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Spirou SV, Costa Lima SA, Bouziotis P, Vranješ-Djurić S, Efthimiadou EΚ, Laurenzana A, Barbosa AI, Garcia-Alonso I, Jones C, Jankovic D, Gobbo OL. Recommendations for In Vitro and In Vivo Testing of Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia Combined with Radiation Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E306. [PMID: 29734795 PMCID: PMC5977320 DOI: 10.3390/nano8050306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-mediated hyperthermia (MH) coupled with radiation therapy (RT) is a novel approach that has the potential to overcome various practical difficulties encountered in cancer treatment. In this work, we present recommendations for the in vitro and in vivo testing and application of the two treatment techniques. These recommendations were developed by the members of Working Group 3 of COST Action TD 1402: Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia and Indirect Radiation Therapy ("Radiomag"). The purpose of the recommendations is not to provide definitive answers and directions but, rather, to outline those tests and considerations that a researcher must address in order to perform in vitro and in vivo studies. The recommendations are divided into 5 parts: (a) in vitro evaluation of MNPs; (b) in vitro evaluation of MNP-cell interactions; (c) in vivo evaluation of the MNPs; (d) MH combined with RT; and (e) pharmacokinetic studies of MNPs. Synthesis and characterization of the MNPs, as well as RT protocols, are beyond the scope of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiridon V Spirou
- Department of Radiology, Sismanoglio General Hospital of Attica, Sismanogliou 1, Marousi 15126, Athens, Greece.
| | - Sofia A Costa Lima
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - Penelope Bouziotis
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, Athens 15310, Greece.
| | - Sanja Vranješ-Djurić
- "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11351, Serbia.
| | - Eleni Κ Efthimiadou
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 15784, Greece.
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens 15310, Greece.
| | - Anna Laurenzana
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Ana Isabel Barbosa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - Ignacio Garcia-Alonso
- Department of Surgery, Radiology & Ph.M. University of the Basque Country, Bilbao E48940, Spain.
| | - Carlton Jones
- NanoTherics Ltd., Studio 3, Unit 3, Silverdale Enterprise Centre Kents Lane, Newcastle under Lyme ST5 6SR, UK.
| | - Drina Jankovic
- "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11351, Serbia.
| | - Oliviero L Gobbo
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02PN40 Dublin, Ireland.
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Johannsen M, Gneveckow U, Taymoorian K, Thiesen B, Waldöfner N, Scholz R, Jung K, Jordan A, Wust P, Loening SA. Morbidity and quality of life during thermotherapy using magnetic nanoparticles in locally recurrent prostate cancer: results of a prospective phase I trial. Int J Hyperthermia 2007; 23:315-23. [PMID: 17523023 DOI: 10.1080/02656730601175479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the treatment-related morbidity and quality of life (QoL) during thermotherapy using superparamagnetic nanoparticles in patients with locally recurrent prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten patients with biopsy-proven locally recurrent prostate cancer following primary therapy with curative intent and no detectable metastases were entered on a prospective phase I trial. Endpoints were feasibility, toxicity and QoL. Following intraprostatic injection of a nanoparticle dispersion, six thermal therapy sessions of 60 min duration were delivered at weekly intervals using an alternating magnetic field. National Cancer Institute (NCI) common toxicity criteria (CTC) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 and QLQ-PR25 questionnaires were used to evaluate toxicity and QoL, respectively. In addition, prostate specific antigen (PSA) measurements were carried out. RESULTS Maximum temperatures up to 55 degrees C were achieved in the prostates at 25-30% of the available magnetic field strength. Nanoparticle deposits were detectable in the prostates one year after thermal therapy. At a median follow-up of 17.5 months (3-24), no systemic toxicity was observed. Acute urinary retention occurred in four patients with previous history of urethral stricture. Treatment-related morbidity was moderate and QoL was only temporarily impaired. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) declines were observed in eight patients. CONCLUSIONS Interstitial heating using magnetic nanoparticles was feasible and well tolerated in patients with locally recurrent prostate cancer. Deposition of nanoparticles in the prostate was highly durable. Further refinement of the technique is necessary to allow application of higher magnetic field strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Johannsen
