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Greco C, Castiglioni S, Fodor A, De Cobelli O, Longaretti N, Rocco B, Vavassori A, Orecchia R. Benefit on Biochemical Control of Adjuvant Radiation Therapy in Patients with Pathologically Involved Seminal Vesicles after Radical Prostatectomy. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 93:445-51. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160709300507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Background To determine whether there is a benefit for biochemical control with adjuvant radiation therapy to the surgical bed following radical prostatectomy in patients with seminal vesicle invasion and pathologically negative pelvic lymph nodes (pT3b-pT4 pN0). Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of radical prostatectomy patients treated between 1995 and 2002. A total of 66 patients with seminal vesicle invasion were identified: 45 of these patients received adjuvant radiation therapy and 21 were observed. Radiation therapy was initiated within 4 months of prostatectomy. Median dose was 66 Gy (range, 60–70 Gy). Median follow-up from the day of surgery was 40.6 months (mean, 41.5; range, 12–99). Biochemical recurrence was defined as the first value ≥0.2 ng/ml. Results At two years, the proportion of patients free from biochemical recurrence was 80% in patients who received adjuvant radiation therapy versus 54% for those not given radiation therapy (P = 0.036). Actuarial biochemical recurrence at 5 years was 59% vs 41% for the radiation therapy and no radiation therapy groups, respectively. On univariate Cox regression model, the hazard of biochemical failure was also associated with a detectable (≥0.2 ng/ml) postsurgical prostate-specific antigen (P = 0.02) prior to radiation therapy. Pathological T stage (pT3b vs pT4), Gleason score, primary Gleason pattern and positive surgical margins were not significantly associated with biochemical recurrence. The hazard of biochemical failure was around 85% lower in the radiation therapy group than in the observation group (P = 0.002). Conclusions Data from the present series suggest that adjuvant radiation therapy for patients with seminal vesicle invasion and undetectable (≤0.2 ng/ml) postoperative prostate-specific antigen significantly reduces the likelihood of biochemical failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Greco
- Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro
- Division of Radiation Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan
| | | | - Andrei Fodor
- Division of Radiation Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan
| | | | | | - Bernardo Rocco
- Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan
| | - Andrea Vavassori
- Division of Radiation Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan
| | - Roberto Orecchia
- Division of Radiation Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan
- Chair of Radiation Oncology, University of Milan, Italy
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Long-term Outcomes Following Radiation Therapy For Prostate Cancer Patients With Lymph Node Metastases at Diagnosis Treated With and Without Surgery. Am J Clin Oncol 2016; 39:167-72. [PMID: 24441584 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the long-term outcomes for prostate cancer (PCa) patients with lymph node involvement (LNI) treated with radiotherapy at the University of California San Francisco. MATERIALS AND METHODS All newly diagnosed PCa patients with LNI treated with radiotherapy as primary therapy or after surgery, each with and without hormonal therapy (HT) between 1988 and 2009 were included.Thirty-five patients (38%) were managed with external beam radiotherapy alone (eRT), 18 patients (20%) with radical prostatectomy (RP)+adjuvant radiotherapy, and 38 patients (42%) with RP+salvage radiotherapy. Overall 82% of the study sample received HT with similar proportions among radiation therapy (RT) subsets (P=0.83). RESULTS The median follow-up (FU) was 65, 42, and 86 months for patients treated with eRT, adjuvant radiotherapy, and salvage radiotherapy, respectively.The 10-year estimates from start of primary therapy for patients with LNI for overall survival (OS) was 78% (95% confidence interval [CI], 62%-88%) and for cause-specific survival was 89% (95% CI, 78%-95%). The 5-year estimates from the start of RT for biochemically no evidence of disease was 68% (95% CI, 56%-78%) and for disease-free survival was 67% (95% CI, 54%-77%). There was no difference in any of these outcomes among the 3 RT groups.Patients treated with HT were more likely to have a better 10-year OS (82% vs. 66%; log rank: P=0.001).Multivariate analysis indicated that only age and Gleason score were significant predictors for biochemically no evidence of disease and OS. CONCLUSIONS Patients diagnosed with PCa with LNI who were treated with RT with or without a prior surgery had relatively favorable long-term outcomes.
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Algarra R, Tienza A, Hevia M, Zudaire J, Rosell D, Robles J, Pascual I. Influential factors in the response to salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. Actas Urol Esp 2014; 38:662-8. [PMID: 24796523 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the influential factors in the response in prostatectomized patients with subsequent biochemical relapse (BCR) and treated with salvage radiotherapy (RTP). MATERIAL AND METHODS We analyzed 313 patients with pT2/pT3 prostate cancer who were receiving salvage therapy due to biochemical relapse (from a series of 1,310 radical prostatectomies between 1989-2012). Of the 313 patients; 159 (50.8%) only received androgen deprivation (AD), 63 (20.1%) Radiotherapy (RTP) plus concomitant AD and 91 (29.1%) only RTP. Of these, 57 (62.6%) have maintained complete response and 34 (37.4%) had failure response with post-RTP BCR. RESULTS Study of the group treated exclusively with salvage RTP. Ninety-one patients were treated with salvage RTP. Median follow-up was 6.4 years and median to recurrence 11 months. Post-RTP biochemical relapse-free survival (PRBRFS) was 68 ± 7% and 30 ± 10% in 5 to 10 years. Median PRBRFS was 7.3 years (6.3-8.3). Initial PSA (HR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.01-1.1 P=.02) with best PSA cut-off point PSA>20 ng/ml (HR: 13.6; 95% CI: 2.1-86 P=.005) and PSA pre-RTP (HR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.2-3.3; P=.009), best PSA cut-off point PSA preRTP 0.92 ng/ml (HR: 4.5; 95% CI: 1.3-15.6; P=.01) showed independent influence in the response in the multivariate study. PRBRFS at 5 years, 81 ± 9% versus 58 ± 9% with initial PSA <20 or >20 ng/ml (P=.03). PRBRFS at 5 years, 93 ± 5% versus 53 ± 10% according to PSA pre-RTP <0.9 or >0.9 ng/ml (P=.02). CONCLUSIONS In patients treated with salvage RTP after radical prostatectomy, the preoperative PSA>20 ng/ml and PSA preRTP>0.92 ng/ml shows an independent influence on the response.
