1
|
Amino-Li-Resin—A Fiber Polyacrylamide Resin for Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050928. [PMID: 35267752 PMCID: PMC8912574 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino-Li-resin is a new and unique polyacrylamide resin presented in the form of fibers and is found to be well suited for solid-phase peptide chemistry. Although amino-Li-resin swells much better in polar solvents, it is also compatible with some non-polar solvents. It comes with a high loading of functional amino groups, thus maximizing its productivity in terms of the amount of peptide per gram of resin. In addition to its mechanical stability, this resin shows excellent stability in basic and acidic reagents; thus, allowing its broad applicability for the synthesis of a wide range of biomolecules. Finally, the appropriateness of amino-Li-resin for solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) has been demonstrated for the synthesis of several model peptides, including difficult sequences and those containing hindered amino acids, all of which afforded excellent crude purity, as shown by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Takeuchi A, Itoh H, Inoue M. 18 O/ 16 O-Encoding Strategy for Microscale Stereochemical Determination of Peptidic Natural Products. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2447-2452. [PMID: 34190394 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The demand for more efficient methods of establishing the undetermined stereochemistries of peptidic natural products continues unabated. A new method for microscale stereochemical determination was devised by integrating solid-phase synthesis, split-and-mix randomization, 18 O/16 O-encoding of d/l-configurations, tandem mass spectrometry, and biological evaluation. Here we applied gramicidin A as the molecule for a blind test. Gramicidin A and its 31 diastereomers were randomly prepared in microgram scale with 18 O/16 O-stereochemical encoding and subjected to MS/MS-structural determination and cytotoxicity assay. Only the parent gramicidin A was selected from among the 32 stereoisomers, validating the high reliability of the present strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yeo J, Peeva L, Chung S, Gaffney P, Kim D, Luciani C, Tsukanov S, Seibert K, Kopach M, Albericio F, Livingston A. Liquid Phase Peptide Synthesis via One-Pot Nanostar Sieving (PEPSTAR). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7786-7795. [PMID: 33444460 PMCID: PMC8049079 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a one‐pot liquid phase peptide synthesis featuring iterative addition of amino acids to a “nanostar” support, with organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) for isolation of the growing peptide after each synthesis cycle is reported. A cycle consists of coupling, Fmoc removal, then sieving out of the reaction by‐products via nanofiltration in a reactor‐separator, or synthesizer apparatus where no phase or material transfers are required between cycles. The three‐armed and monodisperse nanostar facilitates both efficient nanofiltration and real‐time reaction monitoring of each process cycle. This enabled the synthesis of peptides more efficiently while retaining the full benefits of liquid phase synthesis. PEPSTAR was validated initially with the synthesis of enkephalin‐like model penta‐ and decapeptides, then octreotate amide and finally octreotate. The crude purities compared favorably to vendor produced samples from solid phase synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jet Yeo
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ludmila Peeva
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Seoyeon Chung
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Piers Gaffney
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daeok Kim
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Carla Luciani
- Eli Lilly and Company, RNA-Therapeutics, 450 Kendal St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sergey Tsukanov
- Eli Lilly and Company, Synthetic Molecule Design & Development, 1200 W Morris St, Indianapolis, IN, 46221, USA
| | - Kevin Seibert
- Eli Lilly and Company, Synthetic Molecule Design & Development, 1200 W Morris St, Indianapolis, IN, 46221, USA
| | - Michael Kopach
- Eli Lilly and Company, Synthetic Molecule Design & Development, 1200 W Morris St, Indianapolis, IN, 46221, USA
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Networking-Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franques 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, University Road, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Andrew Livingston
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, Bethnal Green, London, E1 4NS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kamiya K, Miura K, Itoh H, Inoue M. Divergent Solid‐Phase Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Yaku'amide B and Its Seven
E
/
Z
Isomers. Chemistry 2020; 27:1088-1093. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kamiya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kensuke Miura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Takada Y, Itoh H, Paudel A, Panthee S, Hamamoto H, Sekimizu K, Inoue M. Discovery of gramicidin A analogues with altered activities by multidimensional screening of a one-bead-one-compound library. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4935. [PMID: 33004797 PMCID: PMC7531004 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gramicidin A (1) is a peptide antibiotic that disrupts the transmembrane ion concentration gradient by forming an ion channel in a lipid bilayer. Although long used clinically, it is limited to topical application because of its strong hemolytic activity and mammalian cytotoxicity, likely arising from the common ion transport mechanism. Here we report an integrated high-throughput strategy for discovering analogues of 1 with altered biological activity profiles. The 4096 analogue structures are designed to maintain the charge-neutral, hydrophobic, and channel forming properties of 1. Synthesis of the analogues, tandem mass spectrometry sequencing, and 3 microscale screenings enable us to identify 10 representative analogues. Re-synthesis and detailed functional evaluations find that all 10 analogues share a similar ion channel function, but have different cytotoxic, hemolytic, and antibacterial activities. Our large-scale structure-activity relationship studies reveal the feasibility of developing analogues of 1 that selectively induce toxicity toward target organisms. The strong hemolytic activity and mammalian cytotoxicity of gramicidin A, a peptide antibiotic, has hindered its non-topical clinical application. Here, the authors report a high-throughput strategy for the discovery of gramicidin A analogues with altered biological activity profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Takada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atmika Paudel
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan
| | - Suresh Panthee
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamamoto
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Itoh H, Miura K, Kamiya K, Yamashita T, Inoue M. Solid‐Phase Total Synthesis of Yaku'amide B Enabled by Traceless Staudinger Ligation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kensuke Miura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Koichi Kamiya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tomoya Yamashita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Itoh H, Miura K, Kamiya K, Yamashita T, Inoue M. Solid-Phase Total Synthesis of Yaku'amide B Enabled by Traceless Staudinger Ligation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4564-4571. [PMID: 31943639 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report a solid-phase strategy for total synthesis of the peptidic natural product yaku'amide B (1), which exhibits antiproliferative activity against various cancer cells. Its linear tridecapeptide sequence bears four β,β-dialkylated α,β-dehydroamino acid residues and is capped with an N-terminal acyl group (NTA) and a C-terminal amine (CTA). To realize the Fmoc-based solid-phase synthesis of this complex structure, we developed new methods for enamide formation, enamide deprotection, and C-terminal modification. First, traceless Staudinger ligation enabled enamide formation between sterically encumbered alkenyl azides and newly designed phosphinophenol esters. Second, application of Eu(OTf)3 led to chemoselective removal of the enamide Boc groups without detaching the resin linker. Finally, resin-cleavage and C-terminus modification were simultaneously achieved with an ester-amide exchange reaction using CTA and AlMe3 to deliver 1 in 9.1 % overall yield (24 steps from the resin).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koichi Kamiya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yamashita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Development of a high-throughput strategy for discovery of potent analogues of antibiotic lysocin E. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2992. [PMID: 31278250 PMCID: PMC6611794 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10754-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysocin E, a 37-membered natural depsipeptide, induces rapid bacteriolysis in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via a unique menaquinone-dependent mechanism, presenting a promising therapeutic lead. Despite the great medical importance, exploring the potential utility of its derivatives as new platform structures for antibiotic development has remained a significant challenge. Here, we report a high-throughput strategy that enabled the preparation of thousands of analogues of lysocin E and large-scale structure-activity relationship analyses. We integrate 26-step total synthesis of 2401 cyclic peptides, tandem mass spectrometry-sequencing, and two microscale activity assays to identify 23 candidate compounds. Re-synthesis of these candidates shows that 11 of them (A1-A11) exhibit antimicrobial activity superior or comparable to that of lysocin E, and that lysocin E and A1-A11 share L-Leu-6 and L-Ile-11. Therefore, the present strategy allows us to efficiently decipher biologically crucial residues and identify potentially useful agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Collapse
|
9
|
Al Musaimi O, El-Faham A, Almarhoon Z, Basso A, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Bypassing Osmotic Shock Dilemma in a Polystyrene Resin Using the Green Solvent Cyclopentyl methyl Ether (CPME): A Morphological Perspective. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050874. [PMID: 31086118 PMCID: PMC6571811 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The “osmotic shock” phenomenon is the main thing that is responsible for morphological structure alteration, which can jeopardize the use of a polymer in a chemical process. This is extremely important in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), which is the method of choice for the preparation of these important biologically active compounds. Herein, we have used Hildebrand solubility parameters (δ) to investigate the influence of different ethers that are used in the precipitation step of the SPPS using a polystyrene resin. The green cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) has shown to be slightly superior to 2-methyltetrahydrofurane, which is also a green ether and clearly better than the hazardous diethyl ether and tert-butyl methyl ether. These results have been corroborated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis and computational studies. All together, these confirm the adequacy of CPME for being the ether of choice to be used in SPPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Othman Al Musaimi
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt.
