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Lepe BA, Zheng CR, Leddy OK, Allsup BL, Solomon SL, Bryson BD. Protease shaving of Mycobacterium tuberculosis facilitates vaccine antigen discovery and delivery of novel cargoes to the Mtb surface. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.02.601718. [PMID: 39005324 PMCID: PMC11245043 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.02.601718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is the leading cause of infectious disease death and lacks a vaccine capable of protecting adults from pulmonary TB. Studies have shown that Mtb uses a variety of mechanisms to evade host immunity. Secreted Mtb proteins such as Type VII secretion system substrates have been characterized for their ability to modulate anti-Mtb immunity; however, studies of other pathogens such as Salmonella Typhi and Staphylococcus aureus have revealed that outer membrane proteins can also interact with the innate and adaptive immune system. The Mtb outer membrane proteome has received relatively less attention due to limited techniques available to interrogate this compartment. We filled this gap by deploying protease shaving and quantitative mass spectrometry to identify Mtb outer membrane proteins which serve as nodes in the Mtb-host interaction network. These analyses revealed several novel Mtb proteins on the Mtb surface largely derived from the PE/PPE class of Mtb proteins, including PPE18, a component of a leading Mtb vaccine candidate. We next exploited the localization of PPE18 to decorate the Mtb surface with heterologous proteins and deliver these surface-engineered Mtb to the phagosome. Together, these studies reveal potential novel targets for new Mtb vaccines as well as facilitate new approaches to study difficult to study cellular compartments during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca A. Lepe
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Christine R. Zheng
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Owen K. Leddy
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Allsup
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Sydney L. Solomon
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Bryan D. Bryson
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
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2
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Kloc M, Halasa M, Ghobrial RM. Macrophage niche imprinting as a determinant of macrophage identity and function. Cell Immunol 2024; 399-400:104825. [PMID: 38648700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Macrophage niches are the anatomical locations within organs or tissues consisting of various cells, intercellular and extracellular matrix, transcription factors, and signaling molecules that interact to influence macrophage self-maintenance, phenotype, and behavior. The niche, besides physically supporting macrophages, imposes a tissue- and organ-specific identity on the residing and infiltrating monocytes and macrophages. In this review, we give examples of macrophage niches and the modes of communication between macrophages and surrounding cells. We also describe how macrophages, acting against their immune defensive nature, can create a hospitable niche for pathogens and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Transplant Immunology, Houston, TX, USA; Houston Methodist Hospital, Department of Surgery, Houston, TX, USA; University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Genetics, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Marta Halasa
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Transplant Immunology, Houston, TX, USA; Houston Methodist Hospital, Department of Surgery, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rafik M Ghobrial
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Transplant Immunology, Houston, TX, USA; Houston Methodist Hospital, Department of Surgery, Houston, TX, USA
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3
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Ndinyanka Fabrice T, Mori M, Pieters J. Coronin 1-dependent cell density sensing and regulation of the peripheral T cell population size. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 5:iqae002. [PMID: 38737939 PMCID: PMC11007115 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of peripheral T cells is important to ensure appropriate immunity. In mammals, T cells are produced in the thymus before seeding the periphery early in life, and thereafter progressive thymus involution impairs new T cell production. Yet, peripheral T cells are maintained lifelong at approximately similar cell numbers. The question thus arises: what are the mechanisms that enable the maintenance of the appropriate number of circulating T cells, ensuring that T cell numbers are neither too low nor too high? Here, we highlight recent research suggesting a key role for coronin 1, a member of the evolutionarily conserved family of coronin proteins, in both allowing T cells to reach as well as maintain their appropriate cell population size. This cell population size controlling pathway was found to be conserved in amoeba, mice and human. We propose that coronin 1 is an integral part of a cell-intrinsic pathway that couples cell density information with prosurvival signalling thereby regulating the appropriate number of peripheral T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayumi Mori
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jean Pieters
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Brown G, Marchwicka A, Marcinkowska E. Vitamin D and immune system. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 109:1-41. [PMID: 38777411 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The active metabolite of vitamin D 1,25(OH)2D is well known for its role in regulating calcium-phosphate homeostasis of the human body. However, the immunomodulating activity of 1,25(OH)2D has been known for many years. There are numerous reports correlating low vitamin D levels in blood serum with the onset of autoimmune diseases and with the severe course of acute infections. In this chapter, we address the role of 1,25(OH)2D in these diseases, and we discuss the possible mechanisms of action of 1,25(OH)2D in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Brown
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Marchwicka
- Department of Protein Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Marcinkowska
- Department of Protein Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
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5
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Kant R, Mishra N, Kandhari K, Saba L, Michel C, Reisdorph R, Tewari-Singh N, Pantcheva MB, Petrash JM, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Dexamethasone targets actin cytoskeleton signaling and inflammatory mediators to reverse sulfur mustard-induced toxicity in rabbit corneas. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 483:116834. [PMID: 38266871 PMCID: PMC10923037 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sulfur mustard (SM), a bi-functional alkylating agent, was used during World War I and the Iran-Iraq war. SM toxicity is ten times higher in eyes than in other tissues. Cornea is exceptionally susceptible to SM-injuries due to its anterior positioning and mucous-aqueous interphase. Ocular SM exposure induces blepharitis, photosensitivity, dry eye, epithelial defects, limbal ischemia and stem cell deficiency, and mustard gas keratopathy leading to temporary or permanent vision impairments. We demonstrated that dexamethasone (Dex) is a potent therapeutic intervention against SM-induced corneal injuries; however, its mechanism of action is not well known. Investigations employing proteomic profiling (LC-MS/MS) to understand molecular mechanisms behind SM-induced corneal injury and Dex efficacy were performed in the rabbit cornea exposed to SM and then received Dex treatment. PEAKS studio was used to extract, search, and summarize peptide identity. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used for pathway identification. Validation was performed using immunofluorescence. One-Way ANOVA (FDR < 0.05; p < 0.005) and Student's t-test (p < 0.05) were utilized for analyzing proteomics and IF data, respectively. Proteomic analysis revealed that SM-exposure upregulated tissue repair pathways, particularly actin cytoskeleton signaling and inflammation. Prominently dysregulated proteins included lipocalin2, coronin1A, actin-related protein2, actin-related protein2/3 complex subunit2, actin-related protein2/3 complex subunit4, cell division cycle42, ezrin, bradykinin/kininogen1, moesin, and profilin. Upregulated actin cytoskeleton signaling increases F-actin formation, dysregulating cell shape and motility. Dex reversed SM-induced increases in the aforementioned proteins levels to near control expression profiles. Dex aids corneal wound healing and improves corneal integrity via actin cytoskeletal signaling and anti-inflammatory effects following SM-induced injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kushal Kandhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cole Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Mina B Pantcheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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6
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Babele P, Midha MK, Rao KVS, Kumar A. Temporal Profiling of Host Proteome against Different M. tuberculosis Strains Reveals Delayed Epigenetic Orchestration. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2998. [PMID: 38138142 PMCID: PMC10745383 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from being preventable and treatable, tuberculosis is the deadliest bacterial disease afflicting humankind owing to its ability to evade host defence responses, many of which are controlled by epigenetic mechanisms. Here, we report the temporal dynamics of the proteome of macrophage-like host cells after infecting them for 6, 18, 30, and 42 h with two laboratory strains (H37Ra and H37Rv) and two clinical strains (BND433 and JAL2287) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Using SWATH-MS, the proteins characterized at the onset of infection broadly represented oxidative stress and cell cytoskeleton processes. Intermediary and later stages of infection are accompanied by a reshaping of the combination of proteins implicated in histone stability, gene expression, and protein trafficking. This study provides strain-specific and time-specific variations in the proteome of the host, which might further the development of host-directed therapeutics and diagnostic tools against the pathogen. Also, our findings accentuate the importance of proteomic tools in delineating the complex recalibration of the host defence enabled as an effect of MTB infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive proteomic account of the host response to avirulent and virulent strains of MTB at different time periods of the life span of macrophage-like cells. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE repository with the dataset identifier PXD022352.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Babele
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, India; (P.B.); (K.V.S.R.)
| | | | - Kanury V. S. Rao
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, India; (P.B.); (K.V.S.R.)
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, India; (P.B.); (K.V.S.R.)
