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dos Santos PMF, Díaz Acosta CC, Rosa TLSA, Ishiba MH, Dias AA, Pereira AMR, Gutierres LD, Pereira MP, da Silva Rocha M, Rosa PS, Bertoluci DFF, Meyer-Fernandes JR, da Mota Ramalho Costa F, Marques MAM, Belisle JT, Pinheiro RO, Rodrigues LS, Pessolani MCV, Berrêdo-Pinho M. Adenosine A 2A receptor as a potential regulator of Mycobacterium leprae survival mechanisms: new insights into leprosy neural damage. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1399363. [PMID: 39005937 PMCID: PMC11239521 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1399363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which can lead to a disabling neurodegenerative condition. M. leprae preferentially infects skin macrophages and Schwann cells-glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. The infection modifies the host cell lipid metabolism, subverting it in favor of the formation of cholesterol-rich lipid droplets (LD) that are essential for bacterial survival. Although researchers have made progress in understanding leprosy pathogenesis, many aspects of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction still require clarification. The purinergic system utilizes extracellular ATP and adenosine as critical signaling molecules and plays several roles in pathophysiological processes. Furthermore, nucleoside surface receptors such as the adenosine receptor A2AR involved in neuroimmune response, lipid metabolism, and neuron-glia interaction are targets for the treatment of different diseases. Despite the importance of this system, nothing has been described about its role in leprosy, particularly adenosinergic signaling (AdoS) during M. leprae-Schwann cell interaction. Methods M. leprae was purified from the hind footpad of athymic nu/nu mice. ST88-14 human cells were infected with M. leprae in the presence or absence of specific agonists or antagonists of AdoS. Enzymatic activity assays, fluorescence microscopy, Western blotting, and RT-qPCR analysis were performed. M. leprae viability was investigated by RT-qPCR, and cytokines were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results We demonstrated that M. leprae-infected Schwann cells upregulated CD73 and ADA and downregulated A2AR expression and the phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB (p-CREB). On the other hand, activation of A2AR with its selective agonist, CGS21680, resulted in: 1) reduced lipid droplets accumulation and pro-lipogenic gene expression; 2) reduced production of IL-6 and IL-8; 3) reduced intracellular M. leprae viability; 4) increased levels of p-CREB. Conclusion These findings suggest the involvement of the AdoS in leprosy neuropathogenesis and support the idea that M. leprae, by downmodulating the expression and activity of A2AR in Schwann cells, decreases A2AR downstream signaling, contributing to the maintenance of LD accumulation and intracellular viability of the bacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chyntia Carolina Díaz Acosta
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | | | - Michelle Harumi Ishiba
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Alves Dias
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Luísa Domingos Gutierres
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Melissa Pontes Pereira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matheus da Silva Rocha
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Daniele F. F. Bertoluci
- Divisão de Pesquisa e Ensino, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Angela M. Marques
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - John T. Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Silva Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Berrêdo-Pinho
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Celestino IC, Antunes DE, Santos DF, Gimenes VL, de Souza FM, Goulart IMB. Adverse reactions induced by MDT/WHO (Rifampicin+Clofazimine+Dapsone) and ROM (Rifampicin+Ofloxacin+Minocycline) regimens used in the treatment of leprosy: a cohort study in a National Reference Center in Brazil. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1346169. [PMID: 38515839 PMCID: PMC10955366 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1346169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Recommended standard treatment for leprosy is multidrugtherapy (MDT/WHO), consisting Rifampicin+Dapsone+Clofazimine. Other medications are recommended in cases of resistance, adverse reactions and intolerances, including ROM regimen, Rifampicin+Ofloxacin+Minocycline. Therefore, pharmacovigilance is an important tool in understanding these adverse drug reactions (ADRs), supporting pharmacotherapy management and medication safety. This study seeks to evaluate ADRs comparing two therapeutic regimens, MDT and ROM, used in treatment of patients with leprosy, analyzing prognostic factors regarding risk and safety. Methods:A retrospective cohort study was performed by assessing medical records of 433 patients diagnosed with leprosy from 2010 to 2021 at a National Reference Center in Brazil. They were subject to 24 months or more of treatment with MDT or ROM regimens. ADR assessments were analyzed by two experienced researchers, who included clinical and laboratory variables, correlating them with temporality, severity and the causality criteria of Naranjo and WHO. Results: The findings observed an average of 1.3 reactions/patient. Out of individuals experiencing reactions, 67.0% (69/103) were utilizing MDT/MB, while 33.0% (34/103) were using ROM. The median time for ADR of 79 days for MDT and 179 days for ROM. In first reaction, Dapsone was the most frequently involved medication; the most affected system was hematopoietic. As compared to Clofazimine, results indicated that use of Dapsone was associated with 7% increased risk of ADR occurrence (HR: 1.07; p = 0.866). Additionally, Rifampicin was linked to 31% increased risk of ADRs (HR: 1.31; p = 0.602); and Ofloxacin showed 35% elevated risk (HR: 1.35; p = 0.653). Conversely, results for Minocycline indicated 44% reduction in the risk of ADRs (HR: 0.56; p = 0.527), although statistical significance was not reached. The use of MDT conferred 2.51 times higher risk of developing ADRs in comparison to ROM. Conclusion: The comparison between MDT and ROM revealed that MDT caused more ADRs, and these reactions were more severe, indicating less safety for patients. Dapsone was the most common medication causing ADRs, followed by Rifampicin. The combination with Clofazimine was associated with an additional risk of ADRs, warranting further studies to confirm this hypothesis. Given the high magnitude of ADRs, healthcare teams need to monitor patients undergoing leprosy treatment with focus on pharmacovigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Costa Celestino
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Douglas Eulalio Antunes
- National Reference Center for Sanitary Dermatology and Leprosy, Clinics’ Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Diogo Fernandes Santos
- National Reference Center for Sanitary Dermatology and Leprosy, Clinics’ Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Victor Lemos Gimenes
- Faculty of Medicine, Higher School of Health Sciences, Federal District Health Department, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Maria Bernardes Goulart
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
- National Reference Center for Sanitary Dermatology and Leprosy, Clinics’ Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Shyam M, Kumar S, Singh V. Unlocking Opportunities for Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium ulcerans. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:251-269. [PMID: 38295025 PMCID: PMC10862552 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
In the recent decade, scientific communities have toiled to tackle the emerging burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) and rapidly growing opportunistic nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Among these, two neglected mycobacteria species of the Acinetobacter family, Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium ulcerans, are the etiological agents of leprosy and Buruli ulcer infections, respectively, and fall under the broad umbrella of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Unfortunately, lackluster drug discovery efforts have been made against these pathogenic bacteria in the recent decade, resulting in the discovery of only a few countable hits and majorly repurposing anti-TB drug candidates such as telacebec (Q203), P218, and TB47 for current therapeutic interventions. Major ignorance in drug candidate identification might aggravate the dramatic consequences of rapidly spreading mycobacterial NTDs in the coming days. Therefore, this Review focuses on an up-to-date account of drug discovery efforts targeting selected druggable targets from both bacilli, including the accompanying challenges that have been identified and are responsible for the slow drug discovery. Furthermore, a succinct discussion of the all-new possibilities that could be alternative solutions to mitigate the neglected mycobacterial NTD burden and subsequently accelerate the drug discovery effort is also included. We anticipate that the state-of-the-art strategies discussed here may attract major attention from the scientific community to navigate and expand the roadmap for the discovery of next-generation therapeutics against these NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Shyam
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mersa, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Holistic
Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Vinayak Singh
- Holistic
Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South
African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research
Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute
of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
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Rembao-Bojórquez D, Sánchez-Garibay C, Salinas-Lara C, Marquina-Castillo B, Letechipía-Salcedo A, Castillón-Benavides OJ, Galván-Arzate S, Gómez-López M, Jiménez-Zamudio LA, Soto-Rojas LO, Tena-Suck ML, Nava P, Fernández-Vargas OE, Coria-Medrano A, Hernández-Pando R. Central Nervous System Tuberculosis in a Murine Model: Neurotropic Strains or a New Pathway of Infection? Pathogens 2023; 13:37. [PMID: 38251344 PMCID: PMC10820951 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a lethal and incapacitating disease. Several studies have been performed to understand the mechanism of bacterial arrival to CNS, however, it remains unclear. Although the interaction of the host, the pathogen, and the environment trigger the course of the disease, in TB the characteristics of these factors seem to be more relevant in the genesis of the clinical features of each patient. We previously tested three mycobacterial clinical isolates with distinctive genotypes obtained from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningeal TB and showed that these strains disseminated extensively to the brain after intratracheal inoculation and pulmonary infection in BALB/c mice. In this present study, BALB/c mice were infected through the intranasal route. One of these strains reaches the olfactory bulb at the early stage of the infection and infects the brain before the lungs, but the histological study of the nasal mucosa did not show any alteration. This observation suggests that some mycobacteria strains can arrive directly at the brain, apparently toward the olfactory nerve after infecting the nasal mucosa, and guides us to study in more detail during mycobacteria infection the nasal mucosa, the associated connective tissue, and nervous structures of the cribriform plate, which connect the nasal cavity with the olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rembao-Bojórquez
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP 14269, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Garibay
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP 14269, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Tuberculosis Research Commonwealth, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Investigación en Medicina, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Citlaltepetl Salinas-Lara
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP 14269, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Tuberculosis Research Commonwealth, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Brenda Marquina-Castillo
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Adriana Letechipía-Salcedo
- Laboratorio Clínico, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP 14269, Mexico
| | - Omar Jorge Castillón-Benavides
- Centro Neurológico del Centro Médico ABC, Av. Carlos Fernández Graef 154, Santa Fe, Contadero, Cuajimalpa de Morelos, Ciudad de México 05330, Mexico
| | - Sonia Galván-Arzate
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP 14269, Mexico
| | - Marcos Gómez-López
- Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación (INR) "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", México City 14389, Mexico
| | - Luis Antonio Jiménez-Zamudio
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Luis O Soto-Rojas
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Martha Lilia Tena-Suck
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP 14269, Mexico
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Omar Eduardo Fernández-Vargas
- Servicio de Hematología del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando 22, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Adrian Coria-Medrano
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Neurobiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
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Ishizuka S, van Dijk JHM, Kawakita T, Miyamoto Y, Maeda Y, Goto M, Le Calvez G, Groot LM, Witte MD, Minnaard AJ, van der Marel GA, Ato M, Nagae M, Codée JDC, Yamasaki S. PGL-III, a Rare Intermediate of Mycobacterium leprae Phenolic Glycolipid Biosynthesis, Is a Potent Mincle Ligand. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1388-1399. [PMID: 37521780 PMCID: PMC10375886 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Although leprosy (Hansen's disease) is one of the oldest known diseases, the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) remains enigmatic. Indeed, the cell wall components responsible for the immune response against M. leprae are as yet largely unidentified. We reveal here phenolic glycolipid-III (PGL-III) as an M. leprae-specific ligand for the immune receptor Mincle. PGL-III is a scarcely present trisaccharide intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway to PGL-I, an abundant and characteristic M. leprae glycolipid. Using activity-based purification, we identified PGL-III as a Mincle ligand that is more potent than the well-known M. tuberculosis trehalose dimycolate. The cocrystal structure of Mincle and a synthetic PGL-III analogue revealed a unique recognition mode, implying that it can engage multiple Mincle molecules. In Mincle-deficient mice infected with M. leprae, increased bacterial burden with gross pathologies were observed. These results show that PGL-III is a noncanonical ligand recognized by Mincle, triggering protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenari Ishizuka
