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Scelza MZ, Iorio NLPP, Scelza P, Póvoa HCC, Adeodato CSR, Souza ACN, Batista AC, Tavares S, Alves G. Cytocompatibility and antimicrobial activity of a novel endodontic irrigant combining citric acid and chlorhexidine. J Dent 2022; 125:104278. [PMID: 36058346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial ability and cytocompatibility of a new irrigant solution for endodontic treatment composed of 10% citric acid (CA) and 1% chlorhexidine (CHX). METHODS Thirty-five extracted single-canal human teeth were selected and de-crowned. Canal systems (n = 7/group) were infected with Enterococcus faecalis for 4 weeks and subject to irrigation with 1% CHX; 10% CA; irrigating solution 10% CA associated with 1% CHX (CACHX); 2.5% NaOCl or sterile water (control). Microbiological samples were collected immediately and 18 h after irrigation (enriched samples). The canals were filled with culture medium post irrigation to verify the bacterial presence/absence qualitatively and quantitatively through colony counting (log10 CFU/mL). A multiparametric assay was performed after exposure of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPdLF) to the test solutions. The Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn´s post-test and Fisher's exact test were employed at the 95% confidence level to compare differences among groups. RESULTS All tested solutions were cytocompatible with human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. No difference was observed on antibacterial activity between 1% CHX, 10% CA, CACHX and 2.5% NaOCl (p > 0.05). Eighteen hours after irrigation, CACHX samples were the only that did not present E. faecalis in the root canal system. CONCLUSIONS The demonstrated good in vitro biocompatibility and elimination of E. faecalis suggest a potential use of 10% CA associated with 1% CHX as a solution for microbiological control during endodontic treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Irrigants play an essential role during endodontic therapy. This irrigating solution, based on the association of 10% citric acid with 1% chlorhexidine, seems viable for clinical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Zaccaro Scelza
- Endodontics Department and Laboratory of Experimental Culture Cell (LECCel), Faculty of Dentistry, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Natalia L P P Iorio
- Department of Basic Sciences, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pantaleo Scelza
- Geriatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry of Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Helvécio C C Póvoa
- Department of Basic Sciences, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline S R Adeodato
- Post-graduation Program in Dentistry of Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina N Souza
- Department of Basic Sciences, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Batista
- Clinical Research Unit of the Antonio Pedro Hospital, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sandro Tavares
- Post-graduation Program in Dentistry of Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gutemberg Alves
- Clinical Research Unit of the Antonio Pedro Hospital, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Brazil
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2
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Mahfouz Omer SM, Mohamed DA, Ali Abdel Latif RM. Comparative Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effect of Allium Sativum, Calcium hydroxide and Their Combination as Intracanal Medicaments in Infected Mature Anterior Teeth A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int Endod J 2022; 55:1010-1025. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Mohamed Mahfouz Omer
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Preventive Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry Suez Canal University Egypt
| | | | - Reham Mohamed Ali Abdel Latif
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Preventive Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry Suez Canal University Egypt
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, Vision Colleges Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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3
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Dumani A, Ates AA, Ucan CS, Yilmaz S, Unal I, Yoldas O. The influence of MTAD and QMix on the accuracy of electronic apex locator in locating simulated perforations. Niger J Clin Pract 2022; 25:281-285. [PMID: 35295049 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_1444_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the electronic actual length in detecting artificial perforations of the root canal in the presence of saline solution (NaCl, (Eczacibasi, Istanbul, Turkey), chlorhexidine [CHX (Werax, Tunadent, Izmir, Turkey)], QMix (Dentsply Tulsa, Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), and MTAD (Dentsply, Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK, USA). Materials and Methods The root canals of 25 single-rooted extracted human teeth were perforated artificially in the middle section of the root. The actual lengths up to the perforation site were measured and then, the teeth were embedded in an alginate mold. Electronic measurements of the perforations were obtained by an electronic apex locator according to the manufacturers' recommendations under dry conditions and in the presence of NaCl, CHX, MTAD, and QMix using a #20 K-file. Each canal was irrigated with distilled water and then dried with paper points between the measurements. Statistical analyses were performed using the Friedman test and Spearman Rank correlation coefficient to assess the correlations between the measurement methods. Results Highest correlation between the actual length and the electronic measurement was observed under dry conditions and NaCl solution (r: 0.932, r: 0.940 respectively), and the least correlation was observed with MTAD solution (r: 0.697) using statistical analysis. Moreover, the accuracy of the electronic apex locator with different irrigation solutions was statistically different from each other (P = 0.001). Conclusion The most accurate electronic measurements of artificial perforation were obtained under dry conditions or with NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dumani
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - A A Ates
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - C S Ucan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - S Yilmaz
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - I Unal
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - O Yoldas
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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4
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Pellerin G, Bazinet L, Grenier D. Effect of cranberry juice deacidification on its antibacterial activity against periodontal pathogens and its anti-inflammatory properties in an oral epithelial cell model. Food Funct 2021; 12:10470-10483. [PMID: 34554173 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01552d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cranberries are widely recognized as a functional food that can promote oral health. However, the high concentration of organic acids in cranberry juice can cause tooth enamel erosion. Electrodialysis with bipolar membrane (EDBM) is a process used for the deacidification of cranberry juice. The present study investigated whether the removal of organic acids (0%, 19%, 42%, 60%, and 79%) from cranberry juice by EDBM affects its antibacterial activity against major periodontopathogens as well as its anti-inflammatory properties in an oral epithelial cell model. A deacidification rate ≥60% attenuated the bactericidal effect against planktonic and biofilm-embedded Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans but had no impact on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Cranberry juice increased the adherence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis to oral epithelial cells, but reduced the adherence of F. nucleatum by half regardless of the deacidification rate. F. nucleatum produced more hydrogen sulfide when it was exposed to deacidified cranberry juice with a deacidification rate ≥42% compared to the raw beverage. Interestingly, the removal of organic acids from cranberry juice lowered the cytotoxicity of the beverage for oral epithelial cells. Deacidification attenuated the anti-inflammatory effect of cranberry juice in an in vitro oral epithelial cell model. The secretion of IL-6 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated oral epithelial cells exposed to cranberry juice increased proportionally with the deacidification rate. No such effect was observed with respect to the production of IL-8. This study provided evidence that organic acids, just like phenolic compounds, might contribute to the health benefits of cranberry juice against periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Pellerin
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) and Department of Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.,Laboratoire de Transformation Alimentaire et Procédés Électro-Membranaires (LTAPEM, Laboratory of Food Processing and Electromembrane Processes), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.
| | - Laurent Bazinet
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) and Department of Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.,Laboratoire de Transformation Alimentaire et Procédés Électro-Membranaires (LTAPEM, Laboratory of Food Processing and Electromembrane Processes), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.
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5
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Zayed N, Boon N, Bernaerts K, Chatzigiannidou I, Van Holm W, Verspecht T, Teughels W. Differences in chlorhexidine mouthrinses formulations influence the quantitative and qualitative changes in in-vitro oral biofilms. J Periodontal Res 2021; 57:52-62. [PMID: 34581434 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chlorhexidine mouthrinses are marketed in different formulations. This study aimed at investigating qualitative and quantitative changes in in-vitro multispecies oral biofilms, induced by different chlorhexidine-containing mouthrinses. BACKGROUND DATA Earlier studies comparing chlorhexidine mouthrinses are either clinical studies or in-vitro studies assessing the antimicrobial efficacy of the mouthrinses. However, no clear investigations are available regarding ecological impact of different chlorhexidine formulations on in-vitro multispecies oral biofilms after rinsing with different chlorhexidine formulations. METHODS Nine commercially available chlorhexidine mouthrinses were selected. Multispecies oral communities (14 species) were grown for 48 h in a Biostat-B Twin bioreactor. After that, they were used to develop biofilms on the surface of hydroxyapatite disks in 24-well pates for 48 h. Biofilms were then rinsed once or multiple times with the corresponding mouthrinse. Biofilms were collected before starting the rinsing experiment and every 24 h for 3 days and vitality quantitative PCR was performed. The experiment was repeated 3 independent times on 3 different days and the results were analyzed using a linear mixed model. RESULTS The mouthrinses provoked different effects in terms of change in total viable bacterial load (VBL), ecology, and community structure of the multispecies biofilms. There was no relation between chlorhexidine concentrations, presence, or absence of cetylpyridinium chloride and/or alcohol, and the observed effects. Some tested chlorhexidine mouthrinses (MC, HG, HH, and HI) strongly lowered the total VBL (≈1007 Geq/ml), but disrupted biofilm symbiosis (≥40% of the biofilms communities are pathobionts). On the other hand, other tested chlorhexidine mouthrinses (MD, ME, and HF) had limited impact on total VBL (≥1010 Geq/ml), but improved the biofilm ecology and community structure (≤10% of the biofilms communities are pathobionts). CONCLUSION Not all chlorhexidine mouthrinses have the same effect on oral biofilms. Their effect seems to be strongly product dependent and vary according to their compositions and formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiera Zayed
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Kristel Bernaerts
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bio- and Chemical Systems Technology, Reactor Engineering and Safety, Leuven Chem&Tech, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioanna Chatzigiannidou
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Van Holm
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Tim Verspecht
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Valencia YM, Vertuan GC, Alcalde MP, Vivan RR, Reis Só MV, Duarte MAH. Effect of Irrigating Agitation after Root End Preparation on the Wall Cleaning and Bond Strength of Calcium Silicate Material in Retrograde Obturation. Eur J Dent 2021; 15:707-713. [PMID: 34303319 PMCID: PMC8630967 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
This study aimed to evaluate the cleaning efficacy of irrigant activation with a new ultrasonic tip in root-end preparations and to determine its influence on the bond strength of calcium silicate-based material.
