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Chung IM, Kim YJ, Moon HS, Han JG, Kong WS, Yarnes CT, Kim SH. Improved accuracy of geographical origin identification of shiitake grown in sawdust medium: A compound-specific isotope model-based pilot study. Food Chem 2022; 369:130955. [PMID: 34488129 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In countries like South Korea and the USA, origin labeling of shiitake grown using imported Chinese-inoculated medium is an issue. Therefore, we evaluated the use of compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) for the accurate identification of the geographical origin of shiitake (Korean, Chinese-inoculated medium, and Chinese); Chinese-inoculated medium shiitake were cultivated in Korea using inoculated sawdust medium from China. The CSIA-discriminant model showed an overall accuracy of 100% in the geographical classification of the original set and 96.4% for the cross-validated set. Glutamate and aspartate δ15N values were the most important variables for differentiating shiitake based on their origins. Compared to that observed upon using the bulk stable isotope analysis, the CSIA model was associated with significantly improved predictability of origin identification. Our findings elucidate the importance of isotope signatures in developing a reliable origin labeling method for shiitake cultured on the sawdust medium for the global market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ju Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Moon
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Han
- National Institutes of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, 27709 Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- National Institutes of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, 27709 Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher T Yarnes
- UC Davis Stable Isotope Facility, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Chung IM, Kim YJ, Kwon C, Moon HS, Han JG, Kong WS, Kim SH. An origin identification model for labeling of shiitake (Lentinula edodes). NPJ Sci Food 2021; 5:2. [PMID: 33531500 PMCID: PMC7854607 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-021-00085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing globalization of the food trade across countries and continents, reliable identification of the geographical origin of products is critical. In this study, we describe the limitations of the current origin labeling system for non-soil-based agricultural products and suggest alternative strategies for the identification of the geographical origin of such products. An origin identification model based on stable isotope ratio analysis combined with discriminant analysis is used to evaluate the similarities and dissimilarities between domestic and foreign shiitake mushrooms, including Chinese inoculated sawdust blocks and Chinese origin. The results show a classification sensitivity of 92.0%, classification specificity of 91.5%, and overall accuracy of 93.5%. In particular, δ15N was the most important isotope marker for the identification of the origin of shiitake mushrooms. Hence, the current origin labeling system for mushroom species has to be revised to establish fair trade and avoid improper origin labeling in the global shiitake market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ju Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kwon
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Moon
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Han
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Oh YL, Choi IG, Kong WS, Jang KY, Oh MJ, Im JH. Evaluating Genetic Diversity of Agaricus bisporus Accessions through Phylogenetic Analysis Using Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers. Mycobiology 2020; 49:61-68. [PMID: 33536813 PMCID: PMC7832472 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2020.1850172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agaricus bisporus, commonly known as the button mushroom, is widely cultivated throughout the world. To breed new strains with more desirable traits and improved adaptability, diverse germplasm, including wild accessions, is a valuable genetic resource. To better understand the genetic diversity available in A. bisporus and identify previously unknown diversity within accessions, a phylogenetic analysis of 360 Agaricus spp. accessions using single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping was performed. Genetic relationships were compared using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) among accessions with known origins and accessions with limited collection data. The accessions clustered into four groups based on the PCoA with regard to genetic relationships. A subset of 67 strains, which comprised a core collection where repetitive and uninformative accessions were not included, clustered into 7 groups following analysis. Two of the 170 accessions with limited collection data were identified as wild germplasm. The core collection allowed for the accurate analysis of A. bisporus genetic relationships, and accessions with an unknown pedigree were effectively grouped, allowing for origin identification, by PCoA analysis in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Lee Oh
- Mushroom Science Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Geol Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Science Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Korea
| | - Kab-Yeul Jang
- Mushroom Science Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Korea
| | - Min ji Oh
- Mushroom Science Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Im
- Mushroom Science Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Korea
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4
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Li TC, Saravelos S, Kong WS. Three-dimensional versus two-dimensional ultrasound-guided embryo transfer: a randomised control study (abridged secondary publication). Hong Kong Med J 2020; 26 Suppl 6:26-29. [PMID: 33229600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T C Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - S Saravelos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - W S Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
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Chung IM, Kim SY, Han JG, Kong WS, Jung MY, Kim SH. Fatty Acids and Stable Isotope Ratios in Shiitake Mushrooms ( Lentinula edodes) Indicate the Origin of the Cultivation Substrate Used: A Preliminary Case Study in Korea. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091210. [PMID: 32882944 PMCID: PMC7554690 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) is commonly consumed worldwide and is cultivated in many farms in Korea using Chinese substrates owing to a lack of knowledge on how to prepare sawdust-based substrate blocks (bag cultivation). Consequently, issues related to the origin of the Korean or Chinese substrate used in shiitake mushrooms produced using bag cultivation have been reported. Here, we investigated differences in fatty acids (FAs) and stable isotope ratios (SIRs) in shiitake mushrooms cultivated using Korean and Chinese substrates under similar conditions (strain, temperature, humidity, etc.) and depending on the harvesting cycle. The total FA level decreased significantly by 5.49 mg∙g−1 as the harvesting cycle increased (p < 0.0001); however, no differences were found in FAs between shiitake mushrooms cultivated using Korean and Chinese substrates. Linoleic acid was the most abundant FA, accounting for 77–81% of the total FAs during four harvesting cycles. Moreover, the SIRs differed significantly between the Korean and Chinese substrates, and the harvesting cycles resulted in smaller maximum differences in SIR values compared to those of the cultivation substrate origins. Our findings contribute to the identification of the geographical origin of shiitake mushrooms and may have potential applications in international shiitake-mushroom markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (I.-M.C.); (S.-Y.K.)
| | - So-Yeon Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (I.-M.C.); (S.-Y.K.)
| | - Jae-Gu Han
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Korea; (J.-G.H.); (W.-S.K.)
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Korea; (J.-G.H.); (W.-S.K.)
