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Tan J, Gjerde N, Del Giudice A, Knudsen KD, Galantini L, Du G, Schillén K, Sande SA, Nyström B. Interactions in Aqueous Mixtures of Cationic Hydroxyethyl Cellulose and Different Anionic Bile Salts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3732-3741. [PMID: 36791398 PMCID: PMC9983013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the reduction of blood cholesterol can be accomplished through foods containing a large number of dietary fibers; this process is partially related to the binding of bile salt to fibers. To gain new insights into the interactions between dietary fibers and bile salts, this study investigates the interactions between cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose (catHEC) and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) or sodium cholate (NaC), which have a similar structure. Turbidity measurements reveal strong interactions between catHEC and NaDC, and under some conditions, macroscopic phase separation occurs. In contrast, the interactions with NaC are weak. At a catHEC concentration of 2 wt %, incipient phase separation is approached at concentrations of NaC and NaDC of 32.5 and 19.3 mM, respectively. The rheological results show strong interactions and a prominent viscosification effect for the catHEC/NaDC system but only moderate interactions for the catHEC/NaC system. Both cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering results display fundamental structural differences between the two systems, which may explain the stronger interactions in the presence of NaDC. The surmise is that the extended structures formed in the presence of NaDC can easily form connections and entanglements in the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia
Jianwei Tan
- School
of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Natalie Gjerde
- Department
of Chemistry, ‘‘Sapienza’’
University of Rome, P.O. Box 34, Roma 62, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Del Giudice
- Department
of Chemistry, ‘‘Sapienza’’
University of Rome, P.O. Box 34, Roma 62, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Luciano Galantini
- Department
of Chemistry, ‘‘Sapienza’’
University of Rome, P.O. Box 34, Roma 62, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Guanqun Du
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Schillén
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sverre Arne Sande
- School
of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bo Nyström
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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2
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Du G, Del Giudice A, Alfredsson V, Carnerup AM, Pavel NV, Loh W, Masci G, Nyström B, Galantini L, Schillén K. Effect of temperature on the association behavior in aqueous mixtures of an oppositely charged amphiphilic block copolymer and bile salt. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Torcello-Gómez A, Foster TJ. Influence of interfacial and bulk properties of cellulose ethers on lipolysis of oil-in-water emulsions. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 144:495-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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4
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Torcello-Gómez A, Fernández Fraguas C, Ridout MJ, Woodward NC, Wilde PJ, Foster TJ. Effect of substituent pattern and molecular weight of cellulose ethers on interactions with different bile salts. Food Funct 2016; 6:730-9. [PMID: 25679293 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00099h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Some known mechanisms proposed for the reduction of blood cholesterol by dietary fibre are: binding with bile salts in the duodenum and prevention of lipid absorption, which can be partially related with the bile salt binding. In order to gain new insights into the mechanisms of the binding of dietary fibre to bile salts, the goal of this work is to study the main interactions between cellulose derivatives and two types of bile salts. Commercial cellulose ethers: methyl (MC), hydroxypropyl (HPC) and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), have been chosen as dietary fibre due to their highly functional properties important in manufactured food products. Two types of bile salts: sodium taurocholate (NaTC) and sodium taurodeoxycholate (NaTDC), have been chosen to understand the effect of the bile salt type. Interactions in the bulk have been investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and linear mechanical spectroscopy. Results show that both bile salts have inhibitory effects on the thermal structuring of cellulose ethers and this depends on the number and type of substitution in the derivatised celluloses, and is not dependent upon molecular weight. Concerning the bile salt type, the more hydrophobic bile salt (NaTDC) has greater effect on these interactions, suggesting more efficient adsorption onto cellulose ethers. These findings may have implications in the digestion of cellulose-stabilised food matrices, providing a springboard to develop new healthy cellulose-based food products with improved functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Torcello-Gómez
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
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5
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Mendonça PV, Moreno MJ, Serra AC, Simões S, Coelho JFJ. Synthesis of tailor-made bile acid sequestrants by supplemental activator and reducing agent atom transfer radical polymerization. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports the synthesis of tailor-made polymeric bile acid sequestrants (BAS) by supplemental activator and reducing agent atom transfer radical polymerization (SARA ATRP) using ecofriendly conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia V. Mendonça