Materials and Methods
Maxillary canines were prepared and filled, and their root ends resected. Root-end cavities were ultrasonically prepared and randomly distributed into four groups according to the final irrigation protocols: G1 (ultrasonic irrigation [UI] + saline solution [SS]), G2 (syringe irrigation [SI] + SS), G3 (UI + ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA]), and G4 (SI + EDTA). Cleaning efficacy analysis employed 72 specimens (
n
= 18) split longitudinally for imaging of the same areas by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The percentage of dentinal tubules opened before and after irrigation was used as evaluation parameter. Push-out testing employed 40 specimens (
n
= 10) sectioned apical region perpendicularly, which slice was placed on a testing machine for the bond strength measurement and failure mode was assessed by SEM. The data were statistically analyzed (α ≤ 0.05).
Results
G3 (UI + EDTA) removed the smear layer more effectively, showed the best tubule opening (
p
< 0.05), and presented the highest mean bond strength values (
p
< 0.05). Failure modes were predominantly adhesive, except for the G3 (UI + EDTA) group, in which they were mainly mixed (80%).
Conclusion
The results of this study suggest that EDTA 17% agitation promoted better cleaning and smear layer removal, improving the push-out bond strength of calcium silicate material in retrograde obturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahir Muñoz Valencia
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gislene Cristina Vertuan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo Priori Alcalde
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ricci Vivan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Reis Só
- Department of Dentistry, University Federal of the Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Herce-Ros N, Álvarez-Sagües A, Álvarez-Losa L, Nistal-Villan E, Amador U, Presa J, Azabal M. Antibacterial Ability of Sodium Hypochlorite Activated with PUI vs. XPF File against Bacteria Growth on Enterococcus faecalis Mature Biofilm. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:dj9060067. [PMID: 34200637 PMCID: PMC8228713 DOI: 10.3390/dj9060067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to assess the antibacterial effectiveness of two sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) concentrations (2.5% and 5.25%) activated by means of two techniques, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and XP-endo® Finisher (FKG Dentaire SA, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) (XPF) against bacteria growth in intracanal mature biofilm. Our aim was to determine if the effect of heating up NaOCl at body temperature (BT) contributed to an improvement of the efficacy of XPF. Sixty-two single-canal human roots previously instrumented were infected with E. faecalis inoculum at 0.5 McFarland and incubated at 37 °C for two weeks. Twelve specimens were randomly selected as positive control, and the remaining fifty were divided into five experimental groups (n = 10). The first two were irrigated with 2.5 vs. 5.25% NaOCl at room temperature (RT), activated with PUI, and the other three were irrigated with XPF. Of these three, two were irrigated using 2.5 vs. 5.25% NaOCl at RT and one was irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl at BT. Our results showed that NaOCl was effective in biofilm removal for all experimental groups (p > 0.05), especially in the groups irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl at room temperature (RT) activated with PUI and the group treated with 5.25% NaOCl at BT with XPF. These groups were the most successful ones (p < 0.001). NaOCl, activated with XPF, was as effective as PUI in biofilm removal from the apical third of the canal when it was used at higher concentration and heated up. This study indicates that XPF only reached the efficacy of PUI when NaOCl was heated up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Herce-Ros
- Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, San Pablo CEU University, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (A.Á.-S.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (N.H.-R.); (L.Á.-L.); Tel.: +34-67-938-2974 (N.H.-R.)
| | - Alejandro Álvarez-Sagües
- Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, San Pablo CEU University, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (A.Á.-S.); (M.A.)
| | - Laura Álvarez-Losa
- Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, San Pablo CEU University, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (A.Á.-S.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (N.H.-R.); (L.Á.-L.); Tel.: +34-67-938-2974 (N.H.-R.)
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villan
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, San Pablo CEU University, 28668 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ulises Amador
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, San Pablo CEU University, 28668 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jesús Presa
- Independent Researcher, 28003 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Magdalena Azabal
- Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, San Pablo CEU University, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (A.Á.-S.); (M.A.)
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Briseño-Marroquín B, Ismael Y, Callaway A, Tennert C, Wolf TG. Antibacterial effect of silver diamine fluoride and potassium iodide against E. faecalis, A. naeslundii and P. micra. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:175. [PMID: 33827520 PMCID: PMC8025376 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine in vitro the bactericidal potential of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) alone, potassium iodide (PI) alone, and the two in combination (SDF + PI) against three bacterial species commonly found in root canal samples (Enterococcus faecalis, Actinomyces naeslundii and Parvimonas micra).
Methods The potential bactericidal rates for SDF, PI and SDF + PI against E. faecalis, A. naeslundii and P. micra were calculated as reduction of bacteria colony forming units. Results The bactericidal potential of SDF was at 99.97–100% against E. faecalis and 100% against A. naeslundii and P. micra. SDF + PI showed a 100% bactericidal effect against P. micra, 99.89–99.98% against E. faecalis and 99.98–100% against A. naeslundii. The bactericidal effect of PI was 99.51–99.98% against E. faecalis, 99.27–99.95% against A. naeslundii and 99.93–100% against P. micra. The differences between controls and bacteria exposed to the antibacterial agents were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions SDF had an effective bactericidal effect against the examined bacteria. However, the limitations of this in vitro study do not allow a recommendation of the employment of these solutions as root canal irrigants. Additional investigations are necessary to assess their endodontic clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Briseño-Marroquín
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yasmine Ismael
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Angelika Callaway
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Tennert
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Gerhard Wolf
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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9
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Siddique R, Ranjan M, Jose J, Srivastav A, Rajakeerthi R, Kamath A. Clinical Quantitative Antibacterial Potency of Garlic-Lemon Against Sodium Hypochlorite in Infected Root Canals: A Double-blinded, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2020; 10:771-778. [PMID: 33437712 PMCID: PMC7791589 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_287_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sodium hypochlorite for endodontic treatment has been shown to exhibit significant antimicrobial properties, with adverse effects such as sodium hypochlorite accidents. Natural irrigants have shown significant antimicrobial action and the added advantage of being biocompatible. This study proposes an alternative intracanal irrigant made from Garlic-Lemon (Ga-Li) extract. AIM To evaluate the antimicrobial action of 1.8% Garlic-Lemon (Ga-Li) mixture in contrast to 3% sodium hypochlorite in a tooth diagnosed with asymptomatic apical periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty patients were randomly allocated into two groups: Group A, 3% sodium hypochlorite and Group B, 1.8% Garlic-Lemon. Single- or multirooted teeth root canals were instrumented and prepared by using ProTaper Gold. Root canal samples were taken both pre- and postinstrumentation. These samples were subjected to DNA extraction, amplification, and quantification by using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS Samples before preparation (S1) were tested positive for microbial presence, with mean numbers of 7.0 ×107 and 12.4 ×107 bacterial cells for the sodium hypochlorite and Garlic-Lemon groups, respectively. Postpreparation (S2), in sodium hypochlorite and Garlic-Lemon groups, bacterial counts were still present with mean counts seen at 27.4 ×105 and 7.7 ×105 bacterial cells, respectively. Intergroup comparison resulted in a statistically insignificant difference (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Garlic-Lemon has shown microbial load reduction that is as effective as sodium hypochlorite, with the highest mean bacterial reduction percentage. The results of the present randomized, controlled clinical trial suggest that Garlic-Lemon is a potential new alternative as an endodontic irrigant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riluwan Siddique
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manish Ranjan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jerry Jose
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ankita Srivastav
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajamohan Rajakeerthi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ajith Kamath
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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10
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Ruksakiet K, Hanák L, Farkas N, Hegyi P, Sadaeng W, Czumbel LM, Sang-ngoen T, Garami A, Mikó A, Varga G, Lohinai Z. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Chlorhexidine and Sodium Hypochlorite in Root Canal Disinfection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Endod 2020; 46:1032-1041.e7. [PMID: 32413440 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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11
