1
|
Thijssen M, Khamisipour G, Maleki M, Devos T, Li G, Van Ranst M, Matthijnssens J, Pourkarim MR. Characterization of the Human Blood Virome in Iranian Multiple Transfused Patients. Viruses 2023; 15:1425. [PMID: 37515113 PMCID: PMC10386462 DOI: 10.3390/v15071425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood transfusion safety is an essential element of public health. Current blood screening strategies rely on targeted techniques that could miss unknown or unexpected pathogens. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of a viral community (virobiota/virome) in the blood of healthy individuals. Here, we characterized the blood virome in patients frequently exposed to blood transfusion by using Illumina metagenomic sequencing. The virome of these patients was compared to viruses present in healthy blood donors. A total number of 155 beta-thalassemia, 149 hemodialysis, and 100 healthy blood donors were pooled with five samples per pool. Members of the Anelloviridae and Flaviviridae family were most frequently observed. Interestingly, samples of healthy blood donors harbored traces of potentially pathogenic viruses, including adeno-, rota-, and Merkel cell polyomavirus. Viruses of the Anelloviridae family were most abundant in the blood of hemodialysis patients and displayed a higher anellovirus richness. Pegiviruses (Flaviviridae) were only observed in patient populations. An overall trend of higher eukaryotic read abundance in both patient groups was observed. This might be associated with increased exposure through blood transfusion. Overall, the findings in this study demonstrated the presence of various viruses in the blood of Iranian multiple-transfused patients and healthy blood donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Thijssen
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gholamreza Khamisipour
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75146-33196, Iran
| | - Mohammad Maleki
- Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran 14665-1157, Iran
| | - Timothy Devos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology (Rega Institute), Department of Hematology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guangdi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran 14665-1157, Iran
- Health Policy Research Centre, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Correlation Between Rotavirus Antigenemia and Humoral Immune Response in Patients with Acute Rotavirus Gastroenteritis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:1004-1006. [PMID: 36375100 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
3
|
Lee YS, Lee GH, Kwon YS. Update on benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis. Clin Exp Pediatr 2022; 65:469-475. [PMID: 34961297 PMCID: PMC9561189 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2021.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (CwG) are characterized by afebrile convulsions associated with viral gastroenteritis in previously healthy infants and children. The main causative pathogens are rotavirus and norovirus. CwG occurs frequently in both East Asian and Western countries. The prevalence of CwG was reportedly not decreased by the introduction of rotavirus vaccines, and the prevalence of norovirus-associated CwG has been increasing annually. Convulsions in CwG are usually clustered, do not last longer than 5 minutes, and are mostly generalized. Laboratory diagnostics, electroencephalography (EEG), and imaging findings are usually normal. There is a probability of mild, transient abnormal findings on EEG or imaging limited to the acute disease phase. Although several reports have suggested that pathogens that affect the central nervous system through direct or indirect mechanisms could be related to the pathophysiology of CwG, its mechanism is not fully understood. Several antiepileptic drugs are effective during convulsions; however, long-term antiepileptic treatment is not required as CwG usually has a good prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Seok Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ga Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young Se Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee KY. Rotavirus infection-associated central nervous system complications: clinicoradiological features and potential mechanisms. Clin Exp Pediatr 2022; 65:483-493. [PMID: 35130429 PMCID: PMC9561191 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2021.01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of vaccines in 2006, rotavirus remains one of the most common causes of pediatric gastroenteritis worldwide. While many studies have conclusively shown that rotavirus infection causes gastroenteritis and is associated with various extraintestinal manifestations including central nervous system (CNS) complications, extraintestinal manifestations due to rotavirus infection have been relatively overlooked. Rotavirus infection-associated CNS complications are common in children and present with diverse clinicoradiological features. Rotavirus infection-associated CNS complications can be classified based on clinical features and brain magnetic resonance imaging findings, particularly lesion location on diffusion-weighted imaging. Common clinicoradiological features of rotavirus infection-associated CNS complications include: (1) benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis; (2) acute encephalopathies/encephalitis, such as mild encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion, acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion, and acute necrotizing encephalopathy; (3) acute cerebellitis; and (4) neonatal rotavirus-associated leukoencephalopathy. The precise mechanism underlying the development of these complications remains unknown despite a number of clinical and laboratory studies. Here we review the diverse clinicoradiological features of rotavirus infection-associated CNS complications and propose a hypothesis of their pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Yeon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu MC, Lin SC, Hsu YH, Chen SY. Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Unusual Complications of Norovirus Infection in Taiwan: What We Know after Rotavirus Vaccines. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040451. [PMID: 35456126 PMCID: PMC9026459 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are one of the emerging and rapidly spreading groups of pathogens threatening human health. A reduction in sporadic NoV infections was noted following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, but the return of NoV gastroenteritis during the COVID-19 pandemic has been noted recently. Research in recent years has shown that different virus strains are associated with different clinical characteristics; moreover, there is a paucity of research into extraintestinal or unusual complications that may be associated with NoV. The genomic diversity of circulating NoVs is also complex and may vary significantly. Therefore, this short narrative review focuses on sharing the Taiwan experience of NoV infection including epidemiology, clinical features, and complications following suboptimal rotavirus immunization in Taiwan (after October 2006). We also highlight the unusual complications associated with NoV infections and the impacts of NoV infection during the COVID-19 pandemic in the literature for possible future research directions. To conclude, further research is needed to quantify the burden of NoV across the spectrum of disease severity in Taiwan. The evidence of the connection between NoV and the unusual complications is still lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Che Lu
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (S.-C.L.)
| | - Sheng-Chieh Lin
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (S.-C.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei city 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Shih-Yen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei city 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dian Z, Sun Y, Zhang G, Xu Y, Fan X, Yang X, Pan Q, Peppelenbosch M, Miao Z. Rotavirus-related systemic diseases: clinical manifestation, evidence and pathogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:580-595. [PMID: 33822674 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1907738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses, double-stranded, non-enveloped RNA viruses, are a global health concern, associated with acute gastroenteritis and secretory-driven watery diarrhoea, especially in infants and young children. Conventionally, rotavirus is primarily viewed as a pathogen for intestinal enterocytes. This notion is challenged, however, by data from patients and animal models documenting extra-intestinal clinical manifestations and viral replication following rotavirus infection. In addition to acute gastroenteritis, rotavirus infection has been linked to various neurological disorders, hepatitis and cholestasis, type 1 diabetes, respiratory illness, myocarditis, renal failure and thrombocytopenia. Concomitantly, molecular studies have provided insight into potential mechanisms by which rotavirus can enter and replicate in non-enterocyte cell types and evade host immune responses. Nevertheless, it is fair to say that the extra-intestinal aspect of the rotavirus infectious process is largely being overlooked by biomedical professionals, and there are gaps in the understanding of mechanisms of pathogenesis. Thus with the aim of increasing public and professional awareness we here provide a description of our current understanding of rotavirus-related extra-intestinal clinical manifestations and associated molecular pathogenesis. Further understanding of the processes involved should prove exceedingly useful for future diagnosis, treatment and prevention of rotavirus-associated disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Dian
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guiqian Zhang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ya Xu
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuemei Yang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhijiang Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Farahmand M, Jalilvand S, Arashkia A, Shahmahmoodi S, Afchangi A, Mollaei-Kandelous Y, Shoja Z. Association between circulating rotavirus genotypes and histo-blood group antigens in the children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Iran. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4817-4823. [PMID: 33463743 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the dominant cause of severe acute gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age. Previous studies showed that some children are less susceptible to rotavirus gastroenteritis. It has been shown that this resistance depends on the rotavirus genotype and also human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which works as a receptor for rotavirus surface protein (VP4). The present study aimed to evaluate the human genetic susceptibility to rotavirus gastroenteritis in Iran and to obtain a comparative analysis between rotavirus gastroenteritis and secretor or Lewis status in case and control groups in the Iranian population. The study was performed on fecal specimens from 108 children with acute rotavirus gastroenteritis from 2015 to 2017. A total of 50 fecal specimens from children with acute gastroenteritis of unknown etiology were also used as a control group. After the genotyping of positive rotavirus cases and human HBGAs by Sanger sequencing, the phylogenetic tree analysis showed that all rotavirus strains from Iran belonged to P[II]. The most common genotype was P[8] (n = 102; 94.4%), while the remaining belonged to P[4] (n = 3; 2.8%) and P[6] (n = 3; 2.8%) genotypes. The P[8] genotype was found to be associated with secretor and Lewis positive status (p < .05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farahmand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Afchangi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ding S, Song Y, Brulois KF, Pan J, Co JY, Ren L, Feng N, Yasukawa LL, Sánchez-Tacuba L, Wosen JE, Mellins ED, Monack DM, Amieva MR, Kuo CJ, Butcher EC, Greenberg HB. Retinoic Acid and Lymphotoxin Signaling Promote Differentiation of Human Intestinal M Cells. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:214-226.e1. [PMID: 32247021 PMCID: PMC7569531 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal microfold (M) cells are a unique subset of intestinal epithelial cells in the Peyer's patches that regulate mucosal immunity, serving as portals for sampling and uptake of luminal antigens. The inability to efficiently develop human M cells in cell culture has impeded studies of the intestinal immune system. We aimed to identify signaling pathways required for differentiation of human M cells and establish a robust culture system using human ileum enteroids. METHODS We analyzed transcriptome data from mouse Peyer's patches to identify cell populations in close proximity to M cells. We used the human enteroid system to determine which cytokines were required to induce M-cell differentiation. We performed transcriptome, immunofluorescence, scanning electron microscope, and transcytosis experiments to validate the development of phenotypic and functional human M cells. RESULTS A combination of retinoic acid and lymphotoxin induced differentiation of glycoprotein 2-positive human M cells, which lack apical microvilli structure. Upregulated expression of innate immune-related genes within M cells correlated with a lack of viral antigens after rotavirus infection. Human M cells, developed in the enteroid system, internalized and transported enteric viruses, such as rotavirus and reovirus, across the intestinal epithelium barrier in the enteroids. CONCLUSIONS We identified signaling pathways required for differentiation of intestinal M cells, and used this information to create a robust culture method to develop human M cells with capacity for internalization and transport of viruses. Studies of this model might increase our understanding of antigen presentation and the systemic entry of enteric pathogens in the human intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
| | - Yanhua Song
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Kevin F. Brulois
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Junliang Pan
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia Y. Co
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lili Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ningguo Feng
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Linda L. Yasukawa
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liliana Sánchez-Tacuba
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Wosen
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Denise M. Monack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Manuel R. Amieva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Calvin J. Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eugene C. Butcher
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Harry B. Greenberg
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim YO. Benign Convulsions with Mild Gastroenteritis. ANNALS OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.26815/acn.2019.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
10
|
Justino MCA, Campos EA, Mascarenhas JDP, Soares LS, Guerra SDFS, Furlaneto IP, Pavão MJC, Maciel TS, Farias FP, Bezerra OM, Vinente CBG, Barros RJS, Linhares AC. Rotavirus antigenemia as a common event among children hospitalised for severe, acute gastroenteritis in Belém, northern Brazil. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:193. [PMID: 31189470 PMCID: PMC6560848 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1535-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotavirus antigenemia and RNAemia (the presence of rotavirus RNA in serum) have been commonly identified among paediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis. In this study we examined the association between rotavirus antigenemia and clinical features, and sought to determine the genotypes of rotaviruses detected in paired stool and serum samples. Methods Paired stool and serum samples were obtained from children hospitalised for acute gastroenteritis in Belém, Brazil, between June 2012 and June 2015. The 20-point Vesikari scoring system was used to assess the disease severity upon a retrospective medical record review. Stool and serum samples were primarily screened for the presence of rotavirus antigen using a commercial ELISA assay. The rotavirus isolates from stool and serum samples were genotyped by using the classical reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or through nucleotide sequencing of VP4 and VP7 genes. Viral load was estimated using real-time RT-PCR. Results In total rotavirus antigen was detected in 109 (24.2%) stool samples from 451 children, whereas antigenemia occurred in 38.5% (42/109) of these patients. We demonstrated that patients positive for rotavirus RNA in paired stool and serum samples were more likely to have a higher frequency of vomiting episodes in a 24-h period (p = 0.0035). Our findings also suggested that children not vaccinated against rotavirus are more likely to develop antigenemia, as compared to those given at least one vaccine dose (p = 0.0151). G12P [8] and G2P [4] genotypes were predominant throughout the study period, accounting for 52.3% (57/109) and 27.5% (30/109) of the typed isolates, respectively. Ten stool-serum pairs could be typed for VP4 and VP7 genes. Seven of these pairs showed concordant results with G2P [4] genotype being detected in stool and serum samples, whereas discrepancies between genotypes (G2P [4]/G2P[NT] and G12P [8]/G2P[NT]) were seen in three pairs. Conclusions Rotavirus antigenemia and RNAemia occur in a significant number of children hospitalised for acute gastroenteritis in Belém, Brazil, and may contribute to a greater disease severity, particularly translated into a greater number of vomiting episodes. This study documented a high concordance of genotypes detected in a subgroup of paired stool and serum samples. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12887-019-1535-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cleonice A Justino
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR 316, Km 7, s/n, Levilândia, Belém, 67.030-000, Brazil.
