1
|
Purkartova Z, Krakorova K, Babuska V, Tuma J, Houdek Z, Roy Choudhury N, Kapl S, Kolinko Y, Sucha M, Porras-Garcia E, Kralickova M, Cendelin J. Quantification of Solid Embryonic Cerebellar Graft Volume in a Degenerative Ataxia Model. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01676-z. [PMID: 38430389 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Substitution of lost neurons by neurotransplantation would be a possible management of advanced degenerative cerebellar ataxias in which insufficient cerebellar reserve remains. In this study, we examined the volume and structure of solid embryonic cerebellar grafts in adult Lurcher mice, a model of olivocerebellar degeneration, and their healthy littermates. Grafts taken from enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-positive embryos were injected into the cerebellum of host mice. Two or six months later, the brains were examined histologically. The grafts were identified according to the EGFP fluorescence in frozen sections and their volumes were estimated using the Cavalieri principle. For gross histological evaluation, graft-containing slices were processed using Nissl and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Adjustment of the volume estimation approach suggested that it is reasonable to use all sections without sampling, but that calculation of values for up to 20% of lost section using linear interpolation does not constitute substantial error. Mean graft volume was smaller in Lurchers than in healthy mice when examined 6 months after the transplantation. We observed almost no signs of graft destruction. In some cases, compact grafts disorganized the structure of the host's cerebellar cortex. In Lurchers, the grafts had a limited contact with the host's cerebellum. Also, graft size was of greater variability in Lurchers than in healthy mice. The results are in compliance with our previous findings that Lurcher phenotype-associated factors have a negative effect on graft development. These factors can hypothetically include cerebellar morphology, local tissue milieu, or systemic factors such as immune system abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Purkartova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Krakorova
- Department of Neurology, Faculty Hospital in Pilsen and Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Babuska
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tuma
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Houdek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Nilpawan Roy Choudhury
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Kapl
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Yaroslav Kolinko
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Quantitative Histology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Sucha
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Porras-Garcia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Milena Kralickova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Cendelin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ullah M, Sittinger M, Ringe J. Transdifferentiation of adipogenically differentiated cells into osteogenically or chondrogenically differentiated cells: phenotype switching via dedifferentiation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 46:124-37. [PMID: 24269783 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming is a new wave in cellular therapies to achieve the vital goals of regenerative medicine. Transdifferentiation, whereas the differentiated state of cells could be reprogrammed into other cell types, meaning cells are no more locked in their differentiated circle. Hence, cells of choice from abundant and easily available sources such as fibroblast and adipose tissue could be converted into cells of demand, to restore the diseased tissues. Before diverting this new approach into effective clinical use, transdifferentiation could not be simply overlooked, as it challenges the normal paradigms of biological laws, where mature cells transdifferentiate not only within same germ layers, but even across the lineage boundaries. How unipotent differentiated cells reprogram into another, and whether transdifferentiation proceeds via a direct cell-to-cell conversion or needs dedifferentiation. To address such questions, MSC were adipogenically differentiated followed by direct transdifferentiation, and subsequently examined by histology, immunohistochemistry, qPCR and single cell analysis. Direct cellular conversion of adipogenic lineage cells into osteogenic or chondrogenic resulted in mixed culture of both lineage cells (adipogenic and new acquiring osteogenic/chondrogenic phenotypes). On molecular level, such conversion was confirmed by significantly upregulated expression of PPARG, FABP4, SPP1 and RUNX2. Chondrogenic transdifferentiation was verified by significantly upregulated expression of PPARG, FABP4, SOX9 and COL2A1. Single cell analysis did not support the direct cell-to-cell conversion, rather described the involvement of dedifferentiation. Moreover, some differentiated single cells did not change their phenotype and were resistant to transdifferentiation, suggesting that differentiated cells behave differently during cellular conversion. An obvious characterization of differentiated cells could be helpful to understand the process of transdifferentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mujib Ullah
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory & Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michael Sittinger
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory & Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jochen Ringe
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory & Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ullah M, Stich S, Notter M, Eucker J, Sittinger M, Ringe J. Transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells-derived adipogenic-differentiated cells into osteogenic- or chondrogenic-differentiated cells proceeds via dedifferentiation and have a correlation with cell cycle arresting and driving genes. Differentiation 2013; 85:78-90. [PMID: 23644554 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that after differentiation bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) become lineage restricted and unipotent in an irreversible manner. However, current results imply that even terminally differentiated cells transdifferentiate across lineage boundaries and therefore act as a progenitor cells for other lineages. This leads to the questions that whether transdifferentiation occurs via direct cell-to-cell conversion or dedifferentiation to a progenitor cells and subsequent differentiation, and whether MSC potency decreases or increases during differentiation. To address these questions, MSC were differentiated into adipogenic lineage cells, followed by dedifferentiation. The process of dedifferentiation