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7
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Kayongo A, Nyiro B, Siddharthan T, Kirenga B, Checkley W, Lutaakome Joloba M, Ellner J, Salgame P. Mechanisms of lung damage in tuberculosis: implications for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1146571. [PMID: 37415827 PMCID: PMC10320222 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1146571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for COPD. Severe lung function impairment has been reported in post-TB patients. Despite increasing evidence to support the association between TB and COPD, only a few studies describe the immunological basis of COPD among TB patients following successful treatment completion. In this review, we draw on well-elaborated Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced immune mechanisms in the lungs to highlight shared mechanisms for COPD pathogenesis in the setting of tuberculosis disease. We further examine how such mechanisms could be exploited to guide COPD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kayongo
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Lung Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Brian Nyiro
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Trishul Siddharthan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Bruce Kirenga
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Lung Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Moses Lutaakome Joloba
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Lung Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jerrold Ellner
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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8
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Sun L, Yang B, Peng Z, Yang T, Qin B, Ao J, Yang Y, Wang J, Zheng L, Xie H. Transcriptomics and Phenotypic Analysis of gpr56 Knockout in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097740. [PMID: 37175447 PMCID: PMC10178538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor is a seven-transmembrane receptor protein with a complex structure. Impaired GPR56 has been found to cause developmental damage to the human brain, resulting in intellectual disability and motor dysfunction. To date, studies on gpr56 deficiency in zebrafish have been limited to the nervous system, and there have been no reports of its systemic effects on juvenile fish at developmental stages. In order to explore the function of gpr56 in zebrafish, the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system was used to construct a gpr56-knockout zebrafish. Subsequently, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the transcriptional level between the 3 days post fertilization (dpf) homozygotes of the gpr56 mutation and the wildtype zebrafish were analyzed via RNA-seq. The results of the clustering analysis, quantitative PCR (qPCR), and in situ hybridization demonstrated that the expression of innate immunity-related genes in the mutant was disordered, and multiple genes encoding digestive enzymes of the pancreatic exocrine glands were significantly downregulated in the mutant. Motor ability tests demonstrated that the gpr56-/- zebrafish were more active, and this change was more pronounced in the presence of cold and additional stimuli. In conclusion, our results revealed the effect of gpr56 deletion on the gene expression of juvenile zebrafish and found that the gpr56 mutant was extremely active, providing an important clue for studying the mechanism of gpr56 in the development of juvenile zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luning Sun
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Boyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Tianle Yang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Bin Qin
- Heart Development Center, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Jieyu Ao
- Heart Development Center, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yanqun Yang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Jingling Wang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Huaping Xie
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Changsha 410081, China
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9
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Selvapandiyan A, Puri N, Kumar P, Alam A, Ehtesham NZ, Griffin G, Hasnain SE. Zooming in on common immune evasion mechanisms of pathogens in phagolysosomes: potential broad-spectrum therapeutic targets against infectious diseases. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:6780197. [PMID: 36309472 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens evade the host immune challenges to propagate and cause fatal diseases. The microbes overpower host immunity at various levels including during entry into host cells, phagosome formation, phagosome maturation, phagosome-lysosome fusion forming phagolysosomes, acidification of phagolysosomes, and at times after escape into the cytosol. Phagolysosome is the final organelle in the phagocyte with sophisticated mechanisms to degrade the pathogens. The immune evasion strategies by the pathogens include the arrest of host cell apoptosis, decrease in reactive oxygen species, the elevation of Th2 anti-inflammatory response, avoidance of autophagy and antigen cross-presentation pathways, and escape from phagolysosomal killing. Since the phagolysosome organelle in relation to infection/cure is seldom discussed in the literature, we summarize here the common host as well as pathogen targets manipulated or utilized by the pathogens established in phagosomes and phagolysosomes, to hijack the host immune system for their benefit. These common molecules or pathways can be broad-spectrum therapeutic targets for drug development for intervention against infectious diseases caused by different intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niti Puri
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.,Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States
| | - Anwar Alam
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India.,Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Nasreen Zafar Ehtesham
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - George Griffin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.,Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, 201310, India
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10
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Sugawara-Mikami M, Tanigawa K, Kawashima A, Kiriya M, Nakamura Y, Fujiwara Y, Suzuki K. Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium leprae. Virulence 2022; 13:1985-2011. [PMID: 36326715 PMCID: PMC9635560 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2141987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) and M. lepromatosis, an obligate intracellular organism, and over 200,000 new cases occur every year. M. leprae parasitizes histiocytes (skin macrophages) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nerves. Although leprosy can be treated by multidrug therapy, some patients relapse or have a prolonged clinical course and/or experience leprosy reaction. These varying outcomes depend on host factors such as immune responses against bacterial components that determine a range of symptoms. To understand these host responses, knowledge of the mechanisms by which M. leprae parasitizes host cells is important. This article describes the characteristics of leprosy through bacteriology, genetics, epidemiology, immunology, animal models, routes of infection, and clinical findings. It also discusses recent diagnostic methods, treatment, and measures according to the World Health Organization (WHO), including prevention. Recently, the antibacterial activities of anti-hyperlipidaemia agents against other pathogens, such as M. tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus have been investigated. Our laboratory has been focused on the metabolism of lipids which constitute the cell wall of M. leprae. Our findings may be useful for the development of future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sugawara-Mikami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,West Yokohama Sugawara Dermatology Clinic, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanigawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kiriya
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujiwara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Ndinyanka Fabrice T, Bianda C, Zhang H, Jayachandran R, Ruer-Laventie J, Mori M, Moshous D, Fucile G, Schmidt A, Pieters J. An evolutionarily conserved coronin-dependent pathway defines cell population size. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabo5363. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abo5363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of cell population size is fundamental to the proper functioning of multicellular organisms. Here, we describe a cell-intrinsic cell density–sensing pathway that enabled T cells to reach and maintain an appropriate population size. This pathway operated “kin-to-kin” or between identical or similar T cell populations occupying a niche within a tissue or organ, such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and blood. We showed that this pathway depended on the cell density–dependent abundance of the evolutionarily conserved protein coronin 1, which coordinated prosurvival signaling with the inhibition of cell death until the cell population reached threshold densities. At or above threshold densities, coronin 1 expression peaked and remained stable, thereby resulting in the initiation of apoptosis through kin-to-kin intercellular signaling to return the cell population to the appropriate cell density. This cell population size-controlling pathway was conserved from amoeba to humans, thus providing evidence for the existence of a coronin-regulated, evolutionarily conserved mechanism by which cells are informed of and coordinate their relative population size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haiyan Zhang
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Mayumi Mori
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Despina Moshous
- Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Geoffrey Fucile
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, sciCORE Computing Center, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean Pieters
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Zhou Q, He L, Hu J, Gao Y, Shen D, Ni Y, Qin Y, Liang H, Liu J, Le W, Chen S. Increased expression of coronin-1a in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target. Front Med 2022; 16:723-735. [PMID: 35648369 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-021-0905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron disease. At present, no definite ALS biomarkers are available. In this study, exosomes from the plasma of patients with ALS and healthy controls were extracted, and differentially expressed exosomal proteins were compared. Among them, the expression of exosomal coronin-1a (CORO1A) was 5.3-fold higher than that in the controls. CORO1A increased with disease progression at a certain proportion in the plasma of patients with ALS and in the spinal cord of ALS mice. CORO1A was also overexpressed in NSC-34 motor neuron-like cells, and apoptosis, oxidative stress, and autophagic protein expression were evaluated. CORO1A overexpression resulted in increased apoptosis and oxidative stress, overactivated autophagy, and hindered the formation of autolysosomes. Moreover, CORO1A activated Ca2+-dependent phosphatase calcineurin, thereby blocking the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. The inhibition of calcineurin activation by cyclosporin A reversed the damaged autolysosomes. In conclusion, the role of CORO1A in ALS pathogenesis was discovered, potentially affecting the disease onset and progression by blocking autophagic flux. Therefore, CORO1A might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinming Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lu He
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jiaxing & the Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Yining Gao
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Dingding Shen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - You Ni
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuening Qin
- Department of Dermatology, The People's Hospital of Rushan, Weihai, 264500, China
| | - Huafeng Liang
- Department of Neurology, Xinrui Hospital, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Weidong Le
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences-Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226007, China.
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13
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Monoclonal Antibodies for Bacterial Pathogens: Mechanisms of Action and Engineering Approaches for Enhanced Effector Functions. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092126. [PMID: 36140226 PMCID: PMC9496014 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy has opened a new era in the pharmaceutical field, finding application in various areas of research, from cancer to infectious diseases. The IgG isoform is the most used therapeutic, given its long half-life, high serum abundance, and most importantly, the presence of the Fc domain, which can be easily engineered. In the infectious diseases field, there has been a rising interest in mAbs research to counteract the emerging crisis of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Various pathogens are acquiring resistance mechanisms, inhibiting any chance of success of antibiotics, and thus may become critically untreatable in the near future. Therefore, mAbs represent a new treatment option which may complement or even replace antibiotics. However, very few antibacterial mAbs have succeeded clinical trials, and until now, only three mAbs have been approved by the FDA. These failures highlight the need of improving the efficacy of mAb therapeutic activity, which can also be achieved with Fc engineering. In the first part of this review, we will describe the mechanisms of action of mAbs against bacteria, while in the second part, we will discuss the recent advances in antibody engineering to increase efficacy of pre-existing anti-bacterial mAbs.
