1
|
Patrucco L, Peano C, Chiesa A, Guida F, Luisi I, Boria I, Mignone F, De Bellis G, Zucchelli S, Gustincich S, Santoro C, Sblattero D, Cotella D. Identification of novel proteins binding the AU-rich element of α-prothymosin mRNA through the selection of open reading frames (RIDome). RNA Biol 2016; 12:1289-300. [PMID: 26512911 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2015.1107702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here a platform for high-throughput protein expression and interaction analysis aimed at identifying the RNA-interacting domainome. This approach combines the selection of a phage library displaying "filtered" open reading frames with next-generation DNA sequencing. The method was validated using an RNA bait corresponding to the AU-rich element of α-prothymosin, an RNA motif that promotes mRNA stability and translation through its interaction with the RNA-binding protein ELAVL1. With this strategy, we not only confirmed known RNA-binding proteins that specifically interact with the target RNA (such as ELAVL1/HuR and RBM38) but also identified proteins not previously known to be ARE-binding (R3HDM2 and RALY). We propose this technology as a novel approach for studying the RNA-binding proteome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patrucco
- a Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center on Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) ; Università del Piemonte Orientale ; Novara , Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- b Institute of Biomedical Technologies; National Research Council (ITB CNR) ; Milan , Italy
| | - Andrea Chiesa
- a Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center on Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) ; Università del Piemonte Orientale ; Novara , Italy
| | - Filomena Guida
- c Department of Life Sciences ; University of Trieste ; Italy
| | - Imma Luisi
- c Department of Life Sciences ; University of Trieste ; Italy
| | - Ilenia Boria
- d Department of Chemistry ; University of Milan ; Italy
| | - Flavio Mignone
- e Department of Sciences and Innovation ; Università del Piemonte Orientale ; Alessandria , Italy
| | - Gianluca De Bellis
- b Institute of Biomedical Technologies; National Research Council (ITB CNR) ; Milan , Italy
| | - Silvia Zucchelli
- a Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center on Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) ; Università del Piemonte Orientale ; Novara , Italy.,f Area of Neuroscience; SISSA ; Trieste , Italy
| | | | - Claudio Santoro
- a Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center on Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) ; Università del Piemonte Orientale ; Novara , Italy
| | - Daniele Sblattero
- a Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center on Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) ; Università del Piemonte Orientale ; Novara , Italy.,c Department of Life Sciences ; University of Trieste ; Italy
| | - Diego Cotella
- a Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center on Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) ; Università del Piemonte Orientale ; Novara , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jung E, Lee J, Hong HJ, Park I, Lee Y. RNA recognition by a human antibody against brain cytoplasmic 200 RNA. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 20:805-14. [PMID: 24759090 PMCID: PMC4024635 DOI: 10.1261/rna.040899.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Diverse functional RNAs participate in a wide range of cellular processes. The RNA structure is critical for function, either on its own or as a complex form with proteins and other ligands. Therefore, analysis of the RNA conformation in cells is essential for understanding their functional mechanisms. However, no appropriate methods have been established as yet. Here, we developed an efficient strategy for panning and affinity maturation of anti-RNA human monoclonal antibodies from a naïve antigen binding fragment (Fab) combinatorial phage library. Brain cytoplasmic 200 (BC200) RNA, which is also highly expressed in some tumors, was used as an RNA antigen. We identified MabBC200-A3 as the optimal binding antibody. Mutagenesis and SELEX experiments showed that the antibody recognized a domain of BC200 in a structure- and sequence-dependent manner. Various breast cancer cell lines were further examined for BC200 RNA expression using conventional hybridization and immunoanalysis with MabBC200-A3 to see whether the antibody specifically recognizes BC200 RNA among the total purified RNAs. The amounts of antibody-recognizable BC200 RNA were consistent with hybridization signals among the cell lines. Furthermore, the antibody was able to discriminate BC200 RNA from other RNAs, supporting the utility of this antibody as a specific RNA structure-recognizing probe. Intriguingly, however, when permeabilized cells were subjected to immunoanalysis instead of purified total RNA, the amount of antibody-recognizable RNA was not correlated with the cellular level of BC200 RNA, indicating that BC200 RNA exists as two distinct forms (antibody-recognizable and nonrecognizable) in breast cancer cells and that their distribution depends on the cell type. Our results clearly demonstrate that anti-RNA antibodies provide an effective novel tool for detecting and analyzing RNA conformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Euihan Jung