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Chen C, Lin T, Zhou Y, Li D, Xu K, Li Z, Fan X, Zhong G, He W, Chen X, He X, Huang J. Adjuvant and salvage radiotherapy after prostatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104918. [PMID: 25121769 PMCID: PMC4133270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In men with adverse prognostic factors (APFs) after radical prostatectomy (RP), the most appropriate timing to administer radiotherapy remains a subject for debate. We conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the therapeutic strategies: adjuvant radiotherapy (ART) and salvage radiotherapy (SRT). MATERIALS AND METHODS We comprehensively searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library and performed the meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and retrospective comparative studies assessing the prognostic factors of ART and SRT. RESULTS Between May 1998 and July 2012, 2 matched control studies and 16 retrospective studies including a total of 2629 cases were identified (1404 cases for ART and 1185 cases for SRT). 5-year biochemical failure free survival (BFFS) for ART was longer than that for SRT (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 0.37; 95% CI, 0.30-0.46; p<0.00001, I(2) = 0%). 3-year BFFS was significantly longer in the ART (HR: 0.38; 95% CI, 0.28-0.52; p<0.00001, I(2) = 0%). Overall survival (OS) was also better in the ART (RR: 0.53; 95% CI, 0.41-0.68; p<0.00001, I(2) = 0%), as did disease free survival (DFS) (RR: 0.53; 95% CI, 0.43-0.66; p<0.00001, I(2) = 0%). Exploratory subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis revealed the similar results with original analysis. CONCLUSION ART therapy offers a safe and efficient alternative to SRT with longer 3-year and 5-year BFFS, better OS and DFS. Our recommendation is to suggest ART for patients with APFs and may reduce the need for SRT. Given the inherent limitations of the included studies, future well-designed RCTs are awaited to confirm and update this analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianxin Lin
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Doudou Li
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kewei Xu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxiang Fan
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangzheng Zhong
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang He
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianyin He
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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Thalmann G, Spahn M. Managing Rising PSA in Naive and Posttherapy Patients. Prostate Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118347379.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Daly T, Hickey BE, Lehman M, Francis DP, See AM. Adjuvant radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD007234. [PMID: 22161411 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007234.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men who have a radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer that does not involve lymph nodes, but extends beyond the prostate capsule into the seminal vesicles or to surgical margins, are at increased risk of relapse. In men with these high risk factors, radiotherapy (RT) directed at the prostate bed after surgery may reduce this risk, and be curative. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of adjuvant RT following RP for prostate cancer in men with high risk features compared with RP. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Prostatic Diseases and Urological Cancers Specialised Register (23 February 2011), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE (January 1966 to February 2011), PDQ® (Physician Data Query) trial registry databases for ongoing studies (2 November 2010), reference lists from selected studies and reviews, and handsearched relevant conference proceedings. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCT) comparing RP followed by RT with RP alone. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion and bias and extracted data for analysis. Authors were contacted to clarify data and obtain missing information. MAIN RESULTS We found three RCTs involving 1815 men. Adjuvant RT following prostatectomy did not affect overall survival at 5 years (RD (risk difference) 0.00; 95% CI -0.03 to 0.03), but improved survival at 10 years (RD -0.11; 95% CI -0.20 to -0.02). Adjuvant RT did not improve prostate cancer-specific mortality at 5 years (RD -0.01; 95% CI -0.03 to 0.00). Adjuvant RT did not reduce metastatic disease at 5 years (RD -0.00; 95% CI -0.04 to 0.03), but reduced it at 10 years (RD -0.11; 95% CI -0.20 to -0.01). It improved local control at 5 and 10 years (RD -0.10; 95% CI -0.13 to -0.06 and RD -0.14; 95% CI -0.21 to -0.07, respectively), and biochemical progression-free survival at 5 years and 10 years (RD -0.16; 95% CI -0.21 to -0.11 and RD -0.29; 95% CI -0.39 to -0.19, respectively). There were no data for clinical disease-free survival. Adjuvant RT increased acute and late gastrointestinal toxicity [do you have the rd for this?], urinary stricture (RD 0.05; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.09) and incontinence (RD 0.04; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.08). It did not increase erectile dysfunction or degrade quality of life (RD 0.01; 95% CI -0.06 to -0.26), but with limited data. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant RT after RP improves overall survival and reduces the rate of distant metastases, but these effects are only evident with longer follow up. At 5 and 10 years it improves local control and reduces the risk of biochemical failure, although the latter is not a clinical endpoint. Moderate or severe acute and late toxicity is minimal. There is an increased risk of urinary stricture and incontinence, but no detriment to quality of life, based on limited data. Given that the majority of men who have undergone a RP have a longer life expectancy, radiotherapy should be considered for those with high-risk features following radical prostatectomy. The optimal timing is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Daly
- Mater Centre Radiation Oncology Service, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 31 Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 4101
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7
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Sia M, Pickles T, Morton G, Souhami L, Lukka H, Warde P. Salvage radiotherapy following biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy: proceedings of the Genito-Urinary Radiation Oncologists of Canada consensus meeting. Can Urol Assoc J 2011; 2:500-7. [PMID: 18953445 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
For patients with recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy, salvage radiotherapy is the only potentially curative treatment option. However, until recently there has been a paucity of data on the effectiveness of this approach. In light of recently published studies, the Genito-Urinary Radiation Oncologists of Canada (GUROC) met and crafted a consensus statement regarding the current place of salvage radiotherapy. GUROC also identified gaps in current knowledge and identified ongoing study protocols that will advance our knowledge in this area.This report summarizes the main conclusions of the meeting and the commentary provided during the consensus-building process, and outlines the consensus statement that was subsequently adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sia
- Radiation Oncology Program, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alta., the
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8
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ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Postradical Prostatectomy Irradiation in Prostate Cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2011; 34:92-8. [DOI: 10.1097/coc.0b013e3182005319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Radiothérapie de rattrapage pour récidive biochimique après prostatectomie : comparaison entre les définitions de récidive biochimique de l’Astro et de Phoenix. Cancer Radiother 2009; 13:267-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Foley CL, Feneley MR. The clinical significance and therapeutic implications of extraprostatic invasion. Surg Oncol 2009; 18:203-12. [PMID: 19398328 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of the prostatic margin by cancer establishes a higher risk of disease progression and treatment failure depending upon its extent and other clinical factors. Pathological stage is the most important single prognostic indicator, but determined reliably only in patients having radical prostatectomy. Tumour beyond the prostatic margin or its invasion into the seminal vesicle defines the local stage category as T3, and when confirmed by pathological examination the extent of prostatic margin involvement has prognostic significance. Prediction of extraprostatic invasion may influence therapeutic decisions, but can be difficult to determine for the individual patient prior to treatment. In some individuals having radical prostatectomy, the finding of extraprostatic invasion is unsuspected, and fortunately for the majority of these men the treatment remains curative. On the other hand, when extraprostatic invasion is suspected prior to or at surgery, wide excision may be necessary to achieve negative surgical margins, with other factors contributing independently to the likelihood of subsequent progression. Radiotherapy is an effective alternative treatment for clinical stage T3 and high-risk clinically localized cancer. Recent technological advances and use of combination modality treatment with radiation and hormone manipulation have improved survival outcomes and reduced side-effects. Radiation also has its place as adjuvant treatment following radical prostatectomy in high-risk disease, or as salvage following PSA recurrence, with ongoing trials evaluating potential benefit and toxicity. For clinically localised stage T3 prostate cancer, treatment with surgery or radiotherapy may be highly effective, but multimodality interventions are increasingly being used for primary treatment where clinical assessment indicates that there would otherwise be a high risk for disease progression and therapeutic failure.