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Abu Zeid ST, Alamoudi RA, Merdad K. Morphological and chemical analysis of surface interaction of irrigant-endosequence root repair material. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:3383-3392. [PMID: 32643248 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the characterization of chemical interaction of root canal irrigants on the surface of EndoSequence root repair materials using spectroscopy analysis. Round discs of putty and paste were obtained and immersed in saline, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), or chlorhexidine. On the surface of chlorhexidine treated putty, diffuse red pigmentation was detected by Raman analysis and diffuse black pigmentation having unusual needle-like shaped crystals was detected by scanning electron microscopy. This pigmentation formed from nitrogen-rich compounds detected by Raman, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Mineral/amide ratios were increased by NaOCl and significantly decreased by chlorhexidine. Carbonate/phosphate ratios showed no significant changes by NaOCl, while a significant decrease by chlorhexidine. A full half of maximum widthRaman of the phosphate band was significantly increased by NaOCl, while decreased by chlorhexidine. In conclusion; nitrogen-rich compounds produced by chlorhexidine altered the surface morphology of the putty without crystallinity reduction. However, NaOCl reduced the organic fillers that affected its binding to phosphate ions. This reaction affects the chemical properties and perfection of root repair material. The clinicians should be aware of different irrigants to be used after repairing the perforation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan T Abu Zeid
- Endodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Endodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ruaa A Alamoudi
- Endodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Merdad
- Endodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Saeed HMM, Faraj BM, Mirdan BM. Evaluation of antibacterial effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid in combination with light emitting diode (LED: 635nm) with different disinfection methods. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 29:101615. [PMID: 31811947 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the in vitro antibacterial effects of 5-ALA (photoactive dye) in regard to different disinfection methods (2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 1% Sodium Hypochlorite) on cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus). After inoculation of dentin specimens with S. mutans and S. sobrinus separately, the reduction in bacterial count was evaluated by the colony counting method. A total of sixty specimens were assigned to six groups (Ten per each group, with five in each group inoculated with S. mutans and the other five inoculated with S.sobrinus); group one: positive control where no treatment was performed, group two: 1% NaOCl was applied, group three: 2% CHX was used, group four: 5-ALA with LED light (635 nm) was applied, group five: 5-ALA was used without LED light activation, group six: LED light was used without dye application. There was a significant reduction in the number of S. mutans in the group treated with 5-ALA with LED light, followed by CHX and then NaOCl, whilst minimum bacterial reduction was detected in the groups that were treated with LED light alone and 5-ALA without LED. However, NaOCl exhibited a better effect regarding reduction of S. sobrinus, followed by 5-ALA and LED light and then CHX. All the disinfected groups showed a significant relation with the positive control non-treated group(p < 0.05).
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Zandi H, Petronijevic N, Mdala I, Kristoffersen AK, Enersen M, Rôças IN, Siqueira JF, Ørstavik D. Outcome of Endodontic Retreatment Using 2 Root Canal Irrigants and Influence of Infection on Healing as Determined by a Molecular Method: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Endod 2019; 45:1089-1098.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Root Canal Disinfection by Single- and Multiple-instrument Systems: Effects of Sodium Hypochlorite Volume, Concentration, and Retention Time. J Endod 2019; 45:736-741. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Verma N, Sangwan P, Tewari S, Duhan J. Effect of Different Concentrations of Sodium Hypochlorite on Outcome of Primary Root Canal Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Endod 2019; 45:357-363. [PMID: 30827769 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2 different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on healing and postoperative pain after primary endodontic treatment. METHODS One hundred mandibular molars with pulp necrosis and chronic apical periodontitis were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups: high-concentration (HC) 5% sodium hypochlorite and low-concentration (LC) 1% sodium hypochlorite. Root canal treatment was performed using a standardized protocol. Canals were prepared using equal volumes of respective irrigants after each instrument change. After chemomechanical preparation, the final flush was performed with 5 mL 17% EDTA solution followed by 5 mL 5% or 1% sodium hypochlorite depending on the group. All patients were asked to record the degree of pain on a visual analog scale every 24 hours for 1 week. At the second visit, canals were obturated, and the teeth were restored permanently. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed every 3 months for 12 months. The data collected were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Eighty-six teeth were available for evaluation at the 1-year follow-up. The overall healing rate observed was 76.7%. Greater healing was observed in the HC (81.4%) group compared with the LC group (72.1%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P > .05). No significant differences in pain incidence and pain scores were found between the 2 groups (P >.05), with lower values reported in the LC group. CONCLUSIONS The use of LC or HC sodium hypochlorite did not result in a significant difference in the clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Verma
- Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Pankaj Sangwan
- Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
| | - Sanjay Tewari
- Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Jigyasa Duhan
- Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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El-Sayed H, Aly Y, Elgamily H, Nagy MM. A Promising Probiotic Irrigant: An In Vitro Study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:407-411. [PMID: 30834012 PMCID: PMC6390147 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (B-445) as a probiotics irrigant on the growth of Enterococcus faecalis. METHODS: Forty-two extracted single human canal anterior teeth were prepared with rotary instrumentation and sterilised. Teeth were divided into 3 groups according to the type of irrigant, N = 14. Three experimental groups were inoculated with E. faecalis and cultured for 21 days before use; Group 1 was 2.5% NaOCl (positive control), Group 2 was saline (negative control), Group 3 was the experimental probiotic irrigant. Paper point sampling of the canals of each group was obtained before irrigation (S1), immediately after irrigation (S2) and after 24 hours (post irrigation samples) (S3) to determine remaining colony forming units for E. faecalis. Also, Colony counts for L. rhamnosus in Group 3 after immediate irrigation, as well as 24 hours post irrigation, was performed to determine the survival profile of these bacteria in infected root canal with E. faecalis. RESULTS: The NaOCl irrigant group had the lowest mean value of (log 10 CFU/mL) of E. faecalis after immediate irrigation and after 24 hrs post irrigation followed by the probiotic group, while the highest mean value was the saline group (P ≤ 0.001). The survival profile for L. rhamnosus in Group 3 after immediate irrigation and post-irrigation were slightly higher than for E. faecalis (P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION: Lactobacillus rhamnosus which revealed a potential inhibitory effect on the growth of Enterococcus faecalis, could be used as a new natural, safe probiotic irrigant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda El-Sayed
- National Research Centre, Dairy Science Department (Microbiology Lab.), Food Industries and Nutrition Division, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yousra Aly
- National Research Centre, Restorative Dentistry and Dental Material Department, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Elgamily
- National Research Centre, Restorative Dentistry and Dental Material Department, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Nagy
- Endodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Iandolo A, Dagna A, Poggio C, Capar I, Amato A, Abdellatif D. Evaluation of the actual chlorine concentration and the required time for pulp dissolution using different sodium hypochlorite irrigating solutions. J Conserv Dent 2019; 22:108-113. [PMID: 31142977 PMCID: PMC6519176 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_165_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The goal of root canal treatment is to shape and clean the endodontic space, reducing the bacterial load and removing the pulp tissue. Obviously, the action of the endodontic instruments is limited to the main canals, regardless of the complexity of the endodontic space. Consequently, finding the best possible cleaning technique, which can be obtained chemically using irrigation solutions, is a fundamental aid in endodontic therapy. One of the most commonly used root canal irrigants is sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), available in various commercial formulations. The effectiveness of NaOCl is undeniable. However, the action of dissolution of the pulp tissue is merely dependent on the concentration and the characteristics of the irrigant itself. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effective concentration of different commercial formulas of NaOCl, by evaluating the percentage of total chlorine in each product. The dissolution capacity of the pulp tissue of each of the tested products was then analyzed by measuring the required time. Materials and Methods: Three commercial types of NaOCl were selected for this study: 5% NaOCl (ACE, Procter and Gamble), 5% NaOCl (N5, Simit Dental), and 6% NaOCl (CanalPro, Coltene). For each product, 10 packages were used, from which samples of the product were taken and 30 ml × 5 ml tubes were filled. All samples were divided into three groups and were analyzed using the DIN EN ISO 7393-2 method and the percentage of total chlorine (expressed as a percentage) was calculated. Forty samples of vital pulp were obtained from teeth freshly extracted for periodontal reasons and stored in physiological solution. In order to unify the size and weight of the samples (0.0001 mg), a microtome and a precision balance (Pro Explorer Ohaus) were used. Each sample, carefully examined by stereomicroscope (×40), was placed in artificial plastic containers and submerged in 0.1 ml of irrigating solution at room temperature (26°C). A fourth control group used saline solution as irrigant. Simultaneously with the insertion of the irrigating solution, a digital stopwatch was activated and the time necessary for the complete dissolution of the pulp sample was measured. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The average percentages of chlorine detected for each group were: 4.26% (ACE), 5.16% (N5), and 5.97% (CanalPro). The Kruskal–Wallis test showed statistically significant differences between the different commercial formulations of hypochlorite (P < 0.05). CanalPro showed the lowest values, whereas ACE showed the highest values of dissolution time of the pulp. Discussion: The analysis of the total chlorine percentage found that the actual concentration of the NaOCl in the samples is close to the values declared by the manufacturers both in the case of N5 and CanalPro. On the contrary, the concentration detected in the samples of common bench bleach (ACE) is significantly lower, which has average values <5%. This explains the longer time taken for the complete dissolution of the pulp tissue. The average dissolution time of the pulp samples was in fact inversely proportional to the concentration detected in the tested irrigants and hence that a lower time corresponds to a higher concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Iandolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Dagna
