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Kim J. Low-intensity tower climbing resistance exercise reduces experimentally induced atopic dermatitis in mice. J Exerc Rehabil 2019; 15:518-525. [PMID: 31523671 PMCID: PMC6732538 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1938276.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, exercise can help improve overall health and prevent diseases. However, individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD) often lose the desire for physical exercise owing to itching caused by sweating. In the present study, we have evaluated the effect of low-intensity tower climbing resistance exercise (TCRE) on Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE; house dust mite extract)- and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced AD-like skin lesions in a BALB/c model. Histopathological examination showed reduced thickness of the epidermis/dermis and dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells in the ears. TCRE downregulated serum Ig levels and suppressed mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ear tissue, and reduced the size and weight of draining lymph nodes (dLNs) and nondraining lymph nodes (ndLNs), along with expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in CD4+ T cells from dLNs and ndLNs. Taken together, we showed that low-intensity TCRE reduced AD symptoms. These results will help improve treatment of AD, and will be of interest to dermatologists as well as to patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyoung Kim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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2
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Choi EJ, Ryu YB, Tang Y, Kim BR, Lee WS, Debnath T, Fan M, Kim EK, Lee HS. Effect of cinnamamides on atopic dermatitis through regulation of IL-4 in CD4 + cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019. [PMID: 30727775 PMCID: PMC6366421 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1569647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cinnamamides on atopic dermatitis (AD) and the mechanisms underlying these effects. To this end, the actions of two cinnamamides, (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-phenylethyl acrylamide (NCT) and N-trans-coumaroyltyramine (NCPA), were determined on AD by orally administering them to mice. Oral administration of the cinnamamides ameliorated the increase in epidermal and dermal thickness as well as mast cell infiltration. Cinnamamides suppressed serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels and expression of T-helper (Th)1/Th2 cytokines. Moreover, cinnamamides suppressed interleukin (IL)-4, which plays a crucial role in preparing naïve clusters of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells, and decreased the cervical lymph node size and weight. Interestingly, in almost all cases, NCPA exhibited higher anti-AD activity compared to NCT. These results strongly indicate that NCPA may have potential as an anti-AD agent, and further mechanistic comparative studies of NCT and NCPA are required to determine the cause of differences in biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Choi
- a Department of Physical Education, College of Education , Daegu Catholic University , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bae Ryu
- b Natural Product Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Jeongeup , Republic of Korea
| | - Yujiao Tang
- c Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Konkuk University , Chungju , Republic of Korea.,d Changchun University of Science and Technology , Changchun , China
| | - Bo Ram Kim
- b Natural Product Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Jeongeup , Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Song Lee
- b Natural Product Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Jeongeup , Republic of Korea
| | - Trishna Debnath
- e Department of Food Science and Biotechnology , Dongguk University , Goyang , Republic of Korea
| | - Meiqi Fan
- c Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Konkuk University , Chungju , Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- c Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Konkuk University , Chungju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Su Lee
- f College of Pharmacy , Keimyung University , Daegu , Republic of Korea
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3
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Kim T, Park K, Jung HS, Kong WS, Jeon D, Lee SH. Evaluation of Anti-atopic Dermatitis Activity ofHypsizigus marmoreusExtract. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1539-46. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- TaeHo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; Sungkyunkwan University; Seoul Korea
| | - KiMoon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; Sungkyunkwan University; Seoul Korea
| | - Hye Sun Jung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; Sungkyunkwan University; Seoul Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division; National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration; Eumseong 368-873 Korea
| | - DaeHoon Jeon
- Mushroom Research Station; Gyeonggi-Do Agricultural Research and Extension Services; Gyeonggi-Do Korea
| | - Seung Ho Lee
- Major of Nano-Bioengineering; Incheon National University; 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 406-772 Korea
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4
