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Hansen PR, Oddo A. Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2821:33-55. [PMID: 38997478 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3914-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic peptides are important as drugs and in research. Currently, the method of choice for producing these compounds is solid-phase peptide synthesis. Here, we describe the scope and limitations of Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. Furthermore, we provide a detailed protocol for Fmoc peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Robert Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Alberto Oddo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- , Måløv, Denmark
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2
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Arbour CA, Stamatin RE, Stockdill JL. Sequence Diversification by Divergent C-Terminal Elongation of Peptides. J Org Chem 2018; 83:1797-1803. [PMID: 29293336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sequence diversification at the C terminus is traditionally limited by significant epimerization of the C-terminal residue during its activation toward nucleophilic attack, thus mandating repetition of the peptide synthesis for each targeted variation. Here, we accomplish divergent C-terminal elongation of a single peptide substrate with concomitant resin cleavage via displacement of an N-acyl urea moiety. Sterically hindered amino acids such as Ile and Pro are well-tolerated in this approach, which proceeds reasonable conversion and no detectable epimerization of the starting peptide's C-terminal amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Arbour
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ramona E Stamatin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jennifer L Stockdill
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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3
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Selvaraj A, Chen HT, Ya-Ting Huang A, Kao CL. Expedient on-resin modification of a peptide C-terminus through a benzotriazole linker. Chem Sci 2017; 9:345-349. [PMID: 29629103 PMCID: PMC5868309 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03229c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides with various C-terminal functionalization, including peptides and dendrimers, were prepared via SPPS and an efficient on-resin modification.
A convenient and efficient chemical toolbox was developed for the on-resin C-terminal functionalization of various peptides. By transforming resin-bound 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid species with isoamyl nitrite, the resulting resin-bound benzotriazole entity can be efficiently displaced by nucleophiles during cleavage of the peptide–resin connection in a short reaction time. The resin cleavage step allowed for the use of various nucleophiles including water, EtOH, amines, thiol, and G5 poly(amidoamino) dendrimers with yields ranging from 66% to 82% within 5 h. This method was successfully applied to prepare the elastin sequence (VPGVG)4 through on-resin ligation in 77% yield in one day and a head-to-tail cyclic peptide, sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1, in 42% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Selvaraj
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807 , Taiwan .
| | - Hui-Ting Chen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807 , Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research , Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung 807 , Taiwan
| | - Adela Ya-Ting Huang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807 , Taiwan .
| | - Chai-Lin Kao
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807 , Taiwan . .,Department of Medical Research , Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung 807 , Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry , National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan
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4
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Arbour CA, Saraha HY, McMillan TF, Stockdill JL. Exploiting the MeDbz Linker To Generate Protected or Unprotected C-Terminally Modified Peptides. Chemistry 2017; 23:12484-12488. [PMID: 28741313 PMCID: PMC5674808 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
C-terminally modified peptides are important targets for pharmaceutical and biochemical applications. Known methods for C-terminal diversification are limited mainly in terms of the scope of accessible modifications or by epimerization of the C-terminal amino acid. In this work, we present a broadly applicable approach that enables access to a variety of C-terminally functionalized peptides in either protected or unprotected form. This chemistry proceeds without epimerization of C-terminal Ala and tolerates nucleophiles of varying nucleophilicity. Finally, unprotected peptides bearing nucleophilic side chain groups can be selectively functionalized by strong nucleophiles, whereas macrocyclization is observed for weaker nucleophiles. The potential utility of this method is demonstrated through the divergent synthesis of the conotoxin conopressin G and GLP-1(7-36) and analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Arbour
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Hasina Y Saraha
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Timothy F McMillan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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5
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Abstract
Synthetic peptides are important as drugs and in research. Currently, the method of choice for producing these compounds is solid-phase peptide synthesis. In this nonspecialist review, we describe the scope and limitations of Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. Furthermore, we provide a detailed protocol for Fmoc peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Alberto Oddo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Controlled couplings of quinone monoacetals using reusable polystyrene-anchored specific proton catalyst. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Boas