- Department
of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory
of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - J. Hessel M. van Dijk
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tomomi Kawakita
- Department
of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aobacho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyamoto
- Department
of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aobacho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan
| | - Yumi Maeda
- Department
of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aobacho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan
| | - Masamichi Goto
- Department
of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate
School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Guillaume Le Calvez
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L. Melanie Groot
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin D. Witte
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J. Minnaard
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Manabu Ato
- Department
of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aobacho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan
| | - Masamichi Nagae
- Department
of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory
of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department
of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory
of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center
for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University (CiDER), 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Chavarro-Portillo B, Soto CY, Guerrero MI. Mycobacterium leprae's Infective Capacity Is Associated with Activation of Genes Involved in PGL-I Biosynthesis in a Schwann Cells Infection Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108727. [PMID: 37240073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerves and Schwann cells (SCs) are privileged and protected sites for initial colonization, survival, and spread of leprosy bacillus. Mycobacterium leprae strains that survive multidrug therapy show a metabolic inactivation that subsequently induces the recurrence of typical clinical manifestations of leprosy. Furthermore, the role of the cell wall phenolic glycolipid I (PGL-I) in the M. leprae internalization in SCs and the pathogenicity of M. leprae have been extensively known. This study assessed the infectivity in SCs of recurrent and non-recurrent M. leprae and their possible correlation with the genes involved in the PGL-I biosynthesis. The initial infectivity of non-recurrent strains in SCs was greater (27%) than a recurrent strain (6.5%). In addition, as the trials progressed, the infectivity of the recurrent and non-recurrent strains increased 2.5- and 2.0-fold, respectively; however, the maximum infectivity was displayed by non-recurrent strains at 12 days post-infection. On the other hand, qRT-PCR experiments showed that the transcription of key genes involved in PGL-I biosynthesis in non-recurrent strains was higher and faster (Day 3) than observed in the recurrent strain (Day 7). Thus, the results indicate that the capacity of PGL-I production is diminished in the recurrent strain, possibly affecting the infective capacity of these strains previously subjected to multidrug therapy. The present work opens the need to address more extensive and in-depth studies of the analysis of markers in the clinical isolates that indicate a possible future recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Chavarro-Portillo
- Hospital Universitario Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta, Avenida 1ra # 13A-61, Bogotá 111511, Colombia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Carrera 30 N° 45-03, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Carlos Y Soto
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Carrera 30 N° 45-03, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Martha Inírida Guerrero
- Hospital Universitario Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta, Avenida 1ra # 13A-61, Bogotá 111511, Colombia
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Gong Y, Wang J, Li F, Zhu B. Polysaccharides and glycolipids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their induced immune responses. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13261. [PMID: 39008002 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). The structures of polysaccharides and glycolipids at M. tuberculosis cell wall vary among different strains, which affect the physiology and pathogenesis of mycobacteria by activating or inhibiting innate and acquired immunity. Among them, some components such as lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) activate innate immunity by recognizing some kinds of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like Toll-like receptors, while other components like mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) could prevent innate immune responses by inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and maturation of phagosomes. In addition, many glycolipids can activate natural killer T (NKT) cells and CD1-restricted T cells to produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Furthermore, humoral immunity against cell wall components, such as antibodies against LAM, plays a role in immunity against M. tuberculosis infection. Cell wall polysaccharides and glycolipids of M. tuberculosis have potential applications as antigens and adjuvants for novel TB subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gong
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fei Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Ghosh S, Saha S, Roy PK. Critical observation of WHO recommended multidrug therapy on the disease leprosy through mathematical study. J Theor Biol 2023; 567:111496. [PMID: 37080386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is a skin disease and it is characterized by a disorder of the peripheral nervous system which occurs due to the infection of Schwann cells. In this research article, we have formulated a four-dimensional ODE-based mathematical model which consists of the densities of healthy Schwann cells, infected Schwann cells, M. leprae bacteria, and the concentration of multidrug therapy (MDT). This work primarily aims on exploring the dynamical changes and interrelations of the system cell populations during the disease progression. Also, evaluating a critical value of the drug efficacy rate of MDT remains our key focus in this article so that a safe drug dose regimen for leprosy can be framed more effectively and realistically. We have examined the stability scenario of different equilibria and the occurrence of Hopf-bifurcation for the densities of our system cell populations with respect to the drug efficacy rate of MDT to gain insight on the precise impact of the efficiency rate on both the infected Schwann cell and the bacterial populations. Also, a necessary transversality condition for the occurrence of the bifurcation has been established. Our analytical and numerical investigations in this research work precisely explores that the process of demyelination, nerve regeneration, and infection of the healthy Schwann cells are the three most crucial factors in the leprosy pathogenesis and to control the M. leprae-induced infection of Schwann cells successfully, a more flexible version of MDT regime with efficacy rate varying in the range η∈(0.025,0.059) for 100-120 days in PB cases and 300 days in MB cases obtained in this research article should be applied. All of our analytical outcomes have been verified through numerical simulations and compared with some existing clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil Ghosh
- Centre for Mathematical Biology and Ecology, Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata - 700032, India
| | - Shubhankar Saha
- Department of Mathematics, Sir Gurudas Mahavidyalaya, Kolkata - 700067, India
| | - Priti Kumar Roy
- Centre for Mathematical Biology and Ecology, Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata - 700032, India.
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9
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Girardi KDCDV, Mietto BS, Dos Anjos Lima K, Atella GC, da Silva DS, Pereira AMR, Rosa PS, Lara FA. Phenolic glycolipid-1 of Mycobacterium leprae is involved in human Schwann cell line ST8814 neurotoxic phenotype. J Neurochem 2023; 164:158-171. [PMID: 36349509 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae infection in Schwann cells. Axonopathy is considered a hallmark of leprosy neuropathy and is associated with the irreversible motor and sensory loss seen in infected patients. Although M. leprae is recognized to provoke Schwann cell dedifferentiation, the mechanisms involved in the contribution of this phenomenon to neural damage remain unclear. In the present work, we used live M. leprae to infect the immortalized human Schwann cell line ST8814. The neurotoxicity of infected Schwann cell-conditioned medium (SCCM) was then evaluated in a human neuroblastoma cell lineage and mouse neurons. ST8814 Schwann cells exposed to M. leprae affected neuronal viability by deviating glial 14 C-labeled lactate, important fuel of neuronal central metabolism, to de novo lipid synthesis. The phenolic glycolipid-1 (PGL-1) is a specific M. leprae cell wall antigen proposed to mediate bacterial-Schwann cell interaction. Therefore, we assessed the role of the PGL-1 on Schwann cell phenotype by using transgenic M. bovis (BCG)-expressing the M. leprae PGL-1. We observed that BCG-PGL-1 was able to induce a phenotype similar to M. leprae, unlike the wild-type BCG strain. We next demonstrated that this Schwann cell neurotoxic phenotype, induced by M. leprae PGL-1, occurs through the protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Interestingly, the pharmacological inhibition of Akt by triciribine significantly reduced free fatty acid content in the SCCM from M. leprae- and BCG-PGL-1-infected Schwann cells and, hence, preventing neuronal death. Overall, these findings provide novel evidence that both M. leprae and PGL-1, induce a toxic Schwann cell phenotype, by modifying the host lipid metabolism, resulting in profound implications for neuronal loss. We consider this metabolic rewiring a new molecular mechanism to be the basis of leprosy neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Siqueira Mietto
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Karoline Dos Anjos Lima
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Geórgia Correa Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Débora Santos da Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Flavio Alves Lara
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Carbohydrates: Binding Sites and Potential Drug Targets for Neural-Affecting Pathogens. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:449-477. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Hess S, Kendall TJ, Pena M, Yamane K, Soong D, Adams L, Truman R, Rambukkana A. In vivo partial reprogramming by bacteria promotes adult liver organ growth without fibrosis and tumorigenesis. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100820. [PMID: 36384103 PMCID: PMC9729881 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ideal therapies for regenerative medicine or healthy aging require healthy organ growth and rejuvenation, but no organ-level approach is currently available. Using Mycobacterium leprae (ML) with natural partial cellular reprogramming capacity and its animal host nine-banded armadillos, we present an evolutionarily refined model of adult liver growth and regeneration. In infected armadillos, ML reprogram the entire liver and significantly increase total liver/body weight ratio by increasing healthy liver lobules, including hepatocyte proliferation and proportionate expansion of vasculature, and biliary systems. ML-infected livers are microarchitecturally and functionally normal without damage, fibrosis, or tumorigenesis. Bacteria-induced reprogramming reactivates liver progenitor/developmental/fetal genes and upregulates growth-, metabolism-, and anti-aging-associated markers with minimal change in senescence and tumorigenic genes, suggesting bacterial hijacking of homeostatic, regeneration pathways to promote de novo organogenesis. This may facilitate the unraveling of endogenous pathways that effectively and safely re-engage liver organ growth, with broad therapeutic implications including organ regeneration and rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Hess
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Timothy J Kendall
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Edinburgh Pathology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maria Pena
- US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Program, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Keitaro Yamane
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel Soong
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Linda Adams
- US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Program, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Richard Truman
- US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Program, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Anura Rambukkana
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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12
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Arenas NE, Pieffet G, Rocha-Roa C, Guerrero MI. Design of a specific peptide against phenolic glycolipid-1 from Mycobacterium leprae and its implications in leprosy bacilli entry. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e220025. [PMID: 35857971 PMCID: PMC9296141 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of Hansen’s
disease, causes neural damage through the specific interaction between the
external phenolic glycolipid-1 (PGL-1) and laminin subunit alpha-2 (LAMA2)
from Schwann cells. OBJECTIVE To design a LAMA2-based peptide that targets PGL-1 from M.