| | - Mun Yhung Jung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Woosuk University, Wanju-gun 55338, Korea;
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (I.-M.C.); (S.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-02-2049-6163; Fax: +82-02-455-1044
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Min B, Yoon H, Park J, Oh YL, Kong WS, Kim JG, Choi IG. Unusual genome expansion and transcription suppression in ectomycorrhizal Tricholoma matsutake by insertions of transposable elements. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227923. [PMID: 31978083 PMCID: PMC6980582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing of Tricholoma matsutake revealed its unusually large size as 189.0 Mbp, which is a consequence of extraordinarily high transposable element (TE) content. We identified that 702 genes were surrounded by TEs, and 83.2% of these genes were not transcribed at any developmental stage. This observation indicated that the insertion of TEs alters the transcription of the genes neighboring these TEs. Repeat-induced point mutation, such as C to T hypermutation with a bias over "CpG" dinucleotides, was also recognized in this genome, representing a typical defense mechanism against TEs during evolution. Many transcription factor genes were activated in both the primordia and fruiting body stages, which indicates that many regulatory processes are shared during the developmental stages. Small secreted protein genes (<300 aa) were dominantly transcribed in the hyphae, where symbiotic interactions occur with the hosts. Comparative analysis with 37 Agaricomycetes genomes revealed that IstB-like domains (PF01695) were conserved across taxonomically diverse mycorrhizal genomes, where the T. matsutake genome contained four copies of this domain. Three of the IstB-like genes were overexpressed in the hyphae. Similar to other ectomycorrhizal genomes, the CAZyme gene set was reduced in T. matsutake, including losses in the glycoside hydrolase genes. The T. matsutake genome sequence provides insight into the causes and consequences of genome size inflation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungnam Min
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeokjun Yoon
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Julius Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn-Lee Oh
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Eumseong, Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Eumseong, Korea
- * E-mail: (IC); (WK); (JK)
| | - Jong-Guk Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- * E-mail: (IC); (WK); (JK)
| | - In-Geol Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (IC); (WK); (JK)
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Park YJ, Lee CS, Kong WS. Genomic Insights into the Fungal Lignocellulolytic Machinery of Flammulina rossica. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100421. [PMID: 31597238 PMCID: PMC6843371 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the Flammulina rossica (wood-rotting basidiomycete) genome was performed to identify its carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). De novo genome assembly (31 kmer) revealed a total length of 35,646,506 bp (49.79% GC content). In total, 12,588 gene models of F. rossica were predicted using an ab initio gene prediction tool (AUGUSTUS). Orthologous analysis with other fungal species revealed that 7433 groups contained at least one F. rossica gene. Additionally, 12,033 (95.6%) of 12,588 genes for F. rossica proteins had orthologs among the Dikarya, and F. rossica contained 12 species-specific genes. CAZyme annotation in the F. rossica genome revealed 511 genes predicted to encode CAZymes including 102 auxiliary activities, 236 glycoside hydrolases, 94 glycosyltransferases, 19 polysaccharide lyases, 56 carbohydrate esterases, and 21 carbohydrate binding-modules. Among the 511 genes, several genes were predicted to simultaneously encode two different CAZymes such as glycoside hydrolases (GH) as well as carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). The genome information of F. rossica offers opportunities to understand the wood-degrading machinery of this fungus and will be useful for biotechnological and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Park
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Research Institute for Biomedical & Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Chang-Soo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Research Institute for Biomedical & Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, 92, Bisan-ro, Eumseong-gun 27709, Korea.
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An H, Jo IH, Oh YL, Jang KY, Kong WS, Sung JK, So YS, Chung JW. Molecular Characterization of 170 New gDNA-SSR Markers for Genetic Diversity in Button Mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus). Mycobiology 2019; 47:527-532. [PMID: 32010475 PMCID: PMC6968487 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2019.1667131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We designed 170 new simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers based on the whole-genome sequence data of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), and selected 121 polymorphic markers. A total of 121 polymorphic markers, the average major allele frequency (MAF) and the average number of alleles (NA) were 0.50 and 5.47, respectively. The average number of genotypes (NG), observed heterozygosity (HO), expected heterozygosity (HE), and polymorphic information content (PIC) were 6.177, 0.227, 0.619, and 0.569, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that MAF was negatively correlated with NG (-0.683), NA (-0.600), HO (-0.584), and PIC (-0.941). NG, NA, HO, and PIC were positively correlated with other polymorphic parameters except for MAF. UPGMA clustering showed that 26 A. bisporus accessions were classified into 3 groups, and each accession was differentiated. The 121 SSR markers should facilitate the use of molecular markers in button mushroom breeding and genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin An
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ick-Hyun Jo
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Lee Oh
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Kab-Yeul Jang
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jwa-Kyung Sung
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sup So
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Wook Chung
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Lee SH, Ali A, Ha B, Kim MK, Kong WS, Ryu JS. Development of a Molecular Marker Linked to the A4 Locus and the Structure of HD Genes in Pleurotus eryngii. Mycobiology 2019; 47:200-206. [PMID: 31448140 PMCID: PMC6691818 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2019.1619989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Allelic differences in A and B mating-type loci are a prerequisite for the progression of mating in the genus Pleurotus eryngii; thus, the crossing is hampered by this biological barrier in inbreeding. Molecular markers linked to mating types of P. eryngii KNR2312 were investigated with randomly amplified polymorphic DNA to enhance crossing efficiency. An A4-linked sequence was identified and used to find the adjacent genomic region with the entire motif of the A locus from a contig sequenced by PacBio. The sequence-characterized amplified region marker 7-2299 distinguished A4 mating-type monokaryons from KNR2312 and other strains. A BLAST search of flanked sequences revealed that the A4 locus had a general feature consisting of the putative HD1 and HD2 genes. Both putative HD transcription factors contain a homeodomain sequence and a nuclear localization sequence; however, valid dimerization motifs were found only in the HD1 protein. The ACAAT motif, which was reported to have relevance to sex determination, was found in the intergenic region. The SCAR marker could be applicable in the classification of mating types in the P. eryngii breeding program, and the A4 locus could be the basis for a multi-allele detection marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hee Lee
- Department of Mushroom Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Asjad Ali
- Environment-Friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongsuk Ha
- Environment-Friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Keun Kim
- Environment-Friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-San Ryu