| | - Zainab Almarhoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hayata A, Itoh H, Inoue M. Solid-Phase Total Synthesis and Dual Mechanism of Action of the Channel-Forming 48-mer Peptide Polytheonamide B. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10602-10611. [PMID: 30040396 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polytheonamide B (1) is a unique peptide natural product because of its extremely complex structure, a channel-forming ability in vitro, and the extremely potent cytotoxicity. The 48-mer sequence of 1 comprises alternating d,l-amino acids and possesses an array of sterically bulky β-tetrasubstituted and hydrogen bond forming residues. These unusual structural features are believed to drive 1 to fold into a 4.5 nm long tube, form a transmembrane ion channel at the plasma membrane, and exert cytotoxicity. Despite its potential biological application, however, multiple substitutions by these unusual residues significantly heightened the synthetic challenges, impeding the solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of 1. In this study, we first addressed the synthesis problem by extensive optimization of various factors of the SPPS. Adaptation of a new protective group strategy allowed for elongation of a 37-mer peptide on resin, to which an N-terminal 11-mer fragment was condensed. Removal of the 18 protective groups and resin gave rise to 1 in excellent overall yield (4.5%, 76 steps from 17). The SPPS protocol is operationally simple and was proven easily amenable to total synthesis of the fluorescent 48-mer probe 2. Synthetic 1 and 2 were utilized for analysis of their cellular behavior. Reflecting its ion-channel function, the addition of 1 to MCF-7 cells rapidly diminished a potential across the plasma membrane. Furthermore, fluorescence imaging study revealed that 1 and 2 were also internalized into the cells, accumulating in acidic lysosomes and neutralizing the lysosomal pH gradient. These new findings indicated that 1 is capable of exerting two functions upon causing apoptotic cell death of mammalian cells: It induces free cation transport across the plasma as well as lysosomal membranes. The present chemical and biological studies provide valuable information for the design and synthesis of polytheonamide-based molecules with more potent and selective biological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hayata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim J, Kim S, Shin DS, Lee YS. Preparation of tri(ethylene glycol) grafted core-shell type polymer support for solid-phase peptide synthesis. J Pept Sci 2017; 24. [PMID: 29235177 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A core-shell type polymer support for solid-phase peptide synthesis has been developed for high coupling efficiency of peptides and versatile applications such as on-bead bioassays. Although various kinds of polymer supports have been developed, they have their own drawbacks including poor accessibility of reagents and incompatibility in aqueous solution. In this paper, we prepared hydrophilic tri(ethylene glycol) (TEG) grafted core-shell type polymer supports (TEG SURE) for efficient solid-phase peptide synthesis and on-bead bioassays. TEG SURE was prepared by grafting TEG derivative on the surface of AM PS resin via biphasic diffusion control method and subsequent acetylation of amine groups which are located at the core region of AM PS resin. The performance of TEG SURE was evaluated by synthesizing several peptides. Three points can be highlighted: (1) easy control of loading level of TEG, (2) improved efficiency of peptide synthesis compared with the conventional resins, and (3) applicability of on-bead bioassays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehi Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seojung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Sik Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sik Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is the method of choice for chemical synthesis of peptides. In this nonspecialist review, we describe commonly used resins, linkers, protecting groups, and coupling reagents in 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) SPPS. Finally, a detailed protocol for manual Fmoc SPPS is presented.