leprae. METHODS We retrieved the protein sequence of human LAMA2 and designed a specific
peptide using the Antimicrobial Peptide Database and physicochemical
parameters for antimycobacterial peptide-lipid interactions. We used the
AlphaFold2 server to predict its three-dimensional structure, AUTODOCK-VINA
for docking, and GROMACS programs for molecular dynamics simulations. FINDINGS We analysed 52 candidate peptides from LAMA2, and subsequent screening
resulted in a single 60-mer peptide. The mapped peptide comprises four
β-sheets and a random coiled region. This peptide exhibits a 45% hydrophobic
ratio, in which one-third covers the same surface. Molecular dynamics
simulations show that our predicted peptide is stable in aqueous solution
and remains stable upon interaction with PGL-1 binding. In addition, we
found that PGL-1 has a preference for one of the two faces of the predicted
peptide, which could act as the preferential binding site of PGL-1. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our LAMA2-based peptide targeting PGL-1 might have the potential to
specifically block this key molecule, suggesting that the preferential
region of the peptide is involved in the initial contact during the
attachment of leprosy bacilli to Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Enrique Arenas
- Hospital Universitario, Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gilles Pieffet
- Universidad de los Andes, Departamento de Química, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cristian Rocha-Roa
- Universidad del Quindío, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Grupo de Estudio en Parasitología y Micología Molecular-GEPAMOL, Armenia, Quindío, Colombia
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13
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de Souza BJ, Mendes MA, Sperandio da Silva GM, Sammarco-Rosa P, de Moraes MO, Jardim MR, Sarno EN, Pinheiro RO, Mietto BS. Gene Expression Profile of Mycobacterium leprae Contribution in the Pathology of Leprosy Neuropathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:861586. [PMID: 35492305 PMCID: PMC9051340 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.861586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is the main cause of physical disability in leprosy patients. Importantly, the extension and pattern of peripheral damage has been linked to how the host cell will respond against Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) infection, in particular, how the pathogen will establish infection in Schwann cells. Interestingly, viable and dead M. leprae have been linked to neuropathology of leprosy by distinct mechanisms. While viable M. leprae promotes transcriptional modifications that allow the bacteria to survive through the use of the host cell's internal machinery and the subvert of host metabolites, components of the dead bacteria are associated with the generation of a harmful nerve microenvironment. Therefore, understanding the pathognomonic characteristics mediated by viable and dead M. leprae are essential for elucidating leprosy disease and its associated reactional episodes. Moreover, the impact of the viable and dead bacteria in Schwann cells is largely unknown and their gene signature profiling has, as yet, been poorly explored. In this study, we analyzed the early differences in the expression profile of genes involved in peripheral neuropathy, dedifferentiation and plasticity, neural regeneration, and inflammation in human Schwann cells challenged with viable and dead M. leprae. We substantiated our findings by analyzing this genetic profiling in human nerve biopsies of leprosy and non-leprosy patients, with accompanied histopathological analysis. We observed that viable and dead bacteria distinctly modulate Schwann cell genes, with emphasis to viable bacilli upregulating transcripts related to glial cell plasticity, dedifferentiation and anti-inflammatory profile, while dead bacteria affected genes involved in neuropathy and pro-inflammatory response. In addition, dead bacteria also upregulated genes associated with nerve support, which expression profile was similar to those obtained from leprosy nerve biopsies. These findings suggest that early exposure to viable and dead bacteria may provoke Schwann cells to behave differentially, with far-reaching implications for the ongoing neuropathy seen in leprosy patients, where a mixture of active and non-active bacteria are found in the nerve microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayara Abud Mendes
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruno Siqueira Mietto
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Bruno Siqueira Mietto
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14
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Deps P, Collin SM. Mycobacterium lepromatosis as a Second Agent of Hansen's Disease. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:698588. [PMID: 34566911 PMCID: PMC8461103 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.698588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium lepromatosis was identified as a new species and second causal agent of Hansen's disease (HD, or leprosy) in 2008, 150years after the disease was first attributed to Mycobacterium leprae. M. lepromatosis has been implicated in a small number of HD cases, and clinical aspects of HD caused by M. lepromatosis are poorly characterized. HD is a recognized zoonosis through transmission of M. leprae from armadillos, but the role of M. lepromatosis as a zoonotic agent of HD is unknown. M. lepromatosis was initially associated with diffuse lepromatous leprosy, but subsequent case reports and surveys have linked it to other forms of HD. HD caused by M. lepromatosis has been reported from three endemic countries: Brazil, Myanmar, and Philippines, and three non-endemic countries: Mexico, Malaysia, and United States. Contact with armadillos in Mexico was mentioned in 2/21 M. lepromatosis HD case reports since 2008. M. lepromatosis in animals has been investigated only in non-endemic countries, in squirrels and chipmunks in Europe, white-throated woodrats in Mexico, and armadillos in the United States. To date, there have only been a small number of positive findings in Eurasian red squirrels in Britain and Ireland. A single study of environmental samples found no M. lepromatosis in soil from a Scottish red squirrel habitat. Future studies must focus on endemic countries to determine the true proportion of HD cases caused by M. lepromatosis, and whether viable M. lepromatosis occurs in non-human sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Deps
- Department of Social Medicine, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- Postgraduate Programme in Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Simon M. Collin
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Frade MAC, Rosa DJDF, Bernardes Filho F, Spencer JS, Foss NT. Semmes-Weinstein monofilament: A tool to quantify skin sensation in macular lesions for leprosy diagnosis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2021; 87:807-815. [PMID: 34245534 DOI: 10.25259/ijdvl_622_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypochromatic macules with altered sensitivity are the first manifestations of skin leprosy. Validation of this sensory loss assists in the confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. AIMS The aim of the study was to quantify the loss of sensation in leprosy lesions using the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament to strengthen the clinical diagnosis mainly of macular forms. METHODS Seventy-four hypochromatic macules in the macular leprosy subgroup, 27 typical borderline leprosy subgroup lesions and 49 macules of other macular dermatoses (non-leprosy group) were evaluated using the 0.05 g force Semmes-Weinstein monofilament to quantify the alteration of sensitivity within and outside of the lesions. The esthesiometric change index was established as the total number of points with altered sensation divided by the total number of tested points within the lesions to calculate the internal esthesiometric change index and outside the lesions to calculate the peripheral esthesiometric change index; these indexes were calculated for all groups. The difference (Δ) between the esthesiometric change indices of the lesional area and the adjacent skin was calculated for the leprosy and nonleprosy groups. RESULTS The percentage of points with touch sensitivity alterations within the macular and typical borderline leprosy lesions was higher in leprosy than in the non-leprosy group. The borderline and macular leprosy presented higher esthesiometric change index within injured areas than outside injured areas or in the nonleprosy group (P < 0.005). When internal esthesiometric change index values in the macular and borderline leprosy groups were higher than 0.53 and 0.5, respectively, the receiver operating characteristic curve showed 98% sensitivity and approximately 99% specificity for both groups (P < 0.0001). Regarding the difference between indices, borderline and macular leprosy had values that were higher and closer to one than in the nonleprosy group (P < 0.0001), with 100% sensitivity and 96.5% specificity for leprosy diagnosis when ΔLG was higher than 0.34. A limitation was the inability to perform a double-blind study. CONCLUSION Semmes-Weinstein esthesiometry is a simple, useful and low-cost tool to quantify the focal alteration of cutaneous sensitivity to improve clinical leprosy diagnosis, especially for macular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Andrey Cipriani Frade
- Dermatology Division, Department of Medical Clinics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario Júnior de Freitas Rosa
- Dermatology Division, Department of Medical Clinics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fred Bernardes Filho
- Dermatology Division, Department of Medical Clinics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John Stewart Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Norma T Foss
- Dermatology Division, Department of Medical Clinics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Liu J, Wu P, Guo Q, Lai X, Ruan B, Wang H, Rehman S, Chen M. Kaolinite weakens the co-stress of ampicillin and tetracycline on Escherichia coli through multiple pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25228-25240. [PMID: 33453031 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ampicillin and tetracycline are common antibiotics and can threaten humans by inducing antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Microorganisms are usually exposed to a mixed antibiotic system in the environment. However, there are few researches on the specific regulatory mechanisms of clay on microorganisms under the stress of complex antibiotics. In this study, tandem mass tag-based coupled with two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to recognize and quantify changes in protein expression of Escherichia coli (E. coli) after culture for 15 days, with or without kaolinite in the co-stress of ampicillin and tetracycline. The results indicated that kaolinite could activate metabolic pathways of E. coli such as the energy metabolism, the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, and the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins. Particularly, the fatty acid degradation pathway has also been promoted, indicating that in the same unfavorable environment, kaolinite might influence the composition of E. coli cell membranes. This might be due to the change in membrane composition that was a kind of adaptive strategy of bacterial evolution. Moreover, kaolinite could promote multidrug efflux system to export the bacterial intracellular toxic substances, making E. coli survive better in an adverse environment. Consequently, this study not only disclosed the regulation of kaolinite on E. coli in a complex antibiotic environment but also provided new insights into the environmental process of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingxiao Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Nanomaterials, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing Guo
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Lai
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Ruan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Saeed Rehman
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiqing Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
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van Hooij A, Geluk A. In search of biomarkers for leprosy by unraveling the host immune response to Mycobacterium leprae. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:175-192. [PMID: 33709405 PMCID: PMC8251784 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, is still actively transmitted in endemic areas reflected by the fairly stable number of new cases detected each year. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of leprosy is challenging, especially at an early stage. Improved diagnostic tools, based on sensitive and specific biomarkers, that facilitate diagnosis of leprosy are therefore urgently needed. In this review, we address the challenges that leprosy biomarker research is facing by reviewing cell types reported to be involved in host immunity to M leprae. These cell types can be associated with different possible fates of M leprae infection being either protective immunity, or pathogenic immune responses inducing nerve damage. Unraveling these responses will facilitate the search for biomarkers. Implications for further studies to disentangle the complex interplay between host responses that lead to leprosy disease are discussed, providing leads for the identification of new biomarkers to improve leprosy diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk van Hooij
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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Gautam S, Sharma D, Goel A, Patil SA, Bisht D. Insights into Mycobacterium leprae Proteomics and Biomarkers-An Overview. Proteomes 2021; 9:7. [PMID: 33573064 PMCID: PMC7931084 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes9010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although leprosy is curable, the identification of biomarkers for the early diagnosis of leprosy would play a pivotal role in reducing transmission and the overall prevalence of the disease. Leprosy-specific biomarkers for diagnosis, particularly for the paucibacillary disease, are not well defined. Therefore, the identification of new biomarkers for leprosy is one of the prime themes of leprosy research. Studying Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, at the proteomic level may facilitate the identification, quantification, and characterization of proteins that could be potential diagnostics or targets for drugs and can help in better understanding the pathogenesis. This review aims to shed light on the knowledge gained to understand leprosy or its pathogen employing proteomics and its role in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra 282004, India; (S.G.); (D.S.); (S.A.P.)
