1
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Impact of Different [Tc(N)PNP]-Scaffolds on the Biological Properties of the Small cRGDfK Peptide: Synthesis, In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082548. [PMID: 35458745 PMCID: PMC9029856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The [99mTc][Tc(N)(PNP)] system, where PNP is a bisphosphinoamine, is an interesting platform for the development of tumor ‘receptor-specific’ agents. Here, we compared the reactivity and impact of three [Tc(N)(PNP)] frameworks on the stability, receptor targeting properties, biodistribution, and metabolism of the corresponding [99mTc][Tc(N)(PNP)]-tagged cRGDfK peptide to determine the best performing agent and to select the framework useful for the preparation of [99mTc][Tc(N)(PNP)]-housing molecular targeting agents. Methods: cRGDfK pentapeptide was conjugated to Cys and labeled with each [Tc(N)(PNP)] framework. Radioconjugates were assessed for their lipophilicity, stability, in vitro and in vivo targeting properties, and performance. Results: All compounds were equally synthetically accessible and easy to purify (RCY ≥ 95%). The main influences of the synthon on the targeting peptide were observed in in vitro cell binding and in vivo. Conclusions: The variation in the substituents on the phosphorus atoms of the PNP enables a fine tuning of the biological features of the radioconjugates. ws[99mTc][Tc(N)(PNP3OH)]– and [99mTc][Tc(N)(PNP3)]– are better performing synthons in terms of labeling efficiency and in vivo performance than the [99mTc][Tc(N)(PNP43)] framework and are therefore more suitable for further radiopharmaceutical purposes. Furthermore, the good labeling properties of the ws[99mTc][Tc(N)(PNP3OH)]– framework can be exploited to extend this technology to the labeling of temperature-sensitive biomolecules suitable for SPECT imaging.
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2
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Ghosh KC, Duttagupta I, Bose C, Banerjee P, Gayen AK, Sinha S. Synthesis and anticancer activities of proline-containing cyclic peptides and their linear analogs and congeners. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1550201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keshab Ch Ghosh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Indranil Duttagupta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Chandra Bose
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Priyanjalee Banerjee
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Surajit Sinha
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
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3
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Abdel Monaim SAH, Somboro AM, El-Faham A, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Bacteria Hunt Bacteria through an Intriguing Cyclic Peptide. ChemMedChem 2018; 14:24-51. [PMID: 30394699 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, peptides have been victorious over small molecules as therapeutics due to their broad range of applications, high biological activity, and high specificity. However, the main challenges to overcome if peptides are to become effective drugs is their low oral bioavailability and instability under physiological conditions. Cyclic peptides play a vital role in this context because they show higher stability under physiological conditions, higher membrane permeability, and greater oral bioavailability than that of their corresponding linear analogues. In this regard, cyclic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have gained considerable attention in the field of novel antibiotic development. Bacterial strains produce cyclic AMPs through two pathways: ribosomal and nonribosomal. This review provides an overview of the chemical classification of cyclic AMPs isolated from bacteria, and provides a description of their biological activity and mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A H Abdel Monaim
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.,Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Anou M Somboro
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria, 12321, Egypt
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha J. Thombare
- School of ChemistryThe University of MelbourneVictoria3010 Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of MelbourneVictoria3010 Australia
| | - Craig A. Hutton
- School of ChemistryThe University of MelbourneVictoria3010 Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of MelbourneVictoria3010 Australia
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5