- CEMUC
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Coimbra
- 3030-790 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Maria João Moreno
- CQC
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Arménio C. Serra
- CEMUC
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Coimbra
- 3030-790 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Sérgio Simões
- Bluepharma
- Indústria Farmacêutica
- SA
- 3045-016 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Jorge F. J. Coelho
- CEMUC
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Coimbra
- 3030-790 Coimbra
- Portugal
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6
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Bayati S, Anderberg Haglund C, Pavel NV, Galantini L, Schillén K. Interaction between bile salt sodium glycodeoxycholate and PEO–PPO–PEO triblock copolymers in aqueous solution. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12514j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile salts can associate to PEO–PPO–PEO block copolymer micelles and disintegrate them depending on the relative block length and molecular weight of the copolymers and bile salt/copolymer molar ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bayati
- Division of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund
- Sweden
| | - C. Anderberg Haglund
- Division of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund
- Sweden
| | - N. V. Pavel
- Department of Chemistry
- “Sapienza” University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - L. Galantini
- Department of Chemistry
- “Sapienza” University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - K. Schillén
- Division of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund
- Sweden
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Bayati S, Galantini L, Knudsen KD, Schillén K. Effects of Bile Salt Sodium Glycodeoxycholate on the Self-Assembly of PEO-PPO-PEO Triblock Copolymer P123 in Aqueous Solution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:13519-13527. [PMID: 26616587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive experimental study on the interaction between the PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymer P123 (EO20PO68EO20) and the anionic bile salt sodium glycodeoxycholate (NaGDC) in water has been performed. The work was aimed at investigating the suitability of using P123 as bile salt sequestrant beside the fundamental aspects of PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymer-bile salt interactions. Various experimental techniques including dynamic and static light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed in combination with electrophoretic mobility measurements. The system was investigated at a constant P123 concentration of 1.74 mM and with varying bile salt concentrations up to approximately 250 mM NaGDC (or a molar ratio n(NaGDC)/n(P123) = 144). In the mixed P123-NaGDC solutions, the endothermic process related to the self-assembly of P123 was observed to gradually decrease in enthalpy and shift to higher temperatures upon progressive addition of NaGDC. To explain this effect, the formation of NaGDC micelles carrying partly dehydrated P123 unimers was proposed and translated into a stoichiometric model, which was able to fit the experimental DSC data. In the mixtures at low molar ratios, NaGDC monomers associated with the P123 micelle forming a charged "P123 micelle-NaGDC" complex with a dehydrated PPO core. These complexes disintegrated upon increasing NaGDC concentration to form small "NaGDC-P123" complexes visualized as bile salt micelles including one or a few P123 copolymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Bayati
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University , P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome , P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Kenneth D Knudsen
- Institute for Energy Technology, P.O. Box 40, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Karin Schillén
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University , P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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8
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Interactions between cellulose ethers and a bile salt in the control of lipid digestion of lipid-based systems. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 113:53-61. [PMID: 25256458 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to gain new insights into the potential of specific dietary fibres to control lipid digestion, the goal of this work is to study the main interactions between commercial cellulose ethers, as dietary fibre, and a bile salt, as an important duodenal component present during the digestibility of lipids. These interactions have been evaluated in two different scenarios found for an oil-in-water emulsion on its transit through the duodenum. Namely, interactions in the continuous phase and competitive adsorption at the oil-water interface have been looked at by means of micro-differential scanning calorimetry (micro-DSC) and interfacial tension (IT). Micro-DSC revealed that the presence of the bile salt affects the thermogelation process of cellulose derivatives, suggesting binding to cellulose ethers. The effect on thermogelation seems to be cellulose type-dependent. IT measurements proved the ability of cellulose ethers to compete for the oil-water interface in the presence of the bile salt. Interactions in the bulk might have an impact on this interfacial scenario. These findings may have implications in the digestion of emulsified lipids, hence providing a springboard to develop new cellulose-based food products with improved functional properties.
