these proteins is 87%. The K. terrigena genes budB and budC, coding for alpha-ALS and acetoin reductase, respectively, were sequenced. The 559-amino-acid-long alpha-ALS enzyme shows similarities to the large subunits of the Escherichia coli anabolic alpha-ALS enzymes encoded by the genes ilvB, ilvG, and ilvI. The K. terrigena alpha-ALS is also shown to complement an anabolic alpha-ALS-deficient E. coli strain for valine synthesis. The 243-amino-acid-long acetoin reductase has the consensus amino acid sequence for the insect-type alcohol dehydrogenase/ribitol dehydrogenase family and has extensive similarities with the N-terminal and internal regions of three known dehydrogenases and one oxidoreductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Blomqvist
- Biotechnical Laboratory, Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo
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Peng HL, Wang PY, Wu CM, Hwang DC, Chang HY. Cloning, sequencing and heterologous expression of a Klebsiella pneumoniae gene encoding an FAD-independent acetolactate synthase. Gene 1992; 117:125-30. [PMID: 1644303 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90500-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding the valine-resistant and FAD-independent acetolactate synthase of Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated and expressed in Escherichia coli. The nucleotide sequence of this gene was determined and it exhibited an open reading frame of 1680 bp in length. In vivo expression of the acetolactate synthase-encoding gene in E. coli revealed a single 60-kDa protein which is consistent with the molecular weight calculated from the deduced amino acid sequence of the gene product. The gene product shares about 20-30% homology with the acetolactate synthases of E. coli, yeast and higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Peng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang-Gung Medical College, Taiwan, ROC
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Mills GA, Walker V. Urinary excretion of 2,3-butanediol and acetoin by babies on a special care unit. Clin Chim Acta 1989; 179:51-9. [PMID: 2920442 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(89)90022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
2,3-Butanediol was detected by capillary gas chromatography in 45 urine samples from 20 babies on a special care unit, 17 of whom were premature. The meso form of the diol predominated and in 21 samples was the only diastereoisomer present. Acetoin was found in 20 of the samples. It was never detected in the absence of 2,3-butanediol. 2,3-Butanediol was not detectable in more than trace amounts in urine from 66 other babies on the unit. The most likely origin of these compounds was from bacterial fermentation of pyruvate in the gut. Their presence may be explained by abnormal gut colonisation with acetoin-producing microorganisms, an abundant supply of nutrient lactose in the colon and increased intestinal permeability. It is further evidence of the magnitude of intestinal carbohydrate fermentation in preterm babies. 2,3-Butanediol could prove a useful biochemical marker for abnormal colonisation of neonates on special care units.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Mills
- Clinical Biochemistry, Southampton University Medical School, UK
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Purification of α-acetolactate decarboxylase from Lactobacillus casei DSM 2547. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02907138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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LaRossa RA, Smulski DR. ilvB-encoded acetolactate synthase is resistant to the herbicide sulfometuron methyl. J Bacteriol 1984; 160:391-4. [PMID: 6090425 PMCID: PMC214730 DOI: 10.1128/jb.160.1.391-394.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The herbicide sulfometuron methyl is a potent inhibitor of the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS) isolated from bacteria, fungi, and plants. However, it did not prevent growth of wild-type Salmonella typhimurium LT2 or Escherichia coli K-12. These species each contain two acetolactate synthase isozymes. Growth of S. typhimurium and E. coli mutants lacking ALS I was prevented by the herbicide, suggesting that activity of the remaining ALS isoenzyme (II or III, respectively) was stopped by sulfometuron methyl. Synthesis of ALS I requires either an relA function or an elevated cyclic AMP level. A relA mutant of S. typhimurium was inhibited by sulfometuron methyl on rich carbon sources that display a basal cyclic AMP level but not on poor carbon sources where the cyclic AMP concentration is elevated. When L-valine, which allosterically inhibits ALS I activity, was added, growth retardation of the relA- strain by sulfometuron methyl was observed on both poor and rich carbon sources. Enzymological analyses indicated that ALS I activities derived from both species were resistant to the herbicide. In contrast, activities of S. typhimurium ALS II and E. coli ALS III were abolished by sulfometuron methyl.
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Abstract
Anaerobically,
Brochothrix thermosphacta
fermented glucose primarily to
l
-lactate, acetate, formate, and ethanol. The ratio of these end products varied with growth conditions. Both the presence of acetate and formate and a pH below about 6 increased
l
-lactate production from glucose. Small amounts of butane-2,3-diol were also produced when the pH of the culture was low (≤5.5) or when acetate was added to the growth medium. Radioactive label from [1-
14
C]acetate was incorporated into ethanol and
l
-lactate, implying reversibility of pyruvate-formate lyase. In crude extracts, the following enzymes involved in pyruvate metabolism were demonstrated: lactate dehydrogenase, phosphotransacetylase, acetate kinase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (coenzyme A acetylating), ethanol dehydrogenase, pH 6 acetolactate-forming enzyme, and diacetyl (acetoin) reductase. The lactate dehydrogenase did not require fructose-1,6-disphosphate or Mn
2+
for activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Grau
- Meat Research Laboratory, Division of Food Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Cannon Hill, Queenland 4170, Australia
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Hommes FA, Bruins AP, Dajani-Wielaard J, Baarsma R. 2,3-Dihydroxybutane: an unusual compound found in the gaschromatographic analysis of volatile compounds of urine. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KLINISCHE CHEMIE UND KLINISCHE BIOCHEMIE 1979; 17:97-9. [PMID: 422950 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1979.17.2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
2,3-Dihydroxybutane, a compound not observed in normal urines, was identified in the urine of two patients by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It is suggested, that this 2,3-dihydroxybutane is derived from pyruvate by bacterial metabolism.
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Johansen L, Bryn K, Stormer FC. Physiological and biochemical role of the butanediol pathway in Aerobacter (Enterobacter) aerogenes. J Bacteriol 1975; 123:1124-30. [PMID: 239921 PMCID: PMC235836 DOI: 10.1128/jb.123.3.1124-1130.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobacter (Enterobacter) aerogenes wild type and three mutants deficient in the formation of acetoin and 2,3-butanediol were grown in a glucose minimal medium. Culture densities, pH, and diacetyl, acetoin, and 2,3-butanediol levels were recorded. The pH in wild-type cultures dropped from 7.0 to 5.8, remained constant while acetoin and 2,3-butanediol were formed, and increased to pH 6.5 after exhaustion of the carbon source. More 2,3-butanediol than acetoin was formed initially, but after glucose exhaustion reoxidation to acetoin occurred. The three mutants differed from the wild type in yielding acid cultures (pH below 4.5). The wild type and one of the mutants were grown exponentially under aerobic and anaerobic conditions with the pH fixed at 7.0, 5.8, and 5.0, respectively. Growth rates decreased with decreasing pH values. Aerobically, this effect was weak, and the two strains were affected to the same degree. Under anaerobic conditions, the growth rates were markedly inhibited at a low pH, and the mutant was slightly more affected than the wild type. Levels of alcohol dehydrogenase were low under all conditions, indicating that the enzyme plays no role during exponential growth. The levels of diacetyl (acetoin) reductase, lactate dehydrogenase, and phosphotransacetylase were independent of the pH during aerobic growth of the two strains. Under anaerobic conditions, the formation of diacetyl (acetoin) reductase was pH dependent, with much higher levels of the enzyme at pH 5.0 than at pH 7.0. Lactate dehydrogenase and phosphotransacetylase revealed the same pattern of pH-dependent formation in the mutant, but not in the wild type.
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