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Zechmann CM, Woenne EC, Brix G, Radzwill N, Ilg M, Bachert P, Peschke P, Kirsch S, Kauczor HU, Delorme S, Semmler W, Kiessling F. Impact of stroma on the growth, microcirculation, and metabolism of experimental prostate tumors. Neoplasia 2007; 9:57-67. [PMID: 17325744 PMCID: PMC1803035 DOI: 10.1593/neo.06688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In prostate cancers (PCa), the formation of malignant stroma may substantially influence tumor phenotype and aggressiveness. Thus, the impact of the orthotopic and subcutaneous implantations of hormone-sensitive (H), hormone-insensitive (HI), and anaplastic (AT1) Dunning PCa in rats on growth, microcirculation, and metabolism was investigated. For this purpose, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ([(1)H]MRS) were applied in combination with histology. Consistent observations revealed that orthotopic H tumors grew significantly slower compared to subcutaneous ones, whereas the growth of HI and AT1 tumors was comparable at both locations. Histologic analysis indicated that glandular differentiation and a close interaction of tumor cells and smooth muscle cells (SMC) were associated with slow tumor growth. Furthermore, there was a significantly lower SMC density in subcutaneous H tumors than in orthotopic H tumors. Perfusion was observed to be significantly lower in orthotopic H tumors than in subcutaneous H tumors. Regional blood volume and permeability-surface area product showed no significant differences between tumor models and their implantation sites. Differences in growth between subcutaneous and orthotopic H tumors can be attributed to tumor-stroma interaction and perfusion. Here, SMC, may stabilize glandular structures and contribute to the maintenance of differentiated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Zechmann
- Department of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva C Woenne
- Junior Group Molecular Imaging, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Brix
- Department of Medical Radiation Hygiene and Dosimetry, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Ilg
- Bruker BioSpin MRI GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Peter Bachert
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Peschke
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kirsch
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Kauczor
- Department of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Delorme
- Department of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfhard Semmler
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Junior Group Molecular Imaging, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Johannsen M, Thiesen B, Gneveckow U, Taymoorian K, Waldöfner N, Scholz R, Deger S, Jung K, Loening SA, Jordan A. Thermotherapy using magnetic nanoparticles combined with external radiation in an orthotopic rat model of prostate cancer. Prostate 2006; 66:97-104. [PMID: 16114060 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the effects of thermotherapy using magnetic nanoparticles, also referred to as magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH), combined with external radiation, in the Dunning model of prostate cancer. METHODS Orthotopic tumors were induced in 96 male Copenhagen rats. Animals were randomly allocated to eight groups, including controls and groups for dose-finding studies of external radiation. Treatment groups received two serial thermotherapy treatments following a single intratumoral injection of magnetic fluid or thermotherapy followed by external radiation (10 Gy). On day 20, after tumor induction, tumor weights in the treatment and control groups were compared and iron measurements in selected organs were carried out. RESULTS Mean maximal and minimal intratumoral temperatures obtained were 58.7 degrees C (centrally) and 42.7 degrees C (peripherally) during the first thermotherapy and 55.4 degrees C and 42.3 degrees C, respectively, during the second of two treatment sessions. Combined thermotherapy and radiation with 20 Gy was significantly more effective than radiation with 20 Gy alone and reduced tumor growth by 87.5-89.2% versus controls. Mean iron content in the prostates on day 20 was 87.5% of the injected dose of ferrites, whereas only 2.5% was found in the liver. CONCLUSIONS An additive effect was demonstrated for the combined treatment at a radiation dose of 20 Gy, which was equally effective in inhibiting tumor growth as radiation alone with 60 Gy. Serial heat treatments were possible without repeated injection of magnetic fluid. The optimal treatment schedules of this combination regarding temperatures, radiation dose, and fractionation need to be defined in further experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Johannsen
