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Effect of thermocycling-induced stress on properties of orthodontic NiTi wires. J Dent Sci 2022; 17:1788-1795. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Al-Horini O, Hajeer MY, Baba F. Evaluating the Elemental Composition, Transformation Behavior, Crystalline Structure, and Mechanical Properties of Three 0.016-Inch by 0.022-Inch Nickel-Titanium Archwires: An In Vitro Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e27206. [PMID: 35898807 PMCID: PMC9309200 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires are considered the most attractive wires during the first stage of orthodontic treatment because of their unique properties throughout several generations. This study aimed to evaluate three different NiTi wires in terms of their elemental composition, transformation behavior, crystalline structure, and mechanical properties. Materials and methods The study used three different groups of NiTi archwires with dimensions of 0.016 x 0.022-inch (American Orthodontics®, Sheboygan, WI, USA). The first group included six superelastic NiTi archwires (NT3-SE®), with normal force and a stable structure that was not affected by temperature changes. The second group included six heat-activated NiTi archwires activated at 25°C (Thermal Ti-D®), with moderate force and a sensitive structure to thermal changes, especially at room temperature. The third group included six heat-activated NiTi archwires activated at 35°C (Thermal Ti-Lite®), with light force and a sensitive structure to thermal changes, especially at body temperature. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was performed to determine wire element composition, whereas differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed to determine the austenite finish temperature (Af). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to identify the crystalline structure at room temperature, and a three-point bending test was carried out under constant temperature (37°C) with respect to the instructions of ISO15841/DIS to evaluate the mechanical properties of these wires. Results The XRF analysis revealed that the superelastic NiTi archwires (NT3-SE) were composed of NiTi and chrome, whereas the heat-activated wires (Thermal Ti-D and Thermal Ti-Lite) were composed of NiTi and copper. The DSC showed the Af was at +16.84°C for the superelastic type (NT3-SE), +23°C for the heat-activated at 25°C (Thermal Ti-D), and +33.99°C for the heat-activated at 35°C (Thermal Ti-Lite). The XRD analysis identified the crystalline structure at room temperature for the superelastic type (NT3-SE) as austenite, while for thermal types (Thermal Ti-D and Thermal Ti-Lite) were a compound structure of austenite and martensite phase. Finally, the bending test showed that the highest forces were delivered from the superelastic type (NT3-SE), followed by heat-activated at 25°C (Thermal Ti-D), while the lowest forces were delivered from heat-activated at 35°C (Thermal Ti-Lite). There was no significant difference between the superelastic type (NT3-SE) and thermally activated type at 25°C (Thermal Ti-D), while there was a significant difference between the two previous types and the thermally activated type at 35°C (Thermal Ti-Lite) for all studied unloading points. Conclusions The thermal types of archwires (Thermal Ti-D and Thermal Ti-Lite) had lower unloading values in comparison with the superelastic type (NT3-SE). The elemental composition was different between the superelastic wires and the thermal ones. The superelastic wires were also different from the other two types in terms of crystalline structure. The three types of archwires had an activation degree located in the range of oral cavity variations.
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Yao G, Mo X, Yin C, Lou W, Wang Q, Huang S, Mao L, Chen S, Zhao K, Pan T, Huang L, Lin Y. A programmable and skin temperature-activated electromechanical synergistic dressing for effective wound healing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl8379. [PMID: 35080981 PMCID: PMC8791608 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl8379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical regulation and electric stimulation hold great promise in skin tissue engineering for manipulating wound healing. However, the complexity of equipment operation and stimulation implementation remains an ongoing challenge in clinical applications. Here, we propose a programmable and skin temperature-activated electromechanical synergistic wound dressing composed of a shape memory alloy-based mechanical metamaterial for wound contraction and an antibacterial electret thin film for electric field generation. This strategy is successfully demonstrated on rats to achieve effective wound healing in as short as 4 and 8 days for linear and circular wounds, respectively, with a statistically significant over 50% improvement in wound closure rate versus the blank control group. The optimally designed electromechanical synergistic stimulation could regulate the wound microenvironment to accelerate healing metabolism, promote wound closure, and inhibit infection. This work provided an effective wound healing strategy in the context of a programmable temperature-responsive, battery-free electromechanical synergistic biomedical device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
- Corresponding author. (G.Y.); (L.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaoyi Mo
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenhui Yin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenhao Lou
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Sirong Huang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Linna Mao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Sihong Chen
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Kangning Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Huang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, the Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China
- Corresponding author. (G.Y.); (L.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
- Corresponding author. (G.Y.); (L.H.); (Y.L.)
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Effectiveness of two thermal activated orthodontic archwire sequences based on transition temperature range during alignment: A randomized non-controlled comparative study. Int Orthod 2020; 18:706-713. [PMID: 33071153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been suggested that heat-activated NiTi archwires (HANT) speed up crowding alleviation. HANT wires are available with different austenite finish temperatures. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of two alignment sequences using thermally activated archwires with different austenite activation temperatures for the correction of mandibular anterior crowding. MATERIAL AND METHODS The following NiTi archwire sequence was used for both groups: 0.012 in (conventional NiTi), 0.018 in (heat-activated NiTi archwires), 0.016×0.022 in (heat-activated NiTi archwires) and 0.019×0.025 in (conventional NiTi). The conventional NiTi used for both groups belongs to the same commercial brand. Two different austenite activation temperatures (35°C and 37°C) were used for the heat-activated archwires. The primary outcome was the degree of crowding correction measured on study models. The secondary outcome was crowding survival time over a six-month period. This RTC included fifty-four patients that were randomly allocated to the two different archwire sequences. A Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the groups regarding crowding alleviation. A survival curve was created using the Kaplan-Meier method to illustrate the reduction of crowding over time. A Mantel-Cox log-rank test was used to compare survival times (until correction of crowding). RESULTS No differences in crowding alleviation were identified between both groups (log-rank test; P=0.77). CONCLUSIONS The two alignment sequences with different thermal activated archwires at 35°C and 37°C achieved similar clinical results during the correction of mandibular anterior crowding.