- Department of Mushroom Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Jung MY, Lee DE, Cheng HY, Chung IM, Kim SH, Han JG, Kong WS. Characterization of Volatile Profiles of Six Popular Edible Mushrooms Using Headspace-Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography Combined with Chemometric Analysis. J Food Sci 2019; 84:421-429. [PMID: 30775790 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The classification of six mushroom species (white beech, brown beech, button, oyster, king oyster, and enoki mushrooms) was successfully achieved using canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) on volatile metabolite data sets obtained by headspace-solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography (HS-SPME-GC). Twenty-seven major volatile compounds in six edible mushrooms were positively identified by HS-SPME-GC mass spectroscopy. The total volatile content was highest in brown beech mushroom (P < 0.05). Significant difference in volatile profile was observed between brown beach and white beech mushrooms. Button mushroom contained significantly higher contents of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol than the other mushrooms (P < 0.05). Oyster mushroom contained 1-octen-3-ol as the most prevalent volatile, representing 67% out of total volatiles. Hexanal (35.0%) and 1-octen-3-ol (22.5%) were the most abundant volatiles found in king oyster. Hexanal (29.1%) was the most prevalent volatile in enoki mushroom only. Several volatile pairs with very high positive correlation in their levels were identified, representing the highest correlation coefficient (r = 0.970) for the pair of t-2-octenal and 2,4-octandienal. CDA was much more efficient than principal component analysis for the differentiation of mushroom species. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The present study provided the important information on the volatile metabolite profiles of popular six commercial mushroom species. The present data will be useful for the quality control of mushrooms cultivated in farms and mushroom products processed in food industry. The strategy of canonical discriminant analysis in combination with HS-SPME-GC could be expanded for the determining the authentication of mushroom species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Yhung Jung
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Woosuk Univ., Samnye-ro 443, Samnye-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk Province, 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Eun Lee
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Woosuk Univ., Samnye-ro 443, Samnye-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk Province, 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Yu Cheng
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Woosuk Univ., Samnye-ro 443, Samnye-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk Province, 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Min Chung
- Dept. of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Kunkuk Univ., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Dept. of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Kunkuk Univ., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Han
- Mushroom Research Dept., Natl. Inst. of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumsung, Chungbuk Province, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Dept., Natl. Inst. of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumsung, Chungbuk Province, Republic of Korea
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Lee HY, Raveendar S, An H, Oh YL, Jang KY, Kong WS, Ryu H, So YS, Chung JW. Development of Polymorphic Simple Sequence Repeat Markers using High-Throughput Sequencing in Button Mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus). Mycobiology 2018; 46:421-428. [PMID: 30637151 PMCID: PMC6319473 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1538072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is one of the most widely cultivated species of edible mushroom. Despite its economic importance, relatively little is known about the genetic diversity of this species. Illumina paired-end sequencing produced 43,871,558 clean reads and 69,174 contigs were generated from five offspring. These contigs were subsequently assembled into 57,594 unigenes. The unigenes were annotated with reference genome in which 6,559 unigenes were associated with clusters, indicating orthologous genes. Gene ontology classification assigned many unigenes. Based on genome data of the five offspring, 44 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed. The major allele frequency ranged from 0.42 to 0.92. The number of genotypes and the number of alleles ranged from 1 to 4, and from 2 to 4, respectively. The observed heterozygosity and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 1.00, and from 0.15 to 0.64, respectively. The polymorphic information content value ranged from 0.14 to 0.57. The genetic distances and UPGMA clustering discriminated offspring strains. The SSR markers developed in this study can be applied in polymorphism analyses of button mushroom and for cultivar discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Yong Lee
- Department of Forest Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sebastin Raveendar
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Science, RDA, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin An
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Lee Oh
- Mushroom Science Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Kab-Yeul Jang
- Mushroom Science Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Science Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Ryu
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sup So
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Wook Chung
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Park YJ, Kong WS. Genome-Wide Comparison of Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZymes) Repertoire of Flammulina ononidis. Mycobiology 2018; 46:349-360. [PMID: 30637143 PMCID: PMC6319455 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1537585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing of Flammulina ononidis, a wood-rotting basidiomycete, was performed to identify genes associated with carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). A total of 12,586 gene structures with an average length of 2009 bp were predicted by the AUGUSTUS tool from a total 35,524,258 bp length of de novo genome assembly (49.76% GC). Orthologous analysis with other fungal species revealed that 7051 groups contained at least one F. ononidis gene. In addition, 11,252 (89.5%) of 12,586 genes for F. ononidis proteins had orthologs among the Dikarya, and F. ononidis contained 8 species-specific genes, of which 5 genes were paralogous. CAZyme prediction revealed 524 CAZyme genes, including 228 for glycoside hydrolases, 21 for polysaccharide lyases, 87 for glycosyltransferases, 61 for carbohydrate esterases, 87 with auxiliary activities, and 40 for carbohydrate-binding modules in the F. ononidis genome. This genome information including CAZyme repertoire will be useful to understand lignocellulolytic machinery of this white rot fungus F. ononidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Park
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Research Institute for Biomedical & Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju-si, Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong-gun, Korea
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Min B, Kim S, Oh YL, Kong WS, Park H, Cho H, Jang KY, Kim JG, Choi IG. Genomic discovery of the hypsin gene and biosynthetic pathways for terpenoids in Hypsizygus marmoreus. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:789. [PMID: 30382831 PMCID: PMC6211417 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypsizygus marmoreus (Beech mushroom) is a popular ingredient in Asian cuisine. The medicinal effects of its bioactive compounds such as hypsin and hypsiziprenol have been reported, but the genetic basis or biosynthesis of these components is unknown. Results In this study, we sequenced a reference strain of H. marmoreus (Haemi 51,987–8). We evaluated various assembly strategies, and as a result the Allpaths and PBJelly produced the best assembly. The resulting genome was 42.7 Mbp in length and annotated with 16,627 gene models. A putative gene (Hypma_04324) encoding the antifungal and antiproliferative hypsin protein with 75% sequence identity with the previously known N-terminal sequence was identified. Carbohydrate active enzyme analysis displayed the typical feature of white-rot fungi where auxiliary activity and carbohydrate-binding modules were enriched. The genome annotation revealed four terpene synthase genes responsible for terpenoid biosynthesis. From the gene tree analysis, we identified that terpene synthase genes can be classified into six clades. Four terpene synthase genes of H. marmoreus belonged to four different groups that implies they may be involved in the synthesis of different structures of terpenes. A terpene synthase gene cluster was well-conserved in Agaricomycetes genomes, which contained known biosynthesis and regulatory genes. Conclusions Genome sequence analysis of this mushroom led to the discovery of the hypsin gene. Comparative genome analysis revealed the conserved gene cluster for terpenoid biosynthesis in the genome. These discoveries will further our understanding of the biosynthesis of medicinal bioactive molecules in this edible mushroom. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5159-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungnam Min
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Seunghwan Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Jeonju, 54874, Korea
| | - Youn-Lee Oh
- Mushroom Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Eumseong, 27709, Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Eumseong, 27709, Korea
| | - Hongjae Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Heejung Cho
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Jeonju, 54874, Korea
| | - Kab-Yeul Jang
- Mushroom Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Eumseong, 27709, Korea
| | - Jeong-Gu Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Jeonju, 54874, Korea.