| | - Erika A Campos
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR 316, Km 7, s/n, Levilândia, Belém, 67.030-000, Brazil
| | - Joana D'arc P Mascarenhas
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR 316, Km 7, s/n, Levilândia, Belém, 67.030-000, Brazil
| | - Luana S Soares
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR 316, Km 7, s/n, Levilândia, Belém, 67.030-000, Brazil
| | - Sylvia de Fátima S Guerra
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR 316, Km 7, s/n, Levilândia, Belém, 67.030-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Caio Breno G Vinente
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR 316, Km 7, s/n, Levilândia, Belém, 67.030-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo José S Barros
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR 316, Km 7, s/n, Levilândia, Belém, 67.030-000, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C Linhares
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR 316, Km 7, s/n, Levilândia, Belém, 67.030-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pöyhönen L, Bustamante J, Casanova JL, Jouanguy E, Zhang Q. Life-Threatening Infections Due to Live-Attenuated Vaccines: Early Manifestations of Inborn Errors of Immunity. J Clin Immunol 2019; 39:376-390. [PMID: 31123910 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00642-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) can protect humans against 12 viral and three bacterial diseases. By definition, any clinical infection caused by a LAV that is sufficiently severe to require medical intervention attests to an inherited or acquired immunodeficiency that must be diagnosed or identified. Self-healing infections can also result from milder forms of immunodeficiency. We review here the inherited forms of immunodeficiency underlying severe infections of LAVs. Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) underlying bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), oral poliovirus (OPV), vaccine measles virus (vMeV), and oral rotavirus vaccine (ORV) disease have been described from 1951, 1963, 1966, and 2009 onward, respectively. For each of these four LAVs, the underlying IEIs show immunological homogeneity despite genetic heterogeneity. Specifically, BCG disease is due to inborn errors of IFN-γ immunity, OPV disease to inborn errors of B cell immunity, vMeV disease to inborn errors of IFN-α/β and IFN-λ immunity, and ORV disease to adaptive immunity. Severe reactions to the other 11 LAVs have been described yet remain "idiopathic," in the absence of known underlying inherited or acquired immunodeficiencies, and are warranted to be the focus of research efforts. The study of IEIs underlying life-threatening LAV infections is clinically important for the affected patients and their families, as well as immunologically, for the study of the molecular and cellular basis of host defense against both attenuated and parental pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pöyhönen
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Qian Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Development of a live attenuated trivalent porcine rotavirus A vaccine against disease caused by recent strains most prevalent in South Korea. Vet Res 2019; 50:2. [PMID: 30616694 PMCID: PMC6323864 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0619-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine rotaviruses cause severe economic losses in the Korean swine industry due to G- and P-genotype mismatches between the predominant field and vaccine strains. Here, we developed a live attenuated trivalent porcine group A rotavirus vaccine using 80 cell culture passages of the representative Korean predominant strains G8P[7] 174-1, G9P[23] PRG942, and G5P[7] K71. Vaccination with the trivalent vaccine or its individual components induced no diarrhea during the first 2 weeks post-vaccination, i.e., the vaccines were attenuated. Challenge of trivalent-vaccinated or component-vaccinated piglets with homologous virulent strain(s) did not induce diarrhea for 2 weeks post-challenge. Immunization with the trivalent vaccine or its individual components also alleviated the histopathological lesions in the small intestines caused by challenge with the corresponding original virulent strain(s). Fecal secretory IgAs specific for each of vaccine strains were detected starting at 14 days post-vaccination (dpv), and IgA levels gradually increased up to 28 dpv. Oral immunization with the trivalent vaccine or its individual components induced high levels of serum virus-neutralizing antibody by 7 dpv. No diarrhea was observed in any experimental piglets during five consecutive passages of each vaccine strain. Our data indicated that the live attenuated trivalent vaccine was safe and effective at protecting piglets from diarrhea induced by challenge exposure of homologous virulent strains. This trivalent vaccine will potentially contribute toward controlling porcine rotavirus disease in South Korea and other countries where rotavirus infections with similar G and P genotypes are problematic.