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, Mathura 281406, India;
| | - Devesh Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra 282004, India; (S.G.); (D.S.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Anjana Goel
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, Mathura 281406, India;
| | - Shripad A. Patil
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra 282004, India; (S.G.); (D.S.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Deepa Bisht
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra 282004, India; (S.G.); (D.S.); (S.A.P.)
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Yasmin H, Varghese PM, Bhakta S, Kishore U. Pathogenesis and Host Immune Response in Leprosy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:155-177. [PMID: 34661895 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is an ancient insidious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, where the skin and peripheral nerves undergo chronic granulomatous infections, leading to sensory and motor impairment with characteristic deformities. Susceptibility to leprosy and its disease state are determined by the manifestation of innate immune resistance mediated by cells of monocyte lineage. Due to insufficient innate resistance, granulomatous infection is established, influencing the specific cellular immunity. The clinical presentation of leprosy ranges between two stable polar forms (tuberculoid to lepromatous) and three unstable borderline forms. The tuberculoid form involves Th1 response, characterized by a well demarcated granuloma, infiltrated by CD4+ T lymphocytes, containing epitheloid and multinucleated giant cells. In the lepromatous leprosy, there is no characteristic granuloma but only unstructured accumulation of ineffective macrophages containing engulfed pathogens. Th1 response, characterised by IFN-γ and IL-2 production, activates macrophages in order to kill intracellular pathogens. Conversely, a Th2 response, characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10, helps in antibody production and consequently downregulates the cell-mediated immunity induced by the Th1 response. M. lepare has a long generation time and its inability to grow in culture under laboratory conditions makes its study challenging. The nine-banded armadillo still remains the best clinical and immunological model to study host-pathogen interaction in leprosy. In this chapter, we present cellular morphology and the genomic uniqueness of M. leprae, and how the pathogen shows tropism for Schwann cells, macrophages and dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadida Yasmin
- Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Praveen Mathews Varghese
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK.,School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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20
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The thick waxy coat of mycobacteria, a protective layer against antibiotics and the host's immune system. Biochem J 2020; 477:1983-2006. [PMID: 32470138 PMCID: PMC7261415 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is the leading cause of death from an infectious disease, with a mortality rate of over a million people per year. This pathogen's remarkable resilience and infectivity is largely due to its unique waxy cell envelope, 40% of which comprises complex lipids. Therefore, an understanding of the structure and function of the cell wall lipids is of huge indirect clinical significance. This review provides a synopsis of the cell envelope and the major lipids contained within, including structure, biosynthesis and roles in pathogenesis.
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21
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Granger DL, Rosado-Santos H, Lo TS, Florell SR, Shimwella RAT. Functional Impairment of Skin Appendages Due to Peripheral Nerve Involvement by Mycobacterium leprae. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa419. [PMID: 33094119 PMCID: PMC7566401 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the earliest stage of Mycobacterium leprae infection, bacteria parasitize fine fiber twigs of autonomic peripheral nerves supplying efferent impulses to appendages of the skin. This obligate intracellular pathogen invades Schwann cells, the glial cells of peripheral nerves. Intracellular events inhibit Schwann cell physiology in complex ways, which include demyelination and dedifferentiation. Ultimately, axons embraced by their surrounding dysfunctional glia are damaged by poorly understood mechanisms. Loss of nerve conduction impairs the functions of skin appendages including hair growth, sebaceous gland secretion, sweating, and skin pigmentation. At the clinical level, these changes may be subtle and may precede the more obvious anesthetic skin lesions associated with Hansen’s disease. Recognizing the early signs of skin appendage malfunction may aid in diagnosis leading to initiation of antimycobacterial treatment. Effective therapy administered early during infection may prevent irreversible peripheral nerve destruction, the presage for morbid complications of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Granger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Harry Rosado-Santos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Tze Shien Lo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, North Dakota, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Scott R Florell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Rehema A T Shimwella
- Leprology-Venereology Service, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
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22
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Fotakis AK, Denham SD, Mackie M, Orbegozo MI, Mylopotamitaki D, Gopalakrishnan S, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Olsen JV, Cappellini E, Zhang G, Christophersen A, Gilbert MTP, Vågene ÅJ. Multi-omic detection of Mycobacterium leprae in archaeological human dental calculus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190584. [PMID: 33012227 PMCID: PMC7702802 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineralized dental plaque (calculus) has proven to be an excellent source of ancient biomolecules. Here we present a Mycobacterium leprae genome (6.6-fold), the causative agent of leprosy, recovered via shotgun sequencing of sixteenth-century human dental calculus from an individual from Trondheim, Norway. When phylogenetically placed, this genome falls in branch 3I among the diversity of other contemporary ancient strains from Northern Europe. Moreover, ancient mycobacterial peptides were retrieved via mass spectrometry-based proteomics, further validating the presence of the pathogen. Mycobacterium leprae can readily be detected in the oral cavity and associated mucosal membranes, which likely contributed to it being incorporated into this individual's dental calculus. This individual showed some possible, but not definitive, evidence of skeletal lesions associated with early-stage leprosy. This study is the first known example of successful multi-omics retrieval of M. leprae from archaeological dental calculus. Furthermore, we offer new insights into dental calculus as an alternative sample source to bones or teeth for detecting and molecularly characterizing M. leprae in individuals from the archaeological record. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Fotakis
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Sean D Denham
- Museum of Archaeology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Meaghan Mackie
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miren Iraeta Orbegozo
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Dorothea Mylopotamitaki
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Shyam Gopalakrishnan
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jesper V Olsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Enrico Cappellini
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Guojie Zhang
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223 Kunming, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223 Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | | | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.,NTNU University Museum, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åshild J Vågene
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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Mungroo MR, Khan NA, Siddiqui R. Mycobacterium leprae: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment options. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104475. [PMID: 32931893 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae is known to cause leprosy, a neurological and dermatological disease. In the past 20 years, 16 million leprosy cases have been recorded and more than 200,000 new cases were registered each year, indicating that the disease is still progressing without hindrance. M. leprae, an intracellular bacterium, infects the Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. Several types of leprosy have been described, including indeterminate, tuberculoid, borderline tuberculoid, mid-borderline, borderline lepromatous and lepromatous, and three different forms of leprosy reactions, namely type 1, 2 and 3, have been designated. Microscopic detection, serological diagnostic test, polymerase chain reaction and flow tests are employed in the diagnosis of leprosy. The recommended treatment for leprosy consists of rifampicin, dapsone, clofazimine, ofloxacin and minocycline and vaccines are also available. However, relapse may occur after treatment has been halted and hence patients must be educated on the signs of relapse to allow proper treatment and reduce severity. In this review, we depict the current understanding of M. leprae pathogenicity, clinical aspects and manifestations. Transmission of leprosy, diagnosis and treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ridwane Mungroo
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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24
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Cell Biology of Intracellular Adaptation of Mycobacterium leprae in the Peripheral Nervous System. Microbiol Spectr 2020; 7. [PMID: 31322104 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0020-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian nervous system is invaded by a number of intracellular bacterial pathogens which can establish and progress infection in susceptible individuals. Subsequent clinical manifestation is apparent with the impairment of the functional units of the nervous system, i.e., the neurons and the supporting glial cells that produce myelin sheaths around axons and provide trophic support to axons and neurons. Most of these neurotrophic bacteria display unique features, have coevolved with the functional sophistication of the nervous system cells, and have adapted remarkably to manipulate neural cell functions for their own advantage. Understanding how these bacterial pathogens establish intracellular adaptation by hijacking endogenous pathways in the nervous system, initiating myelin damage and axonal degeneration, and interfering with myelin maintenance provides new knowledge not only for developing strategies to combat neurodegenerative conditions induced by these pathogens but also for gaining novel insights into cellular and molecular pathways that regulate nervous system functions. Since the pathways hijacked by bacterial pathogens may also be associated with other neurodegenerative diseases, it is anticipated that detailing the mechanisms of bacterial manipulation of neural systems may shed light on common mechanisms, particularly of early disease events. This chapter details a classic example of neurodegeneration, that caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which primarily infects glial cells of the peripheral nervous system (Schwann cells), and how it targets and adapts intracellularly by reprogramming Schwann cells to stem cells/progenitor cells. We also discuss implications of this host cell reprogramming by leprosy bacilli as a model in a wider context.
