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Xie C, Tian Q, Qiu H, Wang R, Wang L, Yue Y, Yang X. Methylation Modification in Ornamental Plants: Impact on Floral Aroma and Color. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8267. [PMID: 39125834 PMCID: PMC11311783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Methylation represents a crucial class of modification that orchestrates a spectrum of regulatory roles in plants, impacting ornamental characteristics, growth, development, and responses to abiotic stress. The establishment and maintenance of methylation involve the coordinated actions of multiple regulatory factors. Methyltransferases play a pivotal role by specifically recognizing and methylating targeted sites, which induces alterations in chromatin structure and gene expression, subsequently influencing the release of volatile aromatic substances and the accumulation of pigments in plant petals. In this paper, we review the regulatory mechanisms of methylation modification reactions and their effects on the changes in aromatic substances and pigments in plant petals. We also explore the potential of methylation modifications to unravel the regulatory mechanisms underlying aroma and color in plant petals. This aims to further elucidate the synthesis, metabolism, and regulatory mechanisms of various methylation modifications related to the aroma and color substances in plant petals, thereby providing a theoretical reference for improving the aroma and color of plant petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.X.); (Q.T.); (H.Q.); (R.W.); (L.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qingyin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.X.); (Q.T.); (H.Q.); (R.W.); (L.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hanruo Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.X.); (Q.T.); (H.Q.); (R.W.); (L.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.X.); (Q.T.); (H.Q.); (R.W.); (L.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lianggui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.X.); (Q.T.); (H.Q.); (R.W.); (L.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuanzheng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.X.); (Q.T.); (H.Q.); (R.W.); (L.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiulian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.X.); (Q.T.); (H.Q.); (R.W.); (L.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Cui M, Lu A, Li J, Liu J, Fang Y, Pei T, Zhong X, Wei Y, Kong Y, Qiu W, Hu Y, Yang J, Chen X, Martin C, Zhao Q. Two types of O-methyltransferase are involved in biosynthesis of anticancer methoxylated 4'-deoxyflavones in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:129-142. [PMID: 34490975 PMCID: PMC8710825 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal plant Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is rich in specialized 4'-deoxyflavones, which are reported to have many health-promoting properties. We assayed Scutellaria flavones with different methoxyl groups on human cancer cell lines and found that polymethoxylated 4'-deoxyflavones, like skullcapflavone I and tenaxin I have stronger ability to induce apoptosis compared to unmethylated baicalein, showing that methoxylation enhances bioactivity as well as the physical properties of specialized flavones, while having no side-effects on healthy cells. We investigated the formation of methoxylated flavones and found that two O-methyltransferase (OMT) families are active in the roots of S. baicalensis. The Type II OMTs, SbPFOMT2 and SbPFOMT5, decorate one of two adjacent hydroxyl groups on flavones and are responsible for methylation on the C6, 8 and 3'-hydroxyl positions, to form oroxylin A, tenaxin II and chrysoeriol respectively. The Type I OMTs, SbFOMT3, SbFOMT5 and SbFOMT6 account mainly for C7-methoxylation of flavones, but SbFOMT5 can also methylate baicalein on its C5 and C6-hydroxyl positions. The dimethoxylated flavone, skullcapflavone I (found naturally in roots of S. baicalensis) can be produced in yeast by co-expressing SbPFOMT5 plus SbFOMT6 when the appropriately hydroxylated 4'-deoxyflavone substrates are supplied in the medium. Co-expression of SbPFOMT5 plus SbFOMT5 in yeast produced tenaxin I, also found in Scutellaria roots. This work showed that both type I and type II OMT enzymes are involved in biosynthesis of methoxylated flavones in S. baicalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng‐Ying Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and ResourcesShanghai Chenshan Botanical GardenShanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - An‐Rui Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and ResourcesShanghai Chenshan Botanical GardenShanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Jian‐Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Jie Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and ResourcesShanghai Chenshan Botanical GardenShanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yu‐Min Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and ResourcesShanghai Chenshan Botanical GardenShanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Tian‐Lin Pei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and ResourcesShanghai Chenshan Botanical GardenShanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Xin Zhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and ResourcesShanghai Chenshan Botanical GardenShanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yu‐Kun Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and ResourcesShanghai Chenshan Botanical GardenShanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and ResourcesShanghai Chenshan Botanical GardenShanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Wen‐Qing Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular MedicineDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yong‐Hong Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and ResourcesShanghai Chenshan Botanical GardenShanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and ResourcesShanghai Chenshan Botanical GardenShanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Xiao‐Ya Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and ResourcesShanghai Chenshan Botanical GardenShanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Cathie Martin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and ResourcesShanghai Chenshan Botanical GardenShanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- John Innes CentreNorwichUK
| | - Qing Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and ResourcesShanghai Chenshan Botanical GardenShanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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OsCAldOMT1 is a bifunctional O-methyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of tricin-lignins in rice cell walls. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11597. [PMID: 31406182 PMCID: PMC6690965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a phenylpropanoid polymer produced in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants. Although most eudicot and gymnosperm species generate lignins solely via polymerization of p-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols (monolignols), grasses additionally use a flavone, tricin, as a natural lignin monomer to generate tricin-incorporated lignin polymers in cell walls. We previously found that disruption of a rice 5-HYDROXYCONIFERALDEHYDE O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (OsCAldOMT1) reduced extractable tricin-type metabolites in rice vegetative tissues. This same enzyme has also been implicated in the biosynthesis of sinapyl alcohol, a monolignol that constitutes syringyl lignin polymer units. Here, we further demonstrate through in-depth cell wall structural analyses that OsCAldOMT1-deficient rice plants produce altered lignins largely depleted in both syringyl and tricin units. We also show that recombinant OsCAldOMT1 displayed comparable substrate specificities towards both 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde and selgin intermediates in the monolignol and tricin biosynthetic pathways, respectively. These data establish OsCAldOMT1 as a bifunctional O-methyltransferase predominantly involved in the two parallel metabolic pathways both dedicated to the biosynthesis of tricin-lignins in rice cell walls. Given that cell wall digestibility was greatly enhanced in the OsCAldOMT1-deficient rice plants, genetic manipulation of CAldOMTs conserved in grasses may serve as a potent strategy to improve biorefinery applications of grass biomass.
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Valant-Vetschera KM, Brem B. Chemodiversity of Exudate Flavonoids, as Highlighted by Selected Publications of Eckhard Wollenweber. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0600101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemodiversity, as a new research concept, is highlighted by a discussion of selected publications of Professor Dr E. Wollenweber. Excretion phenomena of flavonoid aglycones are addressed, such as localization, chemosystematic, and applied aspects. Various classes of flavonoids have been reported from exudates; even flavonoid glycosides and biflavonoids were accumulated on the leaf surfaces of plants. The production of other exudate constituents outside the flavonoid pathway is briefly addressed. The connective role to biological disciplines is stressed, particularly as far as secretory structures are concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M. Valant-Vetschera
- Department of Plant Systematics and Evolution - Comparative and Ecological Phytochemistry Institute of Botany, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Rennweg 14, Austria
| | - Brigitte Brem
- Department of Plant Systematics and Evolution - Comparative and Ecological Phytochemistry Institute of Botany, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Rennweg 14, Austria
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Zhou JM, Fukushi Y, Wang XF, Ibrahim RK. Characterization of a Novel Flavone O-Methyltransferase Gene in Rice. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0600101112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the characterization of a novel flavone O-methyltransferase cDNA (OsOMT1) from the rice genome database. Its recombinant protein utilizes tricetin as the preferred substrate, catalyzing its stepwise methylation to the monomethyl- (selgin), dimethyl- (tricin), as the major product, and trimethyl ether derivatives. The use of this gene to increase tricin content in grain crops is discussed in relation to its potential health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Zhou
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Yukiharu Fukushi
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Ragai K. Ibrahim
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6
