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Schneckenburger H. Laser Application in Life Sciences. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108526. [PMID: 37239881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their invention by Theodore Maiman in 1960, lasers represent a class of light sources based on the stimulated emission of radiation in the visible, ultraviolet or infrared spectral range [...].
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Schneckenburger H. Lasers in Live Cell Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095015. [PMID: 35563406 PMCID: PMC9102032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their unique properties—coherent radiation, diffraction limited focusing, low spectral bandwidth and in many cases short light pulses—lasers play an increasing role in live cell microscopy. Lasers are indispensable tools in 3D microscopy, e.g., confocal, light sheet or total internal reflection microscopy, as well as in super-resolution microscopy using wide-field or confocal methods. Further techniques, e.g., spectral imaging or fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) often depend on the well-defined spectral or temporal properties of lasers. Furthermore, laser microbeams are used increasingly for optical tweezers or micromanipulation of cells. Three exemplary laser applications in live cell biology are outlined. They include fluorescence diagnosis, in particular in combination with Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), photodynamic therapy as well as laser-assisted optoporation, and demonstrate the potential of lasers in cell biology and—more generally—in biomedicine.
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3
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Blázquez-Castro A, Fernández-Piqueras J, Santos J. Genetic Material Manipulation and Modification by Optical Trapping and Nanosurgery-A Perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:580937. [PMID: 33072730 PMCID: PMC7530750 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.580937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Light can be employed as a tool to alter and manipulate matter in many ways. An example has been the implementation of optical trapping, the so called optical tweezers, in which light can hold and move small objects with 3D control. Of interest for the Life Sciences and Biotechnology is the fact that biological objects in the size range from tens of nanometers to hundreds of microns can be precisely manipulated through this technology. In particular, it has been shown possible to optically trap and move genetic material (DNA and chromatin) using optical tweezers. Also, these biological entities can be severed, rearranged and reconstructed by the combined use of laser scissors and optical tweezers. In this review, the background, current state and future possibilities of optical tweezers and laser scissors to manipulate, rearrange and alter genetic material (DNA, chromatin and chromosomes) will be presented. Sources of undesirable effects by the optical procedure and measures to avoid them will be discussed. In addition, first tentative approaches at cellular-level genetic and organelle surgery, in which genetic material or DNA-carrying organelles are extracted out or introduced into cells, will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Blázquez-Castro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Genome Dynamics and Function Program, Genome Decoding Unit, Severo Ochoa Molecular Biology Center (CBMSO), CSIC-Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Fernández-Piqueras
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Genome Dynamics and Function Program, Genome Decoding Unit, Severo Ochoa Molecular Biology Center (CBMSO), CSIC-Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Health Research Jiménez Diaz Foundation, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Santos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Genome Dynamics and Function Program, Genome Decoding Unit, Severo Ochoa Molecular Biology Center (CBMSO), CSIC-Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Health Research Jiménez Diaz Foundation, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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Schneckenburger H. Laser-assisted optoporation of cells and tissues - a mini-review. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:2883-2888. [PMID: 31259058 PMCID: PMC6583334 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.002883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Laser microbeam techniques are presented, which permit the introduction of molecules or small particles into living cells. Possible mechanisms - including photochemical, photothermal and opto-mechanical interactions (ablations) - are induced by continuous wave (cw) or pulsed lasers of different wavelength, power, and mode of operation. Laser-assisted optoporation permits the uptake of fluorescent dyes as well as DNA plasmids for cell transfection, and, in addition to its broad application to cultivated cells, may have some clinical potential.