Collapse
|
13
|
Knapinska AM, Tokmina-Roszyk D, Amar S, Tokmina-Roszyk M, Mochalin VN, Gogotsi Y, Cosme P, Terentis AC, Fields GB. Solid-phase synthesis, characterization, and cellular activities of collagen-model nanodiamond-peptide conjugates. Biopolymers 2016; 104:186-95. [PMID: 25753561 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (NDs) have received considerable attention as potential drug delivery vehicles. NDs are small (∼5 nm diameter), can be surface modified in a controllable fashion with a variety of functional groups, and have little observed toxicity in vitro and in vivo. However, most biomedical applications of NDs utilize surface adsorption of biomolecules, as opposed to covalent attachment. Covalent modification provides reliable and reproducible ND-biomolecule ratios, and alleviates concerns over biomolecule desorption prior to delivery. The present study has outlined methods for the efficient solid-phase conjugation of ND to peptides and characterization of ND-peptide conjugates. Utilizing collagen-derived peptides, the ND was found to support or even enhance the cell adhesion and viability activities of the conjugated sequence. Thus, NDs can be incorporated into peptides and proteins in a selective manner, where the presence of the ND could potentially enhance the in vivo activities of the biomolecule it is attached to.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Knapinska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458.,Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987
| | - Dorota Tokmina-Roszyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458.,Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987
| | - Sabrina Amar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458.,Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987
| | - Michal Tokmina-Roszyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458.,Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987
| | - Vadym N Mochalin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and A.J. Drexel Nanotechnology Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and A.J. Drexel Nanotechnology Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Patrick Cosme
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458
| | - Andrew C Terentis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458
| | - Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458.,Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Engelhard M. Quest for the chemical synthesis of proteins. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:246-51. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Engelhard
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Str. 17 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Siyad MA, Kumar GSV. Synthetic evaluation of disulphide-bonded sarafotoxin on a poly(oxy ether) grafted dendrimeric poly(alkyl amine) support for polymer assisted organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:4860-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40178b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
16
|
Preparation of poly (ethylene glycol) acrylate grafted polystyrene resin for solid-phase peptide synthesis. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Chiva A, Williams DE, Tabor AB, Hailes HC. Screening of polymeric supports and enzymes for the development of an endo enzyme cleavable linker. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
NF-31 color test uncovers ‘hidden’ alcohol functionalities in PEG-based resins for solid phase peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
20
|
García-Ramos Y, Giraud M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. Optimized Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of Thymosin alpha1 by side-chain anchoring onto a PEG resin. Biopolymers 2010; 92:565-72. [PMID: 19802821 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin alpha1 is a 28-amino acid acetylated peptide used for the treatment of hepatitis B and C. This peptide has a difficult sequence because of the presence of consecutive beta-branched amino acids and shows a tendency to form beta-sheet structures, partly as a result of the many protecting groups required to assemble the peptide (up to 20 side-chain protecting groups). Consequently, its synthesis has been generally achieved by convergent solution chemistry. Here we report a straightforward stepwise solid-phase synthesis on a polyethylene glycol solid-support that enables the scaling-up of this key therapeutic peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yésica García-Ramos
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Acosta GA, del Fresno M, Paradis-Bas M, Rigau-DeLlobet M, Côté S, Royo M, Albericio F. Solid-phase peptide synthesis using acetonitrile as a solvent in combination with PEG-based resins. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:629-33. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
22
|
Cavalli G, Shooter AG, Pears DA, Wellings DA, Gulzar S, Steinke JHG. Novel Non-PEG Derived Polyethers as Solid Supports. 2. Solid-Phase Synthesis Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:1012-27. [PMID: 17900168 DOI: 10.1021/cc7000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel non-PEG derived polyether resins, coined SLURPS (Superior Liquid Uptake Resins for Polymer-supported Synthesis), were studied for their performance in solid-phase synthesis. Novel amino functional resins, SLURPS-NH2, were prepared with a loading of up to 8.5 mmol/g and employed successfully in the solid-phase synthesis of Leu-Enkephalin. The peptide was obtained with the same purity when compared to its synthesis with commercial standard poly(dimethyl acrylamide) resins. Furthermore we show loading and cleavage of aromatic carboxylic acids in excellent yield. The advantageous solvent compatibility of our support was demonstrated through the biphasic dihydroxylation of alkenes with OsO4 in t-BuOH/water mixtures producing bound 1,2-diols and synthesis and removal of a bound oxime using ethanol/water mixtures both in excellent yields. Reactions were easily monitored by gel-phase NMR and FTIR. These results show that SLURPS are very well suited for organic transformations using highly polar solvent mixtures and reagents and at much higher loading levels than standard amphiphilic resins of similar solvent compatibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Cavalli