| | - In-Geol Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
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Chung IM, Han JG, Kong WS, Kim JK, An MJ, Lee JH, An YJ, Jung MY, Kim SH. Regional discrimination of Agaricus bisporus mushroom using the natural stable isotope ratios. Food Chem 2018; 264:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Guo HW, Kong WS, Lai YQ, Kuang F, Zhuang JW, Shan ZG. [Clinical analysis of chronic sternal osteomyelitis with sinus tract after cardiovascular surgery]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2018. [PMID: 29534387 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the diagnosis, therapy and prevention method of chronic sternal osteomyelitis with sinus tract after cardiovascular surgery. Methods: A total of 53 patients with chronic sternal sinus tract after cardiovascular surgery between January 2000 and January 2016. After definite diagnosis by contrast fistulography and CT scanning, all the patients received combined modality therapy including debridement, musculocutaneous flap transplantation and intermediate thickness free skin graft transplantation if necessary. Results: One patient died of false aneurysm due to the sternal sinus tract infection, there were no peri-operative death for all the left 52 patients. Forty-five patients had primary healing and 7 patients had secondary healing. All the patients became total recovery within 3-12 weeks after operation and maintained well during the 5-18 months' follow-up. Conclusions: For the patients with chronic sternal osteomyelitis, operative therapy should be performed as soon as possible once the diagnosis is confirmed. Combined modality therapy including debridement, musculocutaneous flap transplantation and intermediate thickness free skin graft transplantation is confirmed to be effective and secure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Guo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
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Choi HW, Shin PG, Lee JH, Choi WS, Kang MJ, Kong WS, Oh MJ, Seo YB, Kim GD. Anti-inflammatory effect of lovastatin is mediated via the modulation of NF-κB and inhibition of HDAC1 and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1103-1109. [PMID: 29207042 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lovastatin is a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor that is clinically used for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Although it has been reported that lovastatin has anti-inflammatory properties in several studies, how lovastatin regulates the inflammation is still unclear. To evaluate the effect of lovastatin on nitric oxide production (NO) in RAW264.7 macrophages, NO production assay was performed. Also, cell viability was measured to confirm cytotoxicity. Level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) transcription was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from total RNA in RAW264.7 cells. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining were used to investigate the regulation of lovastatin on the expression, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation of cellular proteins. The results of the present study revealed that lovastatin reduced nitric oxide production via the reduction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The mRNA level of TNF-α was reduced in presence of lovastatin. In addition, lovastatin downregulated histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), resulting in the accumulation of acetylated histone H3 and heat shock protein 70. Furthermore, the expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalytic subunits α and β was reduced under lovastatin treatment, and the phosphorylation of Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin was consequently inhibited. Lovastatin also inhibited the phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor (NF)-κBα and the translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus. Therefore, the present study demonstrates that lovastatin inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including iNOS and TNF-α, through the suppression of HDAC1 expression, PI3K/Akt phosphorylation and NF-κB translocation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Wook Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung-Gyun Shin
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Suk Choi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Min-Jae Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Oh
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Bae Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Do Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Kwon HW, Choi MA, Kim DW, Oh YL, Hyun MW, Kong WS, Kim SH. Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer 1 Based Characterization of Button Mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus) Strains. Mycobiology 2016; 44:314-318. [PMID: 28154490 PMCID: PMC5287165 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2016.44.4.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Breeding the button mushroom requires genetic information about its strains. This study was undertaken to genetically characterize four domestically bred button mushroom strains (Saea, Saejung, Saedo, Saeyeon cultivars) and to assess the possibility of using the intergenic spacer 1 (IGS1) region of rDNA as a genetically variable region in the genetic characterization. For the experiment, 34 strains of Agaricus bisporus, two strains of A. bitorquis, and one strain of A. silvaticus, from 17 countries were used. Nucleotide sequence analysis of IGS1 rDNA in these 37 Agaricus strains confirmed that genetic variations exist, not only among the four domestic strains, but also between the four domestic strains and foreign strains. Crossing two different haploid strains of A. bisporus seems to generate genetic variation in the IGS1 region in their off-spring haploid strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on the IGS1 sequence revealed all A. bisporus strains could be differentiated from A. silvaticus and A. bitorquis strains. Five genetic groups were resolved among A. bisporus strains. Saejung and Saeyeon cultivars formed a separate genetic group. Our results suggest that IGS1 could be complementarily applied in the polymorphism analysis of button mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Woo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biodiversity, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Min Ah Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biodiversity, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Dae Wook Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biodiversity, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Youn-Lee Oh
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Min Woo Hyun
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biodiversity, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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18
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Sonnenberg ASM, Gao W, Lavrijssen B, Hendrickx P, Sedaghat-Tellgerd N, Foulongne-Oriol M, Kong WS, Schijlen EGWM, Baars JJP, Visser RGF. A detailed analysis of the recombination landscape of the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 93:35-45. [PMID: 27288752 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is one of the world's most cultivated mushroom species, but in spite of its economic importance generation of new cultivars by outbreeding is exceptional. Previous genetic analyses of the white bisporus variety, including all cultivars and most wild isolates revealed that crossing over frequencies are low, which might explain the lack of introducing novel traits into existing cultivars. By generating two high quality whole genome sequence assemblies (one de novo and the other by improving the existing reference genome) of the first commercial white hybrid Horst U1, a detailed study of the crossover (CO) landscape was initiated. Using a set of 626 SNPs in a haploid offspring of 139 single spore isolates and whole genome sequencing on a limited number of homo- and heterokaryotic single spore isolates, we precisely mapped all COs showing that they are almost exclusively restricted to regions of about 100kb at the chromosome ends. Most basidia of A. bisporus var. bisporus produce two spores and pair preferentially via non-sister nuclei. Combined with the COs restricted to the chromosome ends, these spores retain most of the heterozygosity of the parent thus explaining how present-day white cultivars are genetically so close to the first hybrid marketed in 1980. To our knowledge this is the first example of an organism which displays such specific CO landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton S M Sonnenberg
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wei Gao
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brian Lavrijssen
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Hendrickx
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Narges Sedaghat-Tellgerd
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Foulongne-Oriol
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Elio G W M Schijlen
- PRI Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan J P Baars
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kwon OC, Park YJ, Kim HI, Kong WS, Cho JH, Lee CS. Taxonomic Position and Species Identity of the Cultivated Yeongji 'Ganoderma lucidum' in Korea. Mycobiology 2016; 44:1-6. [PMID: 27103848 PMCID: PMC4838586 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2016.44.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum has a long history of use as a traditional medicine in Asian countries. However, the taxonomy of Ganoderma species remains controversial, since they were initially classified on the basis of their morphological characteristics. Recently, it was proposed that G. lucidum from China be renamed as G. sichuanense or G. lingzhi. In the present study, phylogenetic analysis using the internal transcribed spacer region rDNA sequences of the Ganoderma species indicated that all strains of the Korean 'G. lucidum' clustered into one group together with G. sichuanense and G. lingzhi from China. However, strains from Europe and North American, which were regarded as true G. lucidum, were positioned in a clearly different group. In addition, the average size of the basidiospores from the Korean cultivated Yeongji strains was similar to that of G. lingzhi. Based on these results, we propose that the Korean cultivated Yeongji strains of 'G. lucidum' should be renamed as G. lingzhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- O-Chul Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Young-Jin Park