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Rodrigues PF, Fernandes FB, Magalhães R, Camacho E, Lopes A, Paula A, Basu R, Schell N. Thermo-mechanical characterization of NiTi orthodontic archwires with graded actuating forces. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 107:103747. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Factors Influencing the Treatment Effect of Superelastic Wire Orthonyxia for Nail Plate Deformity. Dermatol Surg 2020; 46:690-695. [DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000002110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sapata VM, Sapata DM, Gurgel JA, Neto AM, Ramos AL. DSC analysis and evaluation of forces released on deactivation of 0.40-mm (0.016") orthodontic thermo-activated NiTi wires: An in vitro study. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2020; 14:12-18. [PMID: 32454953 PMCID: PMC7235700 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2020.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
. This study evaluated the phase transformation of NiTi orthodontic wires and forces they release on deactivation. Methods. The structural phase transformations of the following five thermo-activated nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): Flexy Thermal Sentalloy® (GAC International), NiTi (35ºC) (Eurodonto), Thermo-Plus® (Morelli), FlexyNiTi® Flexy Thermal (35ºC) (Orthometric) and Damon® CuNiTi (35ºC) (ORMCO Corp.). The wires had a cross-section of 0.40 mm (0.016"). In addition, the forces they released were investigated using the three-point bending test. Five arches of each wire were tested using DSC (-20/80ºC at 10ºC/min), and six arches from each wire were sectioned for bending tests. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests. Pearson’s correlation test was performed between the results yielded by the DSC tests and those by three-point analyses (P=0.05). Results. The DSC analysis showed differences between the NiTi alloys from all the manufacturers, with no differences between the lots of the same brand. ORMCO and Orthometric wires exhibited similar TTR values in cooling (P=0.49), and statistically similar TTR values in heating (P=0.056). The three-point bending test showed different patterns in releasing forces. A correlation was found between the DSC analysis and the three-point bending test results. Conclusion. The higher the temperature transformation was, the larger was the variation of force. All the wires presented higher forces at 3-mm deflection from 155 (±12.3) to 168.1 (±8) cN. The DSC analysis and the three-point bending test showed differences between the NiTi alloys from all the manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adilson Luiz Ramos
- Department of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Suwankomonkul S, Khantachawana A, Changsiripun C. Comparison of cold-hardening bending and direct electric resistance heat treatment on the mechanical properties and transformation temperature of NiTi archwire: An in vitro study. Int Orthod 2019; 18:147-153. [PMID: 31685433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this investigation was (1) to compare the effects of cold-hardening bending and direct electric resistance heat treatment (DERHT) methods; and (2) to compare the effects of offsets and angulations on the mechanical properties and thermal analysis of NiTi alloy archwire. METHODS Nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires (Ormco, Glendora, CA), 0.016×0.022-inch, were bent by cold-hardening bending and DERHT methods into 1-mm, 2-mm, or 3-mm offset for a 3-point bending test, and at angles of 30°, 45°, or 60° to the horizontal plane for testing the change in transformation temperature (Af) measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The data were analysed using ANOVA followed by the Scheffe post-hoc test. RESULTS The 3-point bending test results of the cold-hardening bending and DERHT methods were not significantly different between the 1-mm, 2-mm and 3-mm offset groups (95% CI: -0.05 to 0.97; P=0.082, 95% CI: -0.65 to 0.74; P=0.983 and 95% CI: -0.61 to 0.98; P=0.813, respectively). Increasing the offset resulted in a significantly decreased force in the 3-point bending test (P<0.001). The Af temperatures of the cold-hardening bending and DERHT methods were not significantly different for the 30°, 45°, and 60° bending angulations (95% CI: -1.93 to 1.39; P=0.876, 95% CI: -1.2 to 0.87; P=0.878, 95% CI: -2.24 to 1.18; P=0.636, respectively). Af temperatures were not influenced by different bending angulations. CONCLUSIONS NiTi archwire shape can be modified by using both cold-hardening and DERHT bending methods, because the mechanical properties and Af temperature are not affected. However, the bending distance has an effect on the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Suwankomonkul
- Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anak Khantachawana
- King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chidsanu Changsiripun
- Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Bangkok, Thailand.
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da Silva Vieira B, Cançado RH, Freitas KM, Valarelli FP, Gobbi RC, de Oliveira RCG. Effect of Clinical Use and Sterilization Process on the Transition Temperature Range of Thermally NiTi Alloys. Open Dent J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210601913010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Thermally activated nickel-titanium wires have been widely used by orthodontists due to more constant forces, generation over longer activation spans, greater resistance to permanent deformation, superelasticity characteristics when cyclically loaded, better spring-back and less hysteresis.
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of clinical use and sterilization process on the Transition Temperature Range (TTR) of thermoset nickel-titanium wires using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).
Methods:
Sections from four nickel-titanium wires (0.019 × 0.025-inch) belonging to four different brands were assessed in four different states. Two of the wires were assessed in the “as received” state, one after 60 days of clinical use, and one after 60 days of clinical use and subjected to a sterilization process (autoclaving). The segments of each archwire were tested using DSC at temperatures ranging from −80°C to 150°C at a rate of 10°C/min.
Results:
All the nickel-titanium memory thermoset wires presented with desirable property for clinical use. The shape memory property was not influenced by clinical use and sterilization process.
Conclusion:
There was no change in TTR of the nickel-titanium wires after clinical use and sterilization.