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Topical application of a phospholipid mixture purified from pig lungs ameliorates 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced allergic contact dermatitis in BALB/c mice. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:4237-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Immunophilin, FK506-binding protein 12 (FK506BP), is a receptor protein for the immunosuppressive drug FK506 by the FK506BP/FK506 complex. However, the precise function of FK506BP in inflammatory diseases remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the protective effects of FK506BP on atopic dermatitis (AD) in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)/interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-induced HaCaT cells and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced AD-like dermatitis in Nishiki-nezumi Cinnamon/Nagoya (NC/Nga) mice using a cell-permeable PEP-1-FK506BP. Transduced PEP-1-FK506BP significantly inhibited the expression of cytokines, as well as the activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells. Furthermore, topical application of PEP-1-FK506BP to NC/Nga mice markedly inhibited AD-like dermatitis as determined by a histological examination and assessment of serum IgE levels, as well as cytokines and chemokines. These results indicate that PEP-1-FK506BP inhibits NF-κB and MAPK activation in cells and AD-like skin lesions by reducing the expression levels of cytokines and chemokines, thus suggesting that PEP-1-FK506BP may be a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
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6
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OHBUCHI T, SAKAINO M, TAKAHASHI T, AZUMI N, ISHIKAWA K, KAWAZOE S, KOBAYASHI Y, KIDO Y. Oral Administration of Acidic Xylooligosaccharides Prevents the Development of Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions in NC/Nga Mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2010; 56:54-9. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.56.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Zhang EY, Chen AY, Zhu BT. Mechanism of dinitrochlorobenzene-induced dermatitis in mice: role of specific antibodies in pathogenesis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7703. [PMID: 19890385 PMCID: PMC2766640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dinitrochlorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity is widely considered as a cell-mediated rather than antibody-mediated immune response. At present, very little is known about the role of antigen-specific antibodies and B cells in the development of dinitrochlorobenzene-induced hypersensitivity reactions, and this is the subject of the present investigation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Data obtained from multiple lines of experiments unequivocally showed that the formation of dinitrochlorobenzene-specific Abs played an important role in the development of dinitrochlorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity. The appearance of dinitrochlorobenzene-induced skin dermatitis matched in timing the appearance of the circulating dinitrochlorobenzene-specific antibodies. Adoptive transfer of sera containing dinitrochlorobenzene-specific antibodies from dinitrochlorobenzene-treated mice elicited a much stronger hypersensitivity reaction than the adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from the same donors. Moreover, dinitrochlorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity was strongly suppressed in B cell-deficient mice with no DNCB-specific antibodies. It was also observed that treatment of animals with dinitrochlorobenzene polarized Th cells into Th2 differentiation by increasing the production of Th2 cytokines while decreasing the production of Th1 cytokines. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In striking contrast to the long-held belief that dinitrochlorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity is a cell-mediated immune response, the results of our present study demonstrated that the production of dinitrochlorobenzene-specific antibodies by activated B cells played an indispensible role in the pathogenesis of dinitrochlorobenzene-induced CHS. These findings may provide new possibilities in the treatment of human contact hypersensitivity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Aaron Yun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Bao Ting Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
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Savolainen J, Lintu P, Kosonen J, Kortekangas-Savolainen O, Viander M, Pène J, Kalimo K, Terho EO, Bousquet J. Pityrosporum
and Candida
specific and non-specific humoral, cellular and cytokine responses in atopic dermatitis patients. Clin Exp Allergy 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2001.00958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Inoue J, Yotsumoto S, Sakamoto T, Tsuchiya S, Aramaki Y. Changes in immune responses to mite antigen sensitized through barrier-disrupted skin with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:385-7. [PMID: 16462052 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) plays a critical role in immunity via the augmentation of Th1 and suppression of Th2 responses. We examined here the effect of CpG-ODN on the immune response to mite antigen sensitized through barrier-disrupted skin of human atopic dermatitis (AD) model mouse. Although sensitization with mite antigen induced Th2-dominant immune response, co-administration of CpG-ODN elicited Th1-predominant immune response. In terms of antigen-specific antibody production, the level of IgG2a was increased by CpG-ODN, but not in IgE. These results suggested that administration of CpG-ODN via skin is a simple strategy for patients with diseases like AD, which is characterized by Th2-dominated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Inoue
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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10