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25
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Doz-Deblauwe É, Carreras F, Arbues A, Remot A, Epardaud M, Malaga W, Mayau V, Prandi J, Astarie-Dequeker C, Guilhot C, Demangel C, Winter N. CR3 Engaged by PGL-I Triggers Syk-Calcineurin-NFATc to Rewire the Innate Immune Response in Leprosy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2913. [PMID: 31921172 PMCID: PMC6928039 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, is unique amongst human pathogens in its capacity to produce the virulence factor phenolic glycolipid (PGL)-I. In addition to mediating bacterial tropism for neurons, PGL-I interacts with Complement Receptor (CR)3 on macrophages (MPs) to promote infection. We demonstrate here that PGL-I binding to CR3 also enhances bacterial invasion of both polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and dendritic cells (DCs). Moreover, in all cell types CR3 engagement by PGL-I activates the Syk tyrosine kinase, inducing calcineurin-dependent nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NFATc. This selectively augments the production of IL-2 by DCs, IL-10 by PMNs and IL-1β by MPs. In intranasally-infected mice PGL-I binding to CR3 heightens mycobacterial phagocytosis by lung PMNs and MPs, and stimulates NFATc-controlled production of Syk-dependent cytokines. Our study thus identifies the CR3-Syk-NFATc axis as a novel signaling pathway activated by PGL-I in innate immune cells, rewiring host cytokine responses to M. leprae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Doz-Deblauwe
- ISP, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Florence Carreras
- ISP, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Ainhoa Arbues
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, BP 64182, Toulouse, France
| | - Aude Remot
- ISP, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Mathieu Epardaud
- ISP, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Wladimir Malaga
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, BP 64182, Toulouse, France
| | - Véronique Mayau
- Immunobiologie de l'Infection, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Prandi
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, BP 64182, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Astarie-Dequeker
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, BP 64182, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Guilhot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, BP 64182, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Demangel
- Immunobiologie de l'Infection, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Winter
- ISP, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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26
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Chavarro-Portillo B, Soto CY, Guerrero MI. Mycobacterium leprae's evolution and environmental adaptation. Acta Trop 2019; 197:105041. [PMID: 31152726 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is an ancient disease caused by the acid-fast bacillus Mycobacterium leprae, also known as Hansen's bacillus. M. leprae is an obligate intracellular microorganism with a marked Schwann cell tropism and is the only human pathogen capable of invading the superficial peripheral nerves. The transmission mechanism of M. leprae is not fully understood; however, the nasal mucosa is accepted as main route of M. leprae entry to the human host. The complete sequencing and the comparative genome analysis show that M. leprae underwent a genome reductive evolution process, as result of lifestyle change and adaptation to different environments; some of lost genes are homologous to those of host cells. Thus, M. leprae reduced its genome size to 3.3 Mbp, contributing to obtain the lowest GC content (approximately 58%) among mycobacteria. The M. leprae genome contains 1614 open reading frames coding for functional proteins, and 1310 pseudogenes corresponding to 41% of the genome, approximately. Comparative analyses to different microorganisms showed that M. leprae possesses the highest content of pseudogenes among pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria and archaea. The pathogen adaptation into host cells, as the Schwann cells, brought about the reduction of the genome and induced multiple gene inactivation. The present review highlights the characteristics of genome's reductive evolution that M. leprae experiences in the genetic aspects compared with other pathogens. The possible mechanisms of pseudogenes formation are discussed.
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27
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Idris I, Abdurrahman AH, Fatulrachman, Aftitah VB, Fadlitha VB, Sato N, Fujimura T, Takimoto H. Invasion of human microvascular endothelial cells by Mycobacterium leprae through Mce1A protein. J Dermatol 2019; 46:853-858. [PMID: 31432529 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In patients with lepromatous leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae is often observed inside the human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) surrounding Schwann cells (SC) at the site of lesions in the peripheral nerves. Based on this observation, it is considered that the nasal mucous may be the invasion pathway for M. leprae and HMVEC serve as an important reservoir for the bacteria before they invade SC. In light of previous research which revealed that Mce1A protein mediates bacterial invasion into nasal epithelial cells and HMVEC, we conducted a study to determine whether the invasion of M. leprae into HMVEC can be suppressed by blocking the Mce1A protein. In this study, we analyzed bacterial invasive activity by adding recombinant Escherichia coli, which express the active region (InvX:72 a.a.) of Mce1A protein on their external membrane, into cultured HMVEC, using the adhesin involved in the diffuse adherence mechanism. The number of bacteria that invaded into the cells was then measured by a colony counting method. The active region of Mce1A was divided into four sections, and hyperimmune antisera was prepared for each section for analyzing the inhibitory effect against invasion. The invasive activity was suppressed by antibodies against InvX regions 1-24 a.a., 25-46 a.a. and 58-72 a.a. This suggests that the InvX regions 1-24 a.a., 25-46 a.a. and 58-72 a.a. of Mce1A protein play an important role in the invasion of M. leprae into HMVEC and that it may be possible to suppress entry of M. leprae in HMVEC with antibodies against these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Idris
- Hasanuddin University Medical Research Center, Makassar, Indonesia.,Departments of, Departments of, Dermatology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Ahmad Haykal Abdurrahman
- Hasanuddin University Medical Research Center, Makassar, Indonesia.,Departments of, Departments of, Dermatology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Fatulrachman
- Departments of, Departments of, Dermatology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Vienza Beby Aftitah
- Cellular Immunology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Viesta Beby Fadlitha
- Departments of, Departments of, Dermatology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Naoya Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Toshiba Rinkan Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan.,Departments of, Departments of, Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takao Fujimura
- Departments of, Departments of, Dermatology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, Sagamihara, Japan.,Departments of, Departments of, Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takimoto
- Bioscience, Kitasato University School of Science, Sagamihara, Japan
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28
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Fadlitha VB, Yamamoto F, Idris I, Dahlan H, Sato N, Aftitah VB, Febriyanda A, Fujimura T, Takimoto H. The unique tropism of Mycobacterium leprae to the nasal epithelial cells can be explained by the mammalian cell entry protein 1A. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0006704. [PMID: 30835734 PMCID: PMC6420055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infection where the skin and peripheral nervous system is invaded by Mycobacterium leprae. The infection mechanism remains unknown in part because culture methods have not been established yet for M. leprae. Mce1A protein (442 aa) is coded by mce1A (1326 bp) of M. leprae. The Mce1A homolog in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is known to be associated with M. tuberculosis epithelial cell entry, and survival and multiplication within macrophages. Studies using recombinant proteins have indicated that Mce1A of M. leprae is also associated with epithelial cell entry. This study is aimed at identifying particular sequences within Mce1A associated with M. leprae epithelial cell entry. Recombinant proteins having N-terminus and C-terminus truncations of the Mce1A region of M. leprae were created in Escherichia coli. Entry activity of latex beads, coated with these truncated proteins (r-lep37 kDa and r-lep27 kDa), into HeLa cells was observed by electron microscopy. The entry activity was preserved even when 315 bp (105 aa) and 922 bp (308 aa) was truncated from the N-terminus and C-terminus, respectively. This 316-921 bp region was divided into three sub-regions: 316-531 bp (InvX), 532-753 bp (InvY), and 754-921 bp (InvZ). Each sub-region was cloned into an AIDA vector and expressed on the surface of E. coli. Entry of these E. coli into monolayer-cultured HeLa and RPMI2650 cells was observed by electron microscopy. Only E. coli harboring the InvX sub-region exhibited cell entry. InvX was further divided into 4 domains, InvXa-InvXd, containing sequences 1-24 aa, 25-46 aa, 47-57 aa, and 58-72 aa, respectively. Recombinant E. coli, expressing each of InvXa-InvXd on the surface, were treated with antibodies against these domains, then added to monolayer cultured RPMI cells. The effectiveness of these antibodies in preventing cell entry was studied by colony counting. Entry activity was suppressed by antibodies against InvXa, InvXb, and InvXd. This suggests that these three InvX domains of Mce1A are important for M. leprae invasion into nasal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viesta Beby Fadlitha
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fuki Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Irfan Idris
- Hasanuddin University Medical Research Centre, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Haslindah Dahlan
- Hasanuddin University Medical Research Centre, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Naoya Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Toshiba Rinkan Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Vienza Beby Aftitah
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Andini Febriyanda
- Hasanuddin University Medical Research Centre, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Takao Fujimura
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroaki Takimoto
- Department of Bioscience, Kitasato University School of Science, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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29