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Jungmin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Hong
- Department of Systems Immunology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Insoo Park
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si 410-769, Korea
| | - Younghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
- Corresponding authorE-mail
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lamichhane TN, Abeydeera ND, Duc ACE, Cunningham PR, Chow CS. Selection of peptides targeting helix 31 of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA by screening M13 phage-display libraries. Molecules 2011; 16:1211-39. [PMID: 21278676 PMCID: PMC6259748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16021211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal RNA is the catalytic portion of ribosomes, and undergoes a variety of conformational changes during translation. Structural changes in ribosomal RNA can be facilitated by the presence of modified nucleotides. Helix 31 of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA harbors two modified nucleotides, m²G966 and m⁵C967, that are highly conserved among bacteria, though the degree and nature of the modifications in this region are different in eukaryotes. Contacts between helix 31 and the P-site tRNA, initiation factors, and ribosomal proteins highlight the importance of this region in translation. In this work, a heptapeptide M13 phage-display library was screened for ligands that target the wild-type, naturally modified bacterial helix 31. Several peptides, including TYLPWPA, CVRPFAL, TLWDLIP, FVRPFPL, ATPLWLK, and DIRTQRE, were found to be prevalent after several rounds of screening. Several of the peptides exhibited moderate affinity (in the high nM to low µM range) to modified helix 31 in biophysical assays, including surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and were also shown to bind 30S ribosomal subunits. These peptides also inhibited protein synthesis in cell-free translation assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tek N. Lamichhane
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | | | - Philip R. Cunningham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Christine S. Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel: +1-313-577-2594; Fax: +1-313-577-8822
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A portable RNA sequence whose recognition by a synthetic antibody facilitates structural determination. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010; 18:100-6. [PMID: 21151117 PMCID: PMC3058332 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RNA crystallization and phasing represent major bottlenecks in RNA structure determination. Seeking to exploit antibody fragments as RNA crystallization chaperones, we have used an arginine-enriched synthetic Fab library displayed on phage to obtain Fabs against the class I ligase ribozyme. We solved the structure of a Fab:ligase complex at 3.1Å using molecular replacement with Fab coordinates, confirming the ribozyme architecture and revealing the chaperone’s role in RNA recognition and crystal contacts. The epitope resides in the GAAACAC sequence that caps the P5 helix and retains high-affinity Fab binding within the context of other structured RNAs. This portable epitope provides a new RNA crystallization chaperone system that easily can be screened in parallel to the U1A RNA-binding protein, with the advantages of the smaller size of the loop and high molecular weight, large surface area, and phasing power provided by Fabs.
Collapse
|
5
|
Characterization of engineered actin binding proteins that control filament assembly and structure. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13960. [PMID: 21103060 PMCID: PMC2980482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eukaryotic cells strictly regulate the structure and assembly of their actin filament networks in response to various stimuli. The actin binding proteins that control filament assembly are therefore attractive targets for those who wish to reorganize actin filaments and reengineer the cytoskeleton. Unfortunately, the naturally occurring actin binding proteins include only a limited set of pointed-end cappers, or proteins that will block polymerization from the slow-growing end of actin filaments. Of the few that are known, most are part of large multimeric complexes that are challenging to manipulate. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We describe here the use of phage display mutagenesis to generate of a new class of binding protein that can be targeted to the pointed-end of actin. These proteins, called synthetic antigen binders (sABs), are based on an antibody-like scaffold where sequence diversity is introduced into the binding loops using a novel "reduced genetic code" phage display library. We describe effective strategies to select and screen for sABs that ensure the generated sABs bind to the pointed-end surface of actin exclusively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE From our set of pointed-end binders, we identify three sABs with particularly useful properties to systematically probe actin dynamics: one protein that caps the pointed end, a second that crosslinks actin filaments, and a third that severs actin filaments and promotes disassembly.