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14
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Integrin Regulators in Neutrophils. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132025. [PMID: 35805108 PMCID: PMC9266208 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in humans and are critical for innate immunity and inflammation. Integrins are critical for neutrophil functions, especially for their recruitment to sites of inflammation or infections. Integrin conformational changes during activation have been heavily investigated but are still not fully understood. Many regulators, such as talin, Rap1-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM), Rap1, and kindlin, are critical for integrin activation and might be potential targets for integrin-regulating drugs in treating inflammatory diseases. In this review, we outline integrin activation regulators in neutrophils with a focus on the above critical regulators, as well as newly discovered modulators that are involved in integrin activation.
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15
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Pandey HS, Kapoor R, Bindu, Seth P. Coronin 1A facilitates calcium mobilization and promotes astrocyte reactivity in HIV‐1 neuropathogenesis. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:254-272. [PMID: 35415462 PMCID: PMC8984076 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte reactivity, a phenomenon observed in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, can have both beneficial and detrimental manifestations which significantly affect neuronal physiology. In neuroAIDS, reactive astrocytes have been observed to severely affect the neuronal population present in their vicinity. Calcium signaling plays a central role in mediating astrocyte reactivity. Coronin 1A, an actin‐binding protein, majorly reported in hematopoietic cells, regulates cell activity in a calcium‐dependent manner, but its role in astrocyte physiology and reactivity is largely unknown. Using a well‐characterized primary culture of human astroglia and neurons, we explored the roles of coronin 1A in astrocyte physiology and its involvement in facilitating astrocyte reactivity. In this study, we report coronin 1A expression in human primary astrocytes and autopsy brain sections, and that it plays activity‐dependent roles by facilitating calcium mobilization from the intracellular stores. HIV‐1 Tat, a potent neurotoxicant that turns astrocytes reactive, augments coronin 1A expression, apart from affecting GFAP and pro‐inflammatory molecules. Also, the autopsy brain tissue of HIV‐1 infected individuals has a higher expression of coronin 1A. Downregulation of coronin 1A attenuated the HIV‐1 Tat‐induced deleterious effects of reactive astrocytes, measured as the upregulated expression of GFAP, pro‐inflammatory molecules, and enhanced release of IL‐6, and hence reduced astrocyte‐mediated neurodegeneration. Our findings also suggest that out of a pool of dysregulated miRNAs studied by us, hsa‐miR‐92b‐5p regulates coronin 1A expression under the effect of HIV‐1 Tat. These findings highlight the novel roles of coronin 1A in regulating astrocyte activity in stimulated conditions and astrocyte reactivity observed in HIV‐1 neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hriday Shanker Pandey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section National Brain Research Centre Gurgaon Haryana India
| | - Rishabh Kapoor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section National Brain Research Centre Gurgaon Haryana India
| | - Bindu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section National Brain Research Centre Gurgaon Haryana India
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section National Brain Research Centre Gurgaon Haryana India
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16
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Bahlool AZ, Grant C, Cryan SA, Keane J, O'Sullivan MP. All trans retinoic acid as a host-directed immunotherapy for tuberculosis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:54-72. [PMID: 35496824 PMCID: PMC9040133 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the top bacterial infectious disease killer and one of the top ten causes of death worldwide. The emergence of strains of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has pushed our available stock of anti-TB agents to the limit of effectiveness. This has increased the urgent need to develop novel treatment strategies using currently available resources. An adjunctive, host-directed therapy (HDT) designed to act on the host, instead of the bacteria, by boosting the host immune response through activation of intracellular pathways could be the answer. The integration of multidisciplinary approaches of repurposing currently FDA-approved drugs, with a targeted drug-delivery platform is a very promising option to reduce the long timeline associated with the approval of new drugs - time that cannot be afforded given the current levels of morbidity and mortality associated with TB infection. The deficiency of vitamin A has been reported to be highly associated with the increased susceptibility of TB. All trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, has proven to be very efficacious against TB both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we discuss and summarise the importance of vitamin A metabolites in the fight against TB and what is known regarding the molecular mechanisms of ATRA as a host-directed therapy for TB including its effect on macrophages cytokine profile and cellular pathways. Furthermore, we focus on the issues behind why previous clinical trials with vitamin A supplementation have failed, and how these issues might be overcome. Tuberculosis deaths and resistance are increasing – novel therapies are needed. Vitamin A deficiency is a strong risk factor for active tuberculosis in contacts. All Trans Retinoic Acid is a promising host-directed therapy for tuberculosis. It has pleiotropic effects on macrophages & other immune cells in vitro and in vivo. Inhaled rather than systemic All Trans Retinoic Acid therapy may be most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Z. Bahlool
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Conor Grant
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- SFI Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Dublin, Ireland
- SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI, Dublin and National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Mary P. O'Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Corresponding author.
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17
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Sontyana B, Shrivastava R, Battu S, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Phagosome maturation and modulation of macrophage effector function by intracellular pathogens: target for therapeutics. Future Microbiol 2021; 17:59-76. [PMID: 34877879 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important cells that regulate various innate functions. Macrophages after engulfment of pathogens proceed for phagosome maturation and finally fuse with lysosomes to kill pathogens. Although pathogen degradation is one of the important functions of phagosomes, various immune-effector functions of macrophages are also dependent on the phagosome maturation process. This review discusses signaling processes regulating phagosome maturation as well as various effector functions of macrophages such as apoptosis, antigen presentation, autophagy and inflammasome that are dependent on the phagosome maturation process. It also discusses strategies adopted by various intracellular pathogens to counteract these functions to evade intracellular destruction mechanisms. These studies may give direction for the development of new therapeutics to control various intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahmaji Sontyana
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohini Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Srikanth Battu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India
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18
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Vaughn B, Abu Kwaik Y. Idiosyncratic Biogenesis of Intracellular Pathogens-Containing Vacuoles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:722433. [PMID: 34858868 PMCID: PMC8632064 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.722433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While most bacterial species taken up by macrophages are degraded through processing of the bacteria-containing vacuole through the endosomal-lysosomal degradation pathway, intravacuolar pathogens have evolved to evade degradation through the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. All intra-vacuolar pathogens possess specialized secretion systems (T3SS-T7SS) that inject effector proteins into the host cell cytosol to modulate myriad of host cell processes and remodel their vacuoles into proliferative niches. Although intravacuolar pathogens utilize similar secretion systems to interfere with their vacuole biogenesis, each pathogen has evolved a unique toolbox of protein effectors injected into the host cell to interact with, and modulate, distinct host cell targets. Thus, intravacuolar pathogens have evolved clear idiosyncrasies in their interference with their vacuole biogenesis to generate a unique intravacuolar niche suitable for their own proliferation. While there has been a quantum leap in our knowledge of modulation of phagosome biogenesis by intravacuolar pathogens, the detailed biochemical and cellular processes affected remain to be deciphered. Here we discuss how the intravacuolar bacterial pathogens Salmonella, Chlamydia, Mycobacteria, Legionella, Brucella, Coxiella, and Anaplasma utilize their unique set of effectors injected into the host cell to interfere with endocytic, exocytic, and ER-to-Golgi vesicle traffic. However, Coxiella is the main exception for a bacterial pathogen that proliferates within the hydrolytic lysosomal compartment, but its T4SS is essential for adaptation and proliferation within the lysosomal-like vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Vaughn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Yousef Abu Kwaik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Center for Predictive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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19
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Chatterjee R, Chowdhury AR, Mukherjee D, Chakravortty D. Lipid larceny: channelizing host lipids for establishing successful pathogenesis by bacteria. Virulence 2021; 12:195-216. [PMID: 33356849 PMCID: PMC7808437 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1869441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are complex organic compounds made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. These play a diverse and intricate role in cellular processes like membrane trafficking, protein sorting, signal transduction, and bacterial infections. Both Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus sp., Listeria monocytogenes, etc.) and Gram-negative bacteria (Chlamydia sp., Salmonella sp., E. coli, etc.) can hijack the various host-lipids and utilize them structurally as well as functionally to mount a successful infection. The pathogens can deploy with various arsenals to exploit host membrane lipids and lipid-associated receptors as an attachment for toxins' landing or facilitate their entry into the host cellular niche. Bacterial species like Mycobacterium sp. can also modulate the host lipid metabolism to fetch its carbon source from the host. The sequential conversion of host membrane lipids into arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 due to increased activity of cPLA-2 and COX-2 upon bacterial infection creates immunosuppressive conditions and facilitates the intracellular growth and proliferation of bacteria. However, lipids' more debatable role is that they can also be a blessing in disguise. Certain host-lipids, especially sphingolipids, have been shown to play a crucial antibacterial role and help the host in combating the infections. This review shed light on the detailed role of host lipids in bacterial infections and the current understanding of the lipid in therapeutics. We have also discussed potential prospects and the need of the hour to help us cope in this race against deadly pathogens and their rapidly evolving stealthy virulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Debapriya Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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20