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Kosonen J, Luhtala M, Viander M, Kalimo K, Terho EO, Savolainen J. Candida albicans-specific lymphoproliferative and cytokine (IL-4 and IFN-gamma) responses in atopic eczema dermatitis syndrome. Evidence of CD4/CD8 and CD3/CD16+CD56 ratio elevations in vitro. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:551-8. [PMID: 15946244 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypersensitivity to cross-reactive mannan polysaccharide allergens of saprophytic yeasts is likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of atopic eczema dermatitis syndrome (AEDS). Mannans induce elevated specific immunoglobulin E and lymphoproliferative responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). To gain more detailed data of the involvement of different subpopulations of PBMCs in AEDS after mannan stimulation, changes in the cell-surface marker distribution were analysed. METHODS The Ficoll-isolated PBMCs of eight yeast hypersensitive AEDS patients and seven non-AEDS controls were stimulated in vitro by mannan (CAM) or whole extract antigen [In-House Reference (IHR)] of Candida albicans or tuberculin [purified protein derivative (PPD)] and after immunofluorescence staining analysed by flow cytometry. The expression of cytokine mRNA was measured by kinetic real-time polymerase chain reaction (TaqMan). RESULTS After 7-day antigen stimulation, there were significant increases in the CD3/CD16(+)CD56 ratio (P = 0.028 with mannan and P = 0.006 with IHR), CD4/CD8 ratio (P = 0.049 with mannan) and interleukin-4/interferon-gamma (IL-4/IFN-gamma) mRNA ratio (P = 0.028 with IHR) and a decrease in the CD3/CD19 ratio (P = 0.035 with mannan) of AEDS patients' PBMCs as compared with healthy controls' cells. These changes were not seen in cultures with PPD. CONCLUSIONS The observed CAM and IHR-induced elevations in T cell/natural killer cell, CD4/CD8 and IL-4/IFN-gamma ratios suggest that C. albicans-induced TH(2)-type responses can also play a role in AEDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kosonen
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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11
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Tomimori Y, Tanaka Y, Goto M, Fukuda Y. Repeated Topical Challenge with Chemical Antigen Elicits Sustained Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice in Specific-Pathogen-Free Condition. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:119-24. [PMID: 15654964 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
NC/Nga mice are known to develop skin lesions resembling to atopic dermatitis (AD) in conventional but not in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) condition. An epicutaneous application of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) increased skin thickness in C3H as well as NC/Nga mice in SPF environment, and the response was enlarged by repeating the challenge at weekly intervals. Although the skin reaction in C3H mice was ameliorated when the challenge was discontinued after the fifth application, the reaction in NC/Nga mice was sustained at least for 3 wk. Analyses of cytokine production by CD4+ cells from the draining lymph node proximal to the lesions revealed that, unlike C3H mice, NC/Nga mice fail to induce T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4), whereas the level of Th1 cytokine interferon-gamma in NC/Nga mice is equivalent to that of C3H mice. In addition, NC/Nga mice highly expressed IL-12, a cytokine-preventing formation of Th2 response, whereas C3H mice did not. Administration of anti-IL-12 antibody reduced duration of dermatitis in DNFB-treated NC/Nga mice. Taken together, our data suggest that IL-12 plays a role in the persistent skin reaction in NC/Nga mice. The action of IL-12 might be mediated by the decrease in IL-4 production.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/pharmacology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/microbiology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Dermatitis, Contact/immunology
- Dermatitis, Contact/microbiology
- Dermatitis, Contact/pathology
- Dinitrofluorobenzene/immunology
- Dinitrofluorobenzene/pharmacology
- Ear, External/immunology
- Ear, External/pathology
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Interleukin-18/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms/immunology
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12
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Gaspari AA. Multiple Pathways Driving IgE Production and Chronic Dermatitis in Mice: A Model for Atopic Dermatitis? J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:xi-xii. [PMID: 15654944 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Gaspari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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13
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Ferreira MAR. Cytokine expression in allergic inflammation: systematic review of in vivo challenge studies. Mediators Inflamm 2004; 12:259-67. [PMID: 14760932 PMCID: PMC1781628 DOI: 10.1080/09629350310001619717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic inflammatory responses are driven by cells of the immune system that rely on cytokines to regulate the activity of other immune and structural cells. OBJECTIVE To review published studies to (1) identify cytokines consistently increased after allergen challenge in atopic patients and (2) investigate temporal variation in cytokine expression. METHODS A PUBMED systematic search was used to extract data from studies involving analysis of cytokine expression in fluids or biopsies following in vivo allergen challenge in atopic patients. RESULTS Data were extracted from 82 studies. There were no consistent reports of cytokine protein increase in fluids of patients at 0-1 h after challenge. At 4-12 h, the chemokines eotaxin, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) and interleukin (IL)-8 have all been consistently reported to be up-regulated. At 18-24 h after challenge, the lymphokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6 are consistently increased when compared with the respective control value. There were no reports of up-regulation in interferon-gamma protein and mRNA and in IL-2 mRNA. CONCLUSION The expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is consistently increased in tissues at 4-12 h after challenge. The influence of this cytokine on antigen capture and presentation by dendritic cells should be further investigated. Additionally, allergen challenge studies are needed that investigate the expression of macrophage-derived chemokine and thymus-regulated and activation-regulated chemokine in tissues of atopic patients. Blocking the effects of these lymphocyte-specific chemokines might provide new therapeutic approaches for the control of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A R Ferreira
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Australia.