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De Luca S, Randone D. Role of the Vesico-Urethral Anastomosis Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Local Recurrence following Radical Prostatectomy. Our Experience. Urologia 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/039156030907600203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the long-term there is biochemical evidence of recurrent prostate carcinoma in approximately 40% of patients after radical prostatectomy (RP). Detecting the site of recurrence (local vs distant) is critical for defining the optimum treatment. Pathological and clinical variables (Gleason score, involvement of seminal vesicles or lymph nodes, margin status at surgery, and especially the timing and pattern of PSA recurrence) may help to predict the site of relapse. Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) of the prostatic fossa in association with TRUS-guided needle biopsy is considered more sensitive than a digital rectal examination for detecting local recurrence, especially if PSA levels are low. Although it cannot detect minimal tumor mass at very low PSA levels (<1 ng/mL), TRUS biopsy is presently the most sensitive method for detecting local recurrence. Nevertheless, the conclusive role of biopsy of the vesico-urethral anastomosis remains unclear. However, [11C]-choline tomography (which is better than conventional imaging for detecting metastatic tumor) has low detection rates for local disease and is considered complementary to TRUS in this setting. Patients with a high PSA after RP may be managed with external beam salvage radiotherapy. An initial PSA of <1 ng/mL, Gleason score < 8 and radiation dose of 66–70 Gy seem to be key factors in determining success. Although a positive TRUS anastomotic biopsy may predict a better outcome after radiation therapy, the need of taking a biopsy in the event of PSA failure remains under investigation. The value of salvage radiation to the prostatic bed for PSA-only progression after RP remains in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. De Luca
- Divisione di Urologia, Ospedale Gradenigo, Torino
| | - D.F. Randone
- Divisione di Urologia, Ospedale Gradenigo, Torino
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12
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Porter CR, Capitanio U, Perrotte P, Walz J, Isbarn H, Kodama K, Gibbons RP, Correa Jr R, Karakiewicz PI. Adjuvant radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy shows no ability to improve rates of overall and cancer-specific survival in a matched case-control study. BJU Int 2009; 103:597-602. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.08133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Chalasani V, Iansavichene AE, Lock M, Izawa JI. Salvage radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy. Int J Urol 2008; 16:31-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Post-prostatectomy radiation therapy: Consensus guidelines of the Australian and New Zealand Radiation Oncology Genito-Urinary Group. Radiother Oncol 2008; 88:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Valdespino V, Tsagozis P, Pisa P. Current perspectives in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Med Oncol 2008; 24:273-86. [PMID: 17873302 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-007-0017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) continues to be an important world health problem for men. Patients with locally confined PC are treated with either radiotherapy or surgery. However, treatment of more advanced stages of the disease is problematic. Initially, androgen deprivation offers a period of clinical stability, which is however invariably followed by progression to non-responsiveness to hormonal manipulation. Current management of patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) displays modest response rates and achieves only short-term benefit. Recently, knowledge in the complex pathophysiology of advanced PC has led to the identification of mechanisms and target molecules permitting the introduction of new therapies. Consequently, many investigational treatments are ongoing for AIPC in Phase-II and Phase-III trials aiming at the combination of chemotherapeutic regimens along with immunotherapy targeting PC-associated antigens. Other attractive options are gene therapy, as well as the targeting of survival signaling, differentiation, and apoptosis of the malignant PC cells. Further treatment modalities are directed against the tumor microenvironment, bone metastasis, or both. Collectively, the aforementioned efforts introduce a new era in the management of advanced PC. Novel pharmaceutical compounds and innovative approaches, integrated into the concept of individualized therapy will hopefully, during the next decade, improve the outcome and survival for hundreds of thousands of men worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Valdespino
- Department of Surgery, UMAE de Oncologia del CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico, Mexico
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Bolla M, Van Poppel H, Collette L. Résultats préliminaires de l'essai EORTC 22911: prostatectomie radicale suivie ou non de radiothérapie postopératoire dans les cancers de la prostate à haut risque de récidive. Cancer Radiother 2007; 11:363-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Wong GW, Palazzi-Churas KL, Jarrard DF, Paolone DR, Graf AK, Hedican SP, Wegenke JD, Ritter MA. Salvage hypofractionated radiotherapy for biochemically recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 70:449-55. [PMID: 17869014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whether hypofractionation is well tolerated and to preliminarily assess biochemical control of this regimen in a postprostatectomy, salvage setting. METHODS AND MATERIALS A retrospective analysis was performed in 50 patients treated between May 2003 and December 2005 with hypofractionated radiotherapy for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Radiotherapy was prescribed to the prostatic fossa to 65-70 Gy in 26-28 fractions of 2.5 Gy each, using intensity-modulated radiotherapy with daily image localization. Toxicities were scored using a modified Radiation Therapy Oncology Group scale and the Fox Chase modification of Late Effects Normal Tissue scale. The median follow-up was 18.9 months (range, 5.3-35.9). RESULTS No Grade 3 or greater acute or late toxicities were observed. Grade 2 toxicities included four acute genitourinary, one acute gastrointestinal, two late genitourinary, and two late gastrointestinal toxicities. Of the 50 patients, 39 demonstrated a continuous biochemical response after salvage therapy, 3 had an initial response before prostate-specific antigen failure, and 7 had prostate-specific antigen progression, 1 of whom died of progressive metastatic disease. Finally, 1 patient discontinued therapy because of the diagnosis of a metachronous pancreatic cancer and died without additional prostate cancer follow-up. All remaining patients were alive at the last follow-up visit. A lower presalvage prostate-specific antigen level was the only significant prognostic factor for improved biochemical control. The estimated actuarial biochemical control rate at 2 years was 72.9%. CONCLUSIONS The toxicity and early biochemical response rates were consistent with expectations from conventional fractionation. Additional follow-up is required to better document the biochemical control, but these results suggest that hypofractionation is a well-tolerated approach for salvage radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Wong
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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18
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Schwarz R, Graefen M, Krüll A. Therapy of recurrent disease after radical prostatectomy in 2007. World J Urol 2007; 25:161-7. [PMID: 17333202 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-007-0147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrence rates of 20-40% after prostatectomy are described. This review will discuss curative treatment options for salvage after primary therapy. Relevant information was identified through searches of published studies, abstracts from scientific meetings, and review articles. Clinical experience in salvage therapy is limited. Conformal radiotherapy to the prostatic bed for PSA relapse and biopsy proven local recurrences after prostatectomy remains the only potentially curative therapy. It can provide durable biochemical control in a range from 17 to 78%. Salvage radiotherapy is well tolerated. Some prognostic factors exist which can help to select the right patient for this treatment. Patients have to be treated early for PSA relapse. Conformal radiotherapy to the prostatic bed for PSA relapse and biopsy proven local recurrences after prostatectomy is a good documented curative therapy. In a patient with a high probability of local recurrence early radiotherapy for PSA relapse is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Schwarz
- Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Section Radiation Oncology, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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19