- Department of Urology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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Johannsen M, Thiesen B, Jordan A, Taymoorian K, Gneveckow U, Waldöfner N, Scholz R, Koch M, Lein M, Jung K, Loening SA. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH)reduces prostate cancer growth in the orthotopic Dunning R3327 rat model. Prostate 2005; 64:283-92. [PMID: 15726645 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) is a new technique for interstitial hyperthermia or thermoablation based on AC magnetic field-induced excitation of biocompatible superparamagnetic nanoparticles. Preliminary studies in the Dunning tumor model of prostate cancer have demonstrated the feasibility of MFH in vivo. To confirm these results and evaluate the potential of MFH as a minimally invasive treatment of prostate cancer we carried out a systematic analysis of the effects of MFH in the orthotopic Dunning R3327 tumor model of the rat. METHODS Orthotopic tumors were induced by implantation of MatLyLu-cells into the prostates of 48 male Copenhagen rats. Animals were randomly allocated to 4 groups of 12 rats each, including controls. Treatment animals received two MFH treatments following a single intratumoral injection of a magnetic fluid. Treatments were carried out on days 10 and 12 after tumor induction using an AC magnetic field applicator system operating at a frequency of 100 kHz and a variable field strength (0--18 kA/m). On day 20, animals were sacrificed and tumor weights in the treatment and control groups were compared. In addition, tumor growth curves were generated and histological examinations and iron measurements in selected organs were carried out. RESULTS Maximum intratumoral temperatures of over 70 degrees C could be obtained with MFH at an AC magnetic field strength of 18 kA/m. At a constant field strength of 12.6 kA/m, mean maximal and minimal intratumoral temperatures recorded were 54.8 degrees C (centrally) and 41.2 degrees C (peripherally). MFH led to an inhibition of tumor growth of 44%-51% over controls. Mean iron content in the prostates of treated and untreated (injection of magnetic fluids but no AC magnetic field exposure) animals was 82.5%, whereas only 5.3% of the injected dose was found in the liver, 1.0% in the lung, and 0.5% in the spleen. CONCLUSIONS MFH led to a significant growth inhibition in this orthotopic model of the aggressive MatLyLu tumor variant. Intratumoral deposition of magnetic fluids was found to be stable, allowing for serial MFH treatments without repeated injection. The optimal treatment schedules and temperatures for MFH need to be defined in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Johannsen
- Department of Urology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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Chen B, Pogue BW, Zhou X, O'Hara JA, Solban N, Demidenko E, Hoopes PJ, Hasan T. Effect of Tumor Host Microenvironment on Photodynamic Therapy in a Rat Prostate Tumor Model. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.720.11.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Tumor host microenvironment plays an important role in tumor growth, metastasis, and response to cancer therapy. In this study, the influence of tumor host environment on tumor pathophysiology, photosensitizer distribution, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment effect was examined in the metastatic at lymph node and lung (MatLyLu) rat prostate tumor.
Experimental Design: MatLyLu tumors implanted in different host environment [i.e., orthotopically (in the prostate) or s.c.] were compared for difference in vessel density, average vessel size, vascular permeability, tumor vascular endothelial growth factor production, and tumor oxygenation. Uptake of photosensitizer verteporfin in tumors in both sites was determined by fluorescence microscopy. To compare tumor response to PDT, both orthotopic and s.c. MatLyLu tumors were given the same doses of verteporfin and laser light treatment, and PDT-induced tumor necrotic area was measured histologically.
Results: Orthotopic MatLyLu tumors were found to grow faster, have higher vessel density and more permeable vasculature, have higher vascular endothelial growth factor protein levels, and have lower tumor hypoxic fraction than the s.c. tumors. Uptake of photosensitizer verteporfin in the orthotopic tumor was higher than in the s.c. tumors at 15 minutes after injection (1 mg/kg, i.v.), and became similar at 3 hours after injection. For the vascular targeting PDT treatment (0.25 mg/kg verteporfin, 50 J/cm2 at 50 mW/cm2, 15 minutes drug-light interval), there was no significant difference in PDT-induced tumor necrotic area between the orthotopic and s.c. tumors, with 85% to 90% necrosis in both types of tumors. However, tumor necrosis induced by the cellular targeting PDT (1 mg/kg verteporfin, 50 J/cm2 at 50 mW/cm2, 3 hours drug-light interval) was significantly different in the orthotopic (64%) versus the s.c. (29%) tumors.