was also confirmed by single cell clonal analysis. Finally the dedifferentiated cells were used for adipogenesis, osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. Histology, FACS, qPCR and GeneChip analyses of undifferentiated MSC, adipogenic-differentiated and dedifferentiated cells were performed. Interestingly, gene profiling and bioinformatics demonstrated that upregulation (DHCR24, G0S2, MAP2K6, SESN3) and downregulation (DST, KAT2, MLL5, RB1, SMAD3, ZAK) of distinct genes have an association with cell cycle arrest in adipogenic-differentiated cells and perhaps narrow down the lineage potency. However, the upregulation (CCND1, CHEK, HGF, HMGA2, SMAD3) and downregulation (CCPG1, RASSF4, RGS2) of these genes have an association with cell cycle progression and maybe motivate dedifferentiation of adipogenic-differentiated cells. We found that dedifferentiated cells have a multilineage potency comparable to MSC, and also observed the associative role of proliferation genes with cell cycle arrest and progression. Concluded, our results indicate that transdifferentiation of adipogenic-differentiated cells into osteogenic- or chondrogenic-differentiated cells proceeds via dedifferentiation and correlates with cell cycle arresting and deriving genes. Regarding clinical use, the knowledge of potency and underlying mechanisms are prerequisites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mujib Ullah
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory & Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Dept. of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Leto K, Rolando C, Rossi F. The genesis of cerebellar GABAergic neurons: fate potential and specification mechanisms. Front Neuroanat 2012; 6:6. [PMID: 22363268 PMCID: PMC3282257 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2012.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
All cerebellar neurons derive from progenitors that proliferate in two germinal neuroepithelia: the ventricular zone (VZ) generates GABAergic neurons, whereas the rhombic lip is the origin of glutamatergic types. Among VZ-derivatives, GABAergic projection neurons, and interneurons are generated according to distinct strategies. Projection neurons (Purkinje cells and nucleo-olivary neurons) are produced at the onset of cerebellar neurogenesis by discrete progenitor pools located in distinct VZ microdomains. These cells are specified within the VZ and acquire mature phenotypes according to cell-autonomous developmental programs. On the other hand, the different categories of inhibitory interneurons derive from a single population of Pax-2-positive precursors that delaminate into the prospective white matter (PWM), where they continue to divide up to postnatal development. Heterotopic/heterochronic transplantation experiments indicate that interneuron progenitors maintain full developmental potentialities up to the end of cerebellar development and acquire mature phenotypes under the influence of environmental cues present in the PWM. Furthermore, the final fate choice occurs in postmitotic cells, rather than dividing progenitors. Extracerebellar cells grafted to the prospective cerebellar white matter are not responsive to local neurogenic cues and fail to adopt clear cerebellar identities. Conversely, cerebellar cells grafted to extracerebellar regions retain typical phenotypes of cerebellar GABAergic interneurons, but acquire type-specific traits under the influence of local cues. These findings indicate that interneuron progenitors are multipotent and sensitive to spatio-temporally patterned environmental signals that regulate the genesis of different categories of interneurons, in precise quantities and at defined times and places.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute of Turin, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Erceg S, Moreno-Manzano V, Garita-Hernandez M, Stojkovic M, Bhattacharya SS. Concise review: stem cells for the treatment of cerebellar-related disorders. Stem Cells 2011; 29:564-9. [PMID: 21319272 DOI: 10.1002/stem.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic neural transplants have become clinically relevant over the past 25 years for their possible application in the treatment of cerebellum-related neurodegenerative diseases. While highlighting the important role that fetal neural progenitors have in meeting these challenges, we define rationales for all types of cell therapy involving adult stem cells as well as human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. The recent advances in the field of hESC and iPS cells, including their capacity for differentiation toward regional specific neural lineages, could open a new era of transplantation in cell-based therapy for cerebellar ataxias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Slaven Erceg
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, Parque Científico y Tecnológico Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Development of cerebellar GABAergic interneurons: origin and shaping of the "minibrain" local connections. THE CEREBELLUM 2009; 7:523-9. [PMID: 19002744 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-008-0079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellar circuits comprise a limited number of neuronal phenotypes embedded in a defined cytoarchitecture and generated according to specific spatio-temporal patterns. The local GABAergic network is composed of several interneuron phenotypes that play essential roles in information processing by modulating the activity of cerebellar cortical inputs and outputs. A major issue in the study of cerebellar development is to understand the mechanisms that underlie the generation of different interneuron classes and regulate their placement in the cerebellar architecture and integration in the cortico-nuclear network. Recent findings indicate that the variety of cerebellar interneurons derives from a single population of multipotent progenitors whose fate choices are determined by instructive environmental information. Such a strategy, which is unique for the cerebellum along the neuraxis, allows great flexibility in the control of the quality and quantity of GABAergic interneurons that are produced, thus facilitating the adaptive shaping of the cerebellar network to specific functional demands.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
In the past few years, genetic fate mapping experiments have changed our vision of cerebellar development, particularly in redefining the origin of gabaergic and glutamatergic neurons of the cerebellar cortex and highlighting the precise spatio-temporal sequence of their generation. Here the authors review cerebellar neurogenesis and discuss the fate mapping studies with other new information stemming from transplantation experiments, in an effort to link the developmental potential of neural progenitor populations of the cerebellum with their spatio-temporal origin. NEUROSCIENTIST 14(1):91—100, 2008.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Carletti