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The hidden potential of small synthetic molecules and peptides as affinity ligands for bioseparations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.13.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Giudicessi SL, Gurevich-Messina JM, Martínez-Ceron MC, Erra-Balsells R, Albericio F, Cascone O, Camperi SA. Friendly strategy to prepare encoded one bead-one compound cyclic peptide library. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2013; 15:525-9. [PMID: 23971518 DOI: 10.1021/co400039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One bead-one peptide libraries allow the screening of suitable ligands for any target protein. Short cyclic peptides are ideal ligands for affinity chromatography because of their high affinity and selectivity for the target protein and stability against proteases. We designed a library synthesis strategy to facilitate the identification of cyclic peptides by MS consisting of (a) sequential incorporation of a mixture of Fmoc-Ala-OH and Fmoc-Asp[2-phenylisopropyl (OPp)]-OH (15:85) to Gly-oxymethylbenzamide-ChemMatrix (Gly-HMBA-CM) resin, (b) synthesis of the combinatorial library on the resin by the divide-couple-recombine method, (c) removal of OPp with 4% TFA, (d) peptide cyclization on solid phase through side-chain Asp and amino terminus, and (e) removal of side chain protecting groups with a 95% TFA cocktail. Peptides were cleaved from the beads with ammonia and the linear code was sequenced by MALDI-TOF MS/MS. The high capacity of ChemMatrix resin together with the sensitivity of MS allows code sequencing from a single bead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana L. Giudicessi
- Cathedra of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, (1033) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M. Gurevich-Messina
- Cathedra of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C. Martínez-Ceron
- Cathedra of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, (1033) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosa Erra-Balsells
- National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, (1033) Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CIHDECAR-CONICET, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, (1428) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Baldiri Reixac 10, (08028) Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, (08028) Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, (08028) Barcelona, Spain
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, University Road Westville 3630, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Osvaldo Cascone
- Cathedra of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, (1033) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia A. Camperi
- Cathedra of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, (1033) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Londregan AT, Farley KA, Limberakis C, Mullins PB, Piotrowski DW. A new and useful method for the macrocyclization of linear peptides. Org Lett 2012; 14:2890-3. [PMID: 22612479 DOI: 10.1021/ol301173m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A new and useful procedure for the macrocyclization of linear peptides is described. The natural amino acid side chains of tyrosine (phenol), lysine (alkylamine), and histidine (imidazole) react in an intramolecular fashion with a pendent pyridine-N-oxide-carboxamide, which is selectively activated by the phosphonium salt, PyBroP. The reaction is mild, rapid, and efficient with a potentially large substrate scope. Multiple examples are provided with full characterization and analyses, including a novel aza-variant of the C-O-D ring system of vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyn T Londregan
- CVMED Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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8
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Bionda N, Stawikowski M, Stawikowska R, Cudic M, López-Vallejo F, Treitl D, Medina-Franco J, Cudic P. Effects of cyclic lipodepsipeptide structural modulation on stability, antibacterial activity, and human cell toxicity. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:871-82. [PMID: 22392790 PMCID: PMC3500847 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, identifying novel antibacterial targets and new antibacterial agents capable of treating infections by drug-resistant bacteria is of vital importance. The structurally simple yet potent fusaricidin or LI-F class of natural products represents a particularly attractive source of candidates for the development of new antibacterial agents. We synthesized 18 fusaricidin/LI-F analogues and investigated the effects of structure modification on their conformation, serum stability, antibacterial activity, and toxicity toward human cells. Our findings show that substitution of an ester bond in depsipeptides with an amide bond may afford equally potent analogues with improved stability and greatly decreased cytotoxicity. The lower overall hydrophobicity/amphiphilicity of amide analogues in comparison with their parent depsipeptides, as indicated by HPLC retention times, may explain the dissociation of antibacterial activity and human cell cytotoxicity. These results indicate that amide analogues may have significant advantages over fusaricidin/LI-F natural products and their depsipeptide analogues as lead structures for the development of new antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bionda