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Lombardo L, Toni G, Mazzanti V, Mollica F, Spedicato GA, Siciliani G. The mechanical behavior of as received and retrieved nickel titanium orthodontic archwires. Prog Orthod 2019; 20:1. [PMID: 30613836 PMCID: PMC6321830 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-018-0251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the characteristics of as received and retrieved NiTi archwires at a constant temperature by plotting their load/deflection graphs and quantifying three parameters describing the discharge plateau phase. Materials and methods Two hundred four NiTi archwires, traditional and heat-activated, of various cross sections, were obtained from 5 different manufacturers. Specimens prepared from the selected wires were subjected to a three-point bending test where 92 were retrieved through an in vivo retrieval protocol (crowding group C1 and group C2), 56 went through an in vitro retrieval protocol, and 56 were as received. The in vitro retrieval protocol was performed by a gear motor connected to a stainless steel support that performed fatigue cycles to the bent wires in artificial saliva. The load/deflection graphs of as received and retrieved wires were described through three parameters and the results were analyzed with classification and regression trees (CART) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results Statistically significant differences between as received and retrieved wires were found only for the parameter plateau slope which represents the constancy of force expressed by the wire. Conclusions The aging of NiTi archwires influences the force constancy expressed. The behavior of the wires changes depending on the size, brand, and type of retrieval protocol. In terms of performance, the poorest is represented by all wires retrieved in vitro and in vivo group C2 (moderate to severe crowding).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lombardo
- Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Toni
- Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Siciliani
- Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Lombardo L, Ceci M, Mollica F, Mazzanti V, Palone M, Siciliani G. Mechanical properties of multi-force vs. conventional NiTi archwires. J Orofac Orthop 2019; 80:57-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00056-018-00164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Shaddud AN, Kosyreva TF. [Comparative clinical and laboratory study of the force loss generated by NiTi closed coil springs]. STOMATOLOGIIA 2018; 97:45-48. [PMID: 30199068 DOI: 10.17116/stomat20189704145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose in this study was to compare the force decay of laboratory and clinical NiTi closed coil springs. Specimens were 30 NiTi coil springs (clinical) and 15 (laboratory in artificial saliva 36.6 ºC) springs were tested by dynamometer to evaluate force loos at different intervals: 1, 2 and 3 months of use. Data (gF) were analyzed statistically using. Clinical and laboratory data were compared to evaluate effect of the oral environment on force loss. It was observed a significant force loss of NiTi springs. NiTi springs showed force loss (13.2%) at 28 days of clinical use, with a further significant loss from 4-12 weeks (~21%); force levels remained steady thereafter. Were not statistically different in clinical and laboratory force loss data. Space was closed at an average rate of 1 mm/month.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Shaddud
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics of Medical Institute, People's Friendship University of Russia., Moscow, Russia
| | - T F Kosyreva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics of Medical Institute, People's Friendship University of Russia., Moscow, Russia
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Shaddud AN, Kosyreva TF. [An in vitro study of the stretching time-associated force loss generated by elastomeric chains and NiTi closed coil springs]. STOMATOLOGIIA 2018; 97:13-16. [PMID: 30589418 DOI: 10.17116/stomat20189706113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of the study was to evaluate the force loss of orthodontic elastomeric chains with NiTi closed spring in artificial saliva by time. METHODS The study samples comprised 40 elastomeric chains (20 Dentaurum, and 20 G & H) and 15 NiTi closed spring (GAC). The elastomeric chains were submerged in 36,6 ºC artificial saliva and stretched on the instrument of resin plates at a distance of 30 mm. With an electronic dynamometer the delivered force was evaluated at different intervals: at baseline, after 1 day, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Specimens of 15 NiTi coil springs were tested by dynamometer to evaluate force loss following 1, 2, or 3 months of use. RESULTS It was observed a significant force loss of elastomeric chains after 24 hours. There was a force loss of elastomeric chains (from 34±1.3% to 53.86±2% after 28 days of activation). NiTi springs showed force loss (~13%) following 28 days of use, with a further significant loss (~6%) at 4-8 weeks; force levels remained steady thereafter. CONCLUSION There was higher force loss in the different commercially elastomeric chains (~60%) in comparison to NiTi springs (21%).
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Shaddud
- People's Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - T F Kosyreva
- People's Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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KOIKE F, MARUO H, LACERDA-SANTOS R, PITHON MM, TANAKA OM. Mechanical properties of orthodontic wires on ceramic brackets associated with low friction ligatures. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.19716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Few studies investigated the mechanical properties of orthodontic wires on ceramic brackets associated the ligatures. Objective This study aimed to compare the load-deflection of orthodontic wires with round section of 0.016” made of stainless steel (SS), nickel-titanium (NiTi) and glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite (GFRPC). Material and method Sixty specimens obtained from 10 sectioned pre-contoured arches (TP Orthodontics), were divided into 3 groups of 20 according to each type of material (1 esthetic-type wire and 2 not esthetic) and length of 50 mm. The methodology consisted of a 3-point bending test using esthetic ceramic brackets (INVU, TP Orthodontics, Edgewise, 0.022”x 0.025”) as points of support. The tensile tests were performed on a mechanical test machine, at a speed of 10 mm/min, deflection of 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm. Friedman’s Non Parametric Multiple comparisons test was used (P<0.05). Result The nickel-titanium wire presented smaller load/ deflection compared with stainless steel. GFRPC wires had lower strength values among all groups evaluated (P<.05). The steel wire showed permanent deformation after 3 mm deflection, NiTi wire demonstrated memory effect and the esthetic type had fractures with loss of strength. Conclusion It can be concluded that steel wires have high strength values, requiring the incorporation of loops and folds to reduce the load / deflection. NiTi and GFRPC wires produced low levels of force, however the esthetic wire was shown to fracture and break.