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, Endodontic Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Poggio
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, Endodontic Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ismail Capar
- Ismail CAPAR, Private Practice, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alessandra Amato
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Dina Abdellatif
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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Dube K, Jain P. Electrolyzed saline… an alternative to sodium hypochlorite for root canal irrigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 91:322-327. [PMID: 30093812 PMCID: PMC6082601 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate electrolyzed saline, produced from a custom-made chair side apparatus for its cleaning effect on root canal walls. Methods A chair side apparatus has been designed to produce and dispense electrolytically activated solutions (Electrolyzed saline) for the purpose of root canal irrigation. Two different solutions, one, which is oxidizing in nature, consisting primarily of Chlorine derivatives and another, reducing in nature, consisting primarily of sodium hydroxide, are obtained. A combination of these two solutions was used for root canal irrigation in extracted teeth. Root canals were split and the samples were subjected to Scanning electron microscopic evaluation. Results Under the conditions of this study, electrolyzed saline significantly cleaned the root canal surfaces well, opening the dentinal tubules and removing the smear layer. Significance There has been a constant search for the ideal root canal irrigant. Sodium hypochlorite has been vastly used but its toxicity and storage risks are of concern. Electrolyzed saline has been produced from saline and the apparatus prepares and dispenses the solution chair side, obviating storage needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Dube
- Faculty of Dental Science, Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research University, Udaipur, India
| | - Pradeep Jain
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Department, Sri Aurobindo College of Dentistry & P.G Institute, Indore, India
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Bactericidal efficacy of three parameters of Nd:YAP laser irradiation against Enterococcus faecalis compared with NaOCl irrigation. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 34:359-366. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2603-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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Üreyen Kaya B, Erik CE, Sesli Çetin E, Köle M, Maden M. Mechanical reduction in intracanalEnterococcus faecaliswhen using three different single-file systems: anex vivocomparative study. Int Endod J 2018; 52:77-85. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Üreyen Kaya
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Suleyman Demirel University; Isparta Turkey
| | - C. E. Erik
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Suleyman Demirel University; Isparta Turkey
| | - E. Sesli Çetin
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Suleyman Demirel University; Isparta Turkey
| | - M. Köle
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Suleyman Demirel University; Isparta Turkey
| | - M. Maden
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Suleyman Demirel University; Isparta Turkey
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Nogo-Zivanovic D, Bjelovic L, Ivanovic V, Kanjevac T, Tanaskovic I. Consideration of the Therapeutic Potential of Irrigants in Endodontic Therapy. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2016-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The main objective of endodontic treatment is to remove vital and necrotic remnants of pulp tissue and microorganisms and their toxic products from the root canal. During chemo-mechanical endodontic preparation, a smear layer is formed on the wall of the canals. Due to an inability to remove all tissue remnants and the smear layer from the root canal by mechanical instrumentation, it is necessary to use irrigation to ensure sufficient cleaning and disinfection of the largest part of the root canalicular system. The most commonly used irrigants are sodium hypochlorite (Na-OCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid and chlorhexidine (CHX). Recently, the irrigants QMix and MTAD have been introduced to the market. They are a mixture of different components having antimicrobial, organolytic and mineralytic effects on canal detritus and the smear layer. This review article investigates irrigants in terms of the nature of their effect, their efficiency, optimal concentration, and method of use, and the interactions between the irrigants most commonly used in endodontic therapy are discussed, with special emphasis on QMix and MTAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Nogo-Zivanovic
- Department for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine , University of East Sarajevo , Foca , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ljiljana Bjelovic
- Department for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine , University of East Sarajevo , Foca , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Vladimir Ivanovic
- Department of Restorative Odontology and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Tatjana Kanjevac
- Department of Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Irena Tanaskovic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
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Charlie KM, Kuttappa MA, George L, Manoj KV, Joseph B, John NK. A Scanning Electron Microscope Evaluation of Smear Layer Removal and Antimicrobial Action of Mixture of Tetracycline, Acid and Detergent, Sodium Hypochlorite, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid, and Chlorhexidine Gluconate: An In vitro Study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2018; 8:62-69. [PMID: 29629331 PMCID: PMC5853045 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_379_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The main objective is to evaluate the efficiency in removal of smear layer of mixture of tetracycline, acid and detergent (MTAD), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and chlorhexidine gluconate by scanning electron microscope (SEM) evaluation and also to evaluate the antimicrobial action of the same irrigants against standard culture strains of Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: This study included 60 extracted permanent teeth with single root canal. The sample was categorized into five groups with 12 teeth in each group. Root canals were enlarged till size 40 with K-files. One group was kept as control and irrigated only with saline. Other four groups used 5% NaOCl as irrigant during instrumentation and MTAD, 5% NaOCl, 17% EDTA, and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate as final rinse. Teeth were split and examined under SEM. To test the antibacterial action, the zone of inhibition method using agar plates was used. Obtained data were statistically analyzed by SPSS version 17 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: MTAD and 17% EDTA removed smear layer from all regions of the root canals. About 5% NaOCl and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate were ineffective in removing the smear layer. The mean zone of inhibition formed by the irrigants was in the following order; MTAD (40.5 mm), 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (29.375 mm), 17% EDTA (24.125 mm), 5% NaOCl (22.125 mm), and saline (zero). Conclusion: MTAD showed high smear layer removal efficacy, but no significant difference was found to that of 17% EDTA. As the dimensions of the zones of inhibition showed, MTAD has got highest antibacterial action against E. faecalis, followed by 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, 17% EDTA, and 5% NaOCl. However, the exact correlation of in vitro study results to clinical conditions is impossible due to the variables involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Charlie
- Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Annor Dental College and Hospital, Muvattupuzha, Kerala, India
| | - M A Kuttappa
- Professor, Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Cids, Virajpet, Coorg, Karnataka, India
| | - Liza George
- Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Annor Dental College and Hospital, Muvattupuzha, Kerala, India
| | - K V Manoj
- Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Al- Azhar Dental College and Hospital, Thodupuzha, Kerala, India
| | - Bobby Joseph
- Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Al- Azhar Dental College and Hospital, Thodupuzha, Kerala, India
| | - Nishin K John
- Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Al- Azhar Dental College & Hospital, Thodupuzha, Kerala, India