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5
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Wang P, Liang J, Shi LZ, Wang Y, Zhang P, Ouyang M, Preece D, Peng Q, Shao L, Fan J, Sun J, Li SS, Berns MW, Zhao H, Wang Y. Visualizing Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Intercellular Mechanotransmission upon Wounding. ACS PHOTONICS 2018; 5:3565-3574. [PMID: 31069245 PMCID: PMC6502247 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.8b00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During cell-to-cell communications, the interplay between physical and biochemical cues is essential for informational exchange and functional coordination, especially in multicellular organisms. However, it remains a challenge to visualize intercellular signaling dynamics in single live cells. Here, we report a photonic approach, based on laser microscissors and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy, to study intercellular signaling transmission. First, using our high-throughput screening platform, we developed a highly sensitive FRET-based biosensor (SCAGE) for Src kinase, a key regulator of intercellular interactions and signaling cascades. Notably, SCAGE showed a more than 40-fold sensitivity enhancement than the original biosensor in live mammalian cells. Next, upon local severance of physical intercellular connections by femtosecond laser pulses, SCAGE enabled the visualization of a transient Src activation across neighboring cells. Lastly, we found that this observed transient Src activation following the loss of cell-cell contacts depends on the passive structural support of cytoskeleton but not on the active actomyosin contractility. Hence, by precisely introducing local physical perturbations and directly visualizing spatiotemporal transmission of ensuing signaling events, our integrated approach could be broadly applied to mimic and investigate the wounding process at single-cell resolutions. This integrated approach with highly sensitive FRET-based biosensors provides a unique system to advance our in-depth understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the physical-biochemical basis of intercellular coupling and wounding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhi Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology
| | - Linda Z. Shi
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ping Zhang
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingxing Ouyang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Daryl Preece
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Qin Peng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lunan Shao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jason Fan
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Shawn S. Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario Canada N6A 5C1
- Children’s Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario Canada N6C 2 V5
| | - Michael W. Berns
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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6
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Holton NW, Andrews JF, Gassman NR. Application of Laser Micro-irradiation for Examination of Single and Double Strand Break Repair in Mammalian Cells. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28930988 PMCID: PMC5752190 DOI: 10.3791/56265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly coordinated DNA repair pathways exist to detect, excise and replace damaged DNA bases, and coordinate repair of DNA strand breaks. While molecular biology techniques have clarified structure, enzymatic functions, and kinetics of repair proteins, there is still a need to understand how repair is coordinated within the nucleus. Laser micro-irradiation offers a powerful tool for inducing DNA damage and monitoring the recruitment of repair proteins. Induction of DNA damage by laser micro-irradiation can occur with a range of wavelengths, and users can reliably induce single strand breaks, base lesions and double strand breaks with a range of doses. Here, laser micro-irradiation is used to examine repair of single and double strand breaks induced by two common confocal laser wavelengths, 355 nm and 405 nm. Further, proper characterization of the applied laser dose for inducing specific damage mixtures is described, so users can reproducibly perform laser micro-irradiation data acquisition and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel W Holton
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute
| | - Joel F Andrews
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute
| | - Natalie R Gassman
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute;
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7
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Greulich KO. Manipulation of cells with laser microbeam scissors and optical tweezers: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:026601. [PMID: 28008877 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/80/2/026601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of laser microbeams and optical tweezers in a wide field of biological applications from genomic to immunology is discussed. Microperforation is used to introduce a well-defined amount of molecules into cells for genetic engineering and optical imaging. The microwelding of two cells induced by a laser microbeam combines their genetic outfit. Microdissection allows specific regions of genomes to be isolated from a whole set of chromosomes. Handling the cells with optical tweezers supports investigation on the attack of immune systems against diseased or cancerous cells. With the help of laser microbeams, heart infarction can be simulated, and optical tweezers support studies on the heartbeat. Finally, laser microbeams are used to induce DNA damage in living cells for studies on cancer and ageing.