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Mendonça PV, Serra AC, Silva CL, Simões S, Coelho JF. Polymeric bile acid sequestrants—Synthesis using conventional methods and new approaches based on “controlled”/living radical polymerization. Prog Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Terech P, K P Velu S, Pernot P, Wiegart L. Salt effects in the formation of self-assembled lithocholate helical ribbons and tubes. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:11344-55. [PMID: 22905756 DOI: 10.1021/jp305365m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The formation of self-assembled nanotubes is usually accounted for by anisotropic elastic properties of membranelike precursors. We present experimental data as evidence of the role played by electrostatics in the formation of self-assembled tubes in alkaline aqueous suspensions of lithocholic acid (LCA). Striking salt effects are characterized by comparing the rheological, dynamical, and scattering properties of systems prepared either in stoichiometric neutralization conditions (SC) of LCA or in a large excess of sodium hydroxide (EOC, experimentally optimized conditions) and finally, in two steps: stoichiometric neutralization followed by an appropriate addition of NaCl (AISC). The SC liquid system is originally made up of loose helical ribbons (previous transmission electron microscopy data), and upon aging they exhibit both intra- and interordering processes. Initially, the helical ribbons are loose and progressively wind around a cylinder (R = 330 Å) with their edges exposed to the solvent. They can be temporarily organized in a centered rectangular two-dimensional lattice (pgg, a = 224 Å, b = 687 Å). Upon further aging, the ribbons wind into more compact helical ribbons (or tubes with helical grooves): their edges are less-exposed and their ordering vanishes. Upon addition of NaCl salt (as in the AISC systems), the specific screening of the intra-aggregate electrostatic repulsions induces the closure of the ribbons into tubes (R(ext) = 260 Å, R(int) = 245 Å as in the EOC systems). Simultaneously with the closure of the ribbons into plain tubes, a drastic enhancement of their interconnectivity through van der Waals attractions develops. Eventually, gels are obtained with networks having hexagonal bundles of tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Terech
- SPrAM, UMR CEA/CNRS/UJF-Grenoble, INAC, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
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11
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Polomoscanik SC, Holmes-Farley SR, Petersen JS, Sacchiero RJ, Dhal PK. Hydrophobically Modified Poly(Allylamine) Hydrogels Containing Internal Quaternary Ammonium Groups as Cholesterol Lowering Agents: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Studies. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2012.728460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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McNamee CE, Graf K, Butt HJ, Higashitani K, Kappl M. Interaction between a silica particle and the underside of a polymer monolayer at the air/water interface in the presence of an anionic surfactant. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Terech P, Dourdain S, Bhat S, Maitra U. Self-Assembly of Bile Steroid Analogues: Molecules, Fibers, and Networks. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:8252-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jp811217b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Terech
- CEA-Grenoble, INAC-SPrAM (UMR5819)-LASSO, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Sandrine Dourdain
- CEA-Grenoble, INAC-SPrAM (UMR5819)-LASSO, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Shreedhar Bhat
- CEA-Grenoble, INAC-SPrAM (UMR5819)-LASSO, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Uday Maitra
- CEA-Grenoble, INAC-SPrAM (UMR5819)-LASSO, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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Helgason T, Weiss J, McClements DJ, Gislason J, Einarsson JM, Thormodsson FR, Kristbergsson K. Examination of the Interaction of Chitosan and Oil-in-Water Emulsions Under Conditions Simulating the Digestive System Using Confocal Microscopy. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850802179784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Effect of organic electrolyte on chloromethylation of 2-bromoethylbenzene in micellar catalytic system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2007.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Wydro P, Krajewska B, Hac-Wydro K. Chitosan as a Lipid Binder: A Langmuir Monolayer Study of Chitosan−Lipid Interactions. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:2611-7. [PMID: 17630796 DOI: 10.1021/bm700453x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its distinct chemico-biological properties, chitosan, a cationic biopolymer, offers a great potential in multifarious bioapplications. One such application is as a dietary antilipidemic supplement to be used to reduce obesity/overweight and to lower cholesterol. The lipid-binding efficiency of chitosan, however, remains debatable. Accordingly, in this study we investigated the interactions of chitosan with selected lipids, cholesterol and fatty acids, the latter including saturated (stearic acid) and unsaturated (oleic, linoleic, alpha-linolenic) acids. The experiments were performed with the Langmuir monolayer technique, in which surface pressure-area isotherms were recorded for the lipid monolayers spread on the acetate buffer pH 4.0 subphase in the absence and presence of chitosan. We found that the presence of chitosan in the subphase strongly influenced the shape and location of the isotherms, proving that there existed attractions between chitosan and lipid molecules. The attractions were revealed by changes of the molecular organization of the monolayers. The common feature of these changes was that all the monolayers studied underwent expansion, in each case reaching saturation with increasing chitosan concentration. In agreement with the lipid molecular structures, the highest expansions were observed for the most unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and alpha-linolenic, the lowest for stearic acid, with oleic acid and cholesterol being the intermediate cases. By contrast, the main distinguishing feature of these changes was that, although none of the monolayers studied changed its state when completely saturated with chitosan, compared to the parent ones the compactness of the monolayers was modified. The solid monolayers of stearic acid and cholesterol were loosened, whereas those of all the unsaturated acids, liquid in nature, were tightened. On the basis of these results we tentatively propose a mechanism of the chitosan action that includes both electrostatic and hydrophobic lipid-chitosan interactions as well as hydrogen bonding between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Wydro
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Kraków, Ingardena 3, Poland
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17
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Dhal PK, Holmes-Farley SR, Huval CC, Jozefiak TH. Polymers as Drugs. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/12_020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Dhal PK, Huval CC, Holmes-Farley SR. Functional Polymers as Human Therapeutic Agents. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ie040290i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Thongngam M, McClements DJ. Isothermal titration calorimetry study of the interactions between chitosan and a bile salt (sodium taurocholate). Food Hydrocoll 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Huval CC, Holmes‐Farley SR, Mandeville WH, Petersen JS, Sacchiero RJ, Maloney C, Dhal PK. Ammonium and Guanidinium Functionalized Hydrogels as Bile Acid Sequestrants: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Properties. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/ma-120028203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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21
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Syntheses of hydrophobically modified cationic hydrogels by copolymerization of alkyl substituted diallylamine monomers and their use as bile acid sequestrants. Eur Polym J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2003.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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23
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Zarras P. Polycationic salts. VI. Synthesis andin vitro studies of 2-ionene oligomer derivatives of styrene as bile acid sequestering agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Cameron NS, Eisenberg A, Brown GR. Amphiphilic block copolymers as bile acid sorbents: 1. Synthesis of polystyrene-b-poly(N,N,N-trimethylammoniumethylene acrylamide chloride). Biomacromolecules 2002; 3:116-23. [PMID: 11866563 DOI: 10.1021/bm015595k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The systematic investigation of the synthesis of polystyrene-b-poly(N,N,N-trimethylammoniumethylene acrylamide chloride) was accomplished by employing both polystyrene-b-poly(tert-butyl acrylate) and its hydrolyzed derivative, polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) as starting materials, and coupling them with N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (DMED). The various reactions and intermediates we examined include aluminum amides, acid chlorides, and imides derived from carbodiimides, all in a variety of solvents. We present below our investigation of several synthetic routes and conclude that the carbodiimide coupling of PS-b-PAA with DMED followed by quaternization and counterion exchange is the most effective method of achieving the target. A brief discussion of the merits of each procedure in the context of block copolymers is given, and IR spectroscopic evidence for the postpolymerization synthesis of the poly(acrylamide) block is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil S Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6
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25
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Zarras P, Vogl O. POLYCATIONIC SALTS. 4. 2-IONENE OLIGOMER DERIVATIVES OF STYRENE AND THEIR POLYMERIZATION1. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2000. [DOI: 10.1081/ma-100101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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