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Poggio C, Dagna A, Chiesa M, Bianchi S, Arciola CR, Visai L, Giardino L. SEM Evaluation of the Root Canal Walls after Treatment with Tetraclean. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 33:660-6. [DOI: 10.1177/039139881003300912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In this ex vivo study, the surface cleanliness of root canal walls after shaping with Ni-Ti instruments and irrigating with different endodontic solutions was evaluated by SEM. Methods 50 single-rooted teeth were divided into 5 groups. All root canals were shaped with Revo-S™ (MICRO-MEGA®, Besancon, France) rotary Ni-Ti instruments and irrigated with NaOCl, varying the final rinse: NaOCl, Tetraclean, 17% EDTA, Cloreximid, Tetraclean liquid not mixed with powder. Specimens were fractured longitudinally and prepared for SEM analysis in order to evaluate the presence/absence of smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules at the coronal, middle, and apical third of each canal, using a 3-step scale for scores. Numeric data were analyzed using Kruskall-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test and significance was predetermined at p<0.05. Results This study showed significant differences between the various groups. The 5.25% NaOCl + Tetraclean and 5.25% NaOCl + 17% E.D.T.A. groups had significantly lower scores than other groups (p<0.001), with no significant difference between them. Conclusions Final rinse with Tetraclean is effective in removing the smear layer, leaving a high number of opened dentin tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Poggio
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Alberto Dagna
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Marco Chiesa
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections of the Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute of Bologna and Experimental Pathology Department of the University of Bologna, Bologna - Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Tissue Engineering (CIT), University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Luciano Giardino
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Brescia, Brescia - Italy
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Poggio C, Arciola CR, Dagna A, Chiesa M, Sforza D, Visai L. Antimicrobial Activity of Sodium Hypochlorite-Based Irrigating Solutions. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 33:654-9. [DOI: 10.1177/039139881003300911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The objective of the present study was the in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of three different NaOCl-based endodontic irrigating solutions: a 5.25% conventional sodium hypochlorite solution; and two new irrigating solutions, a 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution with the addition of a proteolytic enzyme and a surfactant; and a 5.25% sodium hypochlorite gel with inorganic silicate. Methods Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans strains were selected to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the endodontic irrigating solutions by the agar disc diffusion test. Paper disks were saturated with each one of the tested solutions (at room temperature and pre-warmed at 45°C) and placed onto culture agar-plates pre-adsorbed with bacterial cells and further incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The growth inhibition zones around each irrigating solution were recorded and compared for each bacterial strain. Results The results were significantly different among the tested irrigating solutions: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution produced the highest inhibition areas; 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution with a proteolytic enzyme and a surfactant, and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite gel with inorganic silicate showed the lowest zones of inhibition. Conclusions Even if all tested irrigating solution possessed antibacterial activity versus all tested bacterial strains, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution with a proteolytic enzyme and a surfactant, and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite gel with inorganic silicate showed lower in vitro efficacy than 5.25% conventional sodium hypochlorite solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Poggio
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections of the Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute of Bologna and Experimental Pathology Department of the University of Bologna, Bologna - Italy
| | - Alberto Dagna
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Marco Chiesa
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Dario Sforza
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Tissue Engineering (CIT), University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
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Iandolo A, Amato M, Dagna A, Poggio C, Abdellatif D, Franco V, Pantaleo G. Intracanal heating of sodium hypochlorite: Scanning electron microscope evaluation of root canal walls. J Conserv Dent 2018; 21:569-573. [PMID: 30294123 PMCID: PMC6161513 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_245_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study is to evaluate the surface of root canals dentine using scanning electron microscope (SEM) after instrumentation with rotary Nickel-Titanium systems and two different protocols of activation of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (extracanal heating at 50°C and intracanal heating at 180°C), to assess the presence/absence of smear layer and also the presence/absence of open dentinal tubules along the walls at the coronal, middle, and apical third of each sample. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six single-rooted teeth were selected, divided into three groups and shaped with ProTaper Universal instruments following irrigation protocols with 5.25% NaOCl. At the end of the preparation, three different protocols of activation were used: nonheated NaOCl in Group A, extra-canal heated NaOCl at 50°C for Group B and intracanal heated NaOCl at 180°C for Group C. Specimens were cut longitudinally and analyzed by SEM at standard magnification of ×1000. The presence/absence of the smear layer as well as the presence/absence of open tubules at the coronal, middle, and apical third of each canal were estimated using a five-step scale for scores. Numeric data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U statistical tests and significance was predetermined at P < 0.05. Results: Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA) for debris score showed significant differences among the Ni-Ti systems (P < 0.05). Mann–Whitney test confirmed that Group A presented significantly higher score values than other Ni-Ti systems. The same results were assessed considering the smear layer scores. ANOVA confirmed that the apical third of the canal maintained a higher quantity of debris and smear layer after preparation of all the samples. Discussion and Conclusions: Intra-canal heating of NaOCl at 180°C proved to be more effective in obtaining clean canal walls. On the other hand, extra-canal heating at 50°C of NaOCl left a higher quantity of debris and the smear layer was widely represented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Iandolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Amato
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Alberto Dagna
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences - Section of Dentistry, Endodontic Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Poggio
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences - Section of Dentistry, Endodontic Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dina Abdellatif
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Awawdeh L, Jamleh A, Al Beitawi M. The Antifungal Effect of Propolis Endodontic Irrigant with Three Other Irrigation Solutions in Presence and Absence of Smear Layer: An In Vitro Study. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2018; 13:234-239. [PMID: 29707021 PMCID: PMC5911300 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v13i2.19227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the antifungal effect of propolis as an endodontic irrigant agent with a mixture of doxycycline, citric acid, and a detergent mixture (MTAD), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Candida albicans in presence and absence of smear layer. METHODS AND MATERIALS Extracted teeth with single canals (n=104) were prepared and randomly distributed into four experimental groups; 30% propolis, MTAD, 2% CHX and 3% NaOCl. Each group had two subgroups; with and without smear layer. The antifungal effectiveness was evaluated. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the overall effectiveness of different treatments at significance level of 0.05. RESULTS Propolis, CHX and NaOCl had similar levels of effectiveness to each other against C. albicans, and these levels were not affected by the presence or absence of the smear layer. Each irrigant was significantly more effective than MTAD or saline solution. MTAD was less effective in the presence of the smear layer than in its absence. CONCLUSIONS Propolis irrigation can produce root canals that are free of C. albicans, even in the presence of the smear layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Awawdeh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Jamleh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Maha Al Beitawi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Balakrishna N, Moogi P, Kumar GV, Prashanth BR, Shetty NK, Rao KR. Effect of conventional irrigation and photoactivated disinfection on Enterococcus faecalis in root canals: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2017; 20:125-128. [PMID: 28855761 PMCID: PMC5564239 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.212244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: A study was done to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and photoactivated disinfection (PAD) on Enterococcus faecalis. Settings and Design: Random sampling, in-vitro study. Subjects and Methods: Access opening and biomechanical preparation were performed on fifty freshly extracted mandibular second premolars. The specimens were sterilized; 15 μm of E. faecalis was inoculated into each canal and incubated at 36°C for 24 h. Later, specimens were randomly divided into two groups of fifty each and following procedures was carried out: (i) conventional irrigation with 2.25% NaOCl (ii) PAD using diode laser, and toluidine blue photosensitizer. Samples were collected from each canal using sterile paper points which were deposited in brain heart infusion broth, and microbiological evaluation was carried out. Statistical Analysis Used: Student's t-test was used to find the significant difference in the reduction of colony forming unit (CFU) between the groups. Results: The mean CFUs of the two groups showed statistically significant difference (P = 0.001). Improved antibacterial efficacy was seen with PAD group compared to conventional NAOCL irrigation. Conclusions: NaOCl alone was not effective in eliminating E. faecalis completely from the root canals. PAD compared to conventional irrigation showed the best results in removing E. faecalis from root canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati Balakrishna