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Kibel AS, Nelson JB. Adjuvant and salvage treatment options for patients with high-risk prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2007; 10:119-26. [PMID: 17310261 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The management of high-risk prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy remains a treatment dilemma. Multimodality approaches incorporating surgery, radiation therapy and systemic agents offer the hope of improved cure rates; however, most randomized studies to date are either immature or negative. The systemic treatment options best studied is androgen deprivation, which has been shown to demonstrate a survival advantage in patients with lymph node-positive disease. Systemic chemotherapy has demonstrated a modest survival advantage in androgen-independent disease. Current studies are exploring its role in the adjuvant and neo-adjuvant setting. Lastly, recent randomized trials have demonstrated a biochemical advantage to adjuvant radiation therapy, but it remains to be seen if this will translate to an improvement is survival end points or if salvage radiation therapy would be just as effective. In this update article, we review the use of external beam radiation therapy and systemic agents in combination with surgery for high-risk prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kibel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Neuhof D, Hentschel T, Bischof M, Sroka-Perez G, Hohenfellner M, Debus J. Long-term results and predictive factors of three-dimensional conformal salvage radiotherapy for biochemical relapse after prostatectomy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 67:1411-7. [PMID: 17275204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Salvage radiotherapy (RT) is used to treat patients with biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy (RP). Although retrospective series have demonstrated that salvage RT will result in biochemical response in approximately 75% of patients, long-term response is much lower (20-40%). The purpose of this study was to determine prognostic factors related to the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) outcome after salvage RT. METHODS AND MATERIALS Between 1991 and 2004, 171 patients received salvage RT at the University of Heidelberg. Patient age, margin status, Gleason score, tumor grading, pathologic tumor stage, pre-RP and pre-RT PSA levels, and time from RP to rise of PSA were analyzed. RESULTS Median follow-up time was 39 months. The 5-year overall and clinical relapse-free survival were 93.8% and 80.8%, respectively. After RT serum PSA decreased in 141 patients (82.5%). The 5-year biochemical relapse-free survival was 35.1%. Univariate analysis showed following statistically significant predictors of PSA recurrence after RT: preoperative PSA level (p = 0.035), pathologic tumor classification (p = 0.001), Gleason score (p < 0.001), tumor grading (p = 0.004), and pre-RT PSA level (p = 0.031). On multivariate analysis, only Gleason score (p = 0.047) and pre-RT PSA level (p = 0.049) were found to be independently predictive of PSA recurrence. CONCLUSIONS This study represents one of the largest retrospective studies analyzing the outcome of patients treated with salvage RT at a single institution. Our findings suggest that patients with Gleason score <7 and low pre-RT PSA levels are the best candidates for salvage RT, whereas patients with high-grade lesions should be considered for additional treatment (e.g., hormonal therapy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Neuhof
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Sasaki T, Nakamura K, Ogawa K, Onishi H, Otani Y, Koizumi M, Shioyama Y, Teshima T. Postoperative radiotherapy for patients with prostate cancer in Japan; Changing trends in national practice between 1996-98 and 1999-2001: Patterns of care study for prostate cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2006; 36:649-54. [PMID: 16905754 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyl079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the changing trends of standards and practices for postoperative radiotherapy (RT) for patients with prostate cancer in Japan. METHODS The Japanese Patterns of Care Study (PCS) conducted a national survey in 84 institutions from 1996 to 1998 (PCS96-98) and 76 institutions from 1999 to 2001 (PCS99-01). Detailed information relevant to RT was collected on a total of 169 patients (64 from 1996 to 1998 and 105 from 1999 to 2001) with prostate cancer who had undergone radical prostatectomy. RESULTS The fraction of clinical T3-4 tumours before prostatectomy decreased from 63% in the period 1996-98 to 26% in the period 1999-2001 (P = 0.0004). The pre-RT prostate-specific antigen level was significantly lower in 1999-2001 than in 1996-98 (P = 0.0002). We did not find a significant difference in the percentage of patients who received pelvic irradiation in the time periods between PCS96-98 and PCS99-01 (P = 0.18). Although the median radiation doses of 60 Gy were not changed between the surveys, various doses (from 20 to 74.6 Gy) were delivered to the prostatic bed. In the 1999-2001 survey, 73 of 105 patients received a median dose of 56 Gy in an adjuvant setting, while the other 32 received a median dose of 60 Gy in a salvage setting (P = 0.0015). CONCLUSION These data suggest that consensus has not been reached on the practice and management of postoperative RT for patients with prostate cancer in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Sasaki
- Department of Radiology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
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23
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Jani AB. Approaching clinical problems in prostate cancer radiotherapy using the number needed to treat (NNT) technique. Cancer Invest 2006; 24:318-27. [PMID: 16809161 DOI: 10.1080/07357900600633775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The goals of this article are to review the application of the number needed to treat (NNT) concept to selected clinical problems in prostate cancer radiotherapy. Particular emphasis will be placed on (1) comparison of radiotherapy with other treatment options for early-stage disease, (2) the role of hormone therapy in addition to radiotherapy over a spectrum of disease presentation, and (3) systematic comparison of adjuvant versus salvage radiotherapy in the post-prostatectomy setting. Limitations of NNT calculations based on non-randomized comparisons also are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashesh B Jani
- The Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Anscher MS, Clough R, Robertson CN, Prosnitz LR, Dahm P, Walther P, Donatucci CF, Albala DM, Febbo P, George DJ, Sun L, Moul JW. Timing and patterns of recurrences and deaths from prostate cancer following adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy for pathologic stage T3/4 adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2006; 9:254-60. [PMID: 16880828 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To determine the timing and patterns of late recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP) alone or RP plus adjuvant radiotherapy (RT). Between 1970 and 1983, 159 patients underwent RP for newly diagnosed adenocarcinoma of the prostate and were found to have positive surgical margins, extracapsular extension and/or seminal vesicle invasion. Of these, 46 received adjuvant RT and 113 did not. The RT group generally received 45-50 Gy to the whole pelvis, then a boost to the prostate bed (total dose of 55-65 Gy). In the RP group, 62% received neoadjuvant/adjuvant androgen deprivation vs 17% in the RT group. Patients were analyzed with respect to timing and patterns of failure. Only one patient was lost to follow-up. The median follow-up for surviving patients was nearly 20 years. The median time to failure in the surgery group was 7.5 vs 14.7 years in the RT group (P=0.1). Late recurrences were less common in the surgery group than the RT group (9 and 1% at 10 and 15 years, respectively vs 17 and 9%). In contrast to recurrences, nearly half of deaths from prostate cancer occurred more than 10 years after treatment. Deaths from prostate cancer represented 55% of all deaths in these patients. Recurrences beyond 10 years after RP in this group of patients were relatively uncommon. Despite its long natural history, death from prostate cancer was the most common cause of mortality in this population with locally advanced tumors, reflecting the need for more effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Anscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0005, USA.
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Bradford TJ, Montie JE, Hafez KS. The Role of Imaging in the Surveillance of Urologic Malignancies. Urol Clin North Am 2006; 33:377-96. [PMID: 16829272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Urologic malignancies are common, accounting for approximately 25% of all new cancer cases in the United States. Patients with urologic malignancies require long-term surveillance to detect progression or recurrence as early as possible. The urologist is faced with the task of balancing patient safety and cost-effectiveness, while finding the most practical follow-up regimen. For each urologic malignancy, this article reviews the commonly used radiologic techniques for surveillance and offers recommended follow-up schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Bradford
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0330, USA
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26
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Ackermann R. Postoperative Radiotherapy After Radical Prostatectomy: A Randomised Controlled Trial (EORTC trial 22911). Eur Urol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bracarda S, de Cobelli O, Greco C, Prayer-Galetti T, Valdagni R, Gatta G, de Braud F, Bartsch G. Cancer of the prostate. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2005; 56:379-96. [PMID: 16310371 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2005.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate carcinoma, with about 190,000 new cases occurring each year (15% of all cancers in men), is the most frequent cancer among men in northern and western Europe. Causes of the disease are essentially unknown, although hormonal factors are involved, and diet may exert an indirect influence; some genes, potentially involved in hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) have been identified. A suspect of prostate cancer may derive from elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values and/or a suspicious digital rectal examination (DRE) finding. For a definitive diagnosis, however, a positive prostate biopsy is requested. Treatment strategy is defined according to initial PSA stage, and grade of the disease and age and general conditions of the patient. In localized disease, watchful waiting is indicated as primary option in patients with well or moderately differentiated tumours and a life expectancy <10 years, while radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy (with or without hormone-therapy) could be appropriate choices in the remaining cases. Hormone-therapy is the treatment of choice, combined with radiotherapy, for locally advanced or bulky disease and is effective, but not curative, in 80-85% of the cases of advanced disease. Patients who develop a hormone-refractory prostate cancer disease (HRPC) have to be evaluated for chemotherapy because of the recent demonstration of improved overall survival (2-2.5 months) and quality of life with docetaxel in more than 1,600 cases.