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bulowsvej 27, DK-1790 Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Preparation of C-terminal modified peptides through alcoholysis and thiolysis mediated by metal ions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 611:167-8. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73657-0_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Cavalli G, Shooter AG, Pears DA, Wellings DA, Gulzar S, Steinke JHG. Novel Non-PEG Derived Polyethers as Solid Supports. 2. Solid-Phase Synthesis Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:1012-27. [PMID: 17900168 DOI: 10.1021/cc7000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel non-PEG derived polyether resins, coined SLURPS (Superior Liquid Uptake Resins for Polymer-supported Synthesis), were studied for their performance in solid-phase synthesis. Novel amino functional resins, SLURPS-NH2, were prepared with a loading of up to 8.5 mmol/g and employed successfully in the solid-phase synthesis of Leu-Enkephalin. The peptide was obtained with the same purity when compared to its synthesis with commercial standard poly(dimethyl acrylamide) resins. Furthermore we show loading and cleavage of aromatic carboxylic acids in excellent yield. The advantageous solvent compatibility of our support was demonstrated through the biphasic dihydroxylation of alkenes with OsO4 in t-BuOH/water mixtures producing bound 1,2-diols and synthesis and removal of a bound oxime using ethanol/water mixtures both in excellent yields. Reactions were easily monitored by gel-phase NMR and FTIR. These results show that SLURPS are very well suited for organic transformations using highly polar solvent mixtures and reagents and at much higher loading levels than standard amphiphilic resins of similar solvent compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Cavalli
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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11
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Brik A, Ficht S, Yang YY, Bennett CS, Wong CH. Sugar-assisted ligation of N-linked glycopeptides with broad sequence tolerance at the ligation junction. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:15026-33. [PMID: 17105315 DOI: 10.1021/ja065601q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides using the sugar-assisted ligation strategy from cysteine free peptides is presented. The ligation junction tolerates a variety of amino acids, favoring less hindered amino acids and those with side chains that could serve as a general base in the ligation pathway. Since our approach allows the ligation of difficult junctions, the method could be applied to the synthesis of large peptides by enzymatic removal of the sugar moiety. Alternatively, more complex glycopeptides can be synthesized using glycosyltransferases. Together, this sequence of reactions should be amenable to the synthesis of glycopeptides and glycoproteins and their deglycosylated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Brik
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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12
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Pittelkow M, Boas U, Christensen JB. Carbocations in action. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a highly acid-sensitive naphthalene-based backbone amide linker for solid-phase synthesis. Org Lett 2007; 8:5817-20. [PMID: 17134280 DOI: 10.1021/ol062410j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and properties of an extremely acid-labile backbone amide linker based on a regiospecifically substituted tetraalkoxy naphthaldehyde core are presented. This handle enables cleavage of peptide backbone amides (secondary amides) off a solid support using as little as 0.5% TFA in CH2Cl2. This proceeds without cleavage of tert-butyl ethers and tert-butyl esters. The design is based on a DFT study that predicted the most stabile alkoxy-substituted methyl naphthyl carbocation. [structure: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pittelkow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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13
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Abstract
Sugar-assisted ligation (SAL) presents an attractive strategy for the synthesis of glycopeptides, including the synthesis of cysteine-free beta-O-linked and N-linked glycopeptides. Here we extended the utility of SAL for the synthesis of alpha-O-linked glycopeptides and glycoproteins. In order to explore SAL in the context of glycoprotein synthesis, we developed a new chemical synthetic route for the alpha-O-linked glycoprotein diptericin epsilon. In the first stage of our synthesis, diptericin segment Cys(Acm)37-Gly(52) and segment Val(53)-Phe(82) were assembled by SAL through a Gly-Val ligation junction. Subsequently, after Acm deprotection, diptericin segment Cys(37)-Phe(82) was ligated to segment Asp(1)-Asn(36) by means of native chemical ligation (NCL) to give the full sequence of diptericin epsilon. In the final synthetic step, hydrogenolysis was applied to remove the thiol handle from the sugar moiety with the concomitant conversion of mutated Cys(37) into the native alanine residue. In addition, we extended the applicability of SAL to the synthesis of glycopeptides containing cysteine residues by carrying out selective desulfurization of the sulfhydryl-modified sugar moiety in the presence of acetamidomethyl (Acm) protected cysteine residues. The results presented here demonstrated for the first time that SAL could be a general and useful tool in the chemical synthesis of glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Simon Ficht
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ashraf Brik
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- E-mail: ,
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- E-mail: ,