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K.L.E. Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashant Moogi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K.L.E. Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G Vinay Kumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K.L.E. Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B R Prashanth
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K.L.E. Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nithin Kumar Shetty
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K.L.E. Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kaushal R Rao
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K.L.E. Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Han M, Li QL, Cao Y, Fang H, Xia R, Zhang ZH. In vivo remineralization of dentin using an agarose hydrogel biomimetic mineralization system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41955. [PMID: 28167823 PMCID: PMC5294398 DOI: 10.1038/srep41955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel agarose hydrogel biomimetic mineralization system loaded with calcium and phosphate was used to remineralize dentin and induce the oriented densely parallel packed HA layer on defective dentin surface in vivo in a rabbit model. Firstly, the enamel of the labial surface of rabbits' incisor was removed and the dentin was exposed to oral environment. Secondly, the hydrogel biomimetic mineralization system was applied to the exposed dentin surface by using a custom tray. Finally, the teeth were extracted and evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nanoindentation test after a certain time of mineralization intervals. The regenerated tissue on the dentin surface was composed of highly organised HA crystals. Densely packed along the c axis, these newly precipitated HA crystals were perpendicular to the underlying dental surface with a tight bond. The demineralized dentin was remineralized and dentinal tubules were occluded by the grown HA crystals. The nanohardness and elastic modulus of the regenerated tissue were similar to natural dentin. The results indicated a potential clinical use for repairing dentin-exposed related diseases, such as erosion, wear, and dentin hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Han
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Quan-Li Li
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ying Cao
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hui Fang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Rong Xia
- Department of Stomatology, the Second Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, the Hospital of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230001, China
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Ghivari SB, Bhattacharya H, Bhat KG, Pujar MA. Antimicrobial activity of root canal irrigants against biofilm forming pathogens- An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2017; 20:147-151. [PMID: 29279615 PMCID: PMC5706312 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_38_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The aim of the study was to check the antimicrobial activity of the 5% Sodium hypochlorite, 2% Chlorhexidine, 0.10% Octenidine (OCT), and 2% Silver Zeolite (SZ) at different time intervals against a single species biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans model prepared on a nitrocellulose membrane. Settings and Design: In vitro nitrocellulose biofilm model was used to check antibacterial efficacy of root canal irrigants. Materials and Methods: The in vitro nitrocellulose biofilm model was used to check the antibacterial activity of root canal irrigants. Single species biofilms were suspended into 96-well microtiter plate and treated with root canal irrigants for 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 s, respectively. The remaining microbial load in the form of colony-forming unit/ml after antimicrobial treatment was tabulated and data were statistically analyzed. Statistical Analysis: SPSS version 17, Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Mann–Whitney U-test, and Wilcoxon matched pair test (P < 0.05) were used. Results: All tested microorganisms were eliminated within 30 s by all the antimicrobial substances tested except normal saline. 2% chlorhexidine and 0.10% OCT were equally effective against C. albicans at 30 s. Conclusion: The newly tested irrigants have shown considerable antibacterial activity against selected single species biofilm. OCT (0.10%) can be used as an alternative endodontic irrigant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Basavraj Ghivari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Kishore G Bhat
- Department of Microbiology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India.,Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhu A Pujar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maratha Mandal Dental College, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
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Nalawade TM, Bhat KG, Sogi S. Antimicrobial Activity of Endodontic Medicaments and Vehicles using Agar Well Diffusion Method on Facultative and Obligate Anaerobes. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016; 9:335-341. [PMID: 28127166 PMCID: PMC5233701 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The aim of this study was to determine the relative antimicrobial effectiveness of these endodontic medicaments and various vehicles using an agar well diffusion assay. Materials and methods Double Antibiotic Paste(DAP), modified DAP, 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate and their combination with four vehicles namely Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG), Propylene glycol (PG), combinations of PG with PEG and lastly Glycerine were tested using agar well diffusion assay. The minimum bactericidal concentration was noted against four standard strains of organisms ie Streptococcus mutans ATCC( American Type Culture Collection) 25175, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12598, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 35550 and Eschericia coli ATCC 25922. Successful endodontic therapy depends upon thorough disinfection of root canals. In some refractory cases, routine endodontic therapy is not sufficient, so intracanal medicaments are used for proper disinfection of canals. Issues of resistance, limited spectrum of activity and lack of antifungal properties, the hunt for the ideal intracanal medicament continues. In this regard, the vehicles used to form the pastes play a supportive role by forming the appropriate consistency for placement and may dramatically influence their chemical characteristics like their solubility and diffusion. Thus, inorder to use safer and equally effective intracanal medicaments, Chlorhexidine gluconate is being unveiled in this study. Results The difference between the four vehicles when combined with the same endodontic medicament studied above is nonsignificant (NS) except against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Propylene glycol is significantly effective than Glycerine when used with DAP ie C+M medicament combination. (p = 0.029) Conclusion 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and modified DAP can definitely replace DAP and triple antibiotic paste as end-odontic medicaments with chlorhexidine having an added advantage of bactericidal action, substantivity, biocompatibility, low toxicity, and lesser chances of developing resistance. How to cite this article Nalawade TM, Bhat KG, Sogi S. Antimicrobial Activity of Endodontic Medicaments and Vehicles using Agar Well Diffusion Method on Facultative and Obligate Anaerobes. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(4):335-341.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triveni M Nalawade
- PhD Scholar, Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KLE Vishwanath Katti Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum Karnataka, India
| | - Kishore G Bhat
- Consutant, Department of Microbiology, KLE University's Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Suma Sogi
- professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research Ambala, Haryana, India
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Dagna A, Gastaldo G, Beltrami R, Poggio C. Debris Evaluation after Root Canal Shaping with Rotating and Reciprocating Single-File Systems. J Funct Biomater 2016; 7:E28. [PMID: 27763503 PMCID: PMC5197987 DOI: 10.3390/jfb7040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the root canal dentine surface by scanning electron microscope (SEM) after shaping with two reciprocating single-file NiTi systems and two rotating single-file NiTi systems, in order to verify the presence/absence of the smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules along the walls of each sample; Forty-eight single-rooted teeth were divided into four groups and shaped with OneShape (OS), F6 SkyTaper (F6), WaveOne (WO) and Reciproc and irrigated using 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. Root canal walls were analyzed by SEM at a standard magnification of 2500×. The presence/absence of the smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules at the coronal, middle, and apical third of each canal were estimated using a five-step scale for scores. Numeric data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U statistical tests and significance was predetermined at P < 0.05; The Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA for debris score showed significant differences among the NiTi systems (P < 0.05). The Mann-Whitney test confirmed that reciprocating systems presented significantly higher score values than rotating files. The same results were assessed considering the smear layer scores. ANOVA confirmed that the apical third of the canal maintained a higher quantity of debris and smear layer after preparation of all the samples; Single-use NiTi systems used in continuous rotation appeared to be more effective than reciprocating instruments in leaving clean walls. The reciprocating systems produced more debris and smear layer than rotating instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Dagna
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 3, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Giulia Gastaldo
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 3, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Beltrami
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 3, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Claudio Poggio
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 3, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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Zandi H, Rodrigues RC, Kristoffersen AK, Enersen M, Mdala I, Ørstavik D, Rôças IN, Siqueira JF. Antibacterial Effectiveness of 2 Root Canal Irrigants in Root-filled Teeth with Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Endod 2016; 42:1307-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Girard
- Eastcott Veterinary Hospital (Southerden), Swindon, England.