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Hong-Il Kim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Jae-Han Cho
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
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Kwon HW, Choi MA, Yun YH, Oh YL, Kong WS, Kim SH. Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of Monokaryotic Progeny Strains of Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Mycobiology 2015; 43:81-6. [PMID: 25892920 PMCID: PMC4397385 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2015.43.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To promote the selection of promising monokaryotic strains of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) during breeding, 61 progeny strains derived from basidiospores of two different lines of dikaryotic parental strains, ASI1038 and ASI1346, were analyzed by nucleotide sequencing of the intergenic spacer I (IGS I) region in their rDNA and by extracellular enzyme assays. Nineteen different sizes of IGS I, which ranged from 1,301 to 1,348 bp, were present among twenty ASI1346-derived progeny strains, while 15 different sizes of IGS I, which ranged from 700 to 1,347 bp, were present among twenty ASI1038-derived progeny strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the IGS sequences revealed that different clades were present in both the ASI10388- and ASI1346-derived progeny strains. Plating assays of seven kinds of extracellular enzymes (β-glucosidase, avicelase, CM-cellulase, amylase, pectinase, xylanase, and protease) also revealed apparent variation in the ability to produce extracellular enzymes among the 40 tested progeny strains from both parental A. bisporus strains. Overall, this study demonstrates that characterization of IGS I regions and extracellular enzymes is useful for the assessment of the substrate-degrading ability and heterogenicity of A. bisporus monokaryotic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Woo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biodiversity, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Min Ah Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biodiversity, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Yeo Hong Yun
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biodiversity, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Youn-Lee Oh
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 369-873, Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 369-873, Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biodiversity, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
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Kim HI, Kwon OC, Kong WS, Lee CS, Park YJ. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Novel Laccase Genes in the White-Rot Fungus Flammulina velutipes. Mycobiology 2014; 42:322-330. [PMID: 25606003 PMCID: PMC4298835 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2014.42.4.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify and characterize new Flammulina velutipes laccases from its whole-genome sequence. Of the 15 putative laccase genes detected in the F. velutipes genome, four new laccase genes (fvLac-1, fvLac-2, fvLac3, and fvLac-4) were found to contain four complete copper-binding regions (ten histidine residues and one cysteine residue) and four cysteine residues involved in forming disulfide bridges, fvLac-1, fvLac-2, fvLac3, and fvLac-4, encoding proteins consisting of 516, 518, 515, and 533 amino acid residues, respectively. Potential N-glycosylation sites (Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr) were identified in the cDNA sequence of fvLac-1 (Asn-454), fvLac-2 (Asn-437 and Asn-455), fvLac-3 (Asn-111 and Asn-237), and fvLac4 (Asn-402 and Asn-457). In addition, the first 19~20 amino acid residues of these proteins were predicted to comprise signal peptides. Laccase activity assays and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses clearly reveal that CuSO4 affects the induction and the transcription level of these laccase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Il Kim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - O-Chul Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 440-706, Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Young-Jin Park
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
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Kim SY, Kim KH, Im CH, Ali A, Lee CY, Kong WS, Ryu JS. Identification of degenerate nuclei and development of a SCAR marker for Flammulina velutipes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107207. [PMID: 25221949 PMCID: PMC4164608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flammulina velutipes is one of the major edible mushrooms in the world. Recently, abnormalities that have a negative impact on crop production have been reported in this mushroom. These symptoms include slow vegetative growth, a compact mycelial mat, and few or even no fruiting bodies. The morphologies and fruiting capabilities of monokaryons of wild-type and degenerate strains that arose through arthrospore formation were investigated through test crossing. Only one monokaryotic group of the degenerate strains and its hybrid strains showed abnormal phenotypes. Because the monokaryotic arthrospore has the same nucleus as the parent strain, these results indicated that only one aberrant nucleus of the two nuclei in the degenerate strain was responsible for the degeneracy. A sequence-characterized amplified region marker that is linked to the degenerate monokaryon was identified based on a polymorphic sequence that was generated using random primers. Comparative analyses revealed the presence of a degenerate-specific genomic region in a telomere, which arose via the transfer of a genomic fragment harboring a putative helicase gene. Our findings have narrowed down the potential molecular targets responsible for this phenotype for future studies and have provided a marker for the detection of degenerate strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Kim
- Environment-friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Environment-friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chak Han Im
- Environment-friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Asjad Ali
- Environment-friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumsung, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-San Ryu
- Environment-friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Yoon H, Kong WS, Kim YJ, Kim JG. Complete mitochondrial genome of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma matsutake. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2014; 27:3855-3857. [PMID: 25208172 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2014.958699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal fungus belonging to the class Agaricomycetes and the phylum Basidiomycota. Here, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of T. matsutake. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of T. matsutake seems to be concatenated, and harbors 76,037 nucleotides, with an overall GC content of 20.69%. The mtDNA comprises 15 protein-coding genes, 28 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes. A comparative mitogenomic analysis between Agaricomycetes and other classes (Exobasidiomycetes, Pucciniomycetes, Tremellomycetes, and Ustilaginomycetes) revealed that species belonging to the class Agaricomycetes preferably harbor the codon UUA (coding for leucine) in their mtDNAs, whereas other classes prefer the codon CUA. This bias in the usage of the leucine codon could be the result of evolutionary divergence between the Agaricomycetes and other classes. The T. matsutake mtDNA sequence thus provides insight into the evolutionary characteristics of the Agaricomycetes mtDNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeokjun Yoon
- a Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Kyungpook National University , South Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- b National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA , South Korea , and
| | - Young Ja Kim
- c Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute , South Korea
| | - Jong-Guk Kim
- a Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Kyungpook National University , South Korea
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Kim KH, Kang YM, Im CH, Ali A, Kim SY, Je HJ, Kim MK, Rho HS, Lee HS, Kong WS, Ryu JS. Identification and functional analysis of pheromone and receptor genes in the B3 mating locus of Pleurotus eryngii. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104693. [PMID: 25133513 PMCID: PMC4136793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus eryngii has recently become a major cultivated mushroom; it uses tetrapolar heterothallism as a part of its reproductive process. Sexual development progresses only when the A and B mating types are compatible. Such mating incompatibility occasionally limits the efficiency of breeding programs in which crossing within loci-shared strains or backcrossing strategies are employed. Therefore, understanding the mating system in edible mushroom fungi will help provide a short cut in the development of new strains. We isolated and identified pheromone and receptor genes in the B3 locus of P. eryngii and performed a functional analysis of the genes in the mating process by transformation. A genomic DNA library was constructed to map the entire mating-type locus. The B3 locus was found to contain four pheromone precursor genes and four receptor genes. Remarkably, receptor PESTE3.3.1 has just 34 amino acid residues in its C-terminal cytoplasmic region; therefore, it seems likely to be a receptor-like gene. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR (real-time qRT-PCR) revealed that most pheromone and receptor genes showed significantly higher expression in monokaryotic cells than dikaryotic cells. The pheromone genes PEphb3.1 and PEphb3.3 and the receptor gene PESTE3.3.1 were transformed into P5 (A3B4). The transformants were mated with a tester strain (A4B4), and the progeny showed clamp connections and a normal fruiting body, which indicates the proposed role of these genes in mating and fruiting processes. This result also confirms that PESTE3.3.1 is a receptor gene. In this study, we identified pheromone and receptor genes in the B3 locus of P. eryngii and found that some of those genes appear to play a role in the mating and fruiting processes. These results might help elucidate the mechanism of fruiting differentiation and improve breeding efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hee Kim
