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Di Donato G, Laufer-Amorim R, Palmieri C. Nuclear morphometry in histological specimens of canine prostate cancer: Correlation with histological subtypes, Gleason score, methods of collection and survival time. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:212-217. [PMID: 28502900 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ten normal prostates, 22 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 29 prostate cancer (PC) were morphometrically analyzed with regard to mean nuclear area (MNA), mean nuclear perimeter (MNP), mean nuclear diameter (MND), coefficient of variation of the nuclear area (NACV), mean nuclear diameter maximum (MDx), mean nuclear diameter minimum (MDm), mean nuclear form ellipse (MNFe) and form factor (FF). The relationship between nuclear morphometric parameters and histological type, Gleason score, methods of sample collection, presence of metastases and survival time of canine PC were also investigated. Overall, nuclei from neoplastic cells were larger, with greater variation in nuclear size and shape compared to normal and hyperplastic cells. Significant differences were found between more (small acinar/ductal) and less (cribriform, solid) differentiated PCs with regard to FF (p<0.05). MNA, MNP, MND, MDx, and MDm were significantly correlated with the Gleason score of PC (p<0.05). MNA, MNP, MDx and MNFe may also have important prognostic implications in canine prostatic cancer since negatively correlated with the survival time. Biopsy specimens contained nuclei that were smaller and more irregular in comparison to those in prostatectomy and necropsy specimens and therefore factors associated with tissue sampling and processing may influence the overall morphometric evaluation. The results indicate that nuclear morphometric analysis in combination with Gleason score can help in canine prostate cancer grading, thus contributing to the establishment of a more precise prognosis and patient's management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Di Donato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Renée Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Chiara Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton campus, Queensland, Australia.
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Buhmeida A. Quantitative Pathology: Historical Background, Clinical Research and Application of Nuclear Morphometry and DNA Image Cytometry. Libyan J Med 2016. [DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v1i2.4672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbaset Buhmeida
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, and MediCity Research Laboratroy, P.O. Box 52 (Savitehtaankatu 1) 20521 Turku, Finland. Tel. , Fax. ,
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Netto GJ, Epstein JI. Theranostic and prognostic biomarkers: genomic applications in urological malignancies. Pathology 2010; 42:384-94. [PMID: 20438413 DOI: 10.3109/00313021003779145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Compared to other solid tumours such as breast, colon, and lung, the current clinical management of urological malignancies is lagging behind in terms of utilisation of clinically robust molecular tests that can identify patients that are more likely to respond to a given targeted agent, or even those in need of a more aggressive treatment approach based on well-validated molecular prognosticators. Several promising biomarkers for detection, prognosis, and targeted therapeutics are now under evaluation. The following review discusses some of the candidate biomarkers that may soon make their transition into clinically applicable assays in urological oncology patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Buhmeida A. Quantitative pathology: historical background, clinical research and application of nuclear morphometry and DNA image cytometry. Libyan J Med 2006; 1:126-39. [PMID: 21526011 PMCID: PMC3081353 DOI: 10.4176/060911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbaset Buhmeida
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, and MediCity Research Laboratroy, P.O. Box 52 (Savitehtaankatu 1) 20521 Turku, Finland. Tel. +358 2 3337016, Fax. +358 2 313 2809, E-mail:
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Pegorin de Campos SG, Zanetoni C, Góes RM, Taboga SR. Biological behavior of the gerbil ventral prostate in three phases of postnatal development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 288:723-33. [PMID: 16779810 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the gerbil's ventral prostate histology ultrastructurally and quantitatively throughout three phases of postnatal development (young, adult, and old) in order to comprehend its biological behavior and propensity to developing spontaneous lesions with aging. The gerbil prostate is composed of alveoli and ducts immersed in a stroma composed of smooth muscle, fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers and vessels. The prostate tissue components present morphological and quantitative aspects that vary according to age. Young animals have an immature gland with modest secretory activity. Synthetic activity remained stable in adult and old gerbil. However, prostatic morphology was altered in the aging, showing an increased epithelium and stromal fibrosis. The nuclei of the secretory cells increased with aging, whereas nucleoli presented few alterations during postnatal development. The epithelial proliferation and stromal remodeling noted in this study indicate that the gerbil prostate may respond to the androgen declines typical of senescence through epithelial proliferation and stromal remodeling.