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Higa RH, Semenara NT, Henriques JFC, Janson G, Sathler R, Fernandes TMF. Evaluation of force released by deflection of orthodontic wires in conventional and self-ligating brackets. Dental Press J Orthod 2016; 21:91-97. [PMID: 28125144 PMCID: PMC5278938 DOI: 10.1590/2177-6709.21.6.091-097.oar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate deflection forces of rectangular orthodontic
wires in conventional (MorelliTM), active (In-Ovation RTM)
and passive (Damon 3MXTM) self-ligating brackets. Material and Methods: Two brands of stainless steel and nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires
(MorelliTM and GACTM), in addition to OrmcoTM
copper-nickel-titanium wires were used. Specimens were assembled in a clinical
simulation device especially designed for this study and tested in an Instron
universal testing machine. For the testing procedures, an acrylic structure
representative of the maxillary right central incisor was lingually moved in
activations of 0 to 1 mm, with readings of the force released by deflection in
unloading of 0.5, 0.8 and 1 mm at a constant speed of 2 mm/min. Inter-bracket
forces with stainless steel, NiTi and CuNiTi were individually compared by two-way
ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s tests. Results: Results showed that there were lower forces in conventional brackets, followed by
active and passive self-ligating brackets. Within the brands, only for NiTi wires,
the MorelliTM brand presented higher forces than GACTM
wires. Conclusions: Bracket systems provide different degrees of deflection force, with self-ligating
brackets showing the highest forces.
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Kachoei M, Nourian A, Divband B, Kachoei Z, Shirazi S. Zinc-oxide nanocoating for improvement of the antibacterial and frictional behavior of nickel-titanium alloy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2511-27. [PMID: 27623286 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To fabricate a friction-reducing and antibacterial coating with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on nickel-titanium (NiTi) wire. MATERIALS & METHODS NiTi orthodontic wires were coated with ZnO nanoparticles using the chemical deposition method. Characteristics of the coating as well as the physical, mechanical and antibacterial properties of the wires were investigated. RESULTS A stable and well-adhered ZnO coating on the NiTi wires was obtained. The hardness and elastic modulus of the ZnO nanocoating were 2.3 ± 0.2 and 61.0 ± 3.6 GPa, respectively. The coated wires presented up to 21% reduction in the frictional forces and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans. ZnO nanocoating significantly improved the surface quality of NiTi wires. The modulus of elasticity, unloading forces and austenite finish temperature were not significantly different after coating. CONCLUSION This unique coating could be implemented into practice for safer and faster treatment to the benefit of both patient and clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Kachoei
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azin Nourian
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Baharak Divband
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Kachoei
- Polymer Division, Chemistry Department, School of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Shirazi
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Phukaoluan A, Khantachawana A, Kaewtatip P, Dechkunakorn S, Kajornchaiyakul J. Amélioration des propriétés mécaniques et biologiques des alliages NiTi par addition de Cu et de Co aux fils orthodontiques. Int Orthod 2016; 14:295-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Phukaoluan A, Khantachawana A, Kaewtatip P, Dechkunakorn S, Kajornchaiyakul J. Improvement of mechanical and biological properties of TiNi alloys by addition of Cu and Co to orthodontic archwires. Int Orthod 2016; 14:295-310. [PMID: 27520713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate improved performances of TiNi in order to promote tooth movement. Special attention was paid to the effect on the clinical properties of TiNi of adding Cu and Co to this alloy. Ti49.4Ni50.6, Ti49Ni46Cu5 and Ti50Ni47Co3 (at %) alloys were prepared. Specimens were cold-rolled at 30% reduction and heat-treated at 400°C for 60min. Then, the test results were compared with two types of commercial archwires. The findings showed that superelasticity properties were confirmed in the manufactured commercial alloys at mouth temperature. The difference of stress plateau in TiNi, TiNiCo and commercial wires B at 25°C changed significantly at various testing temperatures due to the combination of martensite and austenite phases. At certain temperatures the alloys exhibited zero recovery stress at 2% strain and consequently produced zero activation force for moving teeth. The corrosion test showed that the addition of Cu and Co to TiNi alloys generates an increase in corrosion potential (Ecorr) and corrosion current densities (Icorr). Finally, we observed that addition of Cu and Co improved cell viability. We conclude that addition of an appropriate amount of a third alloying element can help enhance the performances of TiNi orthodontic archwires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphinan Phukaoluan
- Department of mechanical engineering, King Mongkut's university of technology Thonburi, 126, Pracha-utid road, Bangmod, Tungkru, 10140 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anak Khantachawana
- Department of mechanical engineering, King Mongkut's university of technology Thonburi, 126, Pracha-utid road, Bangmod, Tungkru, 10140 Bangkok, Thailand; Biological engineering program, King Mongkut's university of technology Thonburi, 126, Pracha-utid road, Bangmod, Tungkru, 10140 Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Pongpan Kaewtatip
- Department of mechanical engineering, King Mongkut's university of technology Thonburi, 126, Pracha-utid road, Bangmod, Tungkru, 10140 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Surachai Dechkunakorn
- Department of orthodontics, faculty of dentistry, Mahidol university, 6, Yothee Road, Rajthevee, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Julathep Kajornchaiyakul
- National metal and materials technology center, 114 Thailand science park, Paholyothin road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, 12120 Pathumthani, Thailand
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Naceur IB, Charfi A, Bouraoui T, Elleuch K. Finite element modeling of superelastic nickel-titanium orthodontic wires. J Biomech 2015; 47:3630-8. [PMID: 25458153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to its good corrosion resistance and biocompatibility, superelastic Ni–Ti wire alloys have been successfully used in orthodontic treatment. Therefore, it is important to quantify and evaluate the level of orthodontic force applied to the bracket and teeth in order to achieve tooth movement. In this study, three dimensional finite element models with a Gibbs-potential-based-formulation and thermodynamic principles were used. The aim was to evaluate the influence of possible intraoral temperature differences on the forces exerted by NiTi orthodontic arch wires with different cross sectional shapes and sizes. The prediction made by this phenomenological model, for superelastic tensile and bending tests, shows good agreement with the experimental data. A bending test is simulated to study the force variation of an orthodontic NiTi arch wire when it loaded up to the deflection of 3 mm, for this task one half of the arch wire and the 3 adjacent brackets were modeled. The results showed that the stress required for the martensite transformation increases with the increase of cross-sectional dimensions and temperature. Associated with this increase in stress, the plateau of this transformation becomes steeper. In addition, the area of the mechanical hysteresis, measured as the difference between the forces of the upper and lower plateau, increases.