Conclusions: Tumor host environment can significantly affect photosensitizer verteporfin distribution and PDT treatment effect. Verteporfin-PDT regimen targeting tumor cells is more sensitive to such influence than the vascular targeting PDT. Our study showed the importance of tumor host environment in determining tumor physiologic properties and tumor response to PDT. To obtain clinically relevant information, orthotopic tumor model should be used in the experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- 1Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College and
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- 1Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College and
- 5Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- 1Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College and
| | - Julia A. O'Hara
- 2Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Nicolas Solban
- 4Department of Surgery, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire; and
| | - Eugene Demidenko
- 3Division of Biostatistics, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and
| | - P. Jack Hoopes
- 1Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College and
- 4Department of Surgery, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire; and
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- 4Department of Surgery, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire; and
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Georgakoudi I, Solban N, Novak J, Rice WL, Wei X, Hasan T, Lin CP. In vivo flow cytometry: a new method for enumerating circulating cancer cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5044-7. [PMID: 15289300 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fate of circulating tumor cells is an important determinant of their ability to form distant metastasis. Here, we demonstrate the use of in vivo flow cytometry as a powerful new method for detecting quantitatively circulating cancer cells. We specifically examine the circulation kinetics of two prostate cancer cell lines with different metastatic potential in mice and rats. We find that the cell line and the host environment affect the circulation kinetics of prostate cancer cells, with the intrinsic cell line properties determining the initial rate of cell depletion from the circulation and the host affecting cell circulation at later time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Georgakoudi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, BHX630, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Zaak D, Sroka R, Stocker S, Bise K, Lein M, Höppner M, Frimberger D, Schneede P, Reich O, Kriegmair M, Knüchel R, Baumgartner R, Hofstetter A. Photodynamic therapy of prostate cancer by means of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX - in vivo experiments on the dunning rat tumor model. Urol Int 2004; 72:196-202. [PMID: 15084761 DOI: 10.1159/000077114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2003] [Accepted: 08/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to expand the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of prostate carcinoma (PCA), the aim of this study was to evaluate PDT by means of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) in an in vivo tumor model. METHODS The model used was the Dunning R3327 tumor. First of all, the pharmacokinetics and the localization of PPIX were obtained using fluorescence measurement techniques. Thereafter, PDT using 150 mg 5-ALA/kg b.w. i.v. was performed by homogenous irradiation of the photosensitized tumor (diode laser lambda = 633 nm). The tumors were resected 2 days post-PDT and the extent of the necrosis was determined histopathologically. RESULTS The kinetics of PPIX fluorescence revealed a maximum intensity in the tumor tissue within 3 and 4.5 h post-application of 5-ALA. At this time, specific PPIX fluorescence could be localized selectively in the tumor cells. The PDT-induced necrosis (n = 18) was determined to be 94 +/- 12% (range 60-100%), while the necrosis of the controls (n = 12) differs significantly (p < 0.01), being less than 10%. CONCLUSION These first in vivo results demonstrate the effective potential of 5-ALA-mediated PDT on PCA in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Zaak