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Martínez Jabaloyas JM, Jiménez Sánchez A, Ruiz Cerdá JL, Sanz Chinesta S, Sempere A, Jiménez Cruz JF. [Prognostic value of DNA ploidy and nuclear morphometry in metastatic prostate cancer]. Actas Urol Esp 2004; 28:298-307. [PMID: 15248401 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-4806(04)73078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the prognostic value of DNA ploidy and nuclear morphometry in metastatic prostate cancer after androgenic deprivation treatment. METHODS Fifty four patients with prostate cancer and bone metastases who had undergone androgenic suppression treatment were retrospectively studied. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content was analysed by flow cytometry. Nuclear morphometry characterized 14 nuclear descriptors. The study also included age, Gleason score, T classification, haematocrite, serum albumin, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum prostatic acid phosphatase and the amount of metastatic foci detected during radioisotope bone scan. Univariate survival analyses were performed and Cox's proportional hazards model was used to identify significant prognostic factors. To assess how the experimental factors improve the capacity of the classical factors for predicting the patients who reach median survival, logistic regression multivariate analysis was performed for the classical prognostic factors only and after added experimental variables (DNA content and Nuclear Area). RESULTS The univariate survival analyses assigned a prognostic value to T category, level of albumin, alkaline phosphatase, Gleason score, bone scan, DNA ploidy and mean nuclear area. In the case of the Cox regression model only Gleason score, bone scan, mean nuclear area and DNA ploidy provided independent prognostic information. In logistic regression for classic prognostic factors only Gleason score is significant (sensibility 89.3%, specificity 64%). However, when the experimental factors are added, in addition to Gleason score, radioisotope bone scan and DNA ploidy are of prognostic value (sensibility 90% and specificity 72%). CONCLUSIONS The study of DNA content and nuclear morphometry in the primitive tumor provides independent prognostic information in survival analysis for patients with metastatic prostate cancer. However, there is limited improvement with respect to the classical factors in predicting survival. This questions its utility in the daily clinical usage.
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Bostwick DG, Burke HB, Djakiew D, Euling S, Ho SM, Landolph J, Morrison H, Sonawane B, Shifflett T, Waters DJ, Timms B. Human prostate cancer risk factors. Cancer 2004; 101:2371-490. [PMID: 15495199 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has the highest prevalence of any nonskin cancer in the human body, with similar likelihood of neoplastic foci found within the prostates of men around the world regardless of diet, occupation, lifestyle, or other factors. Essentially all men with circulating androgens will develop microscopic prostate cancer if they live long enough. This review is a contemporary and comprehensive, literature-based analysis of the putative risk factors for human prostate cancer, and the results were presented at a multidisciplinary consensus conference held in Crystal City, Virginia, in the fall of 2002. The objectives were to evaluate known environmental factors and mechanisms of prostatic carcinogenesis and to identify existing data gaps and future research needs. The review is divided into four sections, including 1) epidemiology (endogenous factors [family history, hormones, race, aging and oxidative stress] and exogenous factors [diet, environmental agents, occupation and other factors, including lifestyle factors]); 2) animal and cell culture models for prediction of human risk (rodent models, transgenic models, mouse reconstitution models, severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome mouse models, canine models, xenograft models, and cell culture models); 3) biomarkers in prostate cancer, most of which have been tested only as predictive factors for patient outcome after treatment rather than as risk factors; and 4) genotoxic and nongenotoxic mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The authors conclude that most of the data regarding risk relies, of necessity, on epidemiologic studies, but animal and cell culture models offer promise in confirming some important findings. The current understanding of biomarkers of disease and risk factors is limited. An understanding of the risk factors for prostate cancer has practical importance for public health research and policy, genetic and nutritional education and chemoprevention, and prevention strategies.
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Zhou M, Epstein JI. The reporting of prostate cancer on needle biopsy: prognostic and therapeutic implications and the utility of diagnostic markers. Pathology 2003; 35:472-9. [PMID: 14660096 DOI: 10.1080/00313020310001619163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostate needle biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing prostate cancer. Prostate cancer on needle biopsy can be evaluated by numerous techniques of quantifying tumour extent, Gleason score, and the presence of perineural invasion (PNI). These modalities can help clinicians in assessing the risk of extraprostatic disease, progression likelihood, and in helping men with prostate cancer choose among therapeutic options. This review details the information that should be included in the routine pathology report. Recent advances in molecular biology of prostate carcinogenesis have identified many molecular markers for prostate cancer. While several are extremely promising as diagnostic immunohistochemical markers, other prognostic markers are not yet ready to be used in routine practice until they are validated by large prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Martínez-Jabaloyas JM, Ruiz-Cerdá JL, Hernández M, Jiménez A, Jiménez-Cruz F. Prognostic value of DNA ploidy and nuclear morphometry in prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation. Urology 2002; 59:715-20. [PMID: 11992846 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(02)01530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the prognostic value of flow cytometry and nuclear morphometry in prostate cancer after androgen deprivation treatment. METHODS A total of 127 patients with a prostate cancer diagnosis who had undergone androgen suppression were retrospectively studied. The DNA content by flow cytometry and nuclear morphometry was studied from biopsy specimens. In the patients with Stage M0, two multivariate analyses by the Cox proportional regression model were performed to determine whether the experimental variables (DNA content and nuclear area) added independent information to the classic prognostic factors (Gleason score and stage). Using the statistical analysis results, risk groups were created. RESULTS T and M categories, Gleason score, DNA ploidy, and mean nuclear area proved to have prognostic value in the univariate analysis. For the group of patients free of metastasis (M0), it was possible to create low, intermediate, and high-risk groups using stage and Gleason score with statistically significant differences in survival. Multivariate analysis, combining the classic and experimental variables, selected Gleason score and DNA content as prognostic independent factors. Also, risk groups with statistically significant differences in survival were created. However, the net result of combining both kinds of factors was at least as valuable as the combination of stage and Gleason score in predicting survival. CONCLUSIONS The determination of DNA ploidy and mean nuclear area do not add enough independent information to improve the predictive value to justify their use in this group of patients treated with hormonal therapy.