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Spini TS, Valarelli FP, Cançado RH, Freitas KMSD, Villarinho DJ. Transition temperature range of thermally activated nickel-titanium archwires. J Appl Oral Sci 2014; 22:109-17. [PMID: 24676581 PMCID: PMC3956402 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720130133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The shape memory resulting from the superelasticity and thermoelastic effect is the main characteristic of thermally activated NiTi archwires and is closely related to the transition temperature range (TTR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the TTR of thermally activated NiTi archwires commercially available. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seven different brands of 0.019" x 0.025" thermally activated nickel-titanium archwires were tested as received by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) over the temperature range from -100 °C to 150 °C at 10 °C/min. RESULTS All thermally activated NiTi archwires analyzed presented stage transformation during thermal scanning with final austenitic temperature (Af) ranging from 20.39 °C to 45.42 °C. Three brands of NiTi archwires presented Af close to the room temperature and, this way, do not present properties of shape memory and pseudoelasticity that are desirable in clinical applications. CONCLUSIONS The thermally activated NiTi archwires present great variability in the TTR and the elastic parameters of each NiTi archwire should be provided by the manufacturers, to allow achievement of the best clinical performance possible.
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Thermomechanical properties of nickel-titanium closed-coil springs and their implications for clinical practice. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014; 146:319-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kanter D, Bolender Y, Rapin C, Filleul MP. [Is the shape memory effect a reality for 35° Copper Ni-Ti(®)? Study by means of differential scanning calorimetry]. Orthod Fr 2013; 84:259-269. [PMID: 23993367 DOI: 10.1051/orthodfr/2013057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Copper-nickel-titanium alloys are supposed to deliver a shape memory effect: when they are brought to a low temperature phase and subjected to a plastic deformation, they should recover their initial shape by simple heating. Nickel-titanium alloys can display different crystallographic phases: martensite, austenite and an inconstant intermediate R-phase. The shape memory effect is generally associated with the transition from martensite to austenite but it could also accompany the transition from R-phase to austenite. Since oral temperatures are not compatible with a fully martensitic alloy, this study aims, for 35° Copper Ni-Ti(®), to assess the R-phase presence at oral temperatures and to verify the possibility of using the R-phase shape memory effect under clinical conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty consecutive 35° Copper Ni-Ti(®) archwires from two different batches were examined by differential scanning calorimetry with partial cycles limited to temperatures encountered within the oral cavity (from 0 °C to 50 °C). The presence of an intermediate crystallographic phase was assessed on the thermograms. The transformation temperatures were determined and the two batches were compared using the Mann-Whitney U Test. RESULTS Upon heating, all wires transformed directly from martensite to austenite. Af (mean = 33.5 °C, SD = 0.8 °C) was generally below the temperature stated by the manufacturer and a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.01) was found between the two batches. CONCLUSIONS No R-phase was detected and transformation temperatures were not constant. This study questions the supposed shape memory effect displayed by 35° Copper Ni-Ti(®) wires under clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kanter
- Département d'Orthopédie Dento-Faciale, Faculté d'Odontologie de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, 96 avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 54000 Nancy, France
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Kohda N, Iijima M, Muguruma T, Brantley WA, Ahluwalia KS, Mizoguchi I. Effects of mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials on the initial force of thermoplastic appliances. Angle Orthod 2012; 83:476-83. [PMID: 23035832 DOI: 10.2319/052512-432.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure the forces delivered by thermoplastic appliances made from three materials and investigate effects of mechanical properties, material thickness, and amount of activation on orthodontic forces. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three thermoplastic materials, Duran (Scheu Dental), Erkodur (Erkodent Erich Kopp GmbH), and Hardcast (Scheu Dental), with two different thicknesses were selected. Values of elastic modulus and hardness were obtained from nanoindentation measurements at 28°C. A custom-fabricated system with a force sensor was employed to obtain measurements of in vitro force delivered by the thermoplastic appliances for 0.5-mm and 1.0-mm activation for bodily tooth movement. Experimental results were subjected to several statistical analyses. RESULTS Hardcast had significantly lower elastic modulus and hardness than Duran and Erkodur, whose properties were not significantly different. Appliances fabricated from thicker material (0.75 mm or 0.8 mm) always produced significantly greater force than those fabricated from thinner material (0.4 mm or 0.5 mm). Appliances with 1.0-mm activation produced significantly lower force than those with 0.5-mm activation, except for 0.4-mm thick Hardcast appliances. A strong correlation was found between mechanical properties of the thermoplastic materials and force produced by the appliances. CONCLUSIONS Orthodontic forces delivered by thermoplastic appliances depend on the material, thickness, and amount of activation. Mechanical properties of the polymers obtained by nanoindentation testing are predictive of force delivery by these appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohisa Kohda
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
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Figueirêdo MM, Cançado RH, Freitas KMS, Valarelli FP. Comparison of deactivation forces between thermally activated nickel-titanium archwires. J Orthod 2012; 39:111-6. [PMID: 22773674 DOI: 10.1179/1465312512z.00000000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare load-deflection characteristics of commercially available thermally activated nickel-titanium archwires using a three-point bending test. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty thermally activated 0.019×0.025-inch nickel-titanium archwires from six different manufacturers were investigated. The superelastic properties of these archwires were evaluated by conducting a three-point bending test under identical testing conditions. Forces generated at deactivation for a deflection of 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mm at a temperature of 37° C were selected for statistical comparison of the data. The results of forces of deactivation at all deflections applied were compared by two-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test. RESULTS Statistical differences (P<0.05) were found at all force levels during deactivations. The results showed that the range of forces displayed great variation in quantitative behaviour. None of the archwires showed permanent deformation after the three-point bending test. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed significant differences in deactivation forces among the six types of thermally activated nickel-titanium archwires tested. NiTinol Termoativado (Aditek) and NeoSentalloy F200 (GAC) produced the least amount of force in all four deactivation categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoela Moraes Figueirêdo