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
de la Torre BG, Jakab A, Andreu D. Polyethyleneglycol-Based Resins as Solid Supports for the Synthesis of Difficult or Long Peptides. Int J Pept Res Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-006-9077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
24
|
Malavolta L, Pinto MRS, Cuvero JH, Nakaie CR. Interpretation of the dissolution of insoluble peptide sequences based on the acid-base properties of the solvent. Protein Sci 2006; 15:1476-88. [PMID: 16731981 PMCID: PMC2242547 DOI: 10.1110/ps.051956206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The dissolution process of model insoluble peptide sequences was investigated in view of the electron acceptor (AN) and electron donor (DN) solvent properties. The Alzheimer's disease-inducing (1-42) Abeta-amyloid peptide and its (1-21) fragment, the (66-97) transmembrane bradykinin B2 receptor sequence, and the strongly aggregated VVLGAAIV were selected as models of insoluble peptides. Solvents presenting similar AN and DN values failed, despite their polarities, to dissociate peptide chains (free in solution or bound to a polymer). The maximum solubility of these aggregated sequences was attained in solvents presenting the highest possible (AN-DN) values (in positive or negative mode). The AN-DN values ranged from approximately -20 to +80 and, notably, the lowest dissociation power was ascribed to solvents presenting values of approximately +40. The strong hydrogen bond donor water is located in this region, indicating that, for dissociation of specific insoluble segments, the solvent should appropriately combine its acid/base strength with the potential for van der Waals interactions. We also observed a sequence-dependent pH effect on peptide solubility confirmed through circular dichroism spectroscopy. This approach also revealed a complex but, in many cases, consistent influence of peptide conformation on its solubility degree, even when structure-inducing solvents were added. In conclusion, the random method of selecting solvents to dissolve insoluble and intractable peptide sequences, still in use by some, could be partially supplanted by the strategy described herein, which may be also applicable to other solute dissociation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Malavolta
- Department of Biophysics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, CEP 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
This review describes the recent advances in the field of glycopeptide and small glycoprotein synthesis. The strategies covered include chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis, native chemical ligation (NCL), and expressed chemical ligation. The importance of glycopeptide synthesis is exemplified by giving the reader an overview of how versatile and important these well-defined glycopeptides are as tools in glycobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Therese Buskas
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cremer GA, Tariq H, Delmas AF. Combining a polar resin and a pseudo-proline to optimize the solid-phase synthesis of a ‘difficult sequence’. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:437-42. [PMID: 16432808 DOI: 10.1002/psc.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the optimization of a synthesis of a difficult sequence related to a 12-mer sequence of a Pan DR epitope (PADRE). Elongation was followed by on-line monitoring of the N(alpha)-Fmoc removal adapted for the batch methodology. Studying the intrinsic factors related to the peptide-resin, such as substitution level, resin nature and backbone protecting group, has led to an increase in the elongation yield and purity of the crude peptide. Optimal elongation was obtained by combining a polar resin such as PEGA and a pseudo-proline as the backbone protecting group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle-Anne Cremer
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR 4301 CNRS, affiliated to the University of Orléans and INSERM, rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zheng Y, Stevens PD, Gao Y. Magnetic Nanoparticles as an Orthogonal Support of Polymer Resins: Applications to Solid-Phase Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Org Chem 2005; 71:537-42. [PMID: 16408961 DOI: 10.1021/jo051861z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Most of the reactants immobilized on conventional solid-phase resins are buried inside the interiors of lightly cross-linked polystyrene beads. An orthogonal support of solid-phase resins needs to be small enough to penetrate the interpolymeric chain spaces of a swollen resin to reach reaction sites. In this paper, we report the use of magnetic nanoparticles ( approximately 4 nm) as an orthogonal matrix to assist solid-phase reactions. A magnetic nanoparticle-supported homogeneous Pd catalyst was employed for promoting the Suzuki cross-coupling of an aryl halide on resins and an excessive arylboronic acid in solution. The workup separating three components (the catalyst, product, and remaining arylborate) is a chromatography-free process. The Pd catalyst was magnetically isolated and recycled from the reaction mixture by applying an external magnetic field. Then, a filtration process was followed to recover the excess borate reagent from the resins/product. Our work here presents the first example of an orthogonal matrix of solid-phase resins and shows the promise of employing nanomaterials in organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4409, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Meldal M. Smart Combinatorial Assays for the Determination of Protease Activity and Inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200540008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
29
|
Abstract