Collapse
|
6
|
Synthetic antibodies for specific recognition and crystallization of structured RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 105:82-7. [PMID: 18162543 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709082105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that bind protein antigens are indispensable in biochemical research and modern medicine. However, knowledge of RNA-binding antibodies and their application in the ever-growing RNA field is lacking. Here we have developed a robust approach using a synthetic phage-display library to select specific antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) targeting a large functional RNA. We have solved the crystal structure of the first Fab-RNA complex at 1.95 A. Capability in phasing and crystal contact formation suggests that the Fab provides a potentially valuable crystal chaperone for RNA. The crystal structure reveals that the Fab achieves specific RNA binding on a shallow surface with complementarity-determining region (CDR) sequence diversity, length variability, and main-chain conformational plasticity. The Fab-RNA interface also differs significantly from Fab-protein interfaces in amino acid composition and light-chain participation. These findings yield valuable insights for engineering of Fabs as RNA-binding modules and facilitate further development of Fabs as possible therapeutic drugs and biochemical tools to explore RNA biology.
Collapse
|
7
|
Pustowka A, Dietz J, Ferner J, Baumann M, Landersz M, Königs C, Schwalbe H, Dietrich U. Identification of peptide ligands for target RNA structures derived from the HIV-1 packaging signal psi by screening phage-displayed peptide libraries. Chembiochem 2004; 4:1093-7. [PMID: 14523928 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anette Pustowka
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Danner S, Belasco JG. T7 phage display: a novel genetic selection system for cloning RNA-binding proteins from cDNA libraries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:12954-9. [PMID: 11606722 PMCID: PMC60806 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.211439598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins are central to posttranscriptional gene regulation and play an important role in a number of major human diseases. Cloning such proteins is a crucial but often difficult step in elucidating the biological function of RNA regulatory elements. To make it easier to clone proteins that specifically bind RNA elements of interest, we have developed a rapid and broadly applicable in vitro genetic selection method based on T7 phage display. Using hairpin II of U1 small nuclear RNA (U1hpII) or the 3' stem loop of histone mRNA as bait, we could selectively amplify T7 phage that display either the spliceosomal protein U1A or the histone stem loop-binding protein from a lung cDNA phage library containing more than 10(7) independent clones. The use of U1hpII mutants with various affinities for U1A revealed that this method allows the selection even of proteins that bind their cognate RNA targets with relatively weak affinities (K(d) as high as the micromolar range). Experiments with a mixture of recombinant phage displaying U1A or the closely related protein U2B" demonstrated that addition of a competitor RNA can suppress selection of a protein with a higher affinity for a given RNA target, thereby allowing the preferential amplification of a lower affinity protein. Together, these findings suggest that T7 phage display can be used to rapidly and selectively clone virtually any protein that binds a known RNA regulatory element, including those that bind with low affinity or that must compete for binding with other proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Danner
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Martin F, Michel F, Zenklusen D, Müller B, Schümperli D. Positive and negative mutant selection in the human histone hairpin-binding protein using the yeast three-hybrid system. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:1594-603. [PMID: 10710426 PMCID: PMC102788 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.7.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used the yeast three-hybrid system in a positive selection for mutants of the human histone hairpin-binding protein (HBP) capable of interacting with non-canonical hairpins and in a negative selection for loss-of-binding mutants. Interestingly, all mutations from the positive selection are located in the N- and C-terminal regions flanking a minimal RNA-binding domain (RBD) previously defined between amino acids 126 and 198. Further, in vitro binding studies demonstrate that the RBD, which shows no obvious similarity to other RNA-binding motifs, has a relaxed sequence specificity compared to full-length HBP, allowing it to bind to mutant hairpin RNAs not normally found in histone genes. These findings indicate that the sequences flanking the RBD are important for restricting binding to the highly conserved histone hairpin structure. Among the loss-of-binding mutations, about half are nonsense mutations distributed throughout the N-terminal part and the RBD whereas the other half are missense mutations restricted to the RBD. Whereas the nonsense mutations permit a more precise definition of the C-terminal border of the RBD, the missense mutations identify critical residues for RNA binding within the RBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Martin