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Terai A, Matsui Y, Yoshimura K, Arai Y, Dodo Y. Salvage radiotherapy for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 2005; 96:1009-13. [PMID: 16225518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2005.05746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical outcome of salvage radiotherapy (RT) for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP) at our institution. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between March 1999 and January 2004, 37 patients had salvage RT for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure after RP, including eight who had had neoadjuvant hormone therapy. After surgery, PSA was measured with ultrasensitive immunoassays. In all patients RT was delivered to the prostatic bed at a total dose of 60 Gy with a four-field box technique. RESULTS The median (range) PSA level before salvage RT was 0.146 (0.06-3.216) ng/mL and RT was started at a PSA level of <0.5 ng/mL in 34 of the 37 patients (92%). With a median follow-up of 31.9 (0-69.8), months, 11 patients (30%) had disease progression after RT and the 3- and 5-year progression-free probability was 74% and 54%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that clinical and pathological tumour stages and PSA level before RT (>0.15 vs < or = 0.15 ng/mL) were significant predictors of disease progression. There were no late adverse events related to RT. CONCLUSION Salvage RT for biochemical failure after RP at a low PSA level, using ultrasensitive immunoassays for monitoring, is a reasonably effective treatment. A relatively low radiation dose (60 Gy) seems to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Terai
- Department of Urology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan.
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Pacholke HD, Wajsman Z, Algood CB, Neulander EZ, Morris CG, Zlotecki RA. Postoperative adjuvant and salvage radiotherapy for prostate cancer: impact on freedom from biochemical relapse and survival. Urology 2005; 64:982-6. [PMID: 15533490 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the therapeutic outcomes in patients with high-risk prostate cancer treated with adjuvant or salvage radiotherapy (RT) after radical prostatectomy. METHODS Between 1982 and 2000, 163 patients were treated with RT after radical prostatectomy. Adjuvant therapy was administered to 107 consecutive node-negative patients (T2-T4N0) referred to our institution less than 1 year after surgery for postoperative RT. Salvage treatment was delivered to 56 patients for a persistently elevated prostate-specific antigen level, biochemical relapse after surgery, or local recurrence. RESULTS The median follow-up was 70 months (range 2 to 167) from the initiation of RT. Patients treated with adjuvant RT were less likely than those treated with salvage RT to experience biochemical relapse. At 5 and 10 years, the rate of freedom from biochemical relapse was 80% and 66% in the adjuvant cohort compared with 39% and 22% for patients treated with salvage intent, respectively (P <0.0001). This did not translate into a statistically significant improvement in absolute survival (72% versus 70%) or cause-specific survival (93% versus 86%) at 10 years. On multivariate analysis, neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (P = 0.0187), presence of seminal vesicle involvement (P = 0.0002), and referral indication for postoperative RT (salvage versus adjuvant RT; P <0.001) were predictors of biochemical relapse. CONCLUSIONS In this single-institution experience, patients at high risk of disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy realized a greater biochemical relapse-free survival benefit when treated with adjuvant RT than with salvage RT. Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy and seminal vesicle involvement predicted for inferior treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Pacholke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Abstract
Radical prostatectomy (RP) is the most common primary treatment for prostate cancer. About 40% of those with high-risk pathologic features, such as a positive margin or seminal vesicle involvement, will develop biochemical failure at some point in the future. Radiotherapy (RT), with or without concurrent androgen deprivation, has been used liberally in the management of men with a rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after RP, based mostly on relatively small retrospective series. Factors such as the prostatectomy Gleason score, seminal vesicle invasion, absolute pre-RT PSA level, and pre-RT PSA doubling time are emerging as important determinants of outcome after RT. These factors should be used as a guide to the options of local therapy alone (RT), local therapy plus systemic therapy (typically androgen deprivation therapy), and systemic therapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Bowers Hayes
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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31
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Wirth MP, Engelhardt FM. [PSA recurrence after primary curative therapy--local or systemic? When is a second curative therapy still possible?]. Urologe A 2005; 44:997-1004, 1006-7. [PMID: 16133232 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-005-0879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PSA recurrence after primary curative therapy for localized prostate cancer is a common problem. Further curative treatment is only reasonable in the case of local recurrence. Therefore, minimizing the likelihood of metastatic disease is crucial. So far, imaging techniques cannot distinguish between local recurrence and distant metastasis. It is therefore reasonable to orientate on PSA kinetics and pathological criteria. Histologic confirmation of suspected local recurrence after radical prostatectomy before salvage therapy is not required. However, after initial radiation therapy histologic confirmation of suspected isolated local recurrence should be obtained. The optimal treatment for a PSA recurrence depends on the initial therapy and the life-expectancy of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Wirth
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie am Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität Dresden
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32
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Bolla M, van Poppel H, Collette L, van Cangh P, Vekemans K, Da Pozzo L, de Reijke TM, Verbaeys A, Bosset JF, van Velthoven R, Maréchal JM, Scalliet P, Haustermans K, Piérart M. Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). Lancet 2005; 366:572-8. [PMID: 16099293 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 872] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local failure after prostatectomy can arise in patients with cancer extending beyond the capsule. We did a randomised controlled trial to compare radical prostatectomy followed by immediate external irradiation with prostatectomy alone for patients with positive surgical margin or pT3 prostate cancer. METHODS After undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy, 503 patients were randomly assigned to a wait-and-see policy, and 502 to immediate postoperative radiotherapy (60 Gy conventional irradiation delivered over 6 weeks). Eligible patients had pN0M0 tumours and one or more pathological risk factors: capsule perforation, positive surgical margins, invasion of seminal vesicles. Our revised primary endpoint was biochemical progression-free survival. Analysis was by intention to treat. FINDINGS The median age was 65 years (IQR 61-69). After a median follow-up of 5 years, biochemical progression-free survival was significantly improved in the irradiated group (74.0%, 98% CI 68.7-79.3 vs 52.6%, 46.6-58.5; p<0.0001). Clinical progression-free survival was also significantly improved (p=0.0009). The cumulative rate of locoregional failure was significantly lower in the irradiated group (p<0.0001). Grade 2 or 3 late effects were significantly more frequent in the postoperative irradiation group (p=0.0005), but severe toxic toxicity (grade 3 or higher) were rare, with a 5-year rate of 2.6% in the wait-and-see group and 4.2% in the postoperative irradiation group (p=0.0726). INTERPRETATION Immediate external irradiation after radical prostatectomy improves biochemical progression-free survival and local control in patients with positive surgical margins or pT3 prostate cancer who are at high risk of progression. Further follow-up is needed to assess the effect on overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bolla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire A Michallon, Grenoble, France.
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Mengual Cloquell JL, Escolar Pérez PP, Casaña Giner M, Chust Vicente ML, Guinot Rodríguez JL, Arribas Alpuente L. [Adjuvant and salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy]. Actas Urol Esp 2005; 29:553-61. [PMID: 16092678 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-4806(05)73296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
After radical prostatectomy is important to identify patients who have a high risk of microscopic residual disease without micrometastatic disease. Adjuvant RT, in retrospective studies, reduce the risk of recurrence and is more efficacious than salvage RT and can improve PSA relapse-free survival and should have an impact on long-term overall survival. The benefit of androgen suppression could be due to a synergistic interaction and may possibly eliminate occult systemic disease. Appropriate selection to identify subgroups of patients who may benefit from salvage RT, even for those patients at the highest risk; and whether some form of hormone ablation should accompany. To predict the biochemical failure and the risk of metastatic disease after salvage RT. We analyze the references to select an appropriate therapy. Improved outcomes will need to be tested in randomized trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Mengual Cloquell
- Servicio de Oncología Radioterápica, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia.