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14
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Pacor ML, Di Lorenzo G, Martinelli N, Mansueto P, Rini GB, Corrocher R. Comparing tacrolimus ointment and oral cyclosporine in adult patients affected by atopic dermatitis: a randomized study. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:639-45. [PMID: 15080819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic allergic inflammatory disease, which manifests itself with eczematous skin lesions. OBJECTIVE We compared the clinical efficacy of tacrolimus ointment (0.1%) given twice a day and oral cyclosporine (3 mg/kg) given once daily. Rescue medication for itching included cetirizine 10-20 mg (equal to one or two tables). METHODS Thirty patients, aged 13-45 years (mean+/-SD 27.1+/-10.9), with a history of moderate-to-severe AD were randomized to treatments, 15 patients for each treatments. Assessment of efficacy was based on SCORAD, on scores of daily itching, erythema, interference with sleep, due to the skin condition and days without use of cetirizine tablets. SCORAD, measured on a scale (0-103), was evaluated before treatment (0) and at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days after treatment. Similarly, the means of daily symptoms, on a scale (0-3), were evaluated before the treatment (0) and at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days after treatment; finally, on day without use of cetirizine tablets. The safety of the study treatments was assessed through haematologic, biochemical and urinary testing and on systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate measurements. RESULTS SCORAD decreased in the two treatment groups 14 days after the beginning of the period study. However, the patients in tacrolimus ointment group reported significantly lower SCORAD than those treated with oral cyclosporine. Overall SCORAD, as assessed by the area under the curve (AUC) day(0-42) (score/day), was significantly lower in the tacrolimus ointment group when compared with oral cyclosporine (P<0.001). Similarly, AUC day(0-42) (score/day) for itching, erythema and number of nights without interference with the sleep due to skin condition were significantly lower in the group of patients treated with tacrolimus compared with those treated with cyclosporine (P=0.003, 0.005 and 0.01, respectively). As regards the use of rescue medication, expressed by median of number of days without use of anti-H(1), it was significantly lower in the group treated with tacrolimus (82.5) than in the cyclosporine group (76.5) (P=0.03). There were no appreciable changes in haematological and biochemical indices, in both treatments groups. CONCLUSION The results of this comparative study demonstrate that tacrolimus ointment twice daily and cyclosporine administered orally once daily are effective on SCORAD, daily symptoms and anti-H(1) rescue. When we compared tacrolimus and cyclosporine there was a faster onset of action in the group treated with tacrolimus. The two drugs presented the same safety. However, these data support the preferential use of topical tacrolimus 0.1% in AD, because cyclosporine has potential side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Pacor
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Sezione di Medicina Interna, Università degli Studi di Verona, Italy.