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Rôças IN, Provenzano JC, Neves MA, Siqueira JF. Disinfecting Effects of Rotary Instrumentation with Either 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite or 2% Chlorhexidine as the Main Irrigant: A Randomized Clinical Study. J Endod 2016; 42:943-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Souza MA, Montagner A, Lana DLD, Vidal CMP, Farina AP, Cecchin D. Comparative evaluation of the retaining of QMix and chlorhexidine formulations on human dentin: a chemical analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:873-878. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1837-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Podar R, Kulkarni GP, Dadu SS, Singh S, Singh SH. In vivo antimicrobial efficacy of 6% Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica, and 3% sodium hypochlorite as root canal irrigants. Eur J Dent 2016; 9:529-534. [PMID: 26929692 PMCID: PMC4745235 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.172615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of 6% Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica, and 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as root canal irrigants. Materials and Methods: Thirty nonvital maxillary anteriors were randomly assigned to one of the three groups corresponding to the irrigant to be tested; 6% Morinda citrifolia juice (MCJ) (n = 10), A. indica (n = 10) and 3% NaOCl (n = 10). After the root canal access opening a root canal culture sample was taken with two paper points and cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Cleaning and shaping were completed with irrigation by 10 mL of respective irrigants and 5 mL of final rinse. The patients were recalled after 3 days and canals were rinsed again with 5 mL of the test irrigants. This was followed by obtaining a posttreatment root canal culture sample and culturing and analyzed by counting the colony forming units (CFUs). Results: Six percentage MCJ, A. indica, and 3% NaOCl showed a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the mean CFU counts for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria between baseline and 3 days. Conclusion: There was no difference in the antimicrobial efficacy of 6% M. citrifolia, A. indica, and 3% NaOCl as root canal irrigants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Podar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Terna Dental College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gaurav P Kulkarni
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Terna Dental College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shifali S Dadu
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Terna Dental College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shraddha Singh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Terna Dental College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shishir H Singh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Terna Dental College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Dagna A, Gastaldo G, Beltrami R, Chiesa M, Poggio C. F360 and F6 Skytaper: SEM evaluation of cleaning efficiency. ANNALI DI STOMATOLOGIA 2016; 6:69-74. [PMID: 26941891 DOI: 10.11138/ads/2015.6.3.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Root canal preparation may produce a large quantity of smear layer that covers canal walls. Single-file systems have recently appeared, with the aim of reducing the number of steps and files to reach a correct endodontic treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate by SEM the root canal walls after instrumentation with F360 (Komet, Brasseler GmbH & Co., Lemgo, Germany) and F6 Skytaper (Komet, Brasseler GmbH & Co., Lemgo, Germany), in order to evaluate the presence/absence of smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules on the root canal walls at coronal, middle, and apical third of each sample. METHODS Twenty single-rooted freshly extracted teeth were selected and divided into 2 groups. For each group root canals were shaped with F360 (Komet, Brasseler GmbH & Co., Lemgo, Germany) and F6 Skytaper (Komet, Brasseler GmbH & Co., Lemgo, Germany) instruments under irrigation with 5,25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. Specimens were fractured longitudinally and analyzed by SEM at standard magnification of 5000x. The presence/absence of smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules at the coronal, middle, and apical third of each canal were evaluated using a 5-step scale for scores. Numeric data were analyzed using Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U statistical tests and significance was predetermined at P <0.05. RESULTS This study did not reveal differences among two groups at the coronal and apical third. The apical third showed the highest values of scores for all Ni-Ti systems used. Significant differences in smear layer scores were recorded among the Ni-Ti systems at middle canal level (P < 0.05), where F6 Skytaper showed significantly lower scores than F360. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitation of this study, F360 and F6 Skytaper rotary instruments seem to be effective in shaping root canals with good debridement from canal walls, without significant differences between the two systems as it regards the coronal third and the apical third, the area where more debris is still visible. Instead, in the middle third F6 Skytaper seems to be more effective than F360, with statistically significative differences between the two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Dagna
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences - Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Gastaldo
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences - Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Beltrami
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Chiesa
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences - Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Poggio
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences - Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Italy
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Gonçalves LS, Rodrigues RCV, Andrade Junior CV, Soares RG, Vettore MV. The Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorhexidine as Irrigant Solutions for Root Canal Disinfection: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. J Endod 2016; 42:527-32. [PMID: 26852149 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This systematic review aimed to compare the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine for root canal disinfection during root canal therapy. METHODS A literature search for clinical trials was made on the PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Knowledge, SCOPUS, and Science Direct databases and in the reference lists of the identified articles up to January 2015. Quality assessment of the selected studies was performed according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement. RESULTS One clinical trial and 4 randomized clinical trials were selected from the 172 articles initially identified. There was heterogeneity in the laboratory methods used to assess the root canal disinfection as well as in the concentrations of the irrigants used. Therefore, meta-analysis was not performed. Two studies reported effective and similar reductions in bacterial levels for both irrigants. Sodium hypochlorite was more effective than chlorhexidine in reducing microorganisms in 1 study, and another reported opposite findings. Both root irrigants were ineffective in eliminating endotoxins from necrotic pulp root canals in 1 study. Trial design and information regarding randomization procedures were not clearly described in the clinical trials. No study compared laboratory results with clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The available evidence on this topic is scarce, and the findings of studies were not consistent. Additional randomized clinical trials using clinical outcomes to compare the use of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine during root canal therapy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Souza Gonçalves
- Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Renata Costa Val Rodrigues
- Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Veiga de Almeida University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Vieira Andrade Junior
- Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Health, Dentistry Division, Southwest State University of Bahia, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Renata G Soares
- Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mario Vianna Vettore
- Unit of Dental Public Health, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
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Comparative antimicrobial efficacy of herbal alternatives (Emblica officinalis, Psidium guajava), MTAD, and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2016; 6:45-8. [PMID: 26937369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of herbal alternatives (Emblica officinalis, Psidium guajava), BioPure MTAD, and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis. MATERIALS AND METHOD The testing of the antimicrobial efficacy of selected medicaments against E. faecalis was done by the agar disk-diffusion method. Whatman paper discs of 6 mm diameter were prepared and soaked with the test solution. These discs were then placed onto the previously seeded agar Petri plates. Later, these plates were incubated for 48 h at 37 °C under the appropriate gaseous conditions in a CO2 incubator. A zone of inhibition was recorded in millimeter for each plate and the results were analyzed statistically. RESULT MTAD was found to be superior in its antibacterial abilities against E. faecalis compared with the other irrigants used. All the other tested irrigants showed significant zone of inhibition. CONCLUSIONS BioPure MTAD offers better antibacterial efficacy than NaOCl. E. officinalis and P. guajava are effective antibacterial agents against E. faecalis and can be used to reduce root canal microflora and root canal failures.
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Hasheminia S, Farhad AR, Saatchi M, Rajabzadeh M. Synergistic antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine and hydrogen peroxide against Enterococcus faecalis. J Oral Sci 2015; 55:275-80. [PMID: 24351914 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.55.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the in vitro antibacterial activity of common root canal irrigants with a combination technique against intratubular Enterococcus faecalis. Seventy-five human single-rooted teeth were selected and their crowns and root-ends were removed to obtain specimens 5 mm in length. The specimens were contaminated with E. faecalis and divided into five experimental groups (n = 15). These groups were irrigated with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), 3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), CHX/H2O2 and sterile saline (control). Surface and deep dentinal chips were collected for each sample. After incubation, the numbers of colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis (α = 0.05). In the surface dentin, CHX, NaOCl, and CHX/H2O2 had significantly higher antibacterial activity than H2O2 (P < 0.05). In the deep dentin, NaOCl and CHX/H2O2 had significantly higher antibacterial activity than CHX and H2O2 (P < 0.05). CHX/H2O2 had similar antibacterial effectiveness to NaOCl in both surface and deep dentinal tubules. This combination can be considered a potentially useful irrigant for root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedmohsen Hasheminia
- Torabinejad Dental Research Center, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
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Prado M, Silva EJNLD, Duque TM, Zaia AA, Ferraz CCR, Almeida JFAD, Gomes BPFDA. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of phosphoric acid solution compared to other root canal irrigants. J Appl Oral Sci 2015; 23:158-63. [PMID: 26018307 PMCID: PMC4428460 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720130691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoric acid has been suggested as an irrigant due to its effectiveness in removing the smear layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Prado
- Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Mageste Duque
- Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Augusto Zaia
- Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Caio Cezar Randi Ferraz
- Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Saatchi M, Shokraneh A, Navaei H, Maracy MR, Shojaei H. Antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide combined with chlorhexidine on Enterococcus faecalis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Appl Oral Sci 2015; 22:356-65. [PMID: 25466470 PMCID: PMC4245746 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720140032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is the most
frequently isolated strain in failed endodontic therapy cases since it is
resistant to calcium hydroxide (CH). Whether a combination of CH and chlorhexidine
(CHX) is more effective than CH alone against E. faecalis is a matter of
controversy. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and
meta-analysis of the literature. Material and Methods A comprehensive search in PubMed, EMbase, EBSCOhost, The Cochrane Library, SciELO,
and BBO databases, Clinical trials registers, Open Grey, and conference
proceedings from the earliest available date to February 1, 2013 was carried out
and the relevant articles were identified by two independent reviewers. Backward
and forward search was performed and then inclusion and exclusion criteria were
applied. The included studies were divided into "comparisons" according to the
depth of sampling and dressing period of each medicament. Meta-analysis was
performed using Stata software 10.0. The level of significance was set at
0.05. Results Eighty-five studies were retrieved from databases and backward/forward searches.
Fortyfive studies were considered as relevant (5 in vivo, 18
in vitro, 18 ex vivo, and 4 review articles).