Proteins have become accessible targets for chemical synthesis. The basic strategy is to use native chemical ligation, Staudinger ligation, or other orthogonal chemical reactions to couple synthetic peptides. The ligation reactions are compatible with a variety of solvents and proceed in solution or on a solid support. Chemical synthesis enables a level of control on protein composition that greatly exceeds that attainable with ribosome-mediated biosynthesis. Accordingly, the chemical synthesis of proteins is providing previously unattainable insight into the structure and function of proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley L. Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Matthew B. Soellner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Darlak K, Wiegandt Long D, Czerwinski A, Darlak M, Valenzuela F, Spatola AF, Barany G. Facile preparation of disulfide-bridged peptides using the polymer-supported oxidant CLEAR-OX. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 63:303-12. [PMID: 15049843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2004.00153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Formation of disulfide bonds in synthetic peptides is one of the more challenging transformations to achieve in peptide chemistry, in view of the possible formation of oligomeric by-products and other side reactions, as well as occasional solubility problems in aqueous oxidizing media. It was shown previously that 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB identical with Ellman's reagent), when attached to polyethylene glycol-polystyrene (PEG-PS), controlled-pore glass (CPG), or modified Sephadex supports, was an effective oxidizing agent that promoted disulfide formation under mild conditions. More recently, this work was extended to Cross-Linked Ethoxylate Acrylate Resin (CLEAR) supports, because of their compatibility with both organic and aqueous solvent mixtures. The resultant new tool, termed CLEAR-OX, was used to conveniently produce several model cyclic disulfides with improved purities and yields, when compared with solution oxidations. A particularly striking example was the gram-scale oxidation of a urotensin II antagonist peptide containing a hindered penicillamine unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Darlak
- Peptides International, Inc., Louisville, KY 40299, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ottesen JJ, Huse M, Sekedat MD, Muir TW. Semisynthesis of phosphovariants of Smad2 reveals a substrate preference of the activated T beta RI kinase. Biochemistry 2004; 43:5698-706. [PMID: 15134444 DOI: 10.1021/bi0498407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling regulates a wide range of cellular processes. Aberrant TGF-beta signaling has been implicated in various disease states in humans. A key element in this signaling pathway is phosphorylation of R-Smads such as Smad2 at the last two serine residues of the C-terminal sequence CSSXS (residues 463-467 in Smad2) by the TbetaRI receptor kinase. Phosphorylation results in the release of the R-Smad from the membrane-anchored protein SARA, binding to the co-mediator protein Smad4, translocation into the nucleus, and regulation of target gene expression. Expressed protein ligation was used to probe the contribution of the individual phosphate groups to Smad2 oligomerization and phosphorylation by TbetaRI. Phosphorylation at both positions was required to generate a stable homotrimer; however, the driving force for Smad2 self-association is provided by pSer465. Additionally, SARA was found to modulate the self-association of partially phosphorylated Smad2, which suggests an added role for this protein in preventing premature release of a monophosphorylated substrate from the receptor complex. In related studies, prephosphorylation of Smad2 at Ser465 was found to significantly increase the rate of phosphorylation at Ser467, suggesting that there may be specific recognition determinants within the kinase for the monophosphorylated intermediate. This information was exploited to design an improved peptide substrate for TbetaRI, which may prove valuable in the design of inhibitors of the TGF-beta pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Ottesen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Protein Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Meldal M. ‘One bead two compound libraries’ for detecting chemical and biochemical conversions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2004; 8:238-44. [PMID: 15183321 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
When combinatorial chemistry was introduced 13 years ago, the expectations were high for the delivery of results, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry. However, combinatorial chemistry was implemented independently of the application for which the products were going to be used. Resins developed only for efficient solid-phase synthesis were used and products were employed in existing assays developed for traditional solution studies. There was almost no assay or technology development and the use of real combinatorial methods soon had to give way to high-throughput synthesis and traditional screening. However, during recent years more sophisticated resins and assay techniques have been developed that may result in a second and more successful implementation of real integrated combinatorial chemistry. The first in this line of new developments is the 'one bead two compound' assay, in which the resin bead in addition to a combinatorial library member contains a reporter compound that can act as a beacon to monitor the activity of the library member. This powerful concept can be generally applied in all fields of combinatorial chemistry including drug, catalysts and material development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Meldal