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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Kiessling F, Huber PE, Grobholz R, Heilmann M, Meding J, Lichy MP, Fink C, Krix M, Peschke P, Schlemmer HP. Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Tomography and Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Prostate Cancers in Rats Treated by Radiotherapy. Invest Radiol 2004; 39:34-44. [PMID: 14701987 DOI: 10.1097/01.rli.0000095472.37056.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To establish an experimental setting for monitoring perfusion and metabolism in orthotopic prostate cancer at 1.5 T using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE MRI) and 1H-MR spectroscopy (MRS). METHODS Dunning rat prostate cancer cells were injected into the prostate by open surgery. Twelve tumor-bearing rats (5 of these irradiated) and 6 healthy controls were followed up using gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid -enhanced dynamic MRI and 1H-MRS. Amplitude and the exchange rate constant kep were calculated (2-compartment model). From 1H-MR spectra, ratios of choline (Cho) and creatine (tCr) were calculated. All tumors were examined histologically. RESULTS On DCE MRI parameter maps, tumors showed increased vascularization. kep and microvessel density were correlated (r = 0.97). Tumors showed elevated Cho/tCr and an unexpected lipid fraction (2.0-2.2 parts per million). Irradiation slowed tumor growth significantly. Changes of perfusion and metabolism could be detected in all tumors during follow up. CONCLUSION DCE MRI and 1H-MRS has potential to characterize orthotopic Dunning prostate cancer in rats, which is a promising model similar to human prostate carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kiessling
- Department of Oncological Diagnostics and Therapy, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Jung K, Krell HW, Ortel B, Hasan T, Römer A, Schnorr D, Loening SA, Lein M. Plasma matrix metalloproteinase 9 as biomarker of prostate cancer progression in Dunning (Copenhagen) rats. Prostate 2003; 54:206-11. [PMID: 12518325 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in invasion and metastatic spread of cancer cells. The objective of this study was to assess MMPs in plasma of Dunning tumor rats as indicators of the progression of prostate cancer and follow-up parameters after treatment. METHODS Prostate cancer was induced in male Copenhagen rats by either subcutaneous or orthotopic implantation of R3327-MatLyLu cells. During the development of the tumor, plasma MMP-2, and MMP-9 were measured by gelatin-substrate zymography and Western blot technique with densitometry in untreated animals, rats treated with laser-induced hyperthermia, or with the new synthetic MMP inhibitor RO 28-2653. RESULTS Normal prostatic tissue of the Copenhagen rats predominantly expressed proMMP-2 but not proMMP-9 whereas MMP-9 was only found in cancerous tissue. Elevated plasma MMP-9 values were demonstrated in rats with subcutaneous or orthotopic tumors. Animals with tumors and treated with the MMP inhibitor RO 28-2653 had both a lower tumor volume and a lower plasma MMP-9 concentration compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS The determination of plasma MMP-9 in Dunning tumor rats is a useful tool to monitor the progression of prostate cancer and to assess the efficacy of drugs like MMP inhibitors or other treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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11
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Lein M, Jung K, Ortel B, Stephan C, Rothaug W, Juchem R, Johannsen M, Deger S, Schnorr D, Loening S, Krell HW. The new synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (Roche 28-2653) reduces tumor growth and prolongs survival in a prostate cancer standard rat model. Oncogene 2002; 21:2089-96. [PMID: 11960381 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2001] [Revised: 12/11/2001] [Accepted: 12/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of synthetic inhibitors of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) in various cancers has been demonstrated. A novel inhibitor, Ro 28-2653, with high selectivity for MMP2, MMP9 and membrane type 1-MMP was evaluated in an orthotopic prostate cancer rat model. Efficacy was determined by recording tumor growth and survival endpoints. Prostate cancer was induced by inoculating R3327 Dunning tumor cells (MatLyLu) into the ventral lobe of the prostates of 148 Copenhagen rats. Daily oral treatment with Ro 28-2653 (10-300 mg/kg per day) was started on day 1 or on day 6 after tumor cell injection. Animals were sacrificed on day 20 for determination of tumor weights. For survival studies, rats received daily oral Ro 28-2653 (100 mg/kg per day) or vehicle for up to 30 days. Tumor induction was successful in 100% of the animals. Ro 28-2653 reproducibly reduced the tumor weights by up to 90% in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, an inhibitory effect in rats with established tumors (treatment start at day 6) was shown. A significantly prolonged survival of Ro 28-2653-treated rats was also demonstrated. Selective inhibition of MMP activity is a novel therapeutic approach, which bears promise for studies in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lein
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, 10098 Berlin, Germany.
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