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Moheb A, Agharbaoui Z, Kanapathy F, Ibrahim RK, Roy R, Sarhan F. Tricin biosynthesis during growth of wheat under different abiotic stresses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 201-202:115-20. [PMID: 23352409 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In plants, O-methylation is mediated by an enzyme family of O-methyltransferases (OMTs) that transfer the methyl groups from the methyl donor, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to suitable phenolic acceptor molecules. In a previous study [1], a flavonoid OMT (TaOMT2) was isolated and characterized from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves. Its novel gene product catalyzes three sequential O-methylations of the flavone tricetin (5,7,3',4',5'-pentahydroxyflavone) to its 3'-monomethyl-(selgin)→3',5'-dimethyl-(tricin)→3',4',5'-trimethyl (TMT) ether derivatives, with tricin being the major product of the reaction. In this report, the biological significance of tricetin methylation was investigated by measuring the OMT activity, its expression level, and the accumulation of its major product (tricin) at different stages of development of wheat plants exposed to different abiotic stresses such as cold, salt and drought. The results showed that tricin accumulates mostly in wheat inflorescences under normal conditions compared to leaves and other developmental stages. Tricin accumulation was associated with increased TaOMT2 expression level and its enzyme activity, suggesting a possible de novo synthesis of the enzyme at this important developmental stage. This phenomenon may be attributed to the putative role of tricin in protecting seeds against biotic and abiotic stresses. The functions of tricin during growth and development of wheat and the importance of tricetin methylation during abiotic stresses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Moheb
- PharmaQAM, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
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Kornblatt JA, Zhou JM, Ibrahim RK. Structure-activity relationships of wheat flavone O-methyltransferase - a homodimer of convenience. FEBS J 2008; 275:2255-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lee YJ, Kim BG, Chong Y, Lim Y, Ahn JH. Cation dependent O-methyltransferases from rice. PLANTA 2008; 227:641-647. [PMID: 17943312 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two lower molecular mass OMT genes (ROMT-15 and -17) were cloned from rice and expressed in Escherichia coli as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins. ROMT-15 and -17 metabolized caffeoyl-CoA, flavones and flavonols containing two vicinal hydroxyl groups, although they exhibited different substrate specificities. The position of methylation in both luteolin and quercetin was determined to be the 3' hydroxyl group and myricetin and tricetin were methylated not only at 3' but also at 5' hydroxyl groups. ROMT-15 and -17 are cation-dependent and mutation of the predicted metal binding sites resulted in the loss of the enzyme activity, indicating that the metal ion has a critical role in the enzymatic methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jung Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
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Huang TS, Anzellotti D, Dedaldechamp F, Ibrahim RK. Partial purification, kinetic analysis, and amino acid sequence information of a flavonol 3-O-methyltransferase from Serratula tinctoria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 134:1366-76. [PMID: 15084728 PMCID: PMC419814 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.036442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 01/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/01/2004] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Serratula tinctoria (Asteraceae) accumulates mainly 3,3'-dimethylquercetin and small amounts of 3-methylquercetin as an intermediate. The fact that 3-methylquercetin rarely accumulates in plants in significant amounts, and given its important role as an antiviral and antiinflammatory agent that accumulates in response to stress conditions, prompted us to purify and characterize the enzyme involved in its methylation. The flavonol 3-O-methyltransferase (3-OMT) was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and successive chromatography on Superose-12, Mono-Q, and adenosine-agarose affinity columns, resulting in a 194-fold increase of its specific activity. The enzyme protein exhibited an expressed specificity for the methylation of position 3 of the flavonol, quercetin, although it also utilized kaempferol, myricetin, and some monomethyl flavonols as substrates. It exhibited a pH optimum of 7.6, a pI of 6.0, and an apparent molecular mass of 31 kD. Its K(m) values for quercetin as the substrate and S-adenosyl-l-Met (AdoMet) as the cosubstrate were 12 and 45 microm, respectively. The 3-OMT had no requirement for Mg(2+), but was severely inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate, suggesting the requirement for SH groups for catalytic activity. Quercetin methylation was competitively inhibited by S-adenosyl-l-homo-Cys with respect to the cosubstrate AdoMet, and followed a sequential bi-bi reaction mechanism, where AdoMet was the first to bind and S-adenosyl-l-homo-Cys was released last. In-gel trypsin digestion of the purified protein yielded several peptides, two of which exhibited strong amino acid sequence homology, upon protein identification, to a number of previously identified Group II plant OMTs. The availability of peptide sequences will allow the design of specific nucleotide probes for future cloning of the gene encoding this novel enzyme for its use in metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyng-Shyan Huang
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6
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