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Albericio F, Cruz M, Debéthune L, Eritja R, Giralt E, Grandas A, Marchán V, Pastor JJ, Pedroso E, Rabanal F, Royo M. AN IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF N-[(9-HYDROXYMETHYL)-2-FLUORENYL]SUCCINAMIC ACID (HMFS), A VERSATILE HANDLE FOR THE SOLID-PHASE SYNTHESIS OF BIOMOLECULES. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-100000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Norrby PO, Jensen KJ. Steric Effects in Release of Amides from Linkers in Solid-Phase Synthesis. Molecular Mechanics Modeling of Key Step in Peptide and Combinatorial Chemistry. Int J Pept Res Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-006-9036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Abstract
This review describes the recent advances in the field of glycopeptide and small glycoprotein synthesis. The strategies covered include chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis, native chemical ligation (NCL), and expressed chemical ligation. The importance of glycopeptide synthesis is exemplified by giving the reader an overview of how versatile and important these well-defined glycopeptides are as tools in glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Buskas
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, USA
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17
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Amorín M, Brea RJ, Castedo L, Granja JR. The Smallest α,γ-Peptide Nanotubulet Segments: Cyclic α,γ-Tetrapeptide Dimers. Org Lett 2005; 7:4681-4. [PMID: 16209509 DOI: 10.1021/ol0518885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Cyclic tetrapeptides in which alpha-amino acids alternate with cis-3-aminocycloalkanecarboxylic acids dimerize by forming hydrogen bonds between their alpha-faces but not between their gamma-faces, establishing the minimal structural requirements for the novel alpha,gamma-peptide hybrids SPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Amorín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Unidade Asociada ó CSIC, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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18
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Abstract
Proteins have become accessible targets for chemical synthesis. The basic strategy is to use native chemical ligation, Staudinger ligation, or other orthogonal chemical reactions to couple synthetic peptides. The ligation reactions are compatible with a variety of solvents and proceed in solution or on a solid support. Chemical synthesis enables a level of control on protein composition that greatly exceeds that attainable with ribosome-mediated biosynthesis. Accordingly, the chemical synthesis of proteins is providing previously unattainable insight into the structure and function of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley L. Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Matthew B. Soellner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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19
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Wu JC, Chen TY, Yu CTR, Tsai SJ, Hsu JM, Tang MJ, Chou CK, Lin WJ, Yuan CJ, Huang CYF. Identification of V23RalA-Ser194 as a critical mediator for Aurora-A-induced cellular motility and transformation by small pool expression screening. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:9013-22. [PMID: 15637052 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411068200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Aurora kinases have three gene family members: Aurora-A, Aurora-B, and Aurora-C. It is not yet established what the specificity of these kinases are and what signals relayed by their reactions. Therefore, we employed small pool expression screening to search for downstream substrates of Aurora-A. Interestingly, all of the identified Aurora-A substrates were resistant to serve as substrates for Aurora-B or Aurora-C, suggesting that these Aurora family members may have distinct substrate specificity for propagation of diverse signaling pathways, even though they share a conserved catalytic kinase domain. Of the candidate substrates, Aurora-A could increase the functional activity of RalA. Mutational analysis revealed that RalA-Ser194 was the phosphorylation site for Aurora-A. Ectopic expression of V23RalA-WT could enhance collagen I-induced cell migration and anchorage-independent growth in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) Aurora-A stable cell lines. In contrast, overexpression of V23RalA-S194A in MDCK Aurora-A-stable cell lines abolished the intrinsic migration and transformation abilities of Aurora-A. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic search for the downstream substrates of Aurora-A kinase. Moreover, these results support the notion that Aurora-A may act in concert with V23RalA through protein phosphorylation on Ser194 to promote collagen I-induced cell motility and anchorage-independent growth in MDCK epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Chyi Wu
- Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taipei, ROC
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20
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Pittelkow M, Boas U, Jessing M, Jensen KJ, Christensen JB. Role of the peri-effect in synthesis and reactivity of highly substituted naphthaldehydes: a novel backbone amide linker for solid-phase synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:508-14. [PMID: 15678190 DOI: 10.1039/b412971g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Handles (linkers) with an aldehyde functionality that permits the anchoring of substrates by reductive amination have, since their first report in the mid-1990s, become widely-used tools in solid-phase synthesis. In the synthesis of peptides, they allow anchoring of the growing peptide chain through a backbone amide, thus giving easy access to C-terminal modified or cyclic peptides. Recently, we described two new handles (NAL-1 and NAL-2) with dialkoxynaphthaldehyde core structures. Here, we describe the design, synthesis and properties of a novel trialkoxynaphthalene-based backbone amide linker (NAL-3). The NAL-3 handle is based on a trialkoxynaphthaldehyde (NALdehyde-3) that