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 (USA), Fax: (+1) 772-345-3649
- Department of Chemistry and BIochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431 (USA)
| | - Maciej Stawikowski
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 (USA), Fax: (+1) 772-345-3649
| | - Roma Stawikowska
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 (USA), Fax: (+1) 772-345-3649
| | - Maré Cudic
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 (USA), Fax: (+1) 772-345-3649
| | - Fabian López-Vallejo
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 (USA), Fax: (+1) 772-345-3649
| | - Daniela Treitl
- Department of Chemistry and BIochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431 (USA)
| | - José Medina-Franco
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 (USA), Fax: (+1) 772-345-3649
| | - Predrag Cudic
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 (USA), Fax: (+1) 772-345-3649
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9
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Meyer FM, Collins JC, Borin B, Bradow J, Liras S, Limberakis C, Mathiowetz AM, Philippe L, Price D, Song K, James K. Biaryl-bridged macrocyclic peptides: conformational constraint via carbogenic fusion of natural amino acid side chains. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3099-114. [PMID: 22352804 DOI: 10.1021/jo202105v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A general method for constraining peptide conformations via linkage of aromatic sidechains has been developed. Macrocyclization of suitably functionalized tri-, tetra- and pentapeptides via Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling has been used to generate side chain to side chain, biaryl-bridged 14- to 21-membered macrocyclic peptides. Biaryl bridges possessing three different configurations, meta-meta, meta-ortho, and ortho-meta, were systematically explored through regiochemical variation of the aryl halide and aryl boronate coupling partners, allowing fine-tuning of the resultant macrocycle conformation. Suzuki-Miyaura macrocyclizations were successfully achieved both in solution and on solid phase for all three sizes of peptide. This approach constitutes a means of constraining peptide conformation via direct carbogenic fusion of side chains of naturally occurring amino acids such as phenylalanine and tyrosine, and so is complementary to strategies involving non-natural, for example, hydrocarbon, bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falco-Magnus Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, UniteUSA
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10
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García-Fandiño R, Amorín M, Castedo L, Granja JR. Transmembrane ion transport by self-assembling α,γ-peptide nanotubes. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc21068a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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11
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Dong H, Limberakis C, Liras S, Price D, James K. Peptidic macrocyclization via palladium-catalyzed chemoselective indole C-2 arylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:11644-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36962a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Bryan A, Joseph L, Bennett JA, Jacobson HI, Andersen TT. Design and synthesis of biologically active peptides: a 'tail' of amino acids can modulate activity of synthetic cyclic peptides. Peptides 2011; 32:2504-10. [PMID: 22015269 PMCID: PMC3230782 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
In earlier work, we synthesized a cyclic 9-amino acid peptide (AFPep, cyclo[EKTOVNOGN]) and showed it to be useful for prevention and therapy of breast cancer. In an effort to explore the structure-function relationships of AFPep, we have designed analogs that bear a short 'tail' (one or two amino acids) attached to the cyclic peptide distal to its pharmacophore. Analogs that bore a tail of either one or two amino acids, either of which had a hydrophilic moiety in the side chain (e.g., cyclo[EKTOVNOGN]FS) exhibited greatly diminished biological activity (inhibition of estrogen-stimulated uterine growth) relative to AFPep. Analogs that bore a tail of either one or two amino acids which had hydrophobic (aliphatic or aromatic) side chains (e.g., cyclo[EKTOVNOGN]FI) retained (or had enhanced) growth inhibition activity. Combining in the same biological assay a hydrophilic-tailed analog with either AFPep or a hydrophobic-tailed analog resulted in decreased activity relative to that for AFPep or for the hydrophobic-tailed analog alone, suggesting that hydrophilic-tailed analogs are binding to a biologically active receptor. An analog with a disrupted pharmacophore (cyclo[EKTOVGOGN]) exhibited little or no growth inhibition activity. An analog with a hydrophilic tail and a disrupted pharmacophore (cyclo[EKTOVGOGN]FS) exhibited no growth inhibition activity of its own and did not affect the activity of a hydrophobic-tailed analog, but enhanced the growth inhibition activity of AFPep. These results are discussed in the context of a two-receptor model for binding of AFPep and ring-and-tail analogs. We suggest that tails on cyclic peptides may comprise a useful method to enhance diversity of peptide design and specificity of ligand-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bryan