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Kalra R, Tiwari D, Dkhar HK, Bhagyaraj E, Kumar R, Bhardwaj A, Gupta P. Host factors subverted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Potential targets for host directed therapy. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 42:43-70. [PMID: 34678117 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1990277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite new approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB), it continues to be a major health burden. Several immunotherapies that potentiate the immune response have come up as adjuncts to drug therapies against drug resistant TB strains; however, there needs to be an urgent appraisal of host specific drug targets for improving their clinical management and to curtail disease progression. Presently, various host directed therapies (HDTs) exist (repurposed drugs, nutraceuticals, monoclonal antibodies and immunomodulatory agents), but these mostly address molecules that combat disease progression. AREAS COVERED The current review discusses major Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) survival paradigms inside the host and presents a plethora of host targets subverted by M. tuberculosis which can be further explored for future HDTs. The host factors unique to M. tuberculosis infection (in humans) have also been identified through an in-silico interaction mapping. EXPERT OPINION HDTs could become the next-generation adjunct therapies in order to counter antimicrobial resistance and virulence, as well as to reduce the duration of existing TB treatments. However, current scientific efforts are largely directed toward combatants rather than host molecules co-opted by M. tuberculosis for its survival. This might drive the immune system to a hyper-inflammatory condition; therefore, we emphasize that host factors subverted by M. tuberculosis, and their subsequent neutralization, must be considered for development of better HDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashi Kalra
- Department of Molecular Biology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Drishti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Hedwin Kitdorlang Dkhar
- Department of Molecular Biology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Ella Bhagyaraj
- Department of Molecular Biology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Bioinformatics Center, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Anshu Bhardwaj
- Bioinformatics Center, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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21
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Fei X, Li Z, Yang D, Kong X, Lu X, Shen Y, Li X, Xie S, Wang J, Zhao Y, Sun Y, Zhang J, Ye Z, Wang J, Cai Z. Neddylation of Coro1a determines the fate of multivesicular bodies and biogenesis of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12153. [PMID: 34623756 PMCID: PMC8500273 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) fuse with not only the plasma membranes to release extracellular vesicles (EVs) but also lysosomes for degradation. Rab7 participates in the lysosomal targeting of MVBs. However, the proteins on MVB that directly bind Rab7, causing MVB recruitment of Rab7 remain unidentified. Here, we show that Coro1a undergoes neddylation modification at K233 by TRIM4. Neddylated Coro1a is associated with the MVB membrane and facilitates MVB recruitment and activation of Rab7 by directly binding Rab7. Subsequently, MVBs are targeted to lysosomes for degradation in a Rab7-dependent manner, leading to reduced EV secretion. Furthermore, a decrease in neddylated Coro1a enhances the production of tumour EVs, thereby promoting tumour progression, indicating that neddylated Coro1a is an ideal target for the regulation of EV biogenesis. Altogether, our data identify a novel substrate of neddylation and reveal an unknown mechanism for MVB recruitment of Rab7, thus providing new insight into the regulation of EV biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Fei
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Orthopaedics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Orthopaedics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Diya Yang
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Orthopaedics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinliang Lu
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Orthopaedics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Shen
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Orthopaedics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Li
- School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaofang Xie
- School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Centre, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchao Zhao
- Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoming Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, Musculoskeletal Tumour Centre of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Centre of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Haematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Cai
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Orthopaedics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Oku T, Kaneko Y, Ishii R, Hitomi Y, Tsuiji M, Toyoshima S, Tsuji T. Coronin-1 is phosphorylated at Thr-412 by protein kinase Cα in human phagocytic cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101041. [PMID: 34189278 PMCID: PMC8220002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronin-1, a hematopoietic cell-specific actin-binding protein, is thought to be involved in the phagocytic process through its interaction with actin filaments. The dissociation of coronin-1 from phagosomes after its transient accumulation on the phagosome surface is associated with lysosomal fusion. We previously reported that 1) coronin-1 is phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC), 2) coronin-1 has two phosphorylation sites, Ser-2 and Thr-412, and 3) Thr-412 of coronin-1 is phosphorylated during phagocytosis. In this study, we examined which PKC isoform is responsible for the phosphorylation of coronin-1 at Thr-412 by using isotype-specific PKC inhibitors and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Thr-412 phosphorylation of coronin-1 was suppressed by Gö6976, an inhibitor of PKCα and PKCβI. This phosphorylation was attenuated by siRNA for PKCα, but not by siRNA for PKCβ. Furthermore, Thr-412 of coronin-1 was phosphorylated by recombinant PKCα in vitro, but not by recombinant PKCβ. We next examined the effects of Gö6976 on the intracellular distribution of coronin-1 in HL60 cells during phagocytosis. The confocal fluorescence microscopic observation showed that coronin-1 was not dissociated from phagosomes in Gö6976-treated cells. These results indicate that phosphorylation of coronin-1 at Thr-412 by PKCα regulates intracellular distribution during phagocytosis. Phosphorylation of coronin-1 at Thr-412 is suppressed by PKCα/β inhibitor. PKCα not PKCβ phosphorylates coronin-1 at Thr-412 in vitro. Dissociation of coronin-1 from phagosome is regulated by PKCα. Phosphorylation of coronin-1 at Thr-412 may trigger phagosome maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Oku
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Yutaka Kaneko
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Rie Ishii
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Hitomi
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuiji
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Toyoshima
- Japan Pharmacists Education Center, 1-9-13 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-0052, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tsuji
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
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23
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Rankine-Wilson LI, Shapira T, Sao Emani C, Av-Gay Y. From infection niche to therapeutic target: the intracellular lifestyle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2021; 167:001041. [PMID: 33826491 PMCID: PMC8289223 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an obligate human pathogen killing millions of people annually. Treatment for tuberculosis is lengthy and complicated, involving multiple drugs and often resulting in serious side effects and non-compliance. Mtb has developed numerous complex mechanisms enabling it to not only survive but replicate inside professional phagocytes. These mechanisms include, among others, overcoming the phagosome maturation process, inhibiting the acidification of the phagosome and inhibiting apoptosis. Within the past decade, technologies have been developed that enable a more accurate understanding of Mtb physiology within its intracellular niche, paving the way for more clinically relevant drug-development programmes. Here we review the molecular biology of Mtb pathogenesis offering a unique perspective on the use and development of therapies that target Mtb during its intracellular life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tirosh Shapira
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carine Sao Emani
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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24
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Tanigawa K, Hayashi Y, Hama K, Yamashita A, Yokoyama K, Luo Y, Kawashima A, Maeda Y, Nakamura Y, Harada A, Kiriya M, Karasawa K, Suzuki K. Mycobacterium leprae promotes triacylglycerol de novo synthesis through induction of GPAT3 expression in human premonocytic THP-1 cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249184. [PMID: 33770127 PMCID: PMC7997041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) is the etiological agent of leprosy, and the skin lesions of lepromatous leprosy are filled with numerous foamy or xanthomatous histiocytes that are parasitized by M. leprae. Lipids are an important nutrient for the intracellular survival of M. leprae. In this study, we attempted to determine the intracellular lipid composition and underlying mechanisms for changes in host cell lipid metabolism induced by M. leprae infection. Using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), we demonstrated specific induction of triacylglycerol (TAG) production in human macrophage THP-1 cells following M. leprae infection. We then used [14C] stearic acid tracing to show incorporation of this newly synthesized host cell TAG into M. leprae. In parallel with TAG accumulation, expression of host glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 3 (GPAT3), a key enzyme in de novo TAG synthesis, was significantly increased in M. leprae-infected cells. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing of GPAT3 in THP-1 cells (GPAT3 KO) dramatically reduced accumulation of TAG following M. leprae infection, intracellular mycobacterial load, and bacteria viability. These results together suggest that M. leprae induces host GPAT3 expression to facilitate TAG accumulation within macrophages to maintain a suitable environment that is crucial for intracellular survival of these bacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Tanigawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hama
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamashita
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Yokoyama
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuqian Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Maeda
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Harada
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kiriya
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Karasawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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25
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Sardar A, Lahiri A, Kamble M, Mallick AI, Tarafdar PK. Translation of Mycobacterium Survival Strategy to Develop a Lipo‐peptide based Fusion Inhibitor**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Sardar
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur PIN-741246 India
| | - Aritraa Lahiri
- Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur PIN-741246 India
| | - Mithila Kamble
- Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur PIN-741246 India
| | - Amirul I. Mallick
- Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur PIN-741246 India
| | - Pradip K. Tarafdar
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur PIN-741246 India
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26