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Díaz Acosta CC, Dias AA, Rosa TLSA, Batista-Silva LR, Rosa PS, Toledo-Pinto TG, Costa FDMR, Lara FA, Rodrigues LS, Mattos KA, Sarno EN, Bozza PT, Guilhot C, de Berrêdo-Pinho M, Pessolani MCV. PGL I expression in live bacteria allows activation of a CD206/PPARγ cross-talk that may contribute to successful Mycobacterium leprae colonization of peripheral nerves. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007151. [PMID: 29979790 PMCID: PMC6056075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae, an obligate intracellular bacillus, infects Schwann cells (SCs), leading to peripheral nerve damage, the most severe leprosy symptom. In the present study, we revisited the involvement of phenolic glycolipid I (PGL I), an abundant, private, surface M. leprae molecule, in M. leprae-SC interaction by using a recombinant strain of M. bovis BCG engineered to express this glycolipid. We demonstrate that PGL I is essential for bacterial adhesion and SC internalization. We also show that live mycobacterium-producing PGL I induces the expression of the endocytic mannose receptor (MR/CD206) in infected cells in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)-dependent manner. Of note, blocking mannose recognition decreased bacterial entry and survival, pointing to a role for this alternative recognition pathway in bacterial pathogenesis in the nerve. Moreover, an active crosstalk between CD206 and the nuclear receptor PPARγ was detected that led to the induction of lipid droplets (LDs) formation and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), previously described as fundamental players in bacterial pathogenesis. Finally, this pathway was shown to induce IL-8 secretion. Altogether, our study provides evidence that the entry of live M. leprae through PGL I recognition modulates the SC phenotype, favoring intracellular bacterial persistence with the concomitant secretion of inflammatory mediators that may ultimately be involved in neuroinflammation. Nerve damage is the most severe symptom of leprosy, an ancient disease that continues to be a major health problem in several countries. Nerve damage is due to the ability of Mycobacterium leprae, the etiologic agent, to invade SCs, the glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. Understanding the molecular basis of M. leprae–SC interaction is essential for the creation of new tools aiming to treat and, above all, prevent leprosy neuropathy. This study demonstrates the critical role of PGL I, an M. leprae-abundant specific cell wall lipid, in establishing infection. PGL I is not only a prerequisite in initiating bacterial adhesion to and subsequent invasion of SCs, but also for changing the repertoire of cell surface proteins to allow for the entrance of bacteria via alternative pathways. These new invasive pathways induced by PGL I involve recognition of other bacterial cell surface glycolipids that, in turn, evoke functional changes in the infected cell, including the accumulation of host cell-derived lipids, which favor bacterial survival. These pathways also promote the secretion of inflammatory mediators that may contribute to nerve damage. In an era of translational-oriented research, exploring these receptors in depth could lead to the development of attractive strategies to ensure the targeted intracellular delivery of therapeutics aiming to prevent neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Alves Dias
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Flávio Alves Lara
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Patrícia Torres Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christophe Guilhot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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30
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Cardona-Pemberthy V, Rendón M, Beltrán JC, Soto-Ospina A, Muñoz-Gomez A, Araque-Marín P, Corredor M, Bedoya G, Cardona-Castro N. Genetic variants, structural, and functional changes of Myelin Protein Zero and Mannose-Binding Lectin 2 protein involved in immune response and its allelic transmission in families of patients with leprosy in Colombia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 61:215-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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31
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Gong B, Wu P, Ruan B, Zhang Y, Lai X, Yu L, Li Y, Dang Z. Differential regulation of phenanthrene biodegradation process by kaolinite and quartz and the underlying mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 349:51-59. [PMID: 29414752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural and cost-effective materials such as minerals can serve as supportive matrices to enhance biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study we evaluated and compared the regulatory role of two common soil minerals, i.e. kaolinite and quartz in phenanthrene (a model PAH) degradation by a PAH degrader Sphingomonas sp. GY2B and investigated the underlying mechanism. Overall kaolinite was more effective than quartz in promoting phenanthrene degradation and bacterial growth. And it was revealed that a more intimate association was established between GY2B and kaolinite. Si and O atoms on mineral surface were demonstrated to be involved in GY2B-mineral interaction. There was an higher polysaccharide/lipid content in the EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) secreted by GY2B on kaolinite than on quartz. Altogether, these results showed that differential bacterial growth, enzymatic activity, EPS composition as well as the interface interaction may explain the effects minerals have on PAH biodegradation. It was implicated that different interface interaction between different minerals and bacteria can affect microbial behavior, which ultimately results in different biodegradation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beini Gong
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Pingxiao Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Nanomaterials, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Bo Ruan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yating Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Lai
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Langfeng Yu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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32
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Sato K, Omahdi Z, Shibata K, Sonoda KH, Yamasaki S, Tanaka H. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of O-Methylated Glycolipids Related to PGLs via Direct Stereoselective Glycosidation and Sequential Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling using Boracyclane. Chemistry 2017; 23:16374-16379. [PMID: 28881056 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of O-methylated glycolipids via direct stereoselective glycosidation whose sugar moieties are related to those in phenolic glycolipids (PGLs) is reported. Treatment of 2-O-methyl-rhamnosyl imidates with I2 and nBu4 NOTf resulted in their activation under low temperature and provided the α-rhamnosides with excellent α-selectivity. nBu4 NOTf enhanced the electorophilicity of iodine. This methodology improved the efficiency of the synthesis of both PGL-1 and PGL-tb1 sugars. The process involved the formation of 2-O-naphthylmethyl-α-rhamnoside and 2-O-methyl-α-fucoside. Sequential Suzuki-Miyaura coupling using synthetic glycosides, boracyclane, and aryl bromides provided glycolipids related to PGL sugars, and was accomplished with a one-pot process. Finally, we elucidated the immunosuppressive activities of all these synthetic compounds and found that a phenyl 3-O-α-rhamnosyl-2-O-methyl-α-rhamnoside possessing a 6-(2-naphthyl)hexyl group exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Sato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H101 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Zakaria Omahdi
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Current address: Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, and Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka University, Japan.,Current address: WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kensuke Shibata
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Current address: WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Current address: Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, and Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka University, Japan.,Current address: WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H101 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
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33
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Oldenburg R, Demangel C. Pathogenic and immunosuppressive properties of mycobacterial phenolic glycolipids. Biochimie 2017; 141:3-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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34
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Singh AK, Bishai WR. Partners in Crime: Phenolic Glycolipids and Macrophages. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:981-983. [PMID: 28969977 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two recent articles advance our understanding of mycobacterial pathogenesis, revealing key roles for bacterially derived phenolic glycolipids (PGLs). In leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae PGL-1 uniquely subverts local macrophages to produce neurotoxic nitric oxide (NO), leading to nerve demyelination. In a related model, Mycobacterium marinum PGL stimulates the recruitment of growth-conducive monocytes to sites of initial infection as an early immune evasion strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Singh
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William R Bishai
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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35
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Abstract
How Mycobacterium leprae infection causes demyelination to mediate leprosy pathogenesis has been a long-standing question. In a recent Cell paper, Madigan et al. (2017) use a zebrafish model of M. leprae infection to show that infected macrophages patrol axons to trigger mitochondrial damage and induce demyelination of nerve cells.
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36
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Madigan CA, Cambier CJ, Kelly-Scumpia KM, Scumpia PO, Cheng TY, Zailaa J, Bloom BR, Moody DB, Smale ST, Sagasti A, Modlin RL, Ramakrishnan L. A Macrophage Response to Mycobacterium leprae Phenolic Glycolipid Initiates Nerve Damage in Leprosy. Cell 2017; 170:973-985.e10. [PMID: 28841420 PMCID: PMC5848073 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy and is unique among mycobacterial diseases in producing peripheral neuropathy. This debilitating morbidity is attributed to axon demyelination resulting from direct interaction of the M. leprae-specific phenolic glycolipid 1 (PGL-1) with myelinating glia and their subsequent infection. Here, we use transparent zebrafish larvae to visualize the earliest events of M. leprae-induced nerve damage. We find that demyelination and axonal damage are not directly initiated by M. leprae but by infected macrophages that patrol axons; demyelination occurs in areas of intimate contact. PGL-1 confers this neurotoxic response on macrophages: macrophages infected with M. marinum-expressing PGL-1 also damage axons. PGL-1 induces nitric oxide synthase in infected macrophages, and the resultant increase in reactive nitrogen species damages axons by injuring their mitochondria and inducing demyelination. Our findings implicate the response of innate macrophages to M. leprae PGL-1 in initiating nerve damage in leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cressida A Madigan
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - C J Cambier
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kindra M Kelly-Scumpia
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Zailaa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Barry R Bloom
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen T Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alvaro Sagasti
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQH, UK.