Nine studies were included for meta-analysis. Inter-observer agreement (Cohen
kappa) was 0.93. The included studies were divided into 21 comparisons for
meta-analysis. Chi-square test showed the comparisons were heterogeneous
(p<0.001). Random effect model demonstrated no significant difference between
CH/CHX mixture and CH alone in their effect on E. faecalis
(p=0.115). Conclusions According to the evidence available now, mixing CH with CHX does not significantly
increase the antimicrobial activity of CH against E. faecalis. It
appears that mixing CH with CHX does not improve its ex vivo
antibacterial property as an intracanal medicament against E.
faecalis. Further in vivo studies are necessary to
confirm and correlate the findings of this study with the clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Saatchi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Shokraneh
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hooman Navaei
- Torabinejad Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Maracy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hasan Shojaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Zargar N, Dianat O, Asnaashari M, Ganjali M, Zadsirjan S. The Effect of Smear Layer on Antimicrobial Efficacy of Three Root Canal Irrigants. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2015. [PMID: 26213540 PMCID: PMC4509126 DOI: 10.7508/iej.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: One of the main goals of endodontic treatment is to decrease the harboring bacteria within the root canal system and dentinal tubules. This experimental study attempted to investigate the antibacterial efficacy of three root canal irrigants in the presence and absence of smear layer (SL). Methods and Materials: A total of 210 sound extracted human single-rooted teeth were prepared. After creating the SL and its removal in half of the samples, they were infected with Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Actinomyces israelii (A. israelii). A total of 180 specimen were used to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of the three irrigants in presence and absence of SL, 24 specimen were placed in the positive and negative controls, 2 samples were utilized for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and 2 were used for Gram staining. Then, they were exposed to irrigants including 2.61% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and 1% povidone-iodine (PI) for 5, 30 and 60 min. Presence/absence of test microorganisms was determined by incubation of specimens in test tubes containing brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth and then measuring the colony forming units (CFU) on BHI agar. A cumulative logistic model was used to analyze the ordinal response. Results: The 2.61% solution of NaOCl was significantly more effective than 0.2% CHX and the latter was more efficient than 1% PI for decreasing fungal and microbial infection of dentinal tubules in the presence and absence of SL. Conclusion: The presence of smear layer decreased the efficacy of antimicrobial irrigants. The minimum time required for elimination of fungal/microbial infection was 30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Zargar
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Dianat
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research (ICER), Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asnaashari
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Ganjali
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeede Zadsirjan
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Cecchin D, Farina AP, Souza MA, Albarello LL, Schneider AP, Vidal CMP, Bedran-Russo AK. Evaluation of antimicrobial effectiveness and dentine mechanical properties after use of chemical and natural auxiliary irrigants. J Dent 2015; 43:695-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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López FU, Kopper PMP, Bona AD, Steier L, Figueiredo JAPD, Vier-Pelisser FV. Effect of Different Irrigating Solutions and Photo-Activated Therapy for In Vivo Root Canal Treatment. Braz Dent J 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201300154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate histologically the effect of irrigation with 400 ppm Sterilox, 2% and 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), with and without photo-activated therapy (PAD), in a single-visit root canal treatment of dog's teeth with apical periodontitis (AP). Ten dogs were randomly divided into two groups (n=5): with and without PAD, and the root canals into four subgroups, according to the irrigating solution: SX (400 ppm Sterilox), SH2 (2% NaOCl), SH5 (5% NaOCl) and SS (saline solution) as positive control. A total of 134 root canals were opened and left exposed to the oral environment for 14 days and then sealed for 60 days for AP induction. Then, root canals were treated according to each proposed disinfecting protocol and filled in the same session. After 120 days, the dogs were euthanized and the periapical inflammatory events were evaluated under light microscopy. Qualitative data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (α=0.05). PAD did not produce significant differences in the scores for apical inflammation when used after chemo-mechanical preparation (p>0.05). The irrigating solutions SX, SH2 and SH5 without PAD were statistically different from SS (p<0.05) that presented the greatest scores for apical inflammation. PAD did not show any additional effect for the treatment of root canals with pulp necrosis and AP in a single visit and 400 ppm Sterilox may be considered an alternative to NaOCl in root canal treatment.
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Cleaning Effectiveness of Three NiTi Rotary Instruments: A Focus on Biomaterial Properties. J Funct Biomater 2015; 6:66-76. [PMID: 25692796 PMCID: PMC4384101 DOI: 10.3390/jfb6010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments are commonly used for shaping the root canal system in endodontic practice. They are more flexible and have better cutting efficiency than conventional stainless steel files. The superelasticity of NiTi rotary files allows the clinicians to produce the desirable tapered root canal form with a reduced tendency to canal transportation and instrument fracture. HyFlex CM instruments are new NiTi rotary instruments with shape memory produced by an innovative methodology (patent pending) that uses a complex heating and cooling treatment that controls the material’s memory. The aim of the present study was to compare the cleaning efficacy of two conventional (Mtwo, Revo-S) Ni-Ti rotary instruments with HyFlex CM. 30 single-rooted freshly extracted teeth were divided into three groups. Root canals were shaped with three NiTi instruments (Mtwo, Revo-S and HyFlex CM) using 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA solutions. Specimens were fractured longitudinally and prepared for SEM analysis at standard magnification of 1000×. The presence/absence of debris smear layer and the presence/absence of smear layer at coronal, middle, and apical third of each canal were evaluated using a 5-step scale for scores. Numeric data were analyzed using Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U statistical tests and significance was predetermined at P < 0.05. This study revealed significant differences among the various groups. Despite some minor differences, all instruments removed smear layer and debris produced during instrumentation. HyFlex CM seem to be not so effective in promoting cleanliness of root canal walls and in removing smear layer from dentine if compared to Mtwo and Revo-S.
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Effects of NiTi rotary and reciprocating instruments on debris and smear layer scores: an SEM evaluation. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2014; 12:256-62. [PMID: 24425380 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cleaning efficacy of 2 different nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary systems: a new single system Reciproc compared with the rotary full sequence Mtwo. The amount of debris and the morphology of smear layer were the parameters for the evaluation of the cleanliness of root canals. The null hypothesis of the study was that there would be no significant difference in debris scores and smear layer scores between the 2 systems.
METHODS Forty single-rooted freshly extracted teeth were selected and divided into 2 groups. For each group, all root canals were shaped with 2 different NiTi instruments (Mtwo and Reciproc) and irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solutions by 3 trained operators. Specimens were fractured longitudinally and prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis at a standard magnification of ×5,000. The presence/absence of smear layer and the presence/absence of debris at the coronal, middle and apical third of each canal were evaluated using two 5-step scales for scores. Numeric data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U statistical tests, and significance was set at a P value <0.05.
RESULTS This study revealed significant differences among the various groups. The Mtwo group presented significantly lower smear layer scores than the Reciproc group (P<0.01) in the middle and apical third of the canal.
CONCLUSIONS Conventional continuous rotary NiTi instruments associated with 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA solutions seem to be better for obtaining clean dentinal canal walls. Reciprocating instruments leave a higher quantity of smear layer which covers dentinal walls and dentinal tubules.
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Comparative Evaluation of Calcium Hypochlorite and Sodium Hypochlorite Associated with Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation on Antimicrobial Activity of a Root Canal System Infected with Enterococcus faecalis: An In Vitro Study. J Endod 2014; 40:1953-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Poggio C, Dagna A, Chiesa M, Beltrami R, Colombo M. Ultrastructural analysis of the root canal walls after preparation with two rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments. Contemp Clin Dent 2014; 5:357-60. [PMID: 25191073 PMCID: PMC4147813 DOI: 10.4103/0976-237x.137948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Root canal preparation may produce a large quantity of smear layer that covers canal walls. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) the root canal dentine after instrumentation with nickel-titanium rotary files, in order to evaluate the presence/absence of smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules on the root canal walls at the coronal, middle, and apical third of each sample. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 single-rooted freshly extracted teeth were selected and divided into two groups. For each group, root canals were shaped with Mtwo and Revo-S instruments under irrigation with Sodium hypochlorite and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Specimens were fractured longitudinally and SEM analyzed at standard magnification of ×1000 and ×5000. The presence/absence of smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules at the coronal, middle, and apical third of each canal were evaluated using a three-step scale for scores. Statistical Analysis Used: Numeric data were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-Statistical tests and significance was pre-determined at P < 0.05. Results and Conclusions: This study did not reveal differences among the two groups. Mtwo and Revo-S showed no significant difference between them and both presented very low smear layer scores and open tubules scores, with no significant difference among coronal, middle, and apical third. Mtwo and Revo-S rotary instruments seem to be effective in removing smear layer from canal walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Poggio
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Dagna
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Chiesa
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Marco Colombo
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Pavia, Italy
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Kumar U, Dharmani CK, George BJ, Abraham S. Conservative management of persistent facial cutaneous sinus tract with a dental origin. BMJ Case Rep 2014; 2014:bcr-2014-204347. [PMID: 25028421 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-204347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial and cervical area sinus tracts can be odontogenic or non-odontogenic, and so clinicians should be aware that lesions with a dental origin can be confused with dermatological lesions. We describe three cases of cutaneous lesions of dental origin that were initially misdiagnosed as being dermatological in origin. Multiple unsuccessful treatments were attempted but the lesions failed to heal. However, conservative endodontic intervention resulted in complete resolution of the causative periapical lesions within a short period, making surgery unnecessary. Dental aetiology, as part of a differential diagnosis, must be considered in such oro-facial lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Kumar
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Binu Johnson George
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sathish Abraham
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SMBT Dental College and Hospital, Tal. Sangamner, Maharashtra, India
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