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Sardar A, Lahiri A, Kamble M, Mallick AI, Tarafdar PK. Translation of Mycobacterium Survival Strategy to Develop a Lipo-peptide based Fusion Inhibitor*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6101-6106. [PMID: 33241871 PMCID: PMC7753697 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The entry of enveloped virus requires the fusion of viral and host cell membranes. An effective fusion inhibitor aiming at impeding such membrane fusion may emerge as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent against a wide range of viral infections. Mycobacterium survives inside the phagosome by inhibiting phagosome-lysosome fusion with the help of a coat protein coronin 1. Structural analysis of coronin 1 and other WD40-repeat protein suggest that the trp-asp (WD) sequence is placed at distorted β-meander motif (more exposed) in coronin 1. The unique structural feature of coronin 1 was explored to identify a simple lipo-peptide sequence (myr-WD), which effectively inhibits membrane fusion by modulating the interfacial order, water penetration, and surface potential. The mycobacterium inspired lipo-dipeptide was successfully tested to combat type 1 influenza virus (H1N1) and murine coronavirus infections as a potential broad-spectrum antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Sardar
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research KolkataMohanpurPIN-741246India
| | - Aritraa Lahiri
- Department of Biological SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research KolkataMohanpurPIN-741246India
| | - Mithila Kamble
- Department of Biological SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research KolkataMohanpurPIN-741246India
| | - Amirul I. Mallick
- Department of Biological SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research KolkataMohanpurPIN-741246India
| | - Pradip K. Tarafdar
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research KolkataMohanpurPIN-741246India
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27
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Desale SE, Chinnathambi S. Phosphoinositides signaling modulates microglial actin remodeling and phagocytosis in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:28. [PMID: 33627135 PMCID: PMC7905611 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by the accumulation of abnormal protein deposits, which disrupts signal transduction in neurons and other glia cells. The pathological protein in neurodegenerative diseases, Tau and amyloid-β contribute to the disrupted microglial signaling pathways, actin cytoskeleton, and cellular receptor expression. The important secondary messenger lipids i.e., phosphatidylinositols are largely affected by protein deposits of amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease. Phosphatidylinositols are the product of different phosphatidylinositol kinases and the state of phosphorylation at D3, D4, and D5 positions of inositol ring. Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PI 3, 4, 5-P3) involves in phagocytic cup formation, cell polarization, whereas Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI 4, 5-P2)-mediates the process of phagosomes formation and further its fusion with early endosome.. The necessary activation of actin-binding proteins such as Rac, WAVE complex, and ARP2/3 complex for the actin polymerization in the process of phagocytosis, migration is regulated and maintained by PI 3, 4, 5-P3 and PI 4, 5-P2. The ratio and types of fatty acid intake can influence the intracellular secondary lipid messengers along with the cellular content of phaphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The Amyloid-β deposits and extracellular Tau seeds disrupt phosphatidylinositides level and actin cytoskeletal network that hamper microglial-signaling pathways in AD. We hypothesize that being a lipid species intracellular levels of phosphatidylinositol would be regulated by dietary fatty acids. Further we are interested to understand phosphoinositide-based signaling cascades in phagocytosis and actin remodeling. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Eknath Desale
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
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28
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Polyphosphate is an extracellular signal that can facilitate bacterial survival in eukaryotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31923-31934. [PMID: 33268492 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012009117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphate is a linear chain of phosphate residues and is present in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis accumulate polyphosphate, and reduced expression of the polyphosphate kinase that synthesizes polyphosphate decreases their survival. How polyphosphate potentiates pathogenicity is poorly understood. Escherichia coli K-12 do not accumulate detectable levels of extracellular polyphosphate and have poor survival after phagocytosis by Dictyostelium discoideum or human macrophages. In contrast, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis accumulate detectable levels of extracellular polyphosphate, and have relatively better survival after phagocytosis by D. discoideum or macrophages. Adding extracellular polyphosphate increased E. coli survival after phagocytosis by D. discoideum and macrophages. Reducing expression of polyphosphate kinase 1 in M. smegmatis reduced extracellular polyphosphate and reduced survival in D. discoideum and macrophages, and this was reversed by the addition of extracellular polyphosphate. Conversely, treatment of D. discoideum and macrophages with recombinant yeast exopolyphosphatase reduced the survival of phagocytosed M. smegmatis or M. tuberculosis D. discoideum cells lacking the putative polyphosphate receptor GrlD had reduced sensitivity to polyphosphate and, compared to wild-type cells, showed increased killing of phagocytosed E. coli and M. smegmatis Polyphosphate inhibited phagosome acidification and lysosome activity in D. discoideum and macrophages and reduced early endosomal markers in macrophages. Together, these results suggest that bacterial polyphosphate potentiates pathogenicity by acting as an extracellular signal that inhibits phagosome maturation.
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29
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Sachdeva K, Sundaramurthy V. The Interplay of Host Lysosomes and Intracellular Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:595502. [PMID: 33330138 PMCID: PMC7714789 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are an integral part of the intracellular defense system against microbes. Lysosomal homeostasis in the host is adaptable and responds to conditions such as infection or nutritional deprivation. Pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Salmonella avoid lysosomal targeting by actively manipulating the host vesicular trafficking and reside in a vacuole altered from the default lysosomal trafficking. In this review, the mechanisms by which the respective pathogen containing vacuoles (PCVs) intersect with lysosomal trafficking pathways and maintain their distinctness are discussed. Despite such active inhibition of lysosomal targeting, emerging literature shows that different pathogens or pathogen derived products exhibit a global influence on the host lysosomal system. Pathogen mediated lysosomal enrichment promotes the trafficking of a sub-set of pathogens to lysosomes, indicating heterogeneity in the host-pathogen encounter. This review integrates recent advancements on the global lysosomal alterations upon infections and the host protective role of the lysosomes against these pathogens. The review also briefly discusses the heterogeneity in the lysosomal targeting of these pathogens and the possible mechanisms and consequences.
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30
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Ivanyi J. Tuberculosis vaccination needs to avoid 'decoy' immune reactions. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 126:102021. [PMID: 33254012 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current search for a new effective vaccine against tuberculosis involves selected antigens, vectors and adjuvants. These are being evaluated usually by their booster inoculation following priming with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. The purpose of this article is to point out, that despite being attenuated of virulence, priming with BCG may still involve immune mechanisms, which are not favourable for protection against active disease. It is postulated, that the responsible 'decoy' constituents selected during the evolution of pathogenic tubercle bacilli may be involved in the evasion from bactericidal host resistance and stimulate immune responses of a cytokine phenotype, which lead to the transition from latent closed granulomas to reactivation with infectious lung cavities. The decoy mechanisms appear as favourable for most infected subjects but leading in a minority of cases to pathology which can effectively transmit the infection. It is proposed that construction and development of new vaccine candidates could benefit from avoiding decoy-type immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Ivanyi
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Guy's Campus of Kings College London, SE1, 1UL, United kingdom.
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31
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Saha S, Das P, BoseDasgupta S. "It Takes Two to Tango": Role of Neglected Macrophage Manipulators Coronin 1 and Protein Kinase G in Mycobacterial Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:582563. [PMID: 33194820 PMCID: PMC7606305 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.582563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages being the connecting link between innate and adaptive immune system plays a crucial role in microbial antigen presentation and orchestrates the subsequent clearance of microorganisms. Microbial invasion of macrophages trigger a plethora of signaling cascades, which interact among them to generate a dynamically altered hostile environment, that ultimately leads to disruption of microbial pathogenesis. Paradoxically, Mycobacterium sp. exploits macrophage proteins such as Coronin 1, Calcineurin, LRG47, SOCS1, CISH, Gbp5 etc. and secretes virulence proteins such as PknG, PtpA, SapM, Eis etc. to hijack these intra-macrophage, signaling cascades and thereby develop its own niche. Coronin 1, being a cortical protein is transiently recruited to all mycobacteria containing phagosomes, but only pathogenic mycobacteria can retain it on the phagosome, to hinder its maturation. Additionally, mycobacterial infection linked secretion of virulence factor Protein Kinase G through its phosphorylation, manipulates several macrophage signaling pathways and thus promotes pathogenesis at various stages, form early infection to latency to granuloma formation. Here we discuss the present status of mycobacteria engaged Coronin 1-dependent signaling cascades and secreted PknG related sequence of events promoting mycobacterial pathogenesis. Current knowledge about these two proteins in context of macrophage signaling manipulation encompassing diverse mechanisms like calcium-calcineurin signaling, reduced proinflamtory cytokine secretion, cytoskeletal changes, and adaptation in acidic environment, which ultimately converge toward mycobacterial survival inside the macrophages has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saradindu Saha
- Molecular Immunology and Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Payel Das
- Molecular Immunology and Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Somdeb BoseDasgupta
- Molecular Immunology and Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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32
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Induction of Allograft Tolerance While Maintaining Immunity Against Microbial Pathogens: Does Coronin 1 Hold a Key? Transplantation 2020; 104:1350-1357. [PMID: 31895336 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Selective suppression of graft rejection while maintaining anti-pathogen responses has been elusive. Thus far, the most successful strategies to induce suppression of graft rejection relies on inhibition of T-cell activation. However, the very same mechanisms that induce allograft-specific T-cell suppression are also important for immunity against microbial pathogens as well as oncogenically transformed cells, resulting in significant immunosuppression-associated comorbidities. Therefore, defining the pathways that differentially regulate anti-graft versus antimicrobial T-cell responses may allow the development of regimen to induce allograft-specific tolerance. Recent work has defined a molecular pathway driven by the immunoregulatory protein coronin 1 that regulates the phosphodiesterase/cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway and modulates T cell responses. Interestingly, disruption of coronin 1 promotes allograft tolerance while immunity towards a range of pathogenic microbes is maintained. Here, we briefly review the work leading up to these findings as well as their possible implications for transplantation medicine.