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37
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Barnes DD, Lundahl MLE, Lavelle EC, Scanlan EM. The Emergence of Phenolic Glycans as Virulence Factors in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1969-1979. [PMID: 28692249 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the leading infectious cause of mortality worldwide. The global epidemic, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has prompted renewed interest in the development of novel vaccines for disease prevention and control. The cell envelope of M. tuberculosis is decorated with an assortment of glycan structures, including glycolipids, that are involved in disease pathogenesis. Phenolic glycolipids and the structurally related para-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives display potent immunomodulatory activities and have particular relevance for both understanding the interaction of the bacterium with the host immune system and also in the design of new vaccine and therapeutic candidates. Interest in glycobiology has grown exponentially over the past decade, with advancements paving the way for effective carbohydrate based vaccines. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of phenolic glycans, including their biosynthesis and role as virulence factors in M. tuberculosis. Recent chemical synthesis approaches and biochemical analysis of synthetic glycans and their conjugates have led to fundamental insights into their roles in host-pathogen interactions. The applications of these synthetic glycans as potential vaccine candidates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D. Barnes
- School of Chemistry
and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Pearse
St., Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mimmi L. E. Lundahl
- School of Chemistry
and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Pearse
St., Dublin 2, Ireland
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity
Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ed C. Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity
Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eoin M. Scanlan
- School of Chemistry
and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Pearse
St., Dublin 2, Ireland
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38
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Ghidinelli M, Poitelon Y, Shin YK, Ameroso D, Williamson C, Ferri C, Pellegatta M, Espino K, Mogha A, Monk K, Podini P, Taveggia C, Nave KA, Wrabetz L, Park HT, Feltri ML. Laminin 211 inhibits protein kinase A in Schwann cells to modulate neuregulin 1 type III-driven myelination. PLoS Biol 2017. [PMID: 28636612 PMCID: PMC5479503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is required for proper nervous system function. Schwann cells in developing nerves depend on extrinsic signals from the axon and from the extracellular matrix to first sort and ensheathe a single axon and then myelinate it. Neuregulin 1 type III (Nrg1III) and laminin α2β1γ1 (Lm211) are the key axonal and matrix signals, respectively, but how their signaling is integrated and if each molecule controls both axonal sorting and myelination is unclear. Here, we use a series of epistasis experiments to show that Lm211 modulates neuregulin signaling to ensure the correct timing and amount of myelination. Lm211 can inhibit Nrg1III by limiting protein kinase A (PKA) activation, which is required to initiate myelination. We provide evidence that excessive PKA activation amplifies promyelinating signals downstream of neuregulin, including direct activation of the neuregulin receptor ErbB2 and its effector Grb2-Associated Binder-1 (Gab1), thereby elevating the expression of the key transcription factors Oct6 and early growth response protein 2 (Egr2). The inhibitory effect of Lm211 is seen only in fibers of small caliber. These data may explain why hereditary neuropathies associated with decreased laminin function are characterized by focally thick and redundant myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ghidinelli
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
- UniSR, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Yoon Kyoung Shin
- Department of Physiology, Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Dong-A University Medical School, Busan, South Korea
| | - Dominique Ameroso
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Courtney Williamson
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Cinzia Ferri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Pellegatta
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
- UniSR, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Kevin Espino
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Amit Mogha
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kelly Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Paola Podini
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
| | - Hwan Tae Park
- Department of Physiology, Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Dong-A University Medical School, Busan, South Korea
- * E-mail: (MLF); (HTP)
| | - Maria Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail: (MLF); (HTP)
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39
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Samanta S, Singh A, Biswas P, Bhatt A, Visweswariah SS. Mycobacterial phenolic glycolipid synthesis is regulated by cAMP-dependent lysine acylation of FadD22. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:373-382. [PMID: 28141495 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mycobacterial cell envelope is unique in its chemical composition, and has an important role to play in pathogenesis. Phthiocerol dimycocerosates (PDIMs) and glycosylated phenolphthiocerol dimycocerosates, also known as phenolic glycolipids (PGLs), contribute significantly to the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FadD22 is essential for PGL biosynthesis. We have recently shown in vitro that FadD22 is a substrate for lysine acylation by a unique cAMP-dependent, protein lysine acyltransferase found only in mycobacteria. The lysine residue that is acylated is at the active site of FadD22. Therefore, acylation is likely to inhibit FadD22 activity and reduce PGL biosynthesis. Here, we show accumulation of PGLs in a strain of M. bovis BCG deleted for the gene encoding the cAMP-dependent acyltransferase, katbcg, with no change seen in PDIM synthesis. Complementation using KATbcg mutants that are deficient in cAMP-binding or acyltransferase activity shows that PGL accumulation is regulated by cAMP-dependent protein acylation in vivo. Expression of FadD22 and KATbcg mutants in Mycobacterium smegmatis confirmed that FadD22 is a substrate for lysine acylation by KATbcg. We have therefore described a mechanism by which cAMP can regulate mycobacterial virulence as a result of the ability of this second messenger to modulate critical cell wall components that affect the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintu Samanta
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Present address: Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, India
| | - Albel Singh
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Priyanka Biswas
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Apoorva Bhatt
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sandhya S Visweswariah
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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40
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Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae must adopt a metabolic strategy and undergo various metabolic alterations upon infection to survive inside the human body for years in a dormant state. A change in lipid homeostasis upon infection is highly pronounced in Mycobacterium leprae. Lipids play an essential role in the survival and pathogenesis of mycobacteria. Lipids are present in several forms and serve multiple roles from being a source of nutrition, providing rigidity, evading the host immune response to serving as virulence factors, etc. The synthesis and degradation of lipids is a highly regulated process and is the key to future drug designing and diagnosis for mycobacteria. In the current review, an account of the distinct roles served by lipids, the mechanism of their synthesis and degradation has been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurkamaljit Kaur
- Research Scholar, Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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41
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Fonseca ABDL, Simon MDV, Cazzaniga RA, de Moura TR, de Almeida RP, Duthie MS, Reed SG, de Jesus AR. The influence of innate and adaptative immune responses on the differential clinical outcomes of leprosy. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:5. [PMID: 28162092 PMCID: PMC5292790 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. According to official reports from 121 countries across five WHO regions, there were 213 899 newly diagnosed cases in 2014. Although leprosy affects the skin and peripheral nerves, it can present across a spectrum of clinical and histopathological forms that are strongly influenced by the immune response of the infected individuals. These forms comprise the extremes of tuberculoid leprosy (TT), with a M. leprae-specific Th1, but also a Th17, response that limits M. leprae multiplication, through to lepromatous leprosy (LL), with M. leprae-specific Th2 and T regulatory responses that do not control M. leprae replication but rather allow bacterial dissemination. The interpolar borderline clinical forms present with similar, but less extreme, immune biases. Acute inflammatory episodes, known as leprosy reactions, are complications that may occur before, during or after treatment, and cause further neurological damages that can cause irreversible chronic disabilities. This review discusses the innate and adaptive immune responses, and their interactions, that are known to affect pathogenesis and influence the clinical outcome of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Barbosa de Lima Fonseca
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Marise do Vale Simon
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Anselmo Cazzaniga
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Rodrigues de Moura
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Roque Pacheco de Almeida
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia, CNPq, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amelia Ribeiro de Jesus
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. .,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia, CNPq, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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42
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Nicchio MV, Araujo S, Martins LC, Pinheiro AV, Pereira DC, Borges A, Antunes DE, Barreto JG, Goulart IMB. Spatial and temporal epidemiology of Mycobacterium leprae infection among leprosy patients and household contacts of an endemic region in Southeast Brazil. Acta Trop 2016; 163:38-45. [PMID: 27469619 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that remains a public health problem in low- and middle-income countries. Household contacts of leprosy patients (HHCs) have increased risk of developing disease and are important links in the chain of transmission of Mycobacterium leprae. Based on epidemiological and operational factors, the global elimination strategy depends on the geographic stratification of endemic areas to intensify control activities. The purpose of the study was to integrate epidemiological indicators and serology into the spatial and temporal analysis of M. leprae infection, in order to understanding of the dynamics of transmission, essential information for the control of leprosy. METHODOLOGY Using location-based technologies and epidemiological data obtained from leprosy cases (N=371) and HHCs (N=53), during a 11year period (2004-2014), we explored the spatial and temporal distribution of diagnosed cases: stratified according their disease manifestation; and of subclinical infection among HHCs: determined by serology (anti-PGL-I ELISA and anti-NDO-LID rapid lateral-flow test); in order to assess the distribution pattern of the disease and the areas of greatest risk of illness, in a highly endemic municipality (Ituiutaba, MG) in the southeast region of Brazil. RESULTS Seropositivity among HHCs was: 17% (9/53) for anti-PGL-I ELISA; and 42% for the NDO-LID rapid lateral-flow test. Forty-nine percent of the contacts were seropositive to at least one of the immunological tests. DISCUSSION We observed substantial spatial heterogeneity of cases throughout the urban perimeter. Even so, four main clusters of patients and three main clusters of subclinical infection were identified. CONCLUSIONS Spatio-temporal epidemiology associated to serological assessment can identify high-risk areas imbedded within the overall epidemic municipality, to prioritize active search of new cases as well support prevention strategies in these locations of greater disease burden and transmission. Such techniques should become increasingly useful and important in future action planning of health interventions, as decisions must be made to effectively allocate limited resources.
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Laminin targeting of a peripheral nerve-highlighting peptide enables degenerated nerve visualization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12774-12779. [PMID: 27791138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611642113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Target-blind activity-based screening of molecular libraries is often used to develop first-generation compounds, but subsequent target identification is rate-limiting to developing improved agents with higher specific affinity and lower off-target binding. A fluorescently labeled nerve-binding peptide, NP41, selected by phage display, highlights peripheral nerves in vivo. Nerve highlighting has the potential to improve surgical outcomes by facilitating intraoperative nerve identification, reducing accidental nerve transection, and facilitating repair of damaged nerves. To enable screening of molecular target-specific molecules for higher nerve contrast and to identify potential toxicities, NP41's binding target was sought. Laminin-421 and -211 were identified by proximity-based labeling using singlet oxygen and by an adapted version of TRICEPS-based ligand-receptor capture to identify glycoprotein receptors via ligand cross-linking. In proximity labeling, photooxidation of a ligand-conjugated singlet oxygen generator is coupled to chemical labeling of locally oxidized residues. Photooxidation of methylene blue-NP41-bound nerves, followed by biotin hydrazide labeling and purification, resulted in light-induced enrichment of laminin subunits α4 and α2, nidogen 1, and decorin (FDR-adjusted P value < 10-7) and minor enrichment of laminin-γ1 and collagens I and VI. Glycoprotein receptor capture also identified laminin-α4 and -γ1. Laminins colocalized with NP41 within nerve sheath, particularly perineurium, where laminin-421 is predominant. Binding assays with phage expressing NP41 confirmed binding to purified laminin-421, laminin-211, and laminin-α4. Affinity for these extracellular matrix proteins explains the striking ability of NP41 to highlight degenerated nerve "ghosts" months posttransection that are invisible to the unaided eye but retain hollow laminin-rich tubular structures.
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Neal JW, Gasque P. The role of primary infection of Schwann cells in the aetiology of infective inflammatory neuropathies. J Infect 2016; 73:402-418. [PMID: 27546064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous different pathogens are responsible for infective peripheral neuropathies and this is generally the result of the indirect effects of pathogen infection, namely anti pathogen antibodies cross reacting with epitopes on peripheral nerve, auto reactive T cells attacking myelin, circulating immune complexes and complement fixation. Primary infection of Schwann cells (SC) associated with peripheral nerve inflammation is rare requiring pathogens to cross the Blood Peripheral Nerve Barrier (BPNB) evade anti-pathogen innate immune pathways and invade the SC. Spirochetes Borrelia bourgdorferi and Trepomema pallidum are highly invasive, express surface lipo proteins, but despite this SC are rarely infected. However, Trypanosoma cruzi (Chaga's disease) and Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy are two important causes of peripheral nerve infection and both demonstrate primary infection of SC. This is due to two novel strategies; T. cruzi express a trans-silalidase that mimics host neurotrophic factors and infects SC via tyrosine kinase receptors. M. leprae demonstrates multi receptor SC tropism and subsequent infection promotes nuclear reprogramming and dedifferentiation of host SC into progenitor stem like cells (pSLC) that are vulnerable to M. leprae infection. These two novel pathogen evasion strategies, involving stem cells and receptor mimicry, provide potential therapeutic targets relevant to the prevention of peripheral nerve inflammation by inhibiting primary SC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Neal
- Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.
| | - P Gasque
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale de l'OI (LICE-OI), Centre recherche Immuno-clinique des agents pathogènes de l'OI (CRIC-AP OI) Pôle Biologie Santé, Hôpital Félix Guyon, CHU de la Réunion, Reunion.