was synthesized in nine high-yielding steps from 3-methoxyphenylacetic acid in 51% overall yield. The naphthalene ring system was constructed using a regioselective methanesulfonic acid-catalyzed ring-closing reaction. The tetra-substituted naphthalene derivative 1,3,6-trimethoxynaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde (7) was selectively demethylated in the 1 position using BBr(3). The selectivity of this reaction is discussed, based on the crystal structures of reactant and product, 1-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-naphthalene-2-carbaldehyde (8), and in the context of the peri-effect. The new handle was anchored to an aminomethylated poly(styrene) solid support, followed by assembly of a model dipeptide, then a study of the cleavage properties under acidic conditions was carried out. Surprisingly, the trialkoxynaphthaldehyde-based handle proved less acid-labile than the dialkoxynaphthaldehyde handles, and this fact is discussed with respect to handle design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pittelkow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Denmark
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21
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Barany G, Han Y, Hargittai B, Liu RQ, Varkey JT. Side-chain anchoring strategy for solid-phase synthesis of peptide acids with C-terminal cysteine. Biopolymers 2004; 71:652-66. [PMID: 14991675 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many naturally occurring peptide acids, e.g., somatostatins, conotoxins, and defensins, contain a cysteine residue at the C-terminus. Furthermore, installation of C-terminal cysteine onto epitopic peptide sequences as a preliminary to conjugating such structures to carrier proteins is a valuable tactic for antibody preparation. Anchoring of N(alpha)-Fmoc, S-protected C-terminal cysteine as an ester onto the support for solid-phase peptide synthesis is known to sometimes occur in low yields, has attendant risks of racemization, and may also result in conversion to a C-terminal 3-(1-piperidinyl)alanine residue as the peptide chain grows by Fmoc chemistry. These problems are documented for several current strategies, but can be circumvented by the title anchoring strategy, which features the following: (a). conversion of the eventual C-terminal cysteine residue, with Fmoc for N(alpha)-amino protection and tert-butyl for C(alpha)-carboxyl protection, to a corresponding S-xanthenyl ((2)XAL(4)) preformed handle derivative; and (b). attachment of the resultant preformed handle to amino-containing supports. This approach uses key intermediates that are similar to previously reported Fmoc-XAL handles, and builds on earlier experience with Xan and related protection for cysteine. Implementation of this strategy is documented here with syntheses of three small model peptides, as well as the tetradecapeptide somatostatin. Anchoring occurs without racemization, and the absence of 3-(1-piperidinyl)alanine formation is inferred by retention of chains on the support throughout the cycles of Fmoc chemistry. Fully deprotected peptides, including free sulfhydryl peptides, are released from the support in excellent yield by using cocktails containing a high concentration (i.e., 80-90%) of TFA plus appropriate thiols or silanes as scavengers. High-yield release of partially protected peptides is achieved by treatment with cocktails containing a low concentration (i.e., 1-5%) of TFA. In peptides with two cysteine residues, the corresponding intramolecular disulfide-bridged peptide is obtained by either (a). oxidation, in solution, of the dithiol product released by acid; (b). simultaneous acidolytic cleavage and disulfide formation, achieved by addition of the mild oxidant DMSO to the cleavage cocktail; or (c). concomitant cleavage/cooxidation (involving a downstream S-Xan protected cysteine), using reagents such as iodine or thallium tris(trifluoroacetate) in acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Barany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Solid-phase synthesis of biomolecules, of which peptides are the principal example, is well established. However, synthetic peptides containing modifications at the carboxy termini are often desired because of their potential therapeutic properties. As a result, there is a necessity for effective solid-phase strategies for the preparation of peptides with C-terminal end groups other than the usual carboxylic acid and carboxamide functionalities. The present article primarily reviews literature reports on methods for solid-phase synthesis of C-terminal modified peptides. In addition, general information about biological activities and/or synthetic applications of each individual class of peptide is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Alsina
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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23
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Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of several novel water-soluble highly branched polypeptides. The synthesis starts with the ring-opening polymerization of epsilon-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-lysine N-carboxyanhydride (Z-Lys NCA) or epsilon-trifluoroacetyl-l-lysine N-carboxyanhydride (TFA-Lys NCA), followed by end functionalization of the peptide chain with N(alpha),N(epsilon)-di(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-l-lysine (N(alpha),N(epsilon)-diFmoc Lys). Deprotection of the N(alpha),N(epsilon)-diFmoc Lys end group affords two new primary amine groups that can initiate the polymerization of a second generation of branches. Repetition of this ring-opening polymerization-end functionalization sequence affords highly branched poly(epsilon-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-lysine) (poly(Z-Lys)) and poly(epsilon-trifluoroacetyl-l-lysine) (poly(TFA-Lys)) in a small number of straightforward synthetic steps. Removal of the side-chain protective groups yields water-soluble and highly branched poly(l-lysine)s, which may be of potential interest for a variety of medical applications.