- SPOCC centre for Molecular Recognition, Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10 DK-2500 Valby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Meldal M. The one-bead two-compound assay for solid phase screening of combinatorial libraries. Biopolymers 2002; 66:93-100. [PMID: 12325159 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent quenched substrate libraries are a very powerful tool for investigation of protease activity and specificity. Particularly, libraries where the fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair is 3-nitrotyrosine and 2-amino-benzamide are easy to prepare by split and combine synthesis to yield a one-bead one-compound library format. The solid support is critical for the successful hydrolysis of the resin-bound substrates. For this purpose, a range of highly porous poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based resins have been developed. Active substrates yield highly fluorescent beads and these are selected under a fluorescence microscope or isolated on a bead sorter. Edman sequence analysis yields the substrate sequence, the cleavage point, and the degree of conversion. The method gives a complete map of the substrate specificity, and substrates with high affinity for the active site can be selected. These may in turn be used as inhibition indicators in a second solid phase library assay for enzyme inhibition where each single bead is transformed into an assay container. The substrate is attached to temporarily shielded functional groups after completion of inhibitor library synthesis. By using a photolabile linker and ladder synthesis, the active inhibitors may be rapidly identified by mass spectrometry. In each bead, the putative inhibitor competes with the substrate attached for binding to the enzyme, and when the inhibitor binds strongly, the substrate remains intact and quenched. Thus dark beads indicate inhibitors, and these may be isolated using a bead-sorter and the structure determined by mass spectrometry. A selection of the best substrates and inhibitors should always be resynthesized for solution kinetics and confirmation of the results obtained on solid support. The inhibitor assay is almost free from false positives, which is a consequence of combining the binding of the protease to the inhibitor with observation of activity toward a FRET substrate. The K(i) of the identified inhibitors are typically in the nM range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Meldal
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lelièvre D, Turpin O, El Kazzouli S, Delmas A. Influence of polar support for the synthesis of large C-terminal peptide aldehyde: application to chemoselective ligation. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
35
|
Offer J, Boddy CNC, Dawson PE. Extending synthetic access to proteins with a removable acyl transfer auxiliary. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:4642-6. [PMID: 11971712 DOI: 10.1021/ja016731w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A chemo- and regioselective auxiliary-mediated peptide ligation has been developed that is effective under nonidealized conditions for the synthesis of proteins. This general amide bond ligation utilizes a removable auxiliary that is analogous to the role of cysteine in native chemical ligation, combining chemoselective thioester exchange with efficient regioselective intramolecular acyl transfer. Acid lability and improved ligation efficiency were introduced into the 2-mercaptobenzyl auxiliary by increasing the electron density of the aromatic ring. The 62 amino acid SH3 domain from alpha-spectrin was synthesized using the auxiliary-mediated ligation at a Lys-Gly sequence. The auxiliary was removed with TFA and scavengers from the ligated product. This methodology enables unprotected peptides to be coupled at noncysteine ligation sites expanding the scope of protein synthesis and semisynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Offer
- Department of Cell Biology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hudgins RR, Huang F, Gramlich G, Nau WM. A fluorescence-based method for direct measurement of submicrosecond intramolecular contact formation in biopolymers: an exploratory study with polypeptides. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:556-64. [PMID: 11804484 DOI: 10.1021/ja010493n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent amino acid derivative (Fmoc-DBO) has been synthesized, which contains 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene (DBO) as a small, hydrophilic fluorophore with an extremely long fluorescence lifetime (325 ns in H2O and 505 ns in D2O under air). Polypeptides containing both the DBO residue and an efficient fluorescence quencher allow the measurement of rate constants for intramolecular end-to-end contact formation. Bimolecular quenching experiments indicated that Trp, Cys, Met, and Tyr are efficient quenchers of DBO (k(q) = 20, 5.1, 4.5, and 3.6 x 10(8) M(-1) x s(-1) in D2O), while the other amino acids are inefficient. The quenching by Trp, which was selected as an intrinsic quencher, is presumed to involve exciplex-induced deactivation. Flexible, structureless polypeptides, Trp-(Gly-Ser)n-DBO-NH2, were prepared by standard solid-phase synthesis, and the rates of contact formation were measured through the intramolecular fluorescence quenching of DBO by Trp with time-correlated single-photon counting, laser flash photolysis, and steady-state fluorometry. Rate constants of 4.1, 6.8, 4.9, 3.1, 2.0, and 1.1 x 10(7) s(-1) for n = 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 10 were obtained. Noteworthy was the relatively slow quenching for the shortest peptide (n = 0). The kinetic data are in agreement with recent transient absorption studies of triplet probes for related peptides, but the rate constants are significantly larger. In contrast to the flexible structureless Gly-Ser polypeptides, the polyproline Trp-Pro4-DBO-NH2 showed insignificant fluorescence quenching, suggesting that a high polypeptide flexibility and the possibility of probe-quencher contact is essential to induce quenching. Advantages of the new fluorescence-based method for measuring contact formation rates in biopolymers include high accuracy, fast time range (100 ps-1 micros), and the possibility to perform measurements in water under air.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Hudgins