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EPSTEIN JONATHANI, POTTER STEVENR. THE PATHOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PROSTATE NEEDLE BIOPSY FINDINGS: IMPLICATIONS AND CURRENT CONTROVERSIES. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JONATHAN I. EPSTEIN
- From the Brady Urological Institute and Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - STEVEN R. POTTER
- From the Brady Urological Institute and Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
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Kanamaru H, Akino H, Suzuki Y, Noriki S, Okada K. Prognostic value of nuclear area index in combination with the World Health Organization grading system for patients with renal cell carcinoma. Urology 2001; 57:257-61. [PMID: 11182332 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(00)00910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the diagnostic accuracy of the World Health Organization (WHO) grading system for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in terms of nuclear size evaluation. Furthermore, the prognostic usefulness of the nuclear area index (NAI), a new nuclear morphometric parameter expressed as the mean nuclear area (MNA) ratio of cancer to normal tubular cells, is investigated. METHODS Measurement of the nuclear areas of cancer and normal tubular cells was performed on the histologic slides from the 76 patients with RCC, and the distribution of MNA and NAI was compared among the WHO grades. The clinical usefulness of MNA, NAI, grade, and TNM categories for the prediction of the progression-free and cause-specific survival of the patients was examined. RESULTS MNA for cancer cells and NAI significantly increased according to the grade. NAI was 1.0 or less in 9 of the 10 patients with G1 tumors and more than 1.0 in 12 of the 13 patients with G3 tumors, whereas the NAI ranged widely from 0.53 to 2.0 in 53 patients with G2 tumors. By multivariate analysis, including grade and TNM categories, NAI and MNA were independent variables for survival in all the patients as well as for cancer progression in localized disease. CONCLUSIONS WHO G2 RCCs are actually composed of tumors with varying nuclear size, and the prognosis of the patients with G2 tumors varied as well. NAI could provide improved prognostic information for the patients with RCC, especially in G2 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kanamaru
- Department of Urology, Fukui Medical University, Fukui, Japan
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Kanamaru H, Zhang YH, Takahashi M, Nakamura N, Ishida H, Akino H, Muranaka K, Okada K. Analysis of the mechanism of discrepant nuclear morphometric results comparing preoperative biopsy and prostatectomy specimens. Urology 2000; 56:342-5. [PMID: 10925120 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(00)00583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the mechanism for the differing nuclear morphometric results between needle biopsy and surgical specimens of the prostate. METHODS In experiment 1, a comparison of mean nuclear area (MNA), volume-weighted mean nuclear volume (MNV), and form factor (FF) for prostatic epithelial cells was performed between preoperative needle biopsy and prostatectomy specimens from 5 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In experiment 2, a scheduled, sequential ex vivo needle sampling from the enucleated prostates (at 0, 2, 6, and 24 hours after surgical resection) was also performed for 7 patients with BPH. The prostatectomy specimens were left unfixed for 2 hours until the second needle sampling was done. Nuclear morphometric parameters were measured on the needle-sampled as well as on the prostatectomy specimens. RESULTS MNA, MNV, and FF of BPH cells measured on preoperative biopsy specimens were smaller than those of surgical specimens in all 5 of the cases. The results of nuclear morphometry on the materials obtained by ex vivo needle sampling of prostates before and during fixation revealed that the MNA, MNV, and FF for BPH cells of 0-hour specimens were significantly smaller than those for needle samples at 2, 6, and 24 hours after surgical resection as well as those for prostatectomy specimens. CONCLUSIONS The present study provided further evidence that the ischemic damage caused by delayed fixation could result in a substantial change of the nuclear morphology of prostate cells. An immediate start, as well as a rapid completion, of the fixation procedure seems critical for an accurate nuclear morphometry of prostatectomy specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kanamaru
- Department of Urology, Fukui Medical University, Fukui, Japan
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