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Ren L, Robertson WD, Reimer R, Heinze C, Schneider C, Eggert D, Truschow P, Hansen NO, Kroetz P, Zou J, Miller RJD. Towards instantaneous cellular level bio diagnosis: laser extraction and imaging of biological entities with conserved integrity and activity. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:284001. [PMID: 26111866 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/28/284001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The prospect for spatial imaging with mass spectroscopy at the level of the cell requires new means of cell extraction to conserve molecular structure. To this aim, we demonstrate a new laser extraction process capable of extracting intact biological entities with conserved biological function. The method is based on the recently developed picosecond infrared laser (PIRL), designed specifically to provide matrix-free extraction by selectively exciting the water vibrational modes under the condition of ultrafast desorption by impulsive vibrational excitation (DIVE). The basic concept is to extract the constituent protein structures on the fastest impulsive limit for ablation to avoid excessive thermal heating of the proteins and to use strongly resonant 1-photon conditions to avoid multiphoton ionization and degradation of the sample integrity. With various microscope imaging and biochemical analysis methods, nanoscale single protein molecules, viruses, and cells in the ablation plume are found to be morphologically and functionally identical with their corresponding controls. This method provides a new means to resolve chemical activity within cells and is amenable to subcellular imaging with near-field approaches. The most important finding is the conserved nature of the extracted biological material within the laser ablation plume, which is fully consistent with in vivo structures and characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ren
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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Kassianidou E, Kumar S. A biomechanical perspective on stress fiber structure and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:3065-74. [PMID: 25896524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Stress fibers are actomyosin-based bundles whose structural and contractile properties underlie numerous cellular processes including adhesion, motility and mechanosensing. Recent advances in high-resolution live-cell imaging and single-cell force measurement have dramatically sharpened our understanding of the assembly, connectivity, and evolution of various specialized stress fiber subpopulations. This in turn has motivated interest in understanding how individual stress fibers generate tension and support cellular structure and force generation. In this review, we discuss approaches for measuring the mechanical properties of single stress fibers. We begin by discussing studies conducted in cell-free settings, including strategies based on isolation of intact stress fibers and reconstitution of stress fiber-like structures from purified components. We then discuss measurements obtained in living cells based both on inference of stress fiber properties from whole-cell mechanical measurements (e.g., atomic force microscopy) and on direct interrogation of single stress fibers (e.g., subcellular laser nanosurgery). We conclude by reviewing various mathematical models of stress fiber function that have been developed based on these experimental measurements. An important future challenge in this area will be the integration of these sophisticated biophysical measurements with the field's increasingly detailed molecular understanding of stress fiber assembly, dynamics, and signal transduction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kassianidou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, United States.
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10
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Tong Z, Segura-Feliu M, Seira O, Homs-Corbera A, Del Río JA, Samitier J. A microfluidic neuronal platform for neuron axotomy and controlled regenerative studies. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11522a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have presented here a simple microfluidic approach to model mechanical and synchronized axotomy of a large number of axons to study axonal regeneration, and to facilitate rapid screening and discovery of novel pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiu Tong
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Miriam Segura-Feliu
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Department of Cell Biology
- University of Barcelona
| | - Oscar Seira
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Antoni Homs-Corbera
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería
- Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBERBBN)
| | - José Antonio Del Río
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Department of Cell Biology
- University of Barcelona
| | - Josep Samitier
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería
- Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBERBBN)
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11
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Cell adhesion promotion strategies for signal transduction enhancement in microelectrode array in vitro electrophysiology: An introductory overview and critical discussion. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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12
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Vassalli M, Basso M, Difato F. Measurement of tension release during laser induced axon lesion to evaluate axonal adhesion to the substrate at piconewton and millisecond resolution. J Vis Exp 2013:e50477. [PMID: 23748878 DOI: 10.3791/50477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of functional connections in a developing neuronal network is influenced by extrinsic cues. The neurite growth of developing neurons is subject to chemical and mechanical signals, and the mechanisms by which it senses and responds to mechanical signals are poorly understood. Elucidating the role of forces in cell maturation will enable the design of scaffolds that can promote cell adhesion and cytoskeletal coupling to the substrate, and therefore improve the capacity of different neuronal types to regenerate after injury. Here, we describe a method to apply simultaneous force spectroscopy measurements during laser induced cell lesion. We measure tension release in the partially lesioned axon by simultaneous interferometric tracking of an optically trapped probe adhered to the membrane of the axon. Our experimental protocol detects the tension release with piconewton sensitivity, and the dynamic of the tension release at millisecond time resolution. Therefore, it offers a high-resolution method to study how the mechanical coupling between cells and substrates can be modulated by pharmacological treatment and/or by distinct mechanical properties of the substrate.