- Department of Neuroscience and Rita Levi Montalcini Centre for Brain Repair, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pascual M, Abasolo I, Mingorance-Le Meur A, Martínez A, Del Rio JA, Wright CVE, Real FX, Soriano E. Cerebellar GABAergic progenitors adopt an external granule cell-like phenotype in the absence of Ptf1a transcription factor expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5193-8. [PMID: 17360405 PMCID: PMC1829285 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605699104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report in this study that, in the cerebellum, the pancreatic transcription factor Ptf1a is required for the specific generation of Purkinje cells (PCs) and interneurons. Moreover, granule cell progenitors in the external GCL (EGL) appear to be unaffected by deletion of Ptf1a. Cell lineage analysis in Ptf1a(Cre/Cre) mice was used to establish that, in the absence of Ptf1a expression, ventricular zone progenitors, normally fated to produce PCs and interneurons, aberrantly migrate to the EGL and express typical markers of these cells, such as Math1, Reelin, and Zic1/2. Furthermore, these cells have a fine structure typical of EGL progenitors, indicating that they adopt an EGL-like cell phenotype. These findings indicate that Ptf1a is necessary for the specification and normal production of PCs and cerebellar interneurons. Moreover, our results suggest that Ptf1a is also required for the suppression of the granule cell specification program in cerebellar ventricular zone precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pascual
- *Institut de Recerca Biomèdica, Parc Científic de Barcelona, and Department de Biologia Cellular, Universitat de Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ibane Abasolo
- Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Ana Mingorance-Le Meur
- *Institut de Recerca Biomèdica, Parc Científic de Barcelona, and Department de Biologia Cellular, Universitat de Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Martínez
- *Institut de Recerca Biomèdica, Parc Científic de Barcelona, and Department de Biologia Cellular, Universitat de Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José A. Del Rio
- *Institut de Recerca Biomèdica, Parc Científic de Barcelona, and Department de Biologia Cellular, Universitat de Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christopher V. E. Wright
- Vanderbilt Developmental Biology Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-2175
| | - Francisco X. Real
- Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- *Institut de Recerca Biomèdica, Parc Científic de Barcelona, and Department de Biologia Cellular, Universitat de Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Leto K, Carletti B, Williams IM, Magrassi L, Rossi F. Different types of cerebellar GABAergic interneurons originate from a common pool of multipotent progenitor cells. J Neurosci 2006; 26:11682-94. [PMID: 17093090 PMCID: PMC6674781 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3656-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Different cerebellar phenotypes are generated according to a precise spatiotemporal schedule, in which projection neurons precede local interneurons. Glutamatergic neurons develop from the rhombic lip, whereas GABAergic neurons originate from the ventricular neuroepithelium. Progenitors in these germinal layers are committed toward specific phenotypes already at early ontogenetic stages. GABAergic interneurons are thought to derive from a subset of ventricular zone cells, which migrate in the white matter and proliferate up to postnatal life. During this period, different interneuron categories are produced according to an inside-out sequence, from the deep nuclei to the molecular layer (we show here that nuclear interneurons are also born during late embryonic and early postnatal days, after glutamatergic and GABAergic projection neurons). To ask whether distinct interneuron phenotypes share common precursors or derive from multiple fate-restricted progenitors, we examined the behavior of embryonic and postnatal rat cerebellar cells heterotopically/heterochronically transplanted to syngenic hosts. In all conditions, donor cells achieved a high degree of integration in the cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei and acquired GABAergic interneuron phenotypes appropriate for the host age and engraftment site. Therefore, contrary to other cerebellar types, which derive from dedicated precursors, GABAergic interneurons are produced by a common pool of progenitors, which maintain their full developmental potentialities up to late ontogenetic stages and adopt mature identities in response to local instructive cues. In this way, the numbers and types of inhibitory interneurons can be set by spatiotemporally patterned signals to match the functional requirements of developing cerebellar circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience and Rita Levi Montalcini Centre for Brain Repair, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy, and
| | - Barbara Carletti
- Department of Neuroscience and Rita Levi Montalcini Centre for Brain Repair, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy, and
| | - Ian Martin Williams
- Department of Neuroscience and Rita Levi Montalcini Centre for Brain Repair, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy, and
| | - Lorenzo Magrassi
- Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Rossi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rita Levi Montalcini Centre for Brain Repair, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy, and
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Merkle FT, Alvarez-Buylla A. Neural stem cells in mammalian development. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2006; 18:704-9. [PMID: 17046226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are primary progenitors that give rise to neurons and glia in the embryonic, neonatal and adult brain. In recent years, we have learned three important things about these cells. First, NSCs correspond to cells previously thought to be committed glial cells. Second, embryonic and adult NSCs are lineally related: they transform from neuroepithelial cells into radial glia, then into cells with astroglial characteristics. Third, NSCs divide asymmetrically and often amplify the number of progeny they generate via symmetrically dividing intermediate progenitors. These advances challenge our traditional perceptions of glia and stem cells, and provide the foundation for understanding the molecular basis of mammalian NSC behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian T Merkle
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0525, HSW 1201A, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|