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33
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Sprenkeler EGG, Webbers SDS, Kuijpers TW. When Actin is Not Actin' Like It Should: A New Category of Distinct Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders. J Innate Immun 2020; 13:3-25. [PMID: 32846417 DOI: 10.1159/000509717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) have been identified over the last decade, which are caused by deleterious mutations in genes encoding for proteins involved in actin cytoskeleton regulation. These mutations primarily affect hematopoietic cells and lead to defective function of immune cells, such as impaired motility, signaling, proliferative capacity, and defective antimicrobial host defense. Here, we review several of these immunological "actinopathies" and cover both clinical aspects, as well as cellular mechanisms of these PIDs. We focus in particular on the effect of these mutations on human neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien G G Sprenkeler
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, .,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, AUMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | - Steven D S Webbers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, AUMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, AUMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Xuan WX, Li JJ, Zhang QC, Sun GN, Xu ZW, Sun ZF, Zhang XJ. Protein expression shift and potential diagnostic markers through proteomics profiling of tuberculous pleurisy biopsy tissues. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 99:245-252. [PMID: 32758691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tuberculous pleurisy is a common type of tuberculosis (TB), but its diagnosis is challenging. This study aimed to profile the protein expression of this disease and identify new diagnostic makers. METHODS Biopsy tissues from patients with tuberculous pleurisy and controls were taken through thoracoscopy, and proteins were extracted for Tandem Mass Tag Mass Spectrometry. Differential protein expression was performed between patients and controls, and the identified proteins were analyzed for pathway enrichment. Selected proteins were further validated in another set of samples using a more quantitative method. RESULTS A total of 5101 proteins were detected and quantified in a discovery set of patients and controls. Overall protein expression was quite different between patients and controls. Most proteins were down-expressed, while a minority were overly expressed in the patient samples. At p value < 0.05 and absolute fold change >2, 295 proteins were found to be up-expressed and 608 down-expressed. The top enriched pathways included ECM-receptor interaction, complement and coagulation cascades and focal adhesion. All 19 selected candidates were validated in an independent set of patient and control samples. CONCLUSION This unbiased proteomics approach not only provided unique insights into protein expression and pathways, but also discovered potential diagnostic markers for tuberculous pleurisy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xia Xuan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qun-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guan-Nan Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhi-Fu Sun
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiao-Ju Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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35
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Fenaroli F, Robertson JD, Scarpa E, Gouveia VM, Di Guglielmo C, De Pace C, Elks PM, Poma A, Evangelopoulos D, Canseco JO, Prajsnar TK, Marriott HM, Dockrell DH, Foster SJ, McHugh TD, Renshaw SA, Martí JS, Battaglia G, Rizzello L. Polymersomes Eradicating Intracellular Bacteria. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8287-8298. [PMID: 32515944 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes such as monocytes, tissue-specific macrophages, and dendritic cells are primary actors in both innate and adaptive immunity. These professional phagocytes can be parasitized by intracellular bacteria, turning them from housekeepers to hiding places and favoring chronic and/or disseminated infection. One of the most infamous is the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB), which is the most pandemic and one of the deadliest diseases, with one-third of the world's population infected and an average of 1.8 million deaths/year worldwide. Here we demonstrate the effective targeting and intracellular delivery of antibiotics to infected macrophages both in vitro and in vivo, using pH-sensitive nanoscopic polymersomes made of PMPC-PDPA block copolymer. Polymersomes showed the ability to significantly enhance the efficacy of the antibiotics killing Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and another established intracellular pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, they demonstrated to easily access TB-like granuloma tissues-one of the harshest environments to penetrate-in zebrafish models. We thus successfully exploited this targeting for the effective eradication of several intracellular bacteria, including M. tuberculosis, the etiological agent of human TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James D Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, U.K
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, S10 2TN Sheffield, U.K
| | - Edoardo Scarpa
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, WC1H 0AJ London, U.K
| | - Virginia M Gouveia
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, WC1H 0AJ London, U.K
| | - Claudia Di Guglielmo
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cesare De Pace
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, WC1H 0AJ London, U.K
- The EPSRC/Jeol Centre for Liquid Phase Electron Microscopy, University College London, WC1H 0AJ London, U.K
| | - Philip M Elks
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, U.K
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, S10 2JF Sheffield, U.K
| | - Alessandro Poma
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, WC1H 0AJ London, U.K
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, WC1X 8LD London, U.K
| | - Dimitrios Evangelopoulos
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, NW3 2PF London, U.K
| | - Julio Ortiz Canseco
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, NW3 2PF London, U.K
| | - Tomasz K Prajsnar
- The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, U.K
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, U.K
| | - Helen M Marriott
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, S10 2JF Sheffield, U.K
- The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, U.K
| | - David H Dockrell
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, S10 2JF Sheffield, U.K
| | - Simon J Foster
- The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, U.K
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, U.K
| | - Timothy D McHugh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, NW3 2PF London, U.K
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, S10 2TN Sheffield, U.K
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, S10 2JF Sheffield, U.K
- The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, U.K
| | - Josep Samitier Martí
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Biomedical Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, WC1H 0AJ London, U.K
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- The EPSRC/Jeol Centre for Liquid Phase Electron Microscopy, University College London, WC1H 0AJ London, U.K
- Institute for Physics of Living System, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, U.K
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Loris Rizzello
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, WC1H 0AJ London, U.K
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
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36
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Ornithine-A urea cycle metabolite enhances autophagy and controls Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3535. [PMID: 32669568 PMCID: PMC7363810 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are professional phagocytes known to play a vital role in controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and disease progression. Here we compare Mtb growth in mouse alveolar (AMs), peritoneal (PMs), and liver (Kupffer cells; KCs) macrophages and in bone marrow-derived monocytes (BDMs). KCs restrict Mtb growth more efficiently than all other macrophages and monocytes despite equivalent infections through enhanced autophagy. A metabolomics comparison of Mtb-infected macrophages indicates that ornithine and imidazole are two top-scoring metabolites in Mtb-infected KCs and that acetylcholine is the top-scoring in Mtb-infected AMs. Ornithine, imidazole and atropine (acetylcholine inhibitor) inhibit Mtb growth in AMs. Ornithine enhances AMPK mediated autophagy whereas imidazole directly kills Mtb by reducing cytochrome P450 activity. Intranasal delivery of ornithine or imidazole or the two together restricts Mtb growth. Our study demonstrates that the metabolic differences between Mtb-infected AMs and KCs lead to differences in the restriction of Mtb growth. Kupffer cells are more resistant to M. tuberculosis when compared with alveolar macrophages. Here the authors show that this distinction is caused by the presence of ornithine and imidazole in Kupffer cells and that these metabolites can drive autophagy and M. tuberculosis killing in alveolar macrophages when given intranasally to infected mice.