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24
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Kappel JC, Barany G. Methionine anchoring applied to the solid-phase synthesis of lysine-containing ‘head-to-tail’ cyclic peptides. Int J Pept Res Ther 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02443651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Chinchilla R, Dodsworth DJ, Nájera C, Soriano JM. Ammonium salts from polymer-bound N-hydroxysuccinimide as solid-supported reagents for EDC-mediated amidations. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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López-Deber MP, Castedo L, Granja JR. Synthesis of N-(3-arylpropyl)amino acid derivatives by Sonogashira types of reaction in aqueous media. Org Lett 2001; 3:2823-6. [PMID: 11529766 DOI: 10.1021/ol0162421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text]. N-propargylamino acids and peptides including them can be efficiently derivatized in aqueous media with a wide variety of (hetero)aryl halides by cross-coupling reactions catalyzed by palladium on carbon (10% Pd/C).
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Affiliation(s)
- M P López-Deber
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Unidade Asociada ó C.S.I.C, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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27
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Pettit GR, Lippert JW, Taylor SR, Tan R, Williams MD. Synthesis of phakellistatin 11: a micronesia (Chuuk) marine sponge cyclooctapeptide. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2001; 64:883-891. [PMID: 11473416 DOI: 10.1021/np0100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic octapeptide phakellistatin 11 (1), a constituent of The Federated States of Micronesia (Chuuk) marine sponge Phakellia sp., was synthesized using solid-phase techniques. An initial solution-phase synthesis proved to be inadequate owing to spontaneous deprotection of the Fmoc group at the heptapeptide stage. Using the PAL resin attachment and proceeding from Fmoc-Glu-alpha-allyl ester, linear elongation of the octapeptide was performed until the final unit Pro was added. The allyl ester was removed using Pd(0)[P(C(6)H(5))(3)](4). Cleavage of the final Fmoc group and cyclization with PyAOP provided phakellistatin 11 (1) in 17% overall yield. The synthetic specimen of phakellistatin 11 (1) was found to be chemically but not biologically (cancer cell lines) identical to the natural product. The result suggested a conformational difference or more likely the presence of a trace amount of a highly active antineoplastic agent that binds noncovalently to the natural cyclic octapeptide 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-2404, USA
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Hlav�?ek J, Ragnarsson U. Solid phase synthesis of partially protected tocinoic acid: Optimization with respect to resin and protecting groups. J Pept Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Johansson A, Akerblom E, Ersmark K, Lindeberg G, Hallberg A. An improved procedure for N- to C-directed (Inverse) solid-phase peptide synthesis. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2000; 2:496-507. [PMID: 11029175 DOI: 10.1021/cc000022h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for solid-phase peptide synthesis in the N- to C-direction that delivers good coupling yields and a low degree of epimerization is reported. The optimized method involves the coupling, without preactivation, of the resin-bound C-terminal amino acid with excess amounts of amino acid tri-tert-butoxysilyl (Sil) esters, using HATU as coupling reagent and 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (TMP, collidine) as a base. For the amino acids investigated, the degree of epimerization was typically 5%, except for Ser(t-Bu) which was more easily epimerized (ca. 20%). Five tripeptides (AA(1)-AA(2)-AA(3)) with different properties were used as representative model peptides in the development of the synthetic method: Asp-Leu-Glu, Leu-Ala-Phe, Glu-Asp-Val, Asp-Ser-Ile, and Asp-D-Glu-Leu. The study used different combinations of HATU and TBTU as activating agents, N, N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) and TMP as bases, DMF and dichloromethane as solvents, and cupric chloride as an epimerization suppressant. The epimerization of AA(2) in the coupling of AA(3) was further reduced in the presence of cupric chloride. However, the use of this reagent also resulted in a decrease in loading onto the resin and significant cleavage between AA(1) and AA(2). Experiments indicated that the observed suppressing effect of cupric chloride on epimerization in the present system merely seemed to be a result of a base-induced cleavage of the oxazolone system, the key intermediate in the epimerization process. Consequently, the cleavages were most pronounced in slow couplings. An improved synthesis of fully characterized amino acid tri-tert-butoxysilyl (Sil) ester hydrochloride building blocks is presented. The amino acid Sil esters were found to be stable as hydrochlorides but not as free bases. Although only a few peptides have been used in this study, we believe that the facile procedure devised herein should provide an attractive alternative for the solid-phase synthesis of short (six residues or less) C-terminally modified peptides, e.g., in library format.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Johansson