- Center for Cardiovascular Science Albany Medical College 47 New Scotland Avenue Albany, NY 12208
| | - Leroy Joseph
- Center for Cardiovascular Science Albany Medical College 47 New Scotland Avenue Albany, NY 12208
| | - James A. Bennett
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Diseases Albany Medical College 47 New Scotland Avenue Albany, NY 12208
| | - Herbert I. Jacobson
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Diseases Albany Medical College 47 New Scotland Avenue Albany, NY 12208
| | - Thomas T. Andersen
- Center for Cardiovascular Science Albany Medical College 47 New Scotland Avenue Albany, NY 12208
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13
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Bartoloni M, Kadam RU, Schwartz J, Furrer J, Darbre T, Reymond JL. Expanding the accessible chemical space by solid phase synthesis of bicyclic homodetic peptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:12634-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15704c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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14
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Dong M, Narang P, Pinon DI, Bordner AJ, Miller LJ. Refinement of the pharmacophore of an agonist ligand of the secretin receptor using conformationally constrained cyclic hexapeptides. Peptides 2010; 31:1094-8. [PMID: 20214947 PMCID: PMC2872052 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a compelling need for the development of small molecule agonists acting at family B G protein-coupled receptors. A possible lead for the development of such drugs was reported when it was recognized that sequences endogenous to the amino terminus of the secretin receptor and certain other receptors in this family possess weak full agonist activity (Dong et al. Mol Pharmacol 2006;70:206-213). In the current report, we extended those observations by building the active dipeptide motif found in the secretin receptor (WD) into each position around a conformationally constrained d-amino acid-containing cyclic hexapeptide, and determining the biological activity of each peptide at the secretin receptor. Indeed, only two positions for WD around this constrained ring resulted in biological activity at the receptor, providing further insights into the structural specificity of this phenomenon. Molecular modeling supported the presence of a unique WD backbone conformation shared only by these active peptides, and provided a more constrained template for future receptor-active agonist drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laurence J. Miller
- Please send all correspondence and reprint requests to: Laurence J. Miller, M.D., Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, Telephone: (480) 301-6650, Fax: (480) 301-6969,
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15
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Abstract
Naturally occurring cyclic depsipeptides, peptides that contain one or more ester bonds in addition to the amide bonds, have emerged as an important source of pharmacologically active compounds or promising lead structures for the development of novel synthetically derived drugs. This class of natural products has been found in many organisms, such as fungi, bacteria, and marine organisms. It is very well known that cyclic depsipeptides and their derivatives exhibit a diverse spectrum of biological activities, including insecticidal, antiviral, antimicrobial, antitumor, tumor-promotive, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive actions. However, they have shown the greatest therapeutic potential as anticancer and particularly antimicrobial agents. Difficulties associated with isolation and purification of larger quantities of this class of natural products and, particularly, unlimited access to their synthetic analogs significantly hampered cyclic depsipeptides exploitation as lead compounds for development of new drugs. As an alternative, total solution or solid-phase peptide synthesis of these important natural products and combinatorial chemistry approaches can be employed to elucidate structure-activity relationships and to find new potent compounds of this class. In this chapter, methods for formation of depsipeptide ester bonds, hydroxyl group protection, and solid-phase reaction monitoring are described.