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37
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Setiabudi RJ, Mertaniasih NM, Amin M, Artama WT. Gene expression tryptophan aspartate coat protein in determining latent tuberculosis infection using immunocytochemistry and real time polimerase chain reaction. Infect Dis Rep 2020; 12:8733. [PMID: 32874463 PMCID: PMC7447932 DOI: 10.4081/idr.2020.8733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Problem of Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) is increasing in number especially in countries with high TB incidence rate, such as Indonesia. Although not every LTBI will become active TB, if untreated and not handled appropriately it can still be a source of transmission and may increase the rate of resistance to the first-line TB drugs. Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a cause of tuberculosis disease is an intracellular pathogens that survives within the phagosome of host macrophages. Several host factors are involved in this process, including the Tryptophan Aspartate-containing Coat Protein (TACO). TACO is a protein recruited and retained by viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis on the surface of the phagosome membrane to maintain its survival in phagosome, because the presence of TACO plays an important role in inhibiting the fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes. Objective the aim of this studyis to assess the difference of gene expression TACO protein in Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) and healthy people. Method A preliminary studyof mRNA examination of TACO protein using Immunocytochemistry (ICC) and Real Time-Polimerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) method by a PCR Light Cycler 2.0 machine (Roche) in LTBI and healthy groups. Results 18 samples of peripheral blood monocyte cells (PBMCs) were collected and divided into 2 groups. We found that there was a significantly difference between the 2 groups of samples. Conclusion Further research is required to consider that the measurement of TACO expression using RT-PCRcan used as one of the other method to determine LTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah J Setiabudi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, TB Laboratory Institute of Tropical Disease
| | - Ni Made Mertaniasih
- Department of Medical Microbiology, TB Laboratory Institute of Tropical Disease
| | - Muhammad Amin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, TB Laboratory Institute of Tropical Disease
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38
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Sharma A, Vaghasiya K, Ray E, Gupta P, Gupta UD, Singh AK, Verma RK. Targeted Pulmonary Delivery of the Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin Gallate Controls the Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Enhancing the Autophagy and Suppressing Bacterial Burden. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4126-4140. [PMID: 33463343 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Growing rates of tuberculosis (TB) superbugs are alarming, which has hampered the progress made to-date to control this infectious disease, and new drug candidates are few. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenolic compound from green tea extract, shows powerful efficacy against TB bacteria in in vitro studies. However, the therapeutic efficacy of the molecule is limited due to poor pharmacokinetics and low bioavailability following oral administration. Aiming to improve the treatment outcomes of EGCG therapy, we investigated whether encapsulation and pulmonary delivery of the molecule would allow the direct targeting of the site of infection without compromising the activity. Microencapsulation of EGCG was realized by scalable spray-freeze-drying (SFD) technology, forming free-flowing micrometer-sized microspheres (epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded trehalose microspheres, EGCG-t-MS) of trehalose sugar. These porous microspheres exhibited appropriate aerodynamic parameters and high encapsulation efficiencies. In vitro studies demonstrated that EGCG-t-MS exhibited dose- and time-dependent killing of TB bacteria inside mouse macrophages by cellular mechanisms of lysosome acidification and autophagy induction. In a preclinical study on TB-infected Balb/c mice model (4 weeks of infection), we demonstrate that the microencapsulated EGCG, administered 5 days/week for 6 weeks by pulmonary delivery, showed exceptional efficacy compared to oral treatment of free drug. This treatment approach exhibited therapeutic outcomes by resolution of inflammation in the infected lungs and significant reduction (P < 0.05) in bacterial burden (up to ∼2.54 Log10 CFU) compared to untreated control and orally treated mice groups. No pathological granulomas, lesions, and inflammation were observed in the histopathological investigation, compared to untreated controls. The encouraging results of the study may pave the avenues for future use of EGCG in TB therapeutics by targeted pulmonary delivery and lead to its translational success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Sharma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India
| | - Kalpesh Vaghasiya
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India
| | - Eupa Ray
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India
| | - Pushpa Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra-282001, India
| | - Umesh Datta Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra-282001, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra-282001, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Verma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India
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39
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Fiedler T, Fabrice TN, Studer V, Vinet A, Faltova L, Kammerer RA, Steinmetz MO, Sharpe T, Pieters J. Homodimerization of coronin A through the C-terminal coiled-coil domain is essential for multicellular differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2116-2127. [PMID: 32298460 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Coronin proteins are widely expressed among eukaryotic organisms. Most coronins consist of a WD-repeat domain followed by a C-terminal coiled coil. Dictyostelium discoideum expresses a single short coronin coronin A, which has been implicated in both actin modulation and multicellular differentiation. Whether coronin A's coiled coil is important for functionality, as well as the oligomeric state of coronin A is not known. Here, we show that the coiled-coil domain in Dictyostelium coronin A functions in homodimerization, is dispensable for coronin A stability and localization but essential for multicellular differentiation. These results allow a better understanding of the role for the coiled-coil domain of coronin A in oligomerization and demonstrate that its presence is essential for multicellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vera Studer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Lenka Faltova
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Kammerer
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
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40
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Tăbăran AF, Matea CT, Mocan T, Tăbăran A, Mihaiu M, Iancu C, Mocan L. Silver Nanoparticles for the Therapy of Tuberculosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:2231-2258. [PMID: 32280217 PMCID: PMC7127828 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s241183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid emergence of aggressive, multidrug-resistant Mycobacteria strain represents the main cause of the current antimycobacterial-drug crisis and status of tuberculosis (TB) as a major global health problem. The relatively low-output of newly approved antibiotics contributes to the current orientation of research towards alternative antibacterial molecules such as advanced materials. Nanotechnology and nanoparticle research offers several exciting new-concepts and strategies which may prove to be valuable tools in improving the TB therapy. A new paradigm in antituberculous therapy using silver nanoparticles has the potential to overcome the medical limitations imposed in TB treatment by the drug resistance which is commonly reported for most of the current organic antibiotics. There is no doubt that AgNPs are promising future therapeutics for the medication of mycobacterial-induced diseases but the viability of this complementary strategy depends on overcoming several critical therapeutic issues as, poor delivery, variable intramacrophagic antimycobacterial efficiency, and residual toxicity. In this paper, we provide an overview of the pathology of mycobacterial-induced diseases, andhighlight the advantages and limitations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru-Flaviu Tăbăran
- Department of Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Tudor Matea
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Teodora Mocan
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Tăbăran
- Department of Public Health and Food Hygiene, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marian Mihaiu
- Department of Public Health and Food Hygiene, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cornel Iancu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Third Surgery Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Mocan
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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41
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Tahir F, Bin Arif T, Ahmed J, Shah SR, Khalid M. Anti-tuberculous Effects of Statin Therapy: A Review of Literature. Cureus 2020; 12:e7404. [PMID: 32337130 PMCID: PMC7182050 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. TB). It is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Increased cholesterol level is a predisposing factor for TB. M. TB uses cholesterol in the host macrophage membranes to bind and enter the macrophages. Statins are the drugs that are prescribed to hyperlipidemic patients to maintain their lipid levels in the normal range, thereby reducing the risk of stroke and cardiovascular events. Moreover, statins aid in reducing the levels of cholesterol in human macrophages. Therefore, a reduction in the membrane cholesterol minimizes the entry of TB pathogen inside macrophages. Furthermore, acting as vitamin D3 analogs and positively influencing pancreatic beta-cell function in a chronic diabetic state, statins minimize the occurrence of M. TB infection among diabetic population as well. This review aims to provide a comprehensive detail of all in vitro, in vivo, and retrospective studies that investigated the effects of statins in relation to the prevention or treatment of TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faryal Tahir
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Taha Bin Arif
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Jawad Ahmed
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Syed Raza Shah
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Cardiology, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Joplin, USA.,Cardiology, Ascension Via Christi Hospital, Pittsburg, USA
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42
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Fabrice TN, Fiedler T, Studer V, Vinet A, Brogna F, Schmidt A, Pieters J. Interactome and F-Actin Interaction Analysis of Dictyostelium discoideum Coronin A. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1469. [PMID: 32098122 PMCID: PMC7073074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronin proteins are evolutionary conserved WD repeat containing proteins that have been proposed to carry out different functions. In Dictyostelium, the short coronin isoform, coronin A, has been implicated in cytoskeletal reorganization, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and the initiation of multicellular development. Generally thought of as modulators of F-actin, coronin A and its mammalian homologs have also been shown to mediate cellular processes in an F-actin-independent manner. Therefore, it remains unclear whether or not coronin A carries out its functions through its capacity to interact with F-actin. Moreover, the interacting partners of coronin A are not known. Here, we analyzed the interactome of coronin A as well as its interaction with F-actin within cells and in vitro. Interactome analysis showed the association with a diverse set of interaction partners, including fimbrin, talin and myosin subunits, with only a transient interaction with the minor actin10 isoform, but not the major form of actin, actin8, which was consistent with the absence of a coronin A-actin interaction as analyzed by co-sedimentation from cells and lysates. In vitro, however, purified coronin A co-precipitated with rabbit muscle F-actin in a coiled-coil-dependent manner. Our results suggest that an in vitro interaction of coronin A and rabbit muscle actin may not reflect the cellular interaction state of coronin A with actin, and that coronin A interacts with diverse proteins in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean Pieters
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (T.N.F.); (T.F.); (V.S.); (A.V.); (F.B.); (A.S.)