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Wu T, Mohanty S, Gomez-Godinez V, Shi LZ, Liaw LH, Miotke J, Meyer RL, Berns MW. Neuronal growth cones respond to laser-induced axonal damage. J R Soc Interface 2011; 9:535-47. [PMID: 21831892 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well known that damage to neurons results in release of substances that inhibit axonal growth, release of chemical signals from damaged axons that attract axon growth cones has not been observed. In this study, a 532 nm 12 ns laser was focused to a diffraction-limited spot to produce site-specific damage to single goldfish axons in vitro. The axons underwent a localized decrease in thickness ('thinning') within seconds. Analysis by fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy indicated that there was no gross rupture of the cell membrane. Mitochondrial transport along the axonal cytoskeleton immediately stopped at the damage site, but recovered over several minutes. Within seconds of damage nearby growth cones extended filopodia towards the injury and were often observed to contact the damaged site. Turning of the growth cone towards the injured axon also was observed. Repair of the laser-induced damage was evidenced by recovery of the axon thickness as well as restoration of mitochondrial movement. We describe a new process of growth cone response to damaged axons. This has been possible through the interface of optics (laser subcellular surgery), fluorescence and electron microscopy, and a goldfish retinal ganglion cell culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA.
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Greulich KO. Photons bring light into DNA repair: the comet assay and laser microbeams for studying photogenotoxicity of drugs and ageing. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2011; 4:165-171. [PMID: 21287688 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This contribution reviews recent applications of micromanipulation, by UV photons, in DNA repair and ageing research as well as in the evaluation of the phototoxicity of drugs. In some cases, micromanipulation is combined with the comet assay, a technique, which allows a direct view on DNA damages. It is shown that, in humans, the sensitivity of DNA to UV induced damage and its subsequent repair is surprisingly stable up to high age and that drugs which are usually non-toxic induce DNA damage when irradiated in parallel by UV irradiation. Using the immune fluorescent comet assay, IFCA, a variant of the comet assay, direct comparison of the effects of ionizing (137) Cs radiation with those of localized UV radiation is possible. When a laser microbeam is used to damage DNA in a cell nucleus with high temporal and spatial resolution, it can be observed directly how repair molecules accumulate (are recruited) at the site of damage. Comparison of the recruitment speed allows establishing an order of DNA repair events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Otto Greulich
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
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Baker NM, Zeitlin SG, Shi LZ, Shah J, Berns MW. Chromosome tips damaged in anaphase inhibit cytokinesis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12398. [PMID: 20811641 PMCID: PMC2928297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome maintenance is ensured by a variety of biochemical sensors and pathways that repair accumulated damage. During mitosis, the mechanisms that sense and resolve DNA damage remain elusive. Studies have demonstrated that damage accumulated on lagging chromosomes can activate the spindle assembly checkpoint. However, there is little known regarding damage to DNA after anaphase onset. In this study, we demonstrate that laser-induced damage to chromosome tips (presumptive telomeres) in anaphase of Potorous tridactylis cells (PtK2) inhibits cytokinesis. In contrast, equivalent irradiation of non-telomeric chromosome regions or control irradiations in either the adjacent cytoplasm or adjacent to chromosome tips near the spindle midzone during anaphase caused no change in the eventual completion of cytokinesis. Damage to only one chromosome tip caused either complete absence of furrow formation, a prolonged delay in furrow formation, or furrow regression. When multiple chromosome tips were irradiated in the same cell, the cytokinesis defects increased, suggesting a potential dose-dependent mechanism. These results suggest a mechanism in which dysfunctional telomeres inhibit mitotic exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman M. Baker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Samantha G. Zeitlin
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Linda Z. Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jagesh Shah
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MWB); (JS)
| | - Michael W. Berns
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MWB); (JS)
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Chang WC, Hawkes E, Keller CG, Sretavan DW. Axon repair: surgical application at a subcellular scale. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 2:151-61. [PMID: 20101712 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the nervous system is a common occurrence after trauma. Severe cases of injury exact a tremendous personal cost and place a significant healthcare burden on society. Unlike some tissues in the body that exhibit self healing, nerve cells that are injured, particularly those in the brain and spinal cord, are incapable of regenerating circuits by themselves to restore neurological function. In recent years, researchers have begun to explore whether micro/nanoscale tools and materials can be used to address this major challenge in neuromedicine. Efforts in this area have proceeded along two lines. One is the development of new nanoscale tissue scaffold materials to act as conduits and stimulate axon regeneration. The other is the use of novel cellular-scale surgical micro/nanodevices designed to perform surgical microsplicing and the functional repair of severed axons. We discuss results generated by these two approaches and hurdles confronting both strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C Chang