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Naito S. Evaluation and Management of Prostate-specific Antigen Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy for Localized Prostate Cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2005; 35:365-74. [PMID: 15976063 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyi113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A radical prostatectomy has been established as one of the standard management options for localized prostate cancer. However, a substantial proportion of patients who undergo a radical prostatectomy develop prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence which is commonly defined as a PSA cut-off point value of 0.2 ng/ml. Although the management of PSA recurrence after radical prostatectomy may depend on the site of recurrence, it is quite difficult to identify the recurrent lesion accurately based on the currently available imaging technology. Patients who have surgical margin involvement or a Gleason score < or =7 based on the radical prostatectomy specimens, who do not have nodal or seminal vesicle involvement, and who develop a PSA recurrence >1-2 years after surgery with a doubling time of >1 year, and whose pre-treatment PSA is < 1.0-1.5 ng/ml are considered to benefit from local treatment with at least 64 Gy of salvage radiotherapy. Patients with different characteristics are considered to have distant metastases or both local lesions and distant metastases, and thus may be candidates for hormonal manipulation rather than radiotherapy. Since local recurrent lesions are considered to be quite small at the early stage of PSA recurrence, hormonal manipulation may be sufficient to prevent disease progression instead of radiotherapy. However, the optimal type and timing of hormonal manipulation remain to be elucidated. As a result, no consensus regarding the treatment for PSA recurrence after radical prostatectomy has yet been reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Naito
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Carducci MA, Carroll PR. Multidisciplinary management of advanced prostate cancer: Changing perspectives on referring patients and enhancing collaboration between oncologists and urologists in clinical trials. Urology 2005; 65:18-22; discussion 22. [PMID: 15885275 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2005.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Revised: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer traditionally was managed by monotherapy, and treatment was almost exclusively provided by the urologic surgeon. As ongoing clinical trials in advanced disease identify novel agents or combination therapies with good tolerability and potential survival benefits, multidisciplinary management may offer optimal care for men with high-risk prostate cancer, as it does for women with breast cancer. Patients with high-risk recurrent or metastatic disease should be informed of clinical trials for which they may be eligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Carducci
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1000, USA.
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Patel R, Lepor H, Thiel RP, Taneja SS. Prostate-specific antigen velocity accurately predicts response to salvage radiotherapy in men with biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy. Urology 2005; 65:942-6. [PMID: 15882728 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Revised: 11/03/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether prostate-specific antigen (PSA) velocity (PSAV), used as a selection criterion for salvage radiotherapy (RT) after radical prostatectomy (RP), predicts the likelihood of response to RT in men with biochemical relapse. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 48 patients who had undergone salvage RT for biochemical relapse after RP. All men were followed up with serial PSA measurements for a minimum of 6 months from their initial PSA recurrence, and RT was only offered to those patients with a serum PSA level remaining at less than 1.0 ng/mL. The response to RT was defined as maintenance of a PSA level of less than 0.1 ng/mL. The pathologic and clinical parameters, including PSAV, were examined to determine their individual ability to predict the response to RT. RESULTS Of the 48 patients, 30 had maintained a PSA level of less than 0.1 ng/mL at a median follow-up of 16 months. The PSAV was strongly predictive of the likelihood of a response to salvage RT. The median relapse-free survival time for patients with a PSAV of less than 0.035 ng/mL/mo was 28 months compared with 16 months for patients with a PSAV greater than 0.035 ng/mL/mo. All other parameters tested, including Gleason score, seminal vesicle invasion, extracapsular extension, and margin status, were not predictive of the likelihood of a response to RT. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, PSAV accurately predicted the likelihood of response to salvage RT in men with biochemical relapse after RP. No other pathologic parameters predicted the likelihood of response to RT. Using PSAV as a sole selection criterion for salvage RT after RP may allow improvement in the historically low rates of durable response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Patel
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Eggener SE, Roehl KA, Smith ND, Antenor JAV, Han M, Catalona WJ. Contemporary survival results and the role of radiation therapy in patients with node negative seminal vesicle invasion following radical prostatectomy. J Urol 2005; 173:1150-5. [PMID: 15758725 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000155158.79489.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) in a radical prostatectomy (RRP) specimen is associated with a guarded prognosis. We evaluated patients with SVI treated in the pre-prostate specific antigen (PSA) (1983 to 1991) and PSA (1992 to 2003) eras. MATERIALS AND METHODS Of patients with prostate cancer treated with RRP from January 1983 through March 2002, 220 with SVI were evaluated, including 67 in the pre-PSA era and 153 in the PSA era. Postoperative PSA greater than 0.2 ng/ml was considered biochemical evidence of cancer progression. Survival rates were compared using Kaplan-Meier estimates to calculate progression-free, cancer specific and all cause survival. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to correlate variables with disease progression. RESULTS The incidence of SVI in the PSA era was lower than in the pre-PSA era (6.0% vs 10.2%, p = 0.001). To date 124 patients (56%) have had evidence of cancer progression. The 4 and 7-year progression-free, cancer specific and all cause survival rates were significantly higher in men with SVI in the PSA era (p = 0.02). PSA at diagnosis, cancerous surgical margins and higher Gleason score were significantly associated with progression. Neither adjuvant nor salvage radiotherapy appeared to confer a significant progression-free survival benefit. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of SVI has decreased in the PSA era. Progression-free, cancer specific and all cause survival rates following RRP in patients with SVI have improved in the PSA era. This may reflect earlier detection in this pathological tumor stage and more favorable prognostic factors associated with PSA screening. Adjuvant radiotherapy does not appear to confer any therapeutic benefit. Salvage radiotherapy can lead to durable PSA regressions in a small percent of men, although no long-term survival advantage can be proved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Eggener
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Krupski TL, Kwan L, Litwin MS. Sociodemographic factors associated with postprostatectomy radiotherapy. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2005; 8:184-8. [PMID: 15809671 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if nonclinical factors affect the use of adjuvant radiation therapy after surgical resection of the prostate gland. METHODS Using the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) public use data files, we identified men with localized/regional prostate cancer who underwent postprostatectomy radiotherapy within 4 months of surgery. We used 2000 Census information to ascribe a median education and income level to these men based on the county of residence and ethnicity. RESULTS Of 34,763 men who underwent surgical resection, 1549 received postprostatectomy radiotherapy. Those with higher tumor grade and from certain geographic regions (Seattle and Hawaii) had significantly higher rates of radiotherapy while being older and from other geographic regions (Detroit, Utah, and New Mexico) was protective. The use of additional radiation therapy was not affected by ethnicity, income level, or educational attainment. CONCLUSIONS We found no socioeconomic or demographic disparities in the receipt of postprostatectomy radiotherapy. Geographic variation in postprostatectomy radiotherapy may be explained by limited evidence supporting its use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Krupski
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1738, USA.
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Abstract
Prostate cancer has undergone a stage migration since the advent of widespread PSA testing, yet still a significant number of men develop PSA recurrence following radical prostatectomy. This causes anxiety to the patient and the urologist. This review examines the clinical significance of biochemical relapse and the role of imaging modalities and anastomotic biopsies. The importance of the radical prostatectomy pathological features and the PSA kinetics in determining the site of recurrence and the best treatment modality is emphasised. The optimal timing and dose of salvage radiotherapy and the role of hormonal therapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R J Bott
- Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK.