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15
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Inoue Y, Isobe M, Hayashi H. The combined effect of topical CX-659S, a novel diaminouracil derivative, with topical corticosteroid on the three types of allergic responses in mice or guinea pigs. J Pharmacol Sci 2003; 91:71-8. [PMID: 12686733 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.91.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CX-659S ((S)-6-amino-5-(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxamido)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione), a newly discovered anti-inflammatory compound, exerts inhibitory effects against picryl chloride-, oxazolone-, and dinitrochlorobenzene-induced acute contact hypersensitivity responses (CHRs) characterized by Th1-type reactions. Furthermore, this compound suppressed chronic CHRs characterized by Th2-type reactions, which is well known to mimic many, if not all, events occurring within the lesional skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). The present study was conducted to determine the combined effect of topical CX-659S with topical corticosteroid on immediate type (ITR), late type (LTR), and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTHR) allergic reactions that are involved in AD. An ineffective dose of CX-659S (0.03 mg/ear) combined with betamethasone valerate (BV) significantly potentiated inhibitory activity of BV alone (0.1 micro g/ear and 0.3Shizuokag/ear) on both the ITR and the LTR in mice with the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced biphasic cutaneous reaction. Furthermore, the combined effect of CX-659S with BV was also observed on dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced DTHR in guinea pigs. These results indicate that CX-659S has a combined effect with corticosteroids on every ITR, LTR, and DTHR. Proper treatment with corticosteroids for a safe and effective treatment of AD is needed. Thus, the combination therapy of topical CX-659S with topical corticosteroid would be one of the potential approaches for devising a proper treatment with corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Inoue
- Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology Laboratory, Japan Energy Corporation, Saitama, Japan
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16
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Yu B, Koga T, Urabe K, Moroi Y, Maeda S, Yanagihara Y, Furue M. Differential regulation of thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine induced by IL-4, IL-13, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in human keratinocyte and fibroblast. J Dermatol Sci 2002; 30:29-36. [PMID: 12354417 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(02)00046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The CC chemokine thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) acts on CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4), which is known to be selectively expressed in Th2 cells. In order to compare the regulatory profiles of TARC production by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IFN-gamma, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 in keratinocytes and fibroblasts, HaCaT cells, a human keratinocyte cell line, and NG1RGB cells, a human skin fibroblast cell line, were used. The expression of TARC protein was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the mRNA level was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The spontaneous expression of TARC protein and mRNA levels were augmented by TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma and were inhibited by IL-4 and IL-13 in the keratinocytes. The fibroblasts expressed the TARC protein and mRNA only in the presence of IL-4+TNF-alpha or IL-13+TNF-alpha stimulation. IFN-gamma further enhanced the IL-4+TNF-alpha or IL-13+TNF-alpha-induced TARC production in the fibroblasts. Thus, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma -induced TARC production was differentially regulated by IL-4 and IL-13 in human keratinocytes and fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, J-812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Tokura Y, Röcken M, Clark RA, Haliasos E, Takigawa M, Sinha AA. What are the most promising strategies for the therapeutic immunomodulation of allergic diseases? Exp Dermatol 2001; 10:128-37; discussion 138-40. [PMID: 11260252 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0625.2001.010002128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Specific immunotherapy and other immunomodulatory strategies have long been a stronghold in the management of allergic diseases. In particular, "immunodeviation-therapy" or "vaccination for allergies", i.e. the redirection of Th2-type immune responses towards a Th1-response pattern, has become an ever more popular concept. The present feature of CONTROVERSIES complements our previous discussion of atopy (Röcken et al., Exp Dermatol 7: 97--104, 1998), and is dedicated to a critical analysis of the general problems and limitations one faces with the main immunomodulatory strategies traditionally considered in this context. We also explore alternative approaches that appear promising in order to achieve both a more effective and/or a more specific immunotherapy of allergic diseases. Given that the mast cell remains a key protagonist in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases finally, this feature examines how innovative, more selectively mast cell-targeted strategies may be developed for the management of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan.
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18
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HogenEsch H, Torregrosa SE, Boggess D, Sundberg BA, Carroll J, Sundberg JP. Increased expression of type 2 cytokines in chronic proliferative dermatitis (cpdm) mutant mice and resolution of inflammation following treatment with IL-12. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:734-42. [PMID: 11241277 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200103)31:3<734::aid-immu734>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic proliferative dermatitis (cpdm) is a spontaneous mutation that results in eosinophilic inflammation in multiple tissues, including the skin. To determine the mechanisms underlying the eosinophilic inflammation, the expression of cytokines in the skin was determined. There was increased expression of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the skin of cpdm/cpdm mice, and no change in IL-10 and TNF expression. Supernatants of cultured spleen cells of cpdm/cpdm mice contained an increased amount of IL-5 and IL-13, and a decreased amount of IFN-gamma. The ability of the cpdm/cpdm mice to mount a delayed-type hypersensitivity response was greatly reduced. These data are consistent with impaired type 1 and excessive type 2 cytokine production in cpdm/cpdm mice. The significance of this imbalanced cytokine production was evident in the efficacy of systemic treatment of cpdm/cpdm mice with IL-12. Mutant mice treated for 3 weeks with IL-12 had minimal changes in the skin as opposed to the severe dermatitis in mice treated with the vehicle. Treatment with IL-11, which opposes the effect of IL-12, had no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- H HogenEsch
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.