- Departement Chemie, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Seitz O, Heinemann I, Mattes A, Waldmann H. Synthetic peptide conjugates—tailor-made probes for the biology of protein modification and protein processing. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)01115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
38
|
Roice M, Suma G, Kumar KS, Pillai VN. Synthesis of esculentin-1 antibacterial peptide fragments on 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate cross-linked polystyrene support. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2001; 20:25-32. [PMID: 11330345 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011048919748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptide segments corresponding to antibacterial esculentin-1 (1-15), (3344), (9-27), and their modified forms were synthesized on 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate cross-linked polystyrene (PS-BDODMA) support. Hydroxymethyl and aminomethyl 2% PS-BDODMA supports were used for the synthesis. The HMPB linker was appended to the aminomethyl resin using HBTU in presence of HOBt and the first amino acid was incorporated using MSNT. The conventional Fmoc synthetic protocol was used for the synthesis of peptides. The peptides were cleaved from the support using TFA. The peptides were purified by HPLC, and characterized by amino acid analysis and MALDI TOF MS. The secondary structures of the peptides were revealed by CD measurements. The synthesis of these peptides illustrates the utility of the new support for the synthesis of long-chain bioactive peptides. The synthetic peptides were tested for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli Mos blue, E. coli 2, Bacillus brevis, B. megaterium, Pseudomonas HTL, and Vibrio mimicus. The antibacterial activity of the peptides was explained on the basis of the helicity and charged nature of the sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Roice
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Despite the omnipresence of protein glycosylation in nature, little is known about how the attachment of carbohydrates affects peptide and protein activity. One reason is the lack of a straightforward method to access biologically relevant glycopeptides and glycoproteins. The isolation of homogeneous glycopeptides from natural sources is complicated by the heterogeneity of naturally occuring glycoproteins. It is chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis that is meeting the challenge to solve this availability problem, thus playing a key role for the advancement of glycobiology. The current art of glycopeptide synthesis, albeit far from being routine, has reached a level of maturity that allows for the access to homogeneous and pure material for biological and medicinal research. Even the ambitious goal of the total synthesis of an entire glycoprotein is within reach. It is demonstrated that with the help of synthetic glycopeptides the effects of glycosylation on protein structure and function can be studied in molecular detail. For example, in immunology, synthetic (tumour-specific) glycopeptides can be used as immunogens to elicit a tumour-cell-specific immune response. Again, synthetic glycopeptides are an invaluable tool to determine the fine specificity of the immune response that can be mediated by both carbohydrate-specific B and T cells. Furthermore, selected examples for the use of synthetic glycopeptides as ligands of carbohydrate-binding proteins and as enzyme substrates or inhibitors are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Seitz
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vaino AR, Janda KD. Solid-phase organic synthesis: a critical understanding of the resin. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2000; 2:579-96. [PMID: 11126287 DOI: 10.1021/cc000046o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A R Vaino
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
|
43
|
Kates SA, McGuinness BF, Blackburn C, Griffin GW, Solé NA, Barany G, Albericio F. "High-load" polyethylene glycol-polystyrene (PEG-PS) graft supports for solid-phase synthesis. Biopolymers 2000; 47:365-80. [PMID: 9973867 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0282(1998)47:5<365::aid-bip4>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The choice of a polymeric support is a key factor for the success of solid-phase methods for syntheses of organic compounds and biomolecules such as peptides and oligonucleotides. Classical Merrifield solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), performed on low cross-linked hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) beads, sometimes suffers from sequence-dependent coupling difficulties. The concept of incorporating polyethylene glycol (PEG) into supports for solid-phase synthesis represents a successful approach to alleviating such problems. Previous reports from our laboratories have shown the advantages of "low-load" PEG-PS (0.15-0.25 mmol/g) for SPPS. Herein, we demonstrate that the beneficial aspects of the PEG-PS concept can be extended with resins that have higher loadings (0.3-0.5 mmol/g).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Kates
- PerSeptive Biosystems, Inc., Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Mayfield LD, Corey DR. Enhancing solid phase synthesis by a noncovalent protection strategy-efficient coupling of rhodamine to resin-bound peptide nucleic acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1419-22. [PMID: 10360748 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Resins for solid-phase synthesis can affect coupling efficiencies by interacting with reactants. We have observed that polyethylene glycol-polystyrene (PEG-PS) solid support absorbs added activated fluorophores, preventing efficient labeling of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs). We now report that addition of an inexpensive unactivated fluorophore blocks the resin and allows efficient labeling. This protection strategy may have general benefits for peptide and combinatorial synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L D Mayfield
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 75235-9041, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
|