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Ojea Calvo A, Pérez Rodríguez A, Domínguez Freire F, Alonso Rodrigo A, Rodríguez Iglesias B, Benavente Delgado J, Barros Rodríguez JM, González Piñeiro A, Otero García M, Muñoz Garzón V. [Prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy and salvage radiotherapy]. Actas Urol Esp 2005; 28:743-8. [PMID: 15666516 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-4806(04)73175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of the radiotherapy to prostatic bed in patients with biochemical recurrence for prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS We analyse the results of 292 patients underwent radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer T1-T2 between January 1992 and June 2003, with an average folow-up of 36 months (range 6 months to 12 years). We detect biochemical recurrence (PSA >0.20 ng/ml) in 75 (26%) patients. Of 75 patients with biochemical recurrence, 9 (12%) was diagnosed of local recurrence by the following criteria: a) The first PSA obtained 6 weeks after radical prostatectomy <0.20 ng/ml. b) The time to biochemical recurrence >6 months. c) The prostate specific antigen doubling time >6 months. d) The prostate specific antigen velocity after radical prostatectomy <0.75 ng/ml/year. e) The prostate specific antigen level after radical prostatectomy <2.5 ng/ml. The 9 patients diagnosed of local recurrence received an average dose of 56.42 Gy in the prostate bed. RESULTS Of all 9 patients with local recurrence, 7 (77.7%) has complete response with an average time of follow-up of 25 months (6-30 months). The time between the radiotherapy and the response, in patients with complete response, was lower than 3 months. Were not observed significant adverse effects associated to radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS The salvage radiotherapy may be beneficial in select patients with local recurrence. The characteristics of prostate specific antigen elevation are useful in distinguishing men with local recurrence from those with distant metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ojea Calvo
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Xeral-Cies de Vigo, Pontevedra
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy (RT) has been used with success after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP), both in the adjuvant and salvage settings. The purpose of the current investigation was to systematically compare adjuvant versus salvage RT in a manner that incorporates both treatment efficacy and complications. METHODS A literature review was performed of reports of post-RRP salvage and adjuvant RT, and 12 trials comprising 1060 patients met the appropriate inclusion criteria. The biochemical failure-free survival in each study/arm was tabulated, and these values were entered into a model to compute an unadjusted number-needed-to treat (NNT). RT complications were then considered, accounting for differences in toxicity incidences in the salvage versus adjuvant setting, to compute complication-adjusted NNTs. In all the trials, the signs and magnitudes of the NNTs obtained were used to compare adjuvant with salvage RT. RESULTS The absolute NNT analysis showed an advantage of adjuvant compared with salvage RT. After adjustment for RT complications, however, the advantage shifted to salvage RT. This transition point from superiority of adjuvant RT to superiority of salvage RT was sensitive to the estimated incidence and severity of RT side effects. CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant post-RRP RT was advantageous in comparison to salvage RT if the side effects of RT were estimated to be negligible. However, with moderate incidence/severity of RT side effects, salvage RT was advantageous. The findings herein must be tested in a prospective study in which both health-related quality of life and cancer control are documented in patients receiving adjuvant versus salvage post-RRP RT. Further work is needed to better estimate parameters entered into the model to determine the precise transition point between adjuvant and salvage RT with modern RT techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashesh B Jani
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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King CR, Presti JC, Gill H, Brooks J, Hancock SL. Radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: does transient androgen suppression improve outcomes? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 59:341-7. [PMID: 15145146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2003] [Revised: 09/22/2003] [Accepted: 10/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The long-term biochemical relapse-free survival and overall survival were compared for patients receiving either radiotherapy (RT) alone or radiotherapy combined with a short-course of total androgen suppression for failure after radical prostatectomy. METHODS AND MATERIALS Between 1985 and 2001, a total of 122 patients received RT after radical prostatectomy at our institution. Fifty-three of these patients received a short-course of total androgen suppression (TAS) 2 months before and 2 months concurrent with RT with a nonsteroidal antiandrogen and an luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist (combined therapy group); the remaining 69 patients received RT alone. Treatment failure was defined after postoperative RT as a detectable PSA >0.05 ng/mL. Clinical and treatment variables examined included: presurgical PSA, clinical T stage, pathologic Gleason sum (pGS), seminal vesicle (SV) involvement, lymph node involvement, surgical margins, pre-RT PSA, prostate dose, pelvic irradiation, indication for postoperative RT (salvage or adjuvant), and time interval between surgery and RT. Minimum follow-up after postoperative RT was 1 year and median follow-up was 5.9 years (maximum, 14 years) for patients receiving RT alone, and 3.9 years (maximum, 11 years) for patients receiving RT with TAS (combined therapy group). Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed for PSA failure-free survival (bNED) and for overall survival (OS). Cox proportional hazards multivariable analysis examined the influence all clinical and treatment variables predicting for bNED and OS. RESULTS The median time to PSA failure after postoperative RT was 1.34 years for the combined therapy group and 0.97 years for the RT alone group (p = 0.19), with no failures beyond 5 years. At 5 years, the actuarial bNED rates were 57% for the combined therapy group compared with 31% for the RT alone group (p = 0.0012). Overall survival rates at 5 years were 100% for the combined therapy group compared with 87% for the RT alone group (p = 0.0008). For pGS <or=7, the 5-year bNED rates were 58% for combined therapy and 38% for RT alone (p = 0.0155), and for pGS >or=8 the 5-year bNED rates were 65% for combined therapy and 17% for RT alone (p = 0.075). The 5-year OS rates for pGS <or=7 were 100% for combined therapy and 98% for RT alone group (p = 0.106), and the 5-year OS for pGS >or=8 was 100% for combined therapy and 54% for RT alone (p = 0.04). On multivariable analysis, only SV involvement (p = 0.0145) and the addition of short-course TAS to postoperative RT (p = 0.0019) were significant covariates predicting for bNED and, similarly, approached significance for overall survival (p = 0.0594 and p = 0.0856, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Radiotherapy combined with a short-course TAS after radical prostatectomy appears to confer a PSA relapse-free survival advantage and possibly an overall survival advantage when compared with RT alone. The hypothesis that a transient course of androgen suppression with salvage or adjuvant RT after prostatectomy improves outcomes will need to be tested in a randomized trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R King
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Miyake H, Sakai I, Harada KI, Hara I, Eto H. Long-term results of adjuvant hormonal therapy plus radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy for patients with pT3N0 or pT3N1 prostate cancer. Int J Urol 2004; 11:397-401. [PMID: 15157209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant androgen suppression in conjunction with external beam irradiation after radical prostatectomy in patients with pathologically confirmed extraprostatic disease. METHODS Between July 1988 and October 1999, 38 patients with pT3N0 or pT3N1 prostate cancer received adjuvant hormonal therapy and external beam irradiation following radical retropubic prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog or castration were initiated as an adjuvant androgen suppression within 4 weeks after surgery, whereas pelvic irradiation was performed at a median dose of 50 G within 3 months after surgery. The prognostic advantage of this combined adjuvant therapy was analyzed. RESULTS During the median observation period of 92 months, biochemical recurrence occurred in four of the 38 patients and five patients died. Of these five patients, only one died of prostate cancer progression. The 10-year biochemical recurrence-free, cancer-specific and overall survival rates of the 38 patients were 86.7%, 90.9% and 78.7%, respectively. Among several factors examined, only tumor grade was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence-free survival in these patients; however, there were no factors that were independent predictors for biochemical recurrence, based on multivariate analysis. Furthermore, biochemical recurrence-free survival in the 38 patients was significantly superior to that in 54 patients with locally advanced disease who did not receive any postoperative therapies until biochemical recurrence; however, there was no significant difference in cancer-specific and overall survival between these two groups. CONCLUSION Despite retrospective analysis with a relatively small number of patients, results of the present study suggest favorable effects of the combined adjuvant treatments with androgen ablation and pelvic irradiation on cancer control for patients with pT3N0 or pT3N1 disease. However, considering the absence of a significant difference in cancer-specific and overall survival between patients with and without adjuvant treatments, it might not be necessary to routinely perform combined hormonal and radiation therapies in an adjuvant setting for pT3N0 or pT3N1 prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Miyake
- Department of Urology, Hyogo Medical Center for Adults, Akashi, Japan.