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Miyamoto Y, Mukai T, Matsuoka M, Kai M, Maeda Y, Makino M. Profiling of Intracellular Metabolites: An Approach to Understanding the Characteristic Physiology of Mycobacterium leprae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004881. [PMID: 27479467 PMCID: PMC4968842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae is the causative agent of leprosy and also known to possess unique features such as inability to proliferate in vitro. Among the cellular components of M. leprae, various glycolipids present on the cell envelope are well characterized and some of them are identified to be pathogenic factors responsible for intracellular survival in host cells, while other intracellular metabolites, assumed to be associated with basic physiological feature, remain largely unknown. In the present study, to elucidate the comprehensive profile of intracellular metabolites, we performed the capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) analysis on M. leprae and compared to that of M. bovis BCG. Interestingly, comparison of these two profiles showed that, in M. leprae, amino acids and their derivatives are significantly accumulated, but most of intermediates related to central carbon metabolism markedly decreased, implying that M. leprae possess unique metabolic features. The present study is the first report demonstrating the unique profiles of M. leprae metabolites and these insights might contribute to understanding undefined metabolism of M. leprae as well as pathogenic characteristics related to the manifestation of the disease. Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, has unique physiological features including being uncultivable in artificial media. This fact raises the possibility that M. leprae possesses specific metabolism that are different from other cultivable mycobacteria. Among the components of M. leprae, the glycolipids are known to be involved in pathogenicity, while the dynamics of intracellular metabolites such as organic acids, amino acids and nucleic acids remain unclear. Aiming to understand the metabolism of M. leprae, we characterized the profile of intracellular metabolites. Unexpectedly, we found that amino acid species are significantly accumulated, while most of intermediates related to central carbon metabolism markedly decreased in the metabolite fraction of M. leprae, as compared with that of other mycobacteria. These specific metabolic features of M. leprae was presented for the first time and these insights may contribute to understanding the mechanism of physiology including obligate growth in vivo, which is one of the key characteristics of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Miyamoto
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tetsu Mukai
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Matsuoka
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Kai
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Maeda
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Makino
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
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F420H2 Is Required for Phthiocerol Dimycocerosate Synthesis in Mycobacteria. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:2020-8. [PMID: 27185825 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01035-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Phthiocerol dimycocerosates (PDIM) are a group of cell surface-associated apolar lipids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and closely related mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium leprae A characteristic methoxy group of these lipids is generated from the methylation of a hydroxyl group of the direct precursors, the phthiotriols. The precursors arise from the reduction of phthiodiolones, the keto intermediates, by a ketoreductase. The putative phthiodiolone ketoreductase (PKR) is encoded by Rv2951c in M. tuberculosis and BCG_2972c in M. bovis BCG, and these open reading frames (ORFs) encode identical amino acid sequences. We investigated the cofactor requirement of the BCG_2972c protein. A comparative analysis based on the crystallographic structures of similar enzymes identified structural elements for binding of coenzyme F420 and hydrophobic phthiodiolones in PKR. Coenzyme F420 is a deazaflavin coenzyme that serves several key functions in pathogenic and nonpathogenic mycobacteria. We found that an M. bovis BCG mutant lacking F420-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Fgd), which generates F420H2 (glucose-6-phosphate + F420 → 6-phosphogluconate + F420H2), was devoid of phthiocerols and accumulated phthiodiolones. When the mutant was provided with F420H2, a broken-cell slurry of the mutant converted accumulated phthiodiolones to phthiocerols; F420H2 was generated in situ from F420 and glucose-6-phosphate by the action of Fgd. Thus, the reaction mixture was competent in reducing phthiodiolones to phthiotriols (phthiodiolones + F420H2 → phthiotriols + F420), which were then methylated to phthiocerols. These results established the mycobacterial phthiodiolone ketoreductase as an F420H2-dependent enzyme (fPKR). A phylogenetic analysis of close homologs of fPKR revealed potential F420-dependent lipid-modifying enzymes in a broad range of mycobacteria. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis, and phthiocerol dimycocerosates (PDIM) protect this pathogen from the early innate immune response of an infected host. Thus, the PDIM synthesis system is a potential target for the development of effective treatments for tuberculosis. The current study shows that a PDIM synthesis enzyme is dependent on the coenzyme F420 F420 is universally present in mycobacteria and absent in humans. This finding expands the number of experimentally validated F420-dependent enzymes in M. tuberculosis to six, each of which helps the pathogen to evade killing by the host immune system, and one of which activates an antituberculosis drug, PA-824. This work also has relevance to leprosy, since similar waxy lipids are found in Mycobacterium leprae.
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Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathy in Leprosy: The Case for Nerve Decompression. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2016; 4:e637. [PMID: 27257567 PMCID: PMC4874281 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Plastic surgery has a tradition of caring for patients with facial deformity and hand deformity related to leprosy. The approach, however, to the progressive deformity and disability related to chronic nerve compression is underappreciated in the world today. A cohort of patients with leprous neuropathy from an indigenous area of leprosy in Ecuador was evaluated for the presence of chronic peripheral nerve compression, and 12 patients were chosen for simultaneous upper and lower extremity, unilateral, nerve decompression at multiple levels along the course of each nerve. The results at 1 year of follow-up show that 6 patients improved into the excellent category and 4 patients improved into the good category for improved function. Based on the early results in this small cohort of patients with leprous neuropathy, an approach to peripheral nerve decompression, encompassing the concept of multiple crush at multiple levels of each nerve, seems to offer optimism to improve upper and lower extremity limb function. Long-term studies with quality-of-life outcomes would be welcome.
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Biosynthesis of cell envelope-associated phenolic glycolipids in Mycobacterium marinum. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:1040-50. [PMID: 25561717 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02546-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic glycolipids (PGLs) are polyketide synthase-derived glycolipids unique to pathogenic mycobacteria. PGLs are found in several clinically relevant species, including various Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, Mycobacterium leprae, and several nontuberculous mycobacterial pathogens, such as M. marinum. Multiple lines of investigation implicate PGLs in virulence, thus underscoring the relevance of a deep understanding of PGL biosynthesis. We report mutational and biochemical studies that interrogate the mechanism by which PGL biosynthetic intermediates (p-hydroxyphenylalkanoates) synthesized by the iterative polyketide synthase Pks15/1 are transferred to the noniterative polyketide synthase PpsA for acyl chain extension in M. marinum. Our findings support a model in which the transfer of the intermediates is dependent on a p-hydroxyphenylalkanoyl-AMP ligase (FadD29) acting as an intermediary between the iterative and the noniterative synthase systems. Our results also establish the p-hydroxyphenylalkanoate extension ability of PpsA, the first-acting enzyme of a multisubunit noniterative polyketide synthase system. Notably, this noniterative system is also loaded with fatty acids by a specific fatty acyl-AMP ligase (FadD26) for biosynthesis of phthiocerol dimycocerosates (PDIMs), which are nonglycosylated lipids structurally related to PGLs. To our knowledge, the partially overlapping PGL and PDIM biosynthetic pathways provide the first example of two distinct, pathway-dedicated acyl-AMP ligases loading the same type I polyketide synthase system with two alternate starter units to produce two structurally different families of metabolites. The studies reported here advance our understanding of the biosynthesis of an important group of mycobacterial glycolipids.
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Wang J, Behr MA. Building a better bacillus: the emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:139. [PMID: 24765091 PMCID: PMC3982062 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Mycobacterium is comprised of more than 150 species that reside in a wide variety of habitats. Most mycobacteria are environmental organisms that are either not associated with disease or are opportunistic pathogens that cause non-transmissible disease in immunocompromised individuals. In contrast, a small number of species, such as the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are host-adapted pathogens for which there is no known environmental reservoir. In recent years, gene disruption studies using the host-adapted pathogen have uncovered a number of “virulence factors,” yet genomic data indicate that many of these elements are present in non-pathogenic mycobacteria. This suggests that much of the genetic make-up that enables virulence in the host-adapted pathogen is already present in environmental members of the genus. In addition to these generic factors, we hypothesize that molecules elaborated exclusively by professional pathogens may be particularly implicated in the ability of M. tuberculosis to infect, persist, and cause transmissible pathology in its host species, Homo sapiens. One approach to identify these molecules is to employ comparative analysis of mycobacterial genomes, to define evolutionary events such as horizontal gene transfer (HGT) that contributed M. tuberculosis-specific genetic elements. Independent studies have now revealed the presence of HGT genes in the M. tuberculosis genome and their role in the pathogenesis of disease is the subject of ongoing investigations. Here we review these studies, focusing on the hypothesized role played by HGT loci in the emergence of M. tuberculosis from a related environmental species into a highly specialized human-adapted pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marcel A Behr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Medicine, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; McGill International TB Centre Montreal, QC, Canada
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50
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Bourke J, Brereton CF, Gordon SV, Lavelle EC, Scanlan EM. The synthesis and biological evaluation of mycobacterial p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives (p-HBADs). Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1114-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42277a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives (p-HBADs) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis have the ability to suppress host immune response in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bourke
- School of Chemistry
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Corinna F. Brereton
- Adjuvant Research Group
- School of Biochemistry
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stephen V. Gordon
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ed C. Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group
- School of Biochemistry
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eoin M. Scanlan
- School of Chemistry
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Dublin 2, Ireland
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