- Environment-friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Kang
- Environment-friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chak Han Im
- Environment-friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Asjad Ali
- Environment-friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Environment-friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Je
- Environment-friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Keun Kim
- Environment-friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Su Rho
- Department of Microbiology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumsung, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-San Ryu
- Environment-friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Park YJ, Yoon DE, Kim HI, Kwon OC, Yoo YB, Kong WS, Lee CS. Overproduction of Laccase by the White-Rot Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus Using Apple Pomace as Inducer. Mycobiology 2014; 42:193-197. [PMID: 25071391 PMCID: PMC4112238 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2014.42.2.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Laccase activity of Pleurotus ostreatus is significantly increased by the addition of apple pomace. Among various conditions, the best concentration of apple pomace and cultivation time for the production of laccase by P. ostreatus was 2.5% and 9 days, respectively. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses of laccase isoenzyme genes, including pox1, pox3, pox4, poxc, poxa3, and poxa1b, revealed a clear effect of apple pomace on transcription induction. Our findings reveal that the use of apple pomace can be a model for the valuable addition of similar wastes and for the development of a solid-state fermenter and commercial production of oyster mushroom P. ostreatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Park
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Dae-Eun Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Hong-Il Kim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - O-Chul Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Young-Bok Yoo
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 440-706, Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 440-706, Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
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Kim T, Park K, Jung HS, Kong WS, Jeon D, Lee SH. Evaluation of Anti-atopic Dermatitis Activity ofHypsizigus marmoreusExtract. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1539-46. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- TaeHo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; Sungkyunkwan University; Seoul Korea
| | - KiMoon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; Sungkyunkwan University; Seoul Korea
| | - Hye Sun Jung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; Sungkyunkwan University; Seoul Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division; National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration; Eumseong 368-873 Korea
| | - DaeHoon Jeon
- Mushroom Research Station; Gyeonggi-Do Agricultural Research and Extension Services; Gyeonggi-Do Korea
| | - Seung Ho Lee
- Major of Nano-Bioengineering; Incheon National University; 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 406-772 Korea
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Yoon H, You YH, Kim YE, Kim YJ, Kong WS, Kim JG. Cloning and mRNA expression analysis of the gene encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma matsutake. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 23:1055-9. [PMID: 23801251 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1303.03064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma matsutake grows symbiotically with Pinus densiflora. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (E.C. 4.3.1.24) catalyzes the conversion of L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid. The role of fungal phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, however, has not been clear until now. In this study, the gene encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), which was isolated from T. matsutake, was cloned and characterized. The PAL gene (tmpal) consists of 2,160 nucleotides, coding for a polypeptide containing 719 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of tmpal from T. matsutake shows high identity (70%) with that from Laccaria bicolor. Comparative analysis of the PAL genes among T. matsutake and other species of the class Agaricomycetes showed that both active sites and binding sites were significantly conserved among these genes. The transcriptional analysis of the PAL gene revealed a differential gene expression pattern depending on the developmental stages (mycelium, primordium, stipe, pileus, and gills) of T. matsutake. These results suggest that the PAL gene in T. matsutake plays an important role in multiple physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeokjun Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Kim YE, Yoon H, Kim M, Nam YJ, Kim H, Seo Y, Lee GM, Ja Kim Y, Kong WS, Kim JG, Seu YB. Metagenomic analysis of bacterial communities on Dokdo Island. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2014; 60:65-74. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.60.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lee YS, Song TY, Kong WS, Yoon MH. Characterization of γ-Aminobutyric acid(GABA) produced by a lactic acid bacterium from button mushroom bed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.14480/jm.2013.11.4.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Oh J, Kong WS, Sung GH. Complete mitochondrial genome of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria pseudobassiana (Ascomycota, Cordycipitaceae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 26:777-8. [PMID: 24320567 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2013.855747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria pseudobassiana (Ascomycota, Cordycipitaceae) was determined and found to be 28,006 bp in length. It encodes genes for 14 proteins, 2 ribosomal RNA subunits, 25 transfer RNAs with the synteny identical to those of B. bassiana and B. brongniartii. The overall base composition is 36.7% A, 35.8% T, 15.3% C and 12.2% G with an AT content of 72.5%. Group-І introns were found in large rRNA gene (rnl) and cox2 gene that include rps3 gene and putative GIY-YIG homing endonuclease, respectively. The mitochondrial genome of B. pseudobassiana will contribute to the investigation of the phylogenetic relationship, taxonomic resolution and biogeography of Beauveria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsang Oh
- a Mushroom Research Division , National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration , Eumseong , Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- a Mushroom Research Division , National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration , Eumseong , Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- a Mushroom Research Division , National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration , Eumseong , Korea
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Park YJ, Nam JY, Yoon DE, Kwon OC, Kim HI, Yoo YB, Kong WS, Lee CS. Comparison of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-allergic effects of Ganoderma species mycelial extracts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.14480/jm.2013.11.2.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Walpola BC, Noh JG, Kim CK, Kyung KC, Kong WS, Yoon MH. Optimization of Indole-3-Acetic production by phosphate solubilization bacteria isolated from waste mushroom bed of Agaricus bisporus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.14480/jm.2013.11.2.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lee CJ, Jhune CS, Cheong JC, Moon JW, Kong WS, Suh JS, Park GC, Shin YS. Characteristics of Culture of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on Addition Rate of Acer tegmentosum. The Korean Journal of Mycology 2013. [DOI: 10.4489/kjm.2013.41.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ryu JS, Kim MK, Ro HS, Kang YM, Kwon JH, Kong WS, Lee HS. Identification of mating type loci and development of SCAR marker genetically linked to the B3 locus in Pleurotus eryngii. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 22:1177-84. [PMID: 22814489 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1108.08085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In order to estimate how diverse the mating types in Pleurotus eryngii from different regions are, pairings between monokaryons derived from inter- and intragroups were done. Sixteen and 15 alleles were identified at loci A and B from the 12 strains. In the P. eryngii KNR2312, widely used for commercial production, four mating loci, A3, A4, B3, and B4, were determined. Those loci, except A3, were found in 4 strains out of 12 strains. To improve breeding efficiency, especially in mating type determination, RAPD and BSA were performed to screen for a mating type specific marker. The SCAR marker 13- 2(2100) was developed based on the RAPD-derived sequence typing B3 locus. The sequence analysis of 13-2(2100) revealed that it contained a conserved domain, the STE3 superfamily, and consensus sequences like the TATA box and GC box. It seems likely that the SCAR marker region is a part of the pheromone receptor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-San Ryu