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Boccon-Gibod L, Djavan WB, Hammerer P, Hoeltl W, Kattan MW, Prayer-Galetti T, Teillac P, Tunn UW. Management of prostate-specific antigen relapse in prostate cancer: a European Consensus. Int J Clin Pract 2004; 58:382-90. [PMID: 15161124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1368-5031.2004.00184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A European Consensus on the management of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) relapse in patients with prostate cancer has been formulated. The key recommendations proposed are that total PSA is the best detection tool for prostate cancer, with free and complexed PSA having a role in the PSA range 1-4 ng/ml. PSA relapse after radical prostatectomy (RP) has been defined as a value of 0.2 ng/ml with one subsequent rise, while the ASTRO definition should be used after radiotherapy. A PSA level of less than 0.4 ng/ml after hormonal therapy can be considered an indicator of a positive response. Continuous assessment using nomograms or artificial neural networks will help to determine whether progression after local therapy is distant or local, which is the basis for treatment decisions. Secondary treatment after local failure of RP should be initiated when PSA levels reach 1.0-1.5 ng/ml and salvage radiotherapy can be considered with or without hormonal therapy. Local failure after radiotherapy can be treated with a choice of high-intensity-focused ultrasound, salvage RP (only in highly selected patients), cryotherapy or external beam radiation. Treatment of distant failure involves hormonal manipulation, the type and the timing of which is based on both physician and patient preferences.
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Scattoni V, Montorsi F, Picchio M, Roscigno M, Salonia A, Rigatti P, Fazio F. Diagnosis of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 2004; 93:680-8. [PMID: 15009088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2003.04692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the long-term there is biochemical evidence of recurrent prostate carcinoma in approximately 40% of patients after radical prostatectomy (RP). Detecting the site of recurrence (local vs distant) is critical for defining the optimum treatment. Pathological and clinical variables, e.g. Gleason score, involvement of seminal vesicles or lymph nodes, margin status at surgery, and especially the timing and pattern of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence, may help to predict the site of relapse. Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) of the prostatic fossa in association with TRUS-guided needle biopsy is considered more sensitive than a digital rectal examination for detecting local recurrence, especially if PSA levels are low. Although it cannot detect minimal tumour mass at very low PSA levels (< 1 ng/mL) TRUS biopsy is presently the most sensitive method for detecting local recurrence. Nevertheless, the conclusive role of biopsy of the vesico-urethral anastomosis remains unclear. However, 111In-capromab pendetide scintigraphy and [11C]-choline tomography (which are better than conventional imaging for detecting metastatic tumour), have low detection rates for local disease and are considered complementary to TRUS in this setting. Patients with a high PSA after RP may be managed with external beam salvage radiotherapy. An initial PSA of < 1 ng/mL, Gleason score < 8 and radiation dose of 66-70 Gy seem to be key factors in determining success. Although a positive TRUS anastomotic biopsy may predict a better outcome after radiation therapy, the need to take a biopsy in the event of PSA failure remains under investigation. The value of salvage radiation to the prostatic bed for PSA-only progression after RP remains in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Scattoni
- Department of Urology, University Vita-Salute, Scientific Institute H San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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Bott SRJ, Birtle AJ, Taylor CJ, Kirby RS. Prostate cancer management: (1) an update on localised disease. Postgrad Med J 2004; 79:575-80. [PMID: 14612600 PMCID: PMC1742848 DOI: 10.1136/pmj.79.936.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is receiving ever more publicity with the result that more men are having their prostate specific antigen checked and a greater proportion of men are diagnosed with potentially curable localised disease. Advances in the therapeutic modalities including radical surgery, external beam radiotherapy, and brachytherapy have reduced the incidence of side effects and now offer patients a choice of treatments depending on their tumour characteristics, age, and co-morbidity. A significant proportion of men do not need intervention and may be safely kept under a "watch and wait" policy. The use of genetic markers may in the future distinguish between patients most likely to benefit from radical therapy and those in who either palliation or observation is more appropriate. This review examines the potentially curative options, as well as expectant management, outlining the pros and cons of each. The use of adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R J Bott
- Institute of Urology, London. St George's Hospital, London, UK.
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48
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Abstract
For patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostate adenocarcinoma, the most common cause of failure is an asymptomatic increase in levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Salvage radiotherapy (RT) to the prostate bed has been used when there is no clinical evidence of metastatic disease. However, this is still not widely accepted because there is currently no consensus on the optimal management of an isolated PSA failure. Salvage RT given in a select group of patients is effective, with a 70% to 80% biochemical response rate and a long-term biochemical control rate as high as 35% to 40%. These data indicate that RT offers a substantial risk of curative salvage of patients who fail radical prostatectomy. Although there is interest in studying investigational modalities (eg, vaccine therapy) among patients with asymptomatic, PSA-detected recurrences after surgery, caution must be applied, and treatment modalities with known curative potential (ie, RT) should be used before noncurative techniques are attempted. This article outlines the rationale, results, and toxicity of salvage RT for an asymptomatic increase in PSA levels, with emphasis on identifying patients with favorable prognostic factors with higher rates of long-term biochemical control with local treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tsien
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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49
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Abstract
Today, more men than ever before are being followed after radical prostatectomy. Prognosis and follow-up should be based on the pathologic specimen. Measurable prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after surgery defines failure, with time to detectable PSA and rate of PSA rise being useful prognostic factors. The natural history of untreated biochemical failure is protracted, a fact to be considered in discussions of adjuvant treatment. Early in disease recurrence, imaging studies to locate residual disease rarely are useful clinically. Both adjuvant and salvage radiation to the prostate bed have benefits and risks, but neither is superior in overall prostate cancer survival. The timing of hormone therapy remains largely empiric. The promise of effective cytotoxic chemotherapy still is greater than its actual benefits, although novel cytostatic agents are being developed. The future management of this disease will improve with better molecular definition of risk and therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel B Nelson
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5200 Centre Avenue, Suite 209, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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50
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Peyromaure M, Allouch M, Eschwege F, Verpillat P, Debré B, Zerbib M. Salvage radiotherapy for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy: a study of 62 patients. Urology 2003; 62:503-7. [PMID: 12946755 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(03)00468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the predictive factors of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence after salvage radiotherapy (RT) for biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy (RP) to identify patients who may benefit from this treatment. METHODS From June 1992 to January 2002, 62 patients experiencing PSA recurrence after RP were treated with RT at a dose of 65 Gy. No patient received hormonal therapy. PSA recurrence after RT was defined as three consecutive increased PSA measurements. The risk of experiencing PSA recurrence after RT was analyzed according to 10 factors: patient age, pre-RP PSA level, pathologic stage, Gleason score, surgical margin status, PSA nadir after RP, time to PSA recurrence after RP, pre-RT PSA level, PSA nadir after RT, and length of follow-up after RT. RESULTS With a mean follow-up of 44 months (range 3 to 110), 23 patients (37.1%) experienced PSA recurrence after RT. Using univariate analysis, six factors were found to be predictive of PSA recurrence after RT: the length of follow-up after RT (P <0.0001), PSA nadir after RP (P = 0.0004), time to PSA recurrence after RP (P = 0.003), pre-RP PSA level (P = 0.008), Gleason score (P = 0.011), and pre-RT PSA level (P = 0.028). Using multivariate analysis, only the Gleason score (P = 0.015) and length of follow-up after RT (P = 0.02) were found to be predictive of PSA recurrence after RT. A Gleason score greater than 7 was a significant predictor of PSA recurrence after salvage RT (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS In our experience, the Gleason score and length of follow-up were the sole independent predictors of PSA recurrence after salvage RT. Our findings suggest that patients with a Gleason score of 7 or less are more likely to benefit from salvage RT after RP and that the durability of the PSA response may be only transient.
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