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16
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Abstract
Peptidomimetic modifications or cyclization of linear peptides are frequently used as attractive methods to provide more conformationally constrained and thus more stable and bioactive peptides. Among numerous peptidomimetic approaches described recently in the literature, particularly attractive are pseudopeptides or peptide bond surrogates in which peptide bonds have been replaced with other chemical groups. In these peptidomimetics the amide bond surrogates possess three-dimensional structures similar to those of natural peptides, yet with significant differences in polarity, hydrogen bonding capability, and acid-base character. The introduction of such modifications to the peptide sequence is expected to completely prevent protease cleavage of amide bond and significantly improve peptides' metabolic stability. In this chapter we consider Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of peptide analogs containing the amide surrogate that tend to be isosteric with the natural amide. This includes synthesis of peptidosulfonamides, phosphonopeptides, oligoureas, depsides, depsipeptides, and peptoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida, Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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17
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Abstract
By the early 1970s it had became apparent that the solid-phase synthesis of ribonuclease A could not be generalized. Consequently, virtually every aspect of solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) was reexamined and improved during the decade of the 1970s. The sensitive detection and elimination of possible side reactions (amino acid insertion, N(alpha)-trifluoroacetylation, N(alphaepsilon)-alkylation) were examined. The quantitation of coupling efficiency in SPPS as a function of chain length was studied. A new and improved support for SPPS, the "PAM-resin," was prepared and evaluated. These and many other studies from the Merrifield laboratory and elsewhere increased the general acceptance of SPPS leading to the 1984 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for Bruce Merrifield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Mitchell
- Energetic Materials Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
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18
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Abstract
A straightforward method for the solid-supported synthesis of cryptand-like bicyclic peptides (1-5) on a backbone amide linker has been described. For the branching, two novel easily available building blocks, viz. N-(4-methoxytrityl)-N-(2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-protected N,N-bis(2-aminoethyl)-beta-alanine (6) and N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) protected iminodiacetic acid monoallyl ester (7), have been employed. The key steps of the synthesis are as follows: (i) stepwise coupling of one amino acid and 6 to the secondary amino group of the linker; (ii) removal of the 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl group and SPPS by the Fmoc chemistry, using 7 as the penultimate and tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) protected glycine as the last amino acid; (iii) removal of the 4-methoxytrityl protection and subsequent SPPS by the Fmoc chemistry; (iv) removal of the allyl and Fmoc groups, followed by cyclization; and (v) removal of the Boc and tert-butyl groups, followed by cyclization. Final cleavage from the support and removal of benzyl-derived protecting groups gives the desired bicyclic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasi Virta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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19
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Malkinson JP, Zloh M, Kadom M, Errington R, Smith PJ, Searcey M. Solid-Phase Synthesis of the Cyclic Peptide Portion of Chlorofusin, an Inhibitor of p53-MDM2 Interactions. Org Lett 2003; 5:5051-4. [PMID: 14682762 DOI: 10.1021/ol0360849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first solid-phase synthesis of the chlorofusin peptide is described. The synthesis involved side-chain immobilization of N(alpha)-Fmoc-Asp-ODmab. Synthesis of the linear peptide, initially incorporating racemic Ade8 and unsubstituted ornithine in place of the chromophore-bearing residue, was followed by cyclization on resin and peptide release to give a mixture of diastereomers. Resynthesis identified (by HPLC) the second isomer as analogous to the natural product. Initial biological assays, using an immunofluorescence method, suggest that the compounds are not cytotoxic but do not inhibit the p53/mdm2 interaction. [structure: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Malkinson
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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20
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Kappel JC, Barany G. Methionine anchoring applied to the solid-phase synthesis of lysine-containing ‘head-to-tail’ cyclic peptides. Int J Pept Res Ther 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02443651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Geistlinger
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, California 94143-0446, USA
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22
