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Martinez ME, Charalambous M, Saferali A, Fiering S, Naumova AK, St Germain D, Ferguson-Smith AC, Hernandez A. Genomic imprinting variations in the mouse type 3 deiodinase gene between tissues and brain regions. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1875-86. [PMID: 25232934 PMCID: PMC4213365 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dio3 gene, which encodes for the type 3 deiodinase (D3), controls thyroid hormone (TH) availability. The lack of D3 in mice results in tissue overexposure to TH and a broad neuroendocrine phenotype. Dio3 is an imprinted gene, preferentially expressed from the paternally inherited allele in the mouse fetus. However, heterozygous mice with paternal inheritance of the inactivating Dio3 mutation exhibit an attenuated phenotype when compared with that of Dio3 null mice. To investigate this milder phenotype, the allelic expression of Dio3 was evaluated in different mouse tissues. Preferential allelic expression of Dio3 from the paternal allele was observed in fetal tissues and neonatal brain regions, whereas the biallelic Dio3 expression occurred in the developing eye, testes, and cerebellum and in the postnatal brain neocortex, which expresses a larger Dio3 mRNA transcript. The newborn hypothalamus manifests the highest degree of Dio3 expression from the paternal allele, compared with other brain regions, and preferential allelic expression of Dio3 in the brain relaxed in late neonatal life. A methylation analysis of two regulatory regions of the Dio3 imprinted domain revealed modest but significant differences between tissues, but these did not consistently correlate with the observed patterns of Dio3 allelic expression. Deletion of the Dio3 gene and promoter did not result in significant changes in the tissue-specific patterns of Dio3 allelic expression. These results suggest the existence of unidentified epigenetic determinants of tissue-specific Dio3 imprinting. The resulting variation in the Dio3 allelic expression between tissues likely explains the phenotypic variation that results from paternal Dio3 haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elena Martinez
- Department of Molecular Medicine (M.E.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Centre for Endocrinology (M.C.), William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 1BB, United Kingdom; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Human Genetics (A.S., A.K.N.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9; Department of Microbiology and Immunology (S.F.), Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; and Department of Genetics (A.C.F.-S.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
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Simon I, Tenzen T, Mostoslavsky R, Fibach E, Lande L, Milot E, Gribnau J, Grosveld F, Fraser P, Cedar H. Developmental regulation of DNA replication timing at the human beta globin locus. EMBO J 2001; 20:6150-7. [PMID: 11689454 PMCID: PMC125288 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.21.6150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human beta globin locus replicates late in most cell types, but becomes early replicating in erythroid cells. Using FISH to map DNA replication timing around the endogenous beta globin locus and by applying a genetic approach in transgenic mice, we have demonstrated that both the late and early replication states are controlled by regulatory elements within the locus control region. These results also show that the pattern of replication timing is set up by mechanisms that work independently of gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Simon
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Department of Hematology, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120, Department of Evolutionary Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka-ken, Japan 411-8540 and
MGC Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Expression, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK Corresponding author e-mail: I.Simon and T.Tenzen contributed equally to this work
| | - Toyoaki Tenzen
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Department of Hematology, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120, Department of Evolutionary Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka-ken, Japan 411-8540 and
MGC Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Expression, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK Corresponding author e-mail: I.Simon and T.Tenzen contributed equally to this work
| | - Raul Mostoslavsky
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Department of Hematology, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120, Department of Evolutionary Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka-ken, Japan 411-8540 and
MGC Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Expression, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK Corresponding author e-mail: I.Simon and T.Tenzen contributed equally to this work
| | - Eitan Fibach
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Department of Hematology, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120, Department of Evolutionary Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka-ken, Japan 411-8540 and
MGC Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Expression, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK Corresponding author e-mail: I.Simon and T.Tenzen contributed equally to this work
| | - Laura Lande
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Department of Hematology, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120, Department of Evolutionary Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka-ken, Japan 411-8540 and
MGC Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Expression, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK Corresponding author e-mail: I.Simon and T.Tenzen contributed equally to this work
| | - Eric Milot
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Department of Hematology, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120, Department of Evolutionary Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka-ken, Japan 411-8540 and
MGC Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Expression, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK Corresponding author e-mail: I.Simon and T.Tenzen contributed equally to this work
| | - Joost Gribnau
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Department of Hematology, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120, Department of Evolutionary Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka-ken, Japan 411-8540 and
MGC Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Expression, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK Corresponding author e-mail: I.Simon and T.Tenzen contributed equally to this work
| | - Frank Grosveld
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Department of Hematology, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120, Department of Evolutionary Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka-ken, Japan 411-8540 and
MGC Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Expression, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK Corresponding author e-mail: I.Simon and T.Tenzen contributed equally to this work
| | - Peter Fraser
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Department of Hematology, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120, Department of Evolutionary Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka-ken, Japan 411-8540 and
MGC Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Expression, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK Corresponding author e-mail: I.Simon and T.Tenzen contributed equally to this work
| | - Howard Cedar
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Department of Hematology, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120, Department of Evolutionary Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka-ken, Japan 411-8540 and
MGC Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Expression, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK Corresponding author e-mail: I.Simon and T.Tenzen contributed equally to this work
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Klenova EM, Chernukhin IV, El-Kady A, Lee RE, Pugacheva EM, Loukinov DI, Goodwin GH, Delgado D, Filippova GN, León J, Morse HC, Neiman PE, Lobanenkov VV. Functional phosphorylation sites in the C-terminal region of the multivalent multifunctional transcriptional factor CTCF. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:2221-34. [PMID: 11238955 PMCID: PMC86856 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.6.2221-2234.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CTCF is a widely expressed and highly conserved multi-Zn-finger (ZF) nuclear factor. Binding to various CTCF target sites (CTSs) is mediated by combinatorial contributions of different ZFs. Different CTSs mediate distinct CTCF functions in transcriptional regulation, including promoter repression or activation and hormone-responsive gene silencing. In addition, the necessary and sufficient core sequences of diverse enhancer-blocking (insulator) elements, including CpG methylation-sensitive ones, have recently been pinpointed to CTSs. To determine whether a posttranslational modification may modulate CTCF functions, we studied CTCF phosphorylation. We demonstrated that most of the modifications that occur at the carboxy terminus in vivo can be reproduced in vitro with casein kinase II (CKII). Major modification sites map to four serines within the S(604)KKEDS(609)S(610)DS(612)E motif that is highly conserved in vertebrates. Specific mutations of these serines abrogate phosphorylation of CTCF in vivo and CKII-induced phosphorylation in vitro. In addition, we showed that completely preventing phosphorylation by substituting all serines within this site resulted in markedly enhanced repression of the CTS-bearing vertebrate c-myc promoters, but did not alter CTCF nuclear localization or in vitro DNA-binding characteristics assayed with c-myc CTSs. Moreover, these substitutions manifested a profound effect on negative cell growth regulation by wild-type CTCF. CKII may thus be responsible for attenuation of CTCF activity, either acting on its own or by providing the signal for phosphorylation by other kinases and for CTCF-interacting protein partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Klenova
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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