- Neuroscience and Bioengineering Programs, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Mitra K, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Analysis of mitochondrial dynamics and functions using imaging approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; Chapter 4:Unit 4.25.1-21. [PMID: 20235105 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb0425s46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles that have been primarily known as the powerhouse of the cell. However, recent advances in the field have revealed that mitochondria are also involved in many other cellular activities like lipid modifications, redox balance, calcium balance, and even controlled cell death. These multifunctional organelles are motile and highly dynamic in shapes and forms; the dynamism is brought about by the mitochondria's ability to undergo fission and fusion with each other. Therefore, it is very important to be able to image mitochondrial shape changes to relate to the variety of cellular functions these organelles have to accomplish. The protocols described here will enable researchers to perform steady-state and time-lapse imaging of mitochondria in live cells by using confocal microscopy. High-resolution three-dimensional imaging of mitochondria will not only be helpful in understanding mitochondrial structure in detail but it also could be used to analyze their structural relationships with other organelles in the cell. FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) studies can be performed to understand mitochondrial dynamics or dynamics of any mitochondrial molecule within the organelle. The microirradiation assay can be performed to study functional continuity between mitochondria. A protocol for measuring mitochondrial potential has also been included in this unit. In conclusion, the protocols described here will aid the understanding of mitochondrial structure-function relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Mitra
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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18
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Mazumder A, Roopa T, Kumar A, Iyer KV, Ramdas NM, Shivashankar GV. Prestressed nuclear organization in living cells. Methods Cell Biol 2010; 98:221-39. [PMID: 20816237 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(10)98010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus is maintained in a prestressed state within eukaryotic cells, stabilized mechanically by chromatin structure and other nuclear components on its inside, and cytoskeletal components on its outside. Nuclear architecture is emerging to be critical to the governance of chromatin assembly, regulation of genome function and cellular homeostasis. Elucidating the prestressed organization of the nucleus is thus important to understand how the nuclear architecture impinges on its function. In this chapter, various chemical and mechanical methods have been described to probe the prestressed organization of the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aprotim Mazumder
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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Yu L, Mohanty S, Zhang J, Genc S, Kim MK, Berns MW, Chen Z. Digital holographic microscopy for quantitative cell dynamic evaluation during laser microsurgery. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:12031-8. [PMID: 19582118 PMCID: PMC2860952 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.012031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Digital holographic microscopy allows determination of dynamic changes in the optical thickness profile of a transparent object with sub-wavelength accuracy. Here, we report a quantitative phase laser microsurgery system for evaluation of cellular/ sub-cellular dynamic changes during laser micro-dissection. The proposed method takes advantage of the precise optical manipulation by the laser microbeam and quantitative phase imaging by digital holographic microscopy with high spatial and temporal resolution. This system will permit quantitative evaluation of the damage and/or the repair of the cell or cell organelles in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Yu
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA.
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Pereira AJ, Matos I, Lince-Faria M, Maiato H. Dissecting mitosis with laser microsurgery and RNAi in Drosophila cells. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 545:145-64. [PMID: 19475387 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-993-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Progress from our present understanding of the mechanisms behind mitosis has been compromised by the fact that model systems that were ideal for molecular and genetic studies (such as yeasts, C. elegans, or Drosophila) were not suitable for intracellular micromanipulation. Unfortunately, those systems that were appropriate for micromanipulation (such as newt lung cells, PtK1 cells, or insect spermatocytes) are not amenable for molecular studies. We believe that we can significantly broaden this scenario by developing high-resolution live cell microscopy tools in a system where micromanipulation studies could be combined with modern gene-interference techniques. Here we describe a series of methodologies for the functional dissection of mitosis by the use of simultaneous live cell microscopy and state-of-the-art laser microsurgery, combined with RNA interference (RNAi) in Drosophila cell lines stably expressing fluorescent markers. This technological synergism allows the specific targeting and manipulation of several structural components of the mitotic apparatus in different genetic backgrounds, at the highest spatial and temporal resolution. Finally, we demonstrate the successful adaptation of agar overlay flattening techniques to human HeLa cells and discuss the advantages of its use for laser micromanipulation and molecular studies of mitosis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- António J Pereira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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