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Fridkin G, Gilon C. Azo cyclization: peptide cyclization via azo bridge formation. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2002; 60:104-11. [PMID: 12102723 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2002.02993_1.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for peptide cyclization in solution: the azo cyclization is presented herein. Ring closure by forming an azo bridge was achieved in situ by connecting the corresponding side chains of para amino phenylalanine (Pap) residues to those of tyrosine or histidine residues present in the corresponding linear precursors. The reaction was performed using an initial diazotization step in acidic media followed by intramolecular azo cyclization in a mild basic media. This new method of cyclization is facile, applicable to various sequences and results in a high yield of pure products and hence is suggested as an additional method for peptide cyclization. Here we report the successful utilization of this method for the synthesis of 10 new cyclic azo peptides, derived from RGD, GnRH, Tuftsin, VIP and SV40 NLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fridkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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23
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Virta P, Rosenberg J, Karskela T, Heinonen P, Lönnberg H. Synthesis of Orthogonally Protected Bis(aminomethyl)malonic Acid, and Its Use as a Key Building Block in the Preparation of Cyclic Peptide Conjugates of 2-N-Alkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline on a Solid Support. European J Org Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200109)2001:18<3467::aid-ejoc3467>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Grieco P, Gitu PM, Hruby VJ. Preparation of 'side-chain-to-side-chain' cyclic peptides by Allyl and Alloc strategy: potential for library synthesis. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2001; 57:250-6. [PMID: 11298927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2001.00816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Automated and manual deprotection methods for allyl/allyloxycarbonyl (Allyl/Alloc) were evaluated for the preparation of side-chain-to-side-chain cyclic peptides. Using a standard Allyl/Alloc deprotection method, a small library of cyclic peptides with lactam bridges (with seven amino acids) was prepared on an automatic peptide synthesizer. We demonstrate that the Guibe method for removing Allyl/Alloc protecting groups under specific neutral conditions [Pd(PPh3)4/PhSiH3)/DCM] can be a useful, efficient and reliable method for preparing long cyclic peptides on a resin. We have also manually synthesized a cyclic glucagon analogue containing 24 amino acid residues. These results demonstrated that properly controlled palladium-mediated deprotection of Allyl/Alloc protecting groups can be used to prepare cyclic peptides on the resin using an automated peptide synthesizer and cyclic peptides with a long chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grieco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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25
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Bourne GT, Golding SW, Meutermans WDF, Smythe ML. Synthesis of a cyclic peptide library based on the somatostatin sequence using the backbone amide linker approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02443594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Kates SA, McGuinness BF, Blackburn C, Griffin GW, Solé NA, Barany G, Albericio F. "High-load" polyethylene glycol-polystyrene (PEG-PS) graft supports for solid-phase synthesis. Biopolymers 2000; 47:365-80. [PMID: 9973867 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0282(1998)47:5<365::aid-bip4>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The choice of a polymeric support is a key factor for the success of solid-phase methods for syntheses of organic compounds and biomolecules such as peptides and oligonucleotides. Classical Merrifield solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), performed on low cross-linked hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) beads, sometimes suffers from sequence-dependent coupling difficulties. The concept of incorporating polyethylene glycol (PEG) into supports for solid-phase synthesis represents a successful approach to alleviating such problems. Previous reports from our laboratories have shown the advantages of "low-load" PEG-PS (0.15-0.25 mmol/g) for SPPS. Herein, we demonstrate that the beneficial aspects of the PEG-PS concept can be extended with resins that have higher loadings (0.3-0.5 mmol/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Kates
- PerSeptive Biosystems, Inc., Framingham, MA 01701, USA
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27
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Cudic M, Wade JD, Otvos, Jr L. Convenient synthesis of a head-to-tail cyclic peptide containing an expanded ring. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)00629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Tamilarasu N, Huq I, Rana TM. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of a cyclic peptide: an inhibitor of HIV-1 tat-TAR interactions in human cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:971-4. [PMID: 10853671 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) requires specific interactions of Tat protein with the transactivation responsive region (TAR) RNA, a 59-base stem-loop structure located at the 5'-end of all HIV mRNAs. A number of cyclic peptides are known to possess antibiotic activity and increased biological stability. Here we report the design, synthesis, and biological activity of a cyclic peptide (2), which inhibits transcriptional activation by Tat protein in human cells with an IC50 of approximately 40 nM. Cyclic peptides that can target specific RNA structures provide a new class of small molecules that can be used to control cellular processes involving RNA-protein interactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tamilarasu
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program at Rutgers State University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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