- Department of Orthodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octavio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, Bauru, SP 17012-901, Brazil
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Gatto E, Matarese G, Di Bella G, Nucera R, Borsellino C, Cordasco G. Load-deflection characteristics of superelastic and thermal nickel-titanium wires. Eur J Orthod 2011; 35:115-23. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjr103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Comparisons of nanoindentation, 3-point bending, and tension tests for orthodontic wires. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Brauchli LM, Keller H, Senn C, Wichelhaus A. Influence of bending mode on the mechanical properties of nickel-titanium archwires and correlation to differential scanning calorimetry measurements. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 139:e449-54. [PMID: 21536186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nickel-titanium orthodontic archwires are used with bonded appliances for initial leveling. However, precise bending of these archwires is difficult and can lead to changes within the crystal structure of the alloy, thus changing the mechanical properties unpredictably. The aim of this study was to evaluate different bending methods in relation to the subsequent mechanical characteristics of the alloy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mechanical behaviors of 3 archwires (Copper NiTi 35°C [Ormco, Glendora, Calif], Neo Sentalloy F 80 [GAC International, Bohemia, NY], and Titanol Low Force [Forestadent, Pforzheim, Germany]) were investigated after heat-treatment in a dental furnace at 550-650°C, treatment with an electrical current (Memory-Maker, Forestadent), and cold forming. In addition, the change in A(f) temperature was registered by means of differential scanning calorimetry. RESULTS Heat-treatment in the dental furnace as well as with the Memory-Maker led to widely varying force levels for each product. Cold forming resulted in similar or slightly reduced force levels when compared to the original state of the wires. A(f) temperatures were in general inversely proportional to force levels. CONCLUSIONS Archwire shape can be modified by using either chair-side technique (Memory-Maker, cold forming) because the superelastic behavior of the archwires is not strongly affected. However it is important to know the specific changes in force levels induced for each individual archwire with heat-treatment. Cold forming resulted in more predictable forces for all products tested. Therefore, cold forming is recommended as a chair-side technique for the shaping of NiTi archwires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz M Brauchli
- Department of Orthodontics and Pedodontics, University of Basel, Switzerland.
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IIJIMA M, OHTA M, BRANTLEY WA, NAGANISHI A, MURAKAMI T, MUGURUMA T, MIZOGUCHI I. Transformation behavior of nickel-titanium orthodontic wires under tensile load. Dent Mater J 2011; 30:398-403. [DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2010-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Objectives. To investigate the in vitro electrochemical corrosive behavior of archwires used in lingual orthodontics and the effects on the phase transition temperatures.Materials and Methods. Six different types of archwires of stainless steel, titanium-molybdenum, nickel-titanium and nickel-titanium-copper were used. Corrosion tests were performed following ISO-standard 10993-15:2000. Differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy were used.Results. The stainless steel archwires showed anEpitaround −600 mV, and those of titanium alloys showedEpitvalues around 1000 mV. Differential scanning calorimetry detected a rhombohedral phase in nickel-titanium archwires, while it was not detected in nickel-titanium-copper wires. A difference of 2°C to 3.5°C from the manufacturer's claim was found in the as-received and polarized samples, respectively.Conclusions. The 0.016 stainless steel archwires were found to be the less resistant to corrosion. A rhombohedral phase was detected on the nickel-titanium archwires. No major differences were observed among groups concerning phase transformation temperatures.
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Phase transformation changes in thermocycled nickel–titanium orthodontic wires. Dent Mater 2010; 26:666-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Micro-XRD and temperature-modulated DSC investigation of nickel–titanium rotary endodontic instruments. Dent Mater 2009; 25:1221-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Alleviation of mandibular anterior crowding with copper-nickel-titanium vs nickel-titanium wires: A double-blind randomized control trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Influence of stress and phase on corrosion of a superelastic nickel-titanium orthodontic wire. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009; 135:764-70. [PMID: 19524836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of stress and phase transformation on the corrosion properties of a superelastic nickel-titanium orthodontic wire. METHODS The phase transformation profiles of superelastic nickel-titanium (Sentalloy, GAC International, Bohemia, NY) and beta-titanium (TMA, Ormco, Orange, Calif) archwires were analyzed by using differential scanning calorimetry. The force/deflection behavior of the wires at 37 degrees C was measured in a 3-point bending test per modified American Dental Association specification no. 32. Electrochemical testing consisted of monitoring the open circuit potential (OCP) for 2 hours followed by polarization resistance and cyclic polarization tests on archwire segments engaged in a 5-bracket simulation apparatus with bend deflections of 0.75, 1.5, or 3 mm in artificial saliva at 37 degrees C. Nondeflected segments were also tested. Sentalloy was additionally examined for bending and corrosion at 5 degrees C, where it exists as martensite and is devoid of stress-induced phase transformation. OCP at 2 hours and corrosion current density (i(corr)) were analyzed by using ANOVA and Tukey tests (alpha = .05) (n = 10 per deflection). RESULTS Significant differences (P < 0.05) in OCP with deflection were found for the TMA and the Sentalloy wires at 5 degrees C, but not for Sentalloy at 37 degrees C. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in i(corr) with deflection were also observed. All 3 wire groups had their lowest mean i(corr) values when not deflected. The i(corr) for superelastic Sentalloy (37 degrees C) peaked at 0.75 mm deflection before the wire's stress-induced phase transformation point and then decreased with further deflection and transformation. The i(corr) values for TMA and Sentalloy at 5 degrees C, both of which do not undergo phase transformation with deformation, continuously increased from 0 to 1.5 mm deflection before decreasing at the 3.0-mm deflection. CONCLUSIONS Stress increased the corrosion rate in nickel-titanium and beta-titanium orthodontic wires. Alterations in stress/strain associated with phase transformation in superelastic nickel-titanium might alter the corrosion rate in ways different from wires not undergoing phase transformation.