- Eco-friendliness Research Department, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, 1085-1 Chojun-Dong, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Yoon H, You YH, Woo JR, Park YJ, Kong WS, Lee BM, Kim JG. The mitochondrial genome of the white-rot fungus Flammulina velutipes. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2012; 58:331-7. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.58.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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You YH, Yoon HJ, Woo JR, Rim SO, Lee JH, Kong WS, Kim JG. Diversity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from the Rootlet of Pinus densiflora Colonized by Tricholoma matsutake. The Korean Journal of Mycology 2011. [DOI: 10.4489/kjm.2010.39.3.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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van Peer AF, Park SY, Shin PG, Jang KY, Yoo YB, Park YJ, Lee BM, Sung GH, James TY, Kong WS. Comparative genomics of the mating-type loci of the mushroom Flammulina velutipes reveals widespread synteny and recent inversions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22249. [PMID: 21799803 PMCID: PMC3140503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mating-type loci of mushroom fungi contain master regulatory genes that control recognition between compatible nuclei, maintenance of compatible nuclei as heterokaryons, and fruiting body development. Regions near mating-type loci in fungi often show adapted recombination, facilitating the generation of novel mating types and reducing the production of self-compatible mating types. Compared to other fungi, mushroom fungi have complex mating-type systems, showing both loci with redundant function (subloci) and subloci with many alleles. The genomic organization of mating-type loci has been solved in very few mushroom species, which complicates proper interpretation of mating-type evolution and use of those genes in breeding programs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We report a complete genetic structure of the mating-type loci from the tetrapolar, edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes mating type A3B3. Two matB3 subloci, matB3a that contains a unique pheromone and matB3b, were mapped 177 Kb apart on scaffold 1. The matA locus of F. velutipes contains three homeodomain genes distributed over 73 Kb distant matA3a and matA3b subloci. The conserved matA region in Agaricales approaches 350 Kb and contains conserved recombination hotspots showing major rearrangements in F. velutipes and Schizophyllum commune. Important evolutionary differences were indicated; separation of the matA subloci in F. velutipes was diverged from the Coprinopsis cinerea arrangement via two large inversions whereas separation in S. commune emerged through transposition of gene clusters. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In our study we determined that the Agaricales have very large scale synteny at matA (∼350 Kb) and that this synteny is maintained even when parts of this region are separated through chromosomal rearrangements. Four conserved recombination hotspots allow reshuffling of large fragments of this region. Next to this, it was revealed that large distance subloci can exist in matB as well. Finally, the genes that were linked to specific mating types will serve as molecular markers in breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arend F. van Peer
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Young Park
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung-Gyun Shin
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kab-Yeul Jang
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Bok Yoo
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Park
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Moo Lee
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Timothy Y. James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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You YH, Hwang JS, Yoon HJ, Khan SA, Rim SO, Bae JJ, Choo YS, Lee IJ, Kong WS, Lee BM, Kim JG. Plant Growth Promotion of Calystegia soldanella and Ischaemum anthephoroides by the Strain Penicillium citrinum KACC43900. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2010.20.9.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kim SY, Kong WS, Cho JY. Identification of differentially expressed genes in Flammulina velutipes with anti-tyrosinase activity. Curr Microbiol 2010; 62:452-7. [PMID: 20680279 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It was previously shown that fruiting bodies of the mushroom, Flammulina velutipes, exert anti-tyrosinase activity by producing a triacylglycerol characterized as 1',3'-dilinolenoyl-2'-linoleoylglycerol (LnLLn). In this study, we provide evidence that the mycelia of F. velutipes grown on glucose, but not on glycerol, exhibit anti-tyrosinase activity. To identify genes possibly involved in the process of expressing anti-tyrosinase activity in F. velutipes, a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method that involves annealing control primers (ACPs) was employed. Using 120 ACPs, a total of 84 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in F. velutipes mycelia with anti-tyrosinase activity were cloned and sequenced. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) searches revealed that 72 of the genes have known sequence homology. Of these, three genes involved in the synthesis and modification of fatty acids were selected and further quantified by real-time RT-PCR. These genes involved in fatty acid-biosynthetic processes can be potential candidates for further studies related to the development of a new anti-browning agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yoon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Health Science, Sangji University, Gangwon-do, 220-702, Korea
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Park YJ, Kim JK, Kong WS, Song ES, Lee CS, Kim H, Hahn JH, Kang HW, Lee BM. Electrophoretic karyotyping and construction of a bacterial artificial chromosome library of the winter mushroom Flammulina velutipes. Microbiol Res 2010; 165:321-8. [PMID: 19720512 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An electrophoretic karyotype of Korean Flammulina velutipes was obtained using contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) gel electrophoresis. The monokaryotic progenies (4019-20 and 4019-18) and a dikaryotic strain (4019-2018) had 6-8 chromosomes, with sizes ranging from 1.6 to 5.8 megabase (Mb) pairs. Among the 3 strains that were examined, strain 4019-20 resolved into at least 7 chromosomes, with a total genome size of approximately 26.7Mb. We selected several chromosome-specific genes from the cDNA library of F. velutipes using Southern hybridization analysis. In order to determine the whole genome sequence, we constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of the 4019-20 strain. The BAC library comprised 3840 clones, and the insert size ranged from 60 to 228kb, with an average size of 136kb.
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Ma KH, Lee GA, Lee SY, Gwag JG, Kim TS, Kong WS, Seo KI, Lee GS, Park YJ. Development and characterization of new microsatellite markers for the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 19:851-7. [PMID: 19809239 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.0811.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
We developed and characterized 36 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). In total, 169 alleles were identified with an average of 4.7 alleles per locus. Values for observed (HO) and expected (HE) heterozygosities ranged from 0.027 to 0.946 and from 0.027 to 0.810, respectively. Nineteen loci deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Significant (P<0.05) excess heterozygosity was observed at nine loci. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was significant (P<0.05) between pairs of locus alleles. Cluster analysis revealed that five species of genus Pleurotus made a distinct group, and the individual cultivars were grouped into major five groups from G-1 to G-5. The diverse cultivars of P. ostreatus were discriminated and the other four species revealed a different section in the UPGMA tree. These microsatellite markers proved to be very useful tools for genetic studies, including assessment of the diversity and population structure of P. ostreatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ho Ma
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-707, Korea
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Jang SG, Jeon KS, Lee EH, Kong WS, Cho JY. Isolation of 1',3'-dilinolenoyl'-2'-linoleoylglycerol with tyrosinase inhibitory activity from Flammulina velutipes. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 19:681-4. [PMID: 19652515 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.0811.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Flammulina velutipes extracts on tyrosinase activity and to identify its biologically active component. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts showed potent tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Subsequently, fractions of the nbutanol extract showed only a partial tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The most active compound of tyrosinase inhibitory activity was identified from the ethyl acetate extract as 1',3'-dilinolenoyl-2'-linoleoylglycerol (LnLLn) by comparing its mass, 1H-, and 13C-NMR spectral data with those previously reported in the literature. LnLLn showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 16.1 mug/ml. These results suggest that the ethyl acetate extract of F. velutipes could be applicable for the development of a new whitening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Gul Jang
- Department of Bioindustry and Technology, Sangji University, Wonju, Korea