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43
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Riley DRJ, Khalil JS, Pieters J, Naseem KM, Rivero F. Coronin 1 Is Required for Integrin β2 Translocation in Platelets. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21010356. [PMID: 31948107 PMCID: PMC6982036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton is one of the critical events that allows platelets to undergo morphological and functional changes in response to receptor-mediated signaling cascades. Coronins are a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins implicated in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, represented by the abundant coronins 1, 2, and 3 and the less abundant coronin 7 in platelets, but their functions in these cells are poorly understood. A recent report revealed impaired agonist-induced actin polymerization and cofilin phosphoregulation and altered thrombus formation in vivo as salient phenotypes in the absence of an overt hemostasis defect in vivo in a knockout mouse model of coronin 1. Here we show that the absence of coronin 1 is associated with impaired translocation of integrin β2 to the platelet surface upon stimulation with thrombin while morphological and functional alterations, including defects in Arp2/3 complex localization and cAMP-dependent signaling, are absent. Our results suggest a large extent of functional overlap among coronins 1, 2, and 3 in platelets, while aspects like integrin β2 translocation are specifically or predominantly dependent on coronin 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. J. Riley
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (D.R.J.R.); (J.S.K.)
| | - Jawad S. Khalil
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (D.R.J.R.); (J.S.K.)
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jean Pieters
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Khalid M. Naseem
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9NL, UK;
| | - Francisco Rivero
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (D.R.J.R.); (J.S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1482-644-633
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44
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Understanding the early host immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cent Eur J Immunol 2020; 45:99-103. [PMID: 32425687 PMCID: PMC7226546 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2020.94711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of immune response is a crucial activity of host defense against any microbial attack. When facultative organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) invades its host, various pathways are activated in the host to mount immune responses against invading pathogen for nullifying its actions. During this host-pathogen interaction, interplay of complex network of cytokines and chemokines, initiation of phagocytosis, and formation of granuloma play an important role in containing MTB infections at host side. Simultaneously, MTB also evolves a plethora of specialized mechanisms to evade the host’s killing cascades on other side, and during this bilateral cross-talk, many mycobacterial products play crucial role in survival of MTB inside the host. Hence, a better understanding of these phenomena is necessary not only for getting clear picture of pathogenesis of MTB, but also for developing effective, preventive, and therapeutic modalities against the pathogen. With some suggestions on future work, an insight into diversity of immune response of host against MTB was provided in the present review.
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45
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Doyle C, Swain WA, Swain Ewald HA, Ewald PW. Inflammation, infection and depression: an evolutionary perspective. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2019; 1:e14. [PMID: 37588396 PMCID: PMC10427271 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2019.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary basis for clinical depression is not well understood. A growing body of literature that is not based on evolutionary logic links inflammation to depression. Integration of these findings with an evolutionary framework for depression, however, needs to address the reasons why the body's inflammatory response would be regulated so poorly that it would result in incapacitating depression. Pathogen induction of inflammation offers an explanation, but the extent to which the association between inflammation and depression can be attributed to general inflammation as opposed to particular effects of pro-inflammatory pathogens remains unclear. This paper reports a study of sexually transmitted pathogens, which addresses this issue. Although several sexually transmitted pathogens were associated with depression according to bivariate tests, only Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis were significantly associated with depression by a multivariate analysis that accounted for correlations among the pathogens. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that infection may contribute to depression through induction of tryptophan restriction, and a consequent depletion of serotonin. It reinforces the idea that some depression may be caused by specific pathogens in specific evolutionary arms races with their human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Doyle
- Department of Biology, Bellarmine University, Louisville, KY40205, USA
| | - Walker A. Swain
- Department of Lifelong Education, Administration, and Policy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602, USA
| | - Holly A. Swain Ewald
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40292, USA
| | - Paul W. Ewald
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40292, USA
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46
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Riley DRJ, Khalil JS, Naseem KM, Rivero F. Biochemical and immunocytochemical characterization of coronins in platelets. Platelets 2019; 31:913-924. [PMID: 31801396 PMCID: PMC7497283 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1696457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Rapid reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in response to receptor-mediated signaling cascades allows platelets to transition from a discoid shape to a flat spread shape upon adhesion to damaged vessel walls. Coronins are conserved regulators of the actin cytoskeleton turnover but they also participate in signaling events. To gain a better picture of their functions in platelets we have undertaken a biochemical and immunocytochemical investigation with a focus on Coro1. We found that class I coronins Coro1, 2 and 3 are abundant in human and mouse platelets whereas little Coro7 can be detected. Coro1 is mainly cytosolic, but a significant amount associates with membranes in an actin-independent manner and does not translocate from or to the membrane fraction upon exposure to thrombin, collagen or prostacyclin. Coro1 rapidly translocates to the Triton insoluble cytoskeleton upon platelet stimulation with thrombin or collagen. Coro1, 2 and 3 show a diffuse cytoplasmic localization with discontinuous accumulation at the cell cortex and actin nodules of human platelets, where all three coronins colocalize. Our data are consistent with a role of coronins as integrators of extracellular signals with actin remodeling and suggests a high extent of functional overlap among class I coronins in platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R J Riley
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull , Hull, UK
| | - Jawad S Khalil
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull , Hull, UK.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol, UK
| | - Khalid M Naseem
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds , Leeds, UK
| | - Francisco Rivero
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull , Hull, UK
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47
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Rogan MR, Patterson LL, Wang JY, McBride JW. Bacterial Manipulation of Wnt Signaling: A Host-Pathogen Tug-of-Wnt. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2390. [PMID: 31681283 PMCID: PMC6811524 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The host-pathogen interface is a crucial battleground during bacterial infection in which host defenses are met with an array of bacterial counter-mechanisms whereby the invader aims to make the host environment more favorable to survival and dissemination. Interestingly, the eukaryotic Wnt signaling pathway has emerged as a key player in the host and pathogen tug-of-war. Although studied for decades as a regulator of embryogenesis, stem cell maintenance, bone formation, and organogenesis, Wnt signaling has recently been shown to control processes related to bacterial infection in the human host. Wnt signaling pathways contribute to cell cycle control, cytoskeleton reorganization during phagocytosis and cell migration, autophagy, apoptosis, and a number of inflammation-related events. Unsurprisingly, bacterial pathogens have evolved strategies to manipulate these Wnt-associated processes in order to enhance infection and survival within the human host. In this review, we examine the different ways human bacterial pathogens with distinct host cell tropisms and lifestyles exploit Wnt signaling for infection and address the potential of harnessing Wnt-related mechanisms to combat infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison R. Rogan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - LaNisha L. Patterson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer Y. Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jere W. McBride
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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48
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Bussi C, Gutierrez MG. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of host cells in space and time. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:341-361. [PMID: 30916769 PMCID: PMC6606852 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases with over a billion deaths in the past 200 years (Paulson 2013). TB causes more deaths worldwide than any other single infectious agent, with 10.4 million new cases and close to 1.7 million deaths in 2017. The obstacles that make TB hard to treat and eradicate are intrinsically linked to the intracellular lifestyle of Mtb. Mtb needs to replicate within human cells to disseminate to other individuals and cause disease. However, we still do not completely understand how Mtb manages to survive within eukaryotic cells and why some cells are able to eradicate this lethal pathogen. Here, we summarise the current knowledge of the complex host cell-pathogen interactions in TB and review the cellular mechanisms operating at the interface between Mtb and the human host cell, highlighting the technical and methodological challenges to investigating the cell biology of human host cell-Mtb interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bussi
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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Development of a Synthetic 3-ketosteroid Δ 1-dehydrogenase for the Generation of a Novel Catabolic Pathway Enabling Cholesterol Degradation in Human Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5969. [PMID: 30979909 PMCID: PMC6461610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of membranes, which is acquired by cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis of lipoproteins or via de novo synthesis. In specialized cells, anabolic enzymes metabolize cholesterol, generating steroid hormones or bile acids. However, surplus cholesterol cannot be catabolized due to the lack of enzymes capable of degrading the cholestane ring. The inability to degrade cholesterol becomes evident in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease, where the accumulation of cholesterol/cholesteryl-esters in macrophages can elicit a maladaptive immune response leading to the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The discovery of cholesterol catabolic pathways in Actinomycetes led us to the hypothesis that if enzymes enabling cholesterol catabolism could be genetically engineered and introduced into human cells, the atherosclerotic process may be prevented or reversed. Comparison of bacterial enzymes that degrade cholesterol to obtain carbon and generate energy with the action of human enzymes revealed that humans lack a 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenase (Δ1-KstD), which catalyzes the C-1 and C-2 desaturation of ring A. Here we describe the construction, heterologous expression, and actions of a synthetic humanized Δ1-KstD expressed in Hep3B and U-937 cells, providing proof that one of three key enzymes required for cholesterol ring opening can be functionally expressed in human cells.
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Carranza C, Chavez-Galan L. Several Routes to the Same Destination: Inhibition of Phagosome-Lysosome Fusion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am J Med Sci 2019; 357:184-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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