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Pandis N, Bourauel C, Eliades T. Changes in the stiffness of the ligating mechanism in retrieved active self-ligating brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007; 132:834-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bartzela TN, Senn C, Wichelhaus A. Load-Deflection Characteristics of Superelastic Nickel-Titanium Wires. Angle Orthod 2007; 77:991-8. [DOI: 10.2319/101206-423.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2005] [Accepted: 01/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: To determine the mechanical properties of commercially available thermodynamic wires and to classify these wires mathematically into different groups.
Materials and Methods: The samples examined were 48 nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy orthodontic wires commercially available from five manufacturers. These samples included 0.016-inch, 0.016- × 0.022-inch, 0.017- × 0.025-inch, and 0.018- × 0.025-inch wires. The superelastic properties of the NiTi wires were evaluated by conducting the three-point bending test under uniform testing conditions. The group classification was made under mathematically restricted parameters, and the final classification was according to their clinical plateau length.
Results: The orthodontic wires tested are classified as follows: (1) true superelastic wires, which presented a clinical plateau length of ≥0.5 mm; (2) borderline superelastic with a clinical plateau length of <0.5 mm and >0.05 mm; and (3) nonsuperelastic, with a clinical plateau length of ≤0.05 mm. The results showed that the range of products displays big variations in quantitative and qualitative behavior. A fraction of the tested wires showed weak superelasticity, and others showed no superelasticity. Some of the products showed permanent deformation after the three-point bending test.
Conclusion: A significant fraction of the tested wires showed no or only weak superelasticity. The practitioner should be informed for the load-deflection characteristics of the NiTi orthodontic wires to choose the proper products for the given treatment needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosia N. Bartzela
- a Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Oral Biology, University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiane Senn
- b Research Assistant, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Wichelhaus
- c Professor and Department Chair, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Biermann MC, Berzins DW, Bradley TG. Thermal Analysis of As-received and Clinically Retrieved Copper-nickel-titanium Orthodontic Archwires. Angle Orthod 2007; 77:499-503. [PMID: 17465660 DOI: 10.2319/0003-3219(2007)077[0499:taoaac]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 07/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare as-received copper-nickel-titanium (CuNiTi) archwires to those used in patients by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Also, the thermal or phase properties of 27 degrees C, 35 degrees C, and 40 degrees C CuNiTi archwires were studied to ascertain if their properties match those indicated by the manufacturer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six wires of 27 degrees C, 35 degrees C, and 40 degrees C CuNiTi were tested as-received, and six each of the 27 degrees C and 35 degrees C wires were examined after use in patients for an average of approximately 9 and 7 weeks, respectively. Segments of archwire were investigated by DSC over the temperature range from -100 degrees C to 150 degrees C at 10 degrees C per minute. RESULTS There were no significant differences between as-received and clinically used 27 degrees C and 35 degrees C wires for all parameters (heating onset, endset, and enthalpy and cooling onset, endset, and enthalpy), except the 27 degrees C wires exhibited a significant decrease in the heating enthalpy associated with the martensite-to-austenite transition after clinical use. The heating endsets (austenite finish temperatures) of the 27 degrees C and 35 degrees C wires were within 2 degrees C of those claimed by the manufacturer, but the 40 degrees C wires were found to be nearer to 36 degrees C than 40 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS Clinical use of CuNiTi wires resulted in few differences when compared with as-received wires analyzed by DSC. Two temperature varieties of CuNiTi are reasonably within the parameters of those identified by the manufacturer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Biermann
- Department of Developmental Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
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Kusy RP, Whitley JQ. Thermal and mechanical characteristics of stainless steel, titanium-molybdenum, and nickel-titanium archwires. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007; 131:229-37. [PMID: 17276864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Revised: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) archwires have been developed that undergo thermal transitions. Before the practitioner can fully utilize these products, the effect of those transitions within the clinical application must be understood. METHODS The transitional temperatures and mechanical stiffnesses of 3 archwire alloys--stainless steel, beta-titanium, and Ni-Ti--were investigated were for 7 products. Among the nickel-titanium alloys, 2 were thought to represent classic Ni-Ti products and 3 copper (Cu)-Ni-Ti products. By using 2 techniques, differential scanning calorimetry to measure heat flow and dynamic mechanical analysis to measure storage modulus, transition temperatures were evaluated from -30 degrees C to +80 degrees C. RESULTS With regard to the first technique, no transitions were observed for the stainless steel alloy, the beta-titanium alloy, and 1 of the 2 classic Ni-Ti products. For the other classic Ni-Ti product, however, a martensitic-austenitic transition was suggested on heating, and a reverse transformation was suggested on cooling. As expected, the Cu-Ni-Ti 27, 35, and 40 products manifested austenitic finish temperatures of 29.3 degrees C, 31.4 degrees C, and 37.3 degrees C, respectively, as the enthalpy increased from 2.47 to 3.18 calories per gram. With regard to the second technique, the storage modulus at a low frequency of 0.1 Hz paralleled static mechanical tests for the stainless steel alloy (183 gigapascal [GPa]), the beta-titanium alloy (64 GPa), and the Nitinol Classic (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) product that represented a stable martensitic phase (41 GPa). The remaining 4 Ni-Ti products generally varied from 20 to 35 GPa when the low-temperature or martensitic phase was present and from 60 to 70 GPa after the high-temperature or austenitic phase had formed. CONCLUSIONS From the clinical viewpoint, the Orthonol (Rocky Mountain Orthodontics, Denver, Colo), Cu-Ni-Ti 27, Cu-Ni-Ti 35, and Cu-Ni-Ti 40 (SDS/Ormco, Glendora, Calif) products increased at least twofold in stiffness as temperature increased, best emulating the stiffness of Nitinol Classic below the transformational temperature and the stiffness of TMA (SDS/Ormco, Glendora, Calif) above the transformational temperature. Of the 3 Cu-Ni-Ti products, the least differences were found between Cu-Ni-Ti 27 and Cu-Ni-Ti 35, thereby questioning the justification for 3 similar products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Kusy
- Department of Orthodontics and Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7455, USA.