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Joh JH, Kim KY, Lim JH, Son ES, Park HR, Park YJ, Kong WS, Yoo YB, Lee CS. Comparative analysis of expressed sequence tags from Flammulina velutipes at different developmental stages. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 19:774-780. [PMID: 19734714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Flammulina velutipes is a popular edible basidiomycete mushroom found in East Asia and is commonly known as winter mushroom. Mushroom development showing dramatic morphological changes by different environmental factors is scientifically and commercially interesting. To create a genetic database and isolate genes regulated during mushroom development, cDNA libraries were constructed from three developmental stages of mycelium, primordium, and fruit body in F. velutipes. We generated a total of 5,431 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from randomly selected clones from the three cDNA libraries. Of these, 3,332 different unique genes (unigenes) were consistent with 2,442 (73%) singlets and 890 (27%) contigs. This corresponds to a redundancy of 39%. Using a homology search in the gene ontology database, the EST unigenes were classified into the three categories of molecular function (28%), biological process (29%), and cellular component (6%). Comparative analysis found great variations in the unigene expression pattern among the three different unigene sets generated from the cDNA libraries of mycelium, primordium, and fruit body. The 19-34% of total unigenes were unique to each unigene set and only 3% were shared among all three unigene sets. The unique and common representation in F. velutipes unigenes from the three different cDNA libraries suggests great differential gene expression profiles during the different developmental stages of F. velutipes mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong-Ho Joh
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chung-Ju 380-701, Korea
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Jang KY, Cho SM, Seok SJ, Kong WS, Kim GH, Sung JM. Screening of Biodegradable Function of Indigenous Ligno-degrading Mushroom Using Dyes. Mycobiology 2009; 37:53-61. [PMID: 23983508 PMCID: PMC3749457 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2009.37.1.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The process of biodegradation in lingo-cellulosic materials is critically relevant to biospheric carbon. The study of this natural process has largely involved laboratory investigations, focused primarily on the biodegradation and recycling of agricultural by-products, generally using basidiomycetes species. In order to collect super white rot fungi and evaluate its ability to degrade lingo-cellulosic material, 35 fungal strains, collected from forests, humus soil, livestock manure, and dead trees, were screened for enzyme activities and their potential to decolorize the commercially used Poly-R 478 dye. In the laccase enzymatic analysis chemical test, 33 white rot fungi and 2 brown rot fungi were identified. The degradation ability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) according to the utilized environmental conditions was higher in the mushrooms grown in dead trees and fallen leaves than in the mushrooms grown in humus soil and livestock manure. Using Poly-R 478 dye to assess the PAH-degradation activity of the identified strains, four strains, including Agrocybe pediades, were selected. The activities of laccase, MnP, and Lip of the four strains with PAH-degrading ability were highest in Pleurotus incarnates. 87 fungal strains, collected from forests, humus soil, livestock manure, and dead trees, were screened for enzyme activities and their potential to decolorize the commercially used Poly-R 478 dye on solid media. Using Poly-R 478 dye to assess the PAHdegrading activity of the identified strains, it was determined that MKACC 51632 and 52492 strains evidenced superior activity in static and shaken liquid cultures. Subsequent screening on plates containing the polymeric dye poly R-478, the decolorization of which is correlated with lignin degradation, resulted in the selection of a strain of Coriolus versicolor, MKACC52492, for further study, primarily due to its rapid growth rate and profound ability to decolorize poly R-478 on solid media. Considering our findings using Poly-R 478 dye to evaluate the PAH-degrading activity of the identified strains, Coriolus versicolor, MKACC 52492 was selected as a favorable strain. Coriolus versicolor, which was collected from Mt. Yeogi in Suwon, was studied for the production of the lignin-modifying enzymes laccase, manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP), and lignin peroxidase (LiP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kab-Yeul Jang
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Suwon 441-707, Korea
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Khan SA, Hamayun M, Yoon H, Kim HY, Suh SJ, Hwang SK, Kim JM, Lee IJ, Choo YS, Yoon UH, Kong WS, Lee BM, Kim JG. Plant growth promotion and Penicillium citrinum. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:231. [PMID: 19099608 PMCID: PMC2631606 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endophytic fungi are known plant symbionts. They produce a variety of beneficial metabolites for plant growth and survival, as well as defend their hosts from attack of certain pathogens. Coastal dunes are nutrient deficient and offer harsh, saline environment for the existing flora and fauna. Endophytic fungi may play an important role in plant survival by enhancing nutrient uptake and producing growth-promoting metabolites such as gibberellins and auxins. We screened roots of Ixeris repenes (L.) A. Gray, a common dune plant, for the isolation of gibberellin secreting endophytic fungi. RESULTS We isolated 15 endophytic fungi from the roots of Ixeris repenes and screened them for growth promoting secondary metabolites. The fungal isolate IR-3-3 gave maximum plant growth when applied to waito-c rice and Atriplex gemelinii seedlings. Analysis of the culture filtrate of IR-3-3 showed the presence of physiologically active gibberellins, GA1, GA3, GA4 and GA7 (1.95 ng/ml, 3.83 ng/ml, 6.03 ng/ml and 2.35 ng/ml, respectively) along with other physiologically inactive GA5, GA9, GA12, GA15, GA19, GA20 and, GA24. The plant growth promotion and gibberellin producing capacity of IR-3-3 was much higher than the wild type Gibberella fujikuroi, which was taken as control during present study. GA5, a precursor of bioactive GA3 was reported for the first time in fungi. The fungal isolate IR-3-3 was identified as a new strain of Penicillium citrinum (named as P. citrinum KACC43900) through phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA sequence. CONCLUSION Isolation of new strain of Penicillium citrinum from the sand dune flora is interesting as information on the presence of Pencillium species in coastal sand dunes is limited. The plant growth promoting ability of this fungal strain may help in conservation and revegetation of the rapidly eroding sand dune flora. Penicillium citrinum is already known for producing mycotoxin citrinin and cellulose digesting enzymes like cellulase and endoglucanase, as well as xylulase. Gibberellins producing ability of this fungus and the discovery about the presence of GA5 will open new aspects of research and investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Afzal Khan
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, South Korea
- Center of Biotechnology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Agronomy, Kyungpook National University, South Korea
| | - Hyeokjun Yoon
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, South Korea
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- Department of Horticulture, University of California-Davis, USA
| | - Seok-Jong Suh
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, South Korea
| | - Seon-Kap Hwang
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, South Korea
| | - Jong-Myeong Kim
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, South Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Kyungpook National University, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Sik Choo
- Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, South Korea
| | - Ung-Han Yoon
- Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, South Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horiticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, South Korea
| | - Byung-Moo Lee
- Department of Agricultural Bio-resource, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, South Korea
| | - Jong-Guk Kim
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, South Korea
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Joh JH, Kim BG, Kong WS, Yoo YB, Kim NK, Park HR, Cho BG, Lee CS. Cloning and developmental expression of a metzincin family metalloprotease cDNA from oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 239:57-62. [PMID: 15451101 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2004] [Revised: 07/24/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A cDNA clone, PoMTP, encoding a putative metzincin family metalloprotease was isolated from the expressed sequence tags of a basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus. The 5'-end sequence of PoMTP was determined by the 5'-RACE method. Full-length cDNA sequence (1140 bp) of PoMTP contained a 870 bp open reading frame encoding a protein product of 290 amino acids in addition to a 99 bp of 5'-untranslated sequence and a 171 bp of 3'-untranslated sequence with a poly(A) tail. The deduced amino-acid sequences of PoMTP contained an extensive zinc-binding consensus sequence and a so-called Met-turn sequence which are typical for the metzincin family of metalloproteases, indicating that the PoMTP protein belongs to the metzincin metalloproteases. Four cysteine residues were also observed in the zinc-binding region of PoMTP amino-acid sequence, which are known to be important for the structure and the function of some subfamilies of the metzincins. Comparison of the PoMTP in sequence database showed no significant homology with functionally known metalloproteases of Armillaria mellea, Grifola frondosa, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Schizophyllum commune and Tricholoma saponaceum in mushroom. Northern blot and qunatitative RT-PCR analyses indicated the PoMTP mRNA to be abundant at primordial and fruit body stages, but scarce at the mycelial stage, suggesting that the PoMTP metalloprotease plays an important role in mushroom fruiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong-Ho Joh
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, College of Natural Science, Konkuk University, Chung-Ju, Korea
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Yoo YB, Kim GH, Lee KH, Kim BG, Shin PG, Kong WS, Jang KY. Basidioma Development and Mating System Analysis of Somatic Hybrids by Protoplast Fusion in Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms. Int J Med Mushrooms 2001. [DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushr.v3.i2-3.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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