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19
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Savolainen J, Lintu P, Kosonen J, Kortekangas-Savolainen O, Viander M, Pene J, Kalimo K, Terho EO, Bousquet J. Pityrosporum and Candida specific and non-specific humoral, cellular and cytokine responses in atopic dermatitis patients. Clin Exp Allergy 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.00958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Isobe T, Kato Y, Okubo Y, Koga M. Evaluation of Patch Testing in Atopic Dermatitis Using Commercially Available Environmental Antigens. Allergol Int 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1592.2001.00215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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21
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Marsella R, Nicklin C. Double-blinded cross-over study on the efficacy of pentoxifylline for canine atopy. Vet Dermatol 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.2000.00196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Nopp A, Halldén G, Lundahl J, Johansson E, Vrtala S, Valenta R, Grönneberg R, Van Hage-Hamsten M. Comparison of inflammatory responses to genetically engineered hypoallergenic derivatives of the major birch pollen allergen bet v 1 and to recombinant bet v 1 wild type in skin chamber fluids collected from birch pollen-allergic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106:101-9. [PMID: 10887312 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.106924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nearly 60% of birch pollen-allergic patients react exclusively to Bet v 1. With use of the skin blister model, previously only established for installation of crude allergens, we have for the first time characterized the inflammatory response in vivo to recombinant birch pollen allergen, rBet v 1, molecules (rBet v 1 wild type, fragments and trimer). OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to examine whether challenge with rBet v 1 derivatives (fragments and trimer) compared with rBet v 1 wild type differs with respect to influx of activated eosinophils and detectable levels of cytokines/chemokines related to allergic inflammation in skin chambers applied to birch pollen-allergic patients. METHODS The skin blister chambers were filled for 2 hours with rBet v 1, the derivatives or PBS and heparin (negative control). The fluids were analyzed after 2 and 8 hours. The number of eosinophils was determined and EG2 and CD69 expression measured by flow cytometry. Cytokines and mediators were analyzed by ELISA and RIA techniques. RESULTS Comparable numbers of eosinophils were recruited to the chambers challenged with rBet v 1 molecules, but the eosinophils from the rBet v 1 wild-type challenged chambers showed a significantly higher expression of CD69. The levels of eotaxin were similar in all 4 chambers, whereas rBet v 1 wild type induced significantly higher levels of histamine, eosinophil cationic protein, and GM-CSF than the derivatives did. Recombinant Bet v 1 trimer elicited significantly lower levels of IL-4 compared with rBet v1 wild type. CONCLUSION Genetically engineered hypoallergenic rBet v 1 derivatives recruited eosinophils analogously with rBet v 1 wild type. However, the derivatives exhibited a lower capacity to activate eosinophils and to release proinflammatory mediators and T helper type 2-derived cytokines. The derivatives may therefore be candidate molecules for specific immunotherapy of birch pollen allergy with reduced risk of inducing allergenic or inflammatory side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nopp
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Hospital and Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Sengoku T, Kishi S, Sakuma S, Ohkubo Y, Goto T. FK506 inhibition of histamine release and cytokine production by mast cells and basophils. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 22:189-201. [PMID: 10685002 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(99)00076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Histamine release and cytokine production by mast cells and basophils are thought to be closely involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Some reports show that FK506 (tacrolimus hydrate) inhibited histamine release and cytokine production by mast cells and basophils. However, as the effects of FK506 has not been compared with those of clinically used drugs in those reports, the clinical relevancy of FK506 inhibition remained unclear. In this paper, we compared the actions of FK506 with those of steroids or disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) which has been clinically used. FK506 inhibited histamine release by Brown-Norway rat peritoneal mast cells more potently than steroids and especially DSCG. FK506 also inhibited histamine release by a mast rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-1 cell line and human peripheral blood basophils, whereas steroids failed to inhibit histamine release by human basophils. FK506 as well as steroids inhibited TNF-alpha and IL-4 production by RBL-1 cells. FK506 was therefore more effective than steroids and DSCG in inhibiting histamine release, and it also had the ability of inhibiting cytokine production by mast cells as steroids do. We concluded that FK506 might regulate allergic diseases via these actions, judging from the viewpoint of clinical relevancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sengoku