- Department of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Rinnová M, Nováková M, Kasicka V, Jirácek J. Side reactions during photochemical cleavage of an alpha-methyl-6-nitroveratryl-based photolabile linker. J Pept Sci 2000; 6:355-65. [PMID: 10969864 DOI: 10.1002/1099-1387(200008)6:8<355::aid-psc261>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of reactions causing irreversible inhibition of the activity of enzymes when irradiated in the presence of the recently developed alpha-methyl-6-nitroveratryl-based photolinker [Holmes CP. J. Org. Chem. 1997; 62: 2370-2380] have been investigated. Several experiments based on the interaction of the photolinker with model peptides or n-butylamine have been accomplished. A complexity of products, resulting from the side reactions competing with the 'normal' photocleavage of the linker, have been found. The amino and thiol groups of the molecules present in the solvents upon irradiation were recognized as having a major influence on the course of photolysis. Some of these side products resulting from the interaction with amines were identified and the mechanisms by which they can be generated are discussed. The mechanism of the interaction of the thiol groups present in peptides or proteins with the photolinker is unclear and it remains to be further elucidated. It was found that the undesirable effects are favored by a basic pH and are largely reduced by a slightly acidic pH, together with the presence of dithiothreitol. Significant positive effects of dithiothreitol have been observed on the rate as well as the yield of the photocleavage. These results demonstrate that the use of photolabile linkers in biological media can be accompanied by undesired effects, which can be largely reduced by choosing appropriate conditions and additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rinnová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha
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Thieriet N, Guibé F, Albericio F. Solid-phase peptide synthesis in the reverse (N --> C) direction. Org Lett 2000; 2:1815-7. [PMID: 10891165 DOI: 10.1021/ol0058341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A new strategy for SPPS in the reverse direction based on the use of 2-Cl-trityl resin, an allyl ester as the temporary protecting group, and Cu(OBt)(2)/DIPCDI or HATU/DIEA as the coupling method is described. These conditions ensure good yields with minimal racemization of the C-terminal residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Thieriet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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Agris PF, Marchbank MT, Newman W, Guenther R, Ingram P, Swallow J, Mucha P, Szyk A, Rekowski P, Peletskaya E, Deutscher SL. Experimental models of protein-RNA interaction: isolation and analyses of tRNA(Phe) and U1 snRNA-binding peptides from bacteriophage display libraries. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1999; 18:425-35. [PMID: 10449040 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020688609121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptides that bind either U1 small nuclear RNA (U1 snRNA) or the anticodon stem and loop of yeast tRNA(Phe) (tRNA(ACPhe)) were selected from a random-sequence, 15-amino acid bacteriophage display library. An experimental system, including an affinity selection method, was designed to identify primary RNA-binding peptide sequences without bias to known amino acid sequences and without incorporating nonspecific binding of the anionic RNA backbone. Nitrocellulose binding assays were used to evaluate the binding of RNA by peptide-displaying bacteriophage. Amino acid sequences of RNA-binding bacteriophage were determined from the foreign insert DNA sequences, and peptides corresponding to the RNA-binding bacteriophage inserts were chemically synthesized. Peptide affinities for the RNAs (Kd approximately 0.1-5.0 microM) were analyzed successfully using fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopies. These methodologies demonstrate the feasibility of rapidly identifying, isolating, and initiating the analyses of small peptides that bind to RNAs in an effort to define better the chemistry, structure, and function of protein-RNA complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Agris
- Department of Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7622, USA.
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Abstract
DKP formation is a serious side reaction during the solid-phase synthesis of peptide acids containing either Pro or Gly at the C-terminus. This side reaction not only leads to a lower overall yield, but also to the presence in the reaction crude of several deletion peptides lacking the first amino acids. For the preparation of protected peptides using the Fmoc/tBu strategy, the use of a ClTrt-Cl-resin with a limited incorporation of the C-terminal amino acid is the method of choice. The use of resins with higher loading levels leads to more impure peptide crudes. The use of HPLC-ESMS is a useful method for analysing complex samples, such as those formed when C-terminal Pro peptides are prepared by non-optimized solid-phase strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chiva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Spain
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