- Abteilung für Entwicklungsbiologie, Zoologisches Institut der Universität Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Agris PF, Marchbank MT, Newman W, Guenther R, Ingram P, Swallow J, Mucha P, Szyk A, Rekowski P, Peletskaya E, Deutscher SL. Experimental models of protein-RNA interaction: isolation and analyses of tRNA(Phe) and U1 snRNA-binding peptides from bacteriophage display libraries. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1999; 18:425-35. [PMID: 10449040 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020688609121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptides that bind either U1 small nuclear RNA (U1 snRNA) or the anticodon stem and loop of yeast tRNA(Phe) (tRNA(ACPhe)) were selected from a random-sequence, 15-amino acid bacteriophage display library. An experimental system, including an affinity selection method, was designed to identify primary RNA-binding peptide sequences without bias to known amino acid sequences and without incorporating nonspecific binding of the anionic RNA backbone. Nitrocellulose binding assays were used to evaluate the binding of RNA by peptide-displaying bacteriophage. Amino acid sequences of RNA-binding bacteriophage were determined from the foreign insert DNA sequences, and peptides corresponding to the RNA-binding bacteriophage inserts were chemically synthesized. Peptide affinities for the RNAs (Kd approximately 0.1-5.0 microM) were analyzed successfully using fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopies. These methodologies demonstrate the feasibility of rapidly identifying, isolating, and initiating the analyses of small peptides that bind to RNAs in an effort to define better the chemistry, structure, and function of protein-RNA complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P F Agris
- Department of Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7622, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jefferies D. Selection of Novel Ligands from Phage Display Libraries: An Alternative Approach to Drug and Vaccine Discovery? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 14:202-6. [PMID: 17040752 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-4758(98)01221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phage display involves the production and screening of large numbers of random peptide sequences of a specific length expressed on the surface of phage particles. This approach provides a powerful tool to probe the molecular basis of many biological processes, including host-parasite interactions. Phage display libraries have been used to study the binding specificity of numerous peptides and protein domains. Practical applications include the identification of peptide sequences that bind with high affinity to antibodies, enzymes or receptors, and that may serve as diagnostics and vaccine or drug candidates. Here, David Jefferies outlines the concept of phage display and summarizes recent developments in the field, with emphasis on those that may be of interest to parasitologists.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sägesser R, Martinez E, Tsagris M, Tabler M. Detection and isolation of RNA-binding proteins by RNA-ligand screening of a cDNA expression library. Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25:3816-22. [PMID: 9380503 PMCID: PMC146985 DOI: 10.1093/nar/25.19.3816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A screening assay for the detection of RNA-binding proteins was developed. It allows the rapid isolation of cDNA clones coding for proteins with sequence-specific binding affinity to a target RNA. For developing the screening protocol, constituents of the human U1 snRNP were utilized as model system. The RNA partner consisted of the U1-RNA stem-loop II and the corresponding protein consisted of the 102 amino acid N-terminal recognition motif of the U1A protein, which was fused to beta-galactosidase and expressed by the recombinant lambda phage LU1A. Following binding of the fusion protein to nitrocellulose membranes, hybridization with a 32P-labeled U1-RNA ligand was carried out to detect specific RNA-protein interaction. Parameters influencing the specificity and the detection limit of binding were systematically investigated with the aid of the model system. Processing the nitrocellulose membranes in the presence of transition metals greatly increased the signal:background ratio. A simple screening protocol involving a single-buffer system was developed. Specific RNA-protein interaction could be detected in the presence of a large excess of recombinant phages from a cDNA library. Only moderate binding affinities (Kd = 10(-8) M) were required. The suitability of the RNA-ligand screening protocol was demonstrated by the identification of new viroid-RNA binding proteins from tomato.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Sägesser
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Crete, Greece.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Smith GP, Petrenko VA. Phage Display. Chem Rev 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/cr960065d order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George P. Smith
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Valery A. Petrenko
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- George P. Smith
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Smith GP, Petrenko VA. Phage Display. Chem Rev 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/cr960065d and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George P. Smith
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Valery A. Petrenko
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Smith GP, Petrenko VA. Phage Display. Chem Rev 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/cr960065d order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George P. Smith
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Valery A. Petrenko
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Smith GP, Petrenko VA. Phage Display. Chem Rev 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/cr960065d order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George P. Smith
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Valery A. Petrenko
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Smith GP, Petrenko VA. Phage Display. Chem Rev 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/cr960065d order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George P. Smith
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Valery A. Petrenko
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Smith GP, Petrenko VA. Phage Display. Chem Rev 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/cr960065d order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George P. Smith
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Valery A. Petrenko
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Smith GP, Petrenko VA. Phage Display. Chem Rev 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/cr960065d order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George P. Smith
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Valery A. Petrenko
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| |
Collapse
|