- Medicinal Biology Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-6, 2-chome, Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan
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Sengoku T, Morita K, Sakuma S, Motoyama Y, Goto T. Possible inhibitory mechanism of FK506 (tacrolimus hydrate) ointment for atopic dermatitis based on animal models. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 379:183-9. [PMID: 10497905 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of FK506 (tacrolimus hydrate) ointment on cutaneous allergic reactions in mice and rats were investigated. FK506 ointment showed significant suppressive effects on delayed allergic reactions in both species, and especially in rats, its inhibitory action was much stronger than that of alclometasone dipropionate, a so-called medium class steroid ointment. On the other hand, FK506 ointment did not inhibit the immediate allergic reaction in rats. FK506 ointment suppressed the delayed allergic reactions in locally passively sensitized mice to the same degree as that in actively sensitized mice. Accordingly, it is speculated that FK506 ointment inhibits the activation of sensitized T lymphocytes (Th1 cells) already accumulated in the dermis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dermatitis, Atopic/chemically induced
- Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Female
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred BN
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Tacrolimus/therapeutic use
- Tuberculin
- Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous/chemically induced
- Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous/drug therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sengoku
- Medicinal Biology Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan
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Savolainen J, Kosonen J, Lintu P, Viander M, Pène J, Kalimo K, Terho EO, Bousquet J. Candida albicans mannan- and protein-induced humoral, cellular and cytokine responses in atopic dermatitis patients. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29:824-31. [PMID: 10336600 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytokine observed most often in atopic dermatitis (AD) is IL-4, but a role for IL-5 and IFN-gamma in the late and delayed phase reactions has been suggested. In AD with head, neck and shoulder distribution, hypersensitivity to saprophytic yeasts is an important pathogenetic factor. The yeast allergens include both the mannan polysaccharides and the proteins. Mannans are major cross-reacting allergens likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. OBJECTIVE To characterize the humoral, lymphoproliferative and cytokine (IL-2, 4, 5 and IFN-gamma) responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) induced by Candida albicans mannan and protein antigens in AD. METHODS Fifteen AD patients and seven healthy controls were included. Ficoll-isolated PBMCs were stimulated by PHA and laboratory-generated mannan and protein extracts of C. albicans. Lymphocyte proliferation was measured and cytokine production was studied by ELISA. The antigen-specific IgG and IgE antibodies were analysed by ELISA and nitrocellulose RAST. RESULTS In AD mannan (P < 0.005) and protein (P < 0.002), specific IgE levels were higher than in healthy controls. Both mannan and protein-specific lymphoproliferations (both: P < 0.02) were higher in AD than in healthy controls. Mannan, but not protein, induced long lasting IL-2 and IL-4 productions from 24 h lasting up to 66-96 h and IL-5 and IFN-gamma productions with elevated levels at 66 and 96 h. The mannan-induced IL-2 (P = 0.015) and IFN-gamma (P < 0.005) were increased in AD as compared with healthy controls. Significant correlations were seen between the protein-induced proliferation responses and both serum total IgE (r = 0.59, P < 0.01) and protein-specific IgE (r = 0.65, P < 0.005). The mannan-induced IL-2 responses correlated with the specific IgE (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) and proliferation (r = 0.51, P < 0.02) and S-IgE level (r = 0.71, P < 0. 002). Mannan-induced IL-4 and IFN-gamma productions also correlated (r = 0.43, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS C. albicans mannan induced elevated IL-2 and IFN-gamma responses in AD patients. The correlations of the cytokine responses with mannan-induced IgE and proliferation responses suggest that C. albicans mannan induced TH1 type cytokine responses are involved in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Savolainen
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology, INSERM U454, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
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Olivry T, Dean GA, Tompkins MB, Dow JL, Moore PF. Toward a canine model of atopic dermatitis: amplification of cytokine-gene transcripts in the skin of atopic dogs. Exp Dermatol 1999; 8:204-11. [PMID: 10389638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1999.tb00372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to characterize and compare the repertoire of cytokine-genes transcribed in skin homogenates obtained from normal dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD) using a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and canine-specific cytokine-gene primers. Whereas IL-4 and IL-5 cytokine-gene transcripts were detected more commonly in atopic skin biopsy homogenates, IL-2 mRNA was amplified more often from normal control specimens. IFN-gamma mRNA was detected in 5/29 atopic specimens, 4 of them obtained from the only dog with chronic skin lesions. One-fourth of atopic samples exhibited clear type-2 cytokine profiles; the remainder did not demonstrate polarized repertoires. Conversely, type-1 cytokine profiles were characterized in one-fourth of normal control specimens. The present study establishes, for the first time, the transcription of type-2 cytokine-genes in the skin of dogs with AD. Future experiments investigating the cellular origin and dynamics of allergic cytokine-gene transcription are needed to confirm whether or not canine AD could be considered an immunological model for a human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Olivry
- Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fitzharris
- Department of Medicine, Wellington School of Medicine, New Zealand
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Kondo H, Ichikawa Y, Imokawa G. Percutaneous sensitization with allergens through barrier-disrupted skin elicits a Th2-dominant cytokine response. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:769-79. [PMID: 9541570 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199803)28:03<769::aid-immu769>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether percutaneous sensitization with different allergens through barrier-disrupted skin regulates the balance of Th1/Th2 cytokine expression. When mice were sensitized with the typical hapten picryl chloride (PiCl) by a single topical application to intact skin, there was an up-regulation in the lymph nodes (LN) of mRNA expression for the Th1 cytokines IL-2 or IFN-gamma, and for the Th2 cytokine IL-4. In contrast, sensitization with PiCl after barrier disruption of the skin down-regulated the expression of mRNA for IFN-gamma in a tape-stripping number-dependent manner without changing the expression of mRNA for IL-4. When mice were sensitized with house dust mite antigens (MA) by a single topical application to barrier-disrupted abdominal skin, there was a tape-stripping number-dependent up-regulation in the LN of mRNA expression for IL-4 but not for IL-2 or IFN-gamma. In the LN, mRNA for the IL-4-inducible immunoglobulins IgE and IgG1, but not for the IFN-gamma-inducible IgG2a, were up-regulated after sensitization with MA, while all three immunoglobulin mRNA were augmented after PiCl sensitization through intact skin. Antigenic elicitation by a topical application of PiCl in aural skin of mice sensitized through intact skin consistently increased the expression of mRNA for all three cytokines in the challenged skin, whereas elicitation in mice sensitized through barrier-disrupted skin decreased the expression of mRNA for IL-2 and IFN-gamma, but not for IL-4. Antigenic elicitation by subcutaneous injection of MA in aural skin consistently increased the expression of mRNA for IL-4, but not for IL-2 or IFN-gamma in the challenged skin. Infiltration of eosinophils in the dermis was more prominent following elicitation with MA in mice sensitized through barrier disruption than with PiCl in mice sensitized through intact skin. These findings suggest that the percutaneous entry of environmental allergens through barrier-disrupted skin is strongly associated with the induction of Th2-dominant immunological responses, as is seen in atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kondo
- Biological Science Laboratory, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
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29
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Late phase II study on setting for concentraion of FK506 (tacrolimus) ointment for atopic dermatitis (No. 2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.2336/nishinihonhifu.59.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Yamada N, Wakugawa M, Kuwata S, Nakagawa H, Tamaki K. Changes in eosinophil and leukocyte infiltration and expression of IL-6 and IL-7 messenger RNA in mite allergen patch test reactions in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98:S201-6. [PMID: 8977528 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(96)70067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Patch testing with crude dust mite extracts after removal of homy layers was performed on normal-appearing skin of 11 adult patients with atopic dermatitis and high mite-specific IgE antibody scores. Positive skin reactions were observed in 9 subjects. Skin biopsy specimens were obtained from positive reaction sites at 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after allergen challenge and subjected to histologic studies and extraction of messenger RNA (mRNA). Perivascular infiltration of small mononuclear cells began at 2 hours and was followed by eosinophilic infiltration at 6 hours, and the number of eosinophils continued to increase at 24 and 48 hours. In addition to the increased expression of IL-4, IL-5, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA during the time course detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, mRNA of IL-6 and IL-7 was also up-regulated. After the removal of test patches with mite allergen, the number of eosinophils started to decrease in a time-dependent manner. Histopathologic findings at 48 hours after removal showed lymphocyte-dominant infiltration intermingled with occasional eosinophils. These mite allergen patch test reactions may provide a useful model for studying the pathogenesis of atopic eczema, especially with regard to the initiation of eosinophil infiltration and the alternative increase in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yamada
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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