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Alexandrou G, Chrissafis K, Vasiliadis L, Pavlidou E, Polychroniadis EK. Effect of heat sterilization on surface characteristics and microstructure of Mani NRT rotary nickel?titanium instruments. Int Endod J 2006; 39:770-8. [PMID: 16948662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of repeated dry heat sterilization on surface characteristics and microstructure of Mani nickel-titanium rotary instruments. METHODOLOGY Thirty-three new Mani NRT instruments, size 30, taper 0.04 and 25 mm in length were examined. Twenty-seven instruments were divided into three groups for surface characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the first group (n = 3), instruments were examined in the 'as-received' condition and after they had been subjected to 11 sterilization cycles. In the second and third subgroups (n = 12), 12 instruments were prepared for cross-section and a further 12 for longitudinal sectional analysis and evaluated in subgroups of three, after 0, 1, 6 and 11 sterilization cycles. The remaining six instruments were analysed with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), three in the 'as-received' condition and three after being subjected to 11 cycles of sterilization. RESULTS Scanning electron microscopy observations indicated the presence of debris, pitting and deep milling marks in both new and sterilized files. After 11 sterilization cycles, debris remained and surface roughness was increased significantly (P = 0.05). DSC analyses showed that the specimens in the 'as-received' condition and after 11 sterilization cycles were in the austenite phase or a mixture of austenite and R-phase at 37 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS The machining defects and structural imperfections of new Mani instruments are indicative of the difficulty in manufacturing nickel-titanium endodontic instruments. DSC measurements suggest that Mani instruments are capable of superelastic behaviour under clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Alexandrou
- Department of Endodontology, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Eliades T, Bourauel C. Intraoral aging of orthodontic materials: The picture we miss and its clinical relevance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 127:403-12. [PMID: 15821684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this editorial is to systematically analyze the variety and potency of various aging variables affecting the morphology, structure, and mechanical properties of polymeric and metallic orthodontic materials. The effects of aging on the longevity of the bond strength and mechanotherapy were analyzed: aging-induced plasticization of resin adhesives might lead to bond failure at forces of magnitude lower than those sustained at the initiation of treatment. Standard in vitro methodologies cannot show this effect, and thus laboratory bond strength protocols require modification to become clinically meaningful. Also, the force transferred from an activated archwire to a preadjusted bracket slot, as well as friction during free sliding, seems to be affected by the intraorally induced alteration of materials. Although the effect of intraoral environmental conditions on the superelastic properties of nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) archwires and coil springs requires further research to establish the true spectrum of effects, it has been suggested that intraoral temperature variations might transiently affect their properties and that the fracture resistance of used Ni-Ti wires is reduced. Clinical implications are discussed for (1) in vivo-aged elastomeric ligatures and chains, which can be postulated to express much higher creep than their in vitro-aged counterparts; (2) the largely unknown effect of aging on the spring component of self-ligated brackets and the associated effect on ligation force; and (3) the intraorally induced alterations in the structural conformation of Invisalign appliances (Align Technology, Santa Clara, Calif). The objective of future research efforts in the field of orthodontic materials should include the development of clinically relevant methodologies. A clear definition of limitations of laboratory experimental configurations might be instrumental in confining the clinical impact of research findings to their actual extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Eliades
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Iijima M, Brantley WA, Kawashima I, Ohno H, Guo W, Yonekura Y, Mizoguchi I. Micro-X-ray diffraction observation of nickel–titanium orthodontic wires in simulated oral environment. Biomaterials 2004; 25:171-6. [PMID: 14580920 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A micro-X-ray diffraction (micro-XRD) technique has been employed to determine the phases in two superelastic nickel-titanium orthodontic wires that exhibit shape memory in the oral environment and one superelastic nickel-titanium wire that does not exhibit shape memory in vivo. The micro-XRD analyses were performed over the clinically relevant temperature range of 0-55 degrees C, which corresponds to the ingestion of cold and hot liquids, and both straight and bent (135 degrees ) test samples were analyzed. The results showed that for straight (as-received) test samples, the rhombohedral phase (R-phase) was definitely present in one shape memory wire product and perhaps in the other shape memory wire product, but was apparently absent in the superelastic wire product that did not display shape memory. Martensite was observed in all three wire products after bending. Phase transformations occurred with temperature changes simulating the oral environment for straight test samples of the two shape memory wires, but the micro-XRD pattern changed minimally with temperature for straight test samples of the superelastic wire and for bent test samples of all three wire products. The phase transformations revealed by micro-XRD were consistent with results recently found by temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iijima
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa 1757, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan.
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Živko-Babić J, Medić-Šarić M, Mornar A, Jakovac M, Jasprica I, Turina S. Anodic sampling of titanium by thin-layer chromatography. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2003. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.16.2003.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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