Collapse
|
13
|
Nucleic Acid Induced Interferon and Inflammasome Responses in Regulating Host Defense to Gastrointestinal Viruses. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 345:137-171. [PMID: 30904192 PMCID: PMC7104954 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gut bacterial and fungal communities residing in the gastrointestinal tract have undisputed far-reaching effects in regulating host health. In the meantime, however, metagenomic sequencing efforts are revealing enteric viruses as the most abundant dimension of the intestinal gut ecosystem, and the first gut virome-wide association studies showed that inflammatory bowel disease as well as type 1 diabetes could be linked to the presence or absence of particular viral inhabitants in the intestine. In line with the genetic component of these human diseases, mouse model studies demonstrated how beneficial functions of a resident virus can switch to detrimental inflammatory effects in a genetically predisposed host. Such viral-induced intestinal immune disturbances are also recapitulated by several gastrointestinal infectious viruses such as rotavirus and human norovirus. This wide range of viral effects on intestinal immunity emphasizes the need for understanding the innate immune responses to gastrointestinal viruses. Numerous nucleic acid sensors such as DexD/H helicases and AIM2 serve as cytosolic viral guardians to induce antiviral interferon and/or pro-inflammatory inflammasome responses. In both cases, pioneering examples are emerging in which RNA helicases cooperate with particular Nod-like receptors to trigger these cellular responses to enteric viruses. Here we summarize the reported beneficial versus detrimental effects of enteric viruses in the intestinal immune system, and we zoom in on the mechanisms through which sensing of nucleic acids from these enteric viruses trigger interferon and inflammasome responses.
Collapse
|
14
|
Gómez-Rial J, Sánchez-Batán S, Rivero-Calle I, Pardo-Seco J, Martinón-Martínez JM, Salas A, Martinón-Torres F. Rotavirus infection beyond the gut. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 12:55-64. [PMID: 30636886 PMCID: PMC6307677 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s186404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The landscape of rotavirus (RV) infection has changed substantially in recent years. Autoimmune triggering has been added to clinical spectrum of this pathology, which is now known to be much broader than diarrhea. The impact of RV vaccines in these other conditions is becoming a growing field of research. The importance of host genetic background in RV susceptibility has been revealed, therefore increasing our understanding of vaccine effectiveness and giving some clues about the limited efficacy of RV vaccines in low-income settings. Also, interaction of RV with intestinal microbiota seems to play a key role in the process of infection vaccine effect. This article reviews current findings on the extraintestinal impact of RV infection and their widening clinical picture, and the recently described mechanisms of host susceptibility to infection and vaccine effectiveness. RV infection is a systemic disease with clinical and pathophysiological implications beyond the gut. We propose an “iceberg” model for this pathology with almost hidden clinical implications away from the gastrointestinal tract and eventually triggering the development of autoimmune diseases. Impact of current vaccines is being influenced by host genetics and gut microbiota interactions and these factors must be taken into account in the development of public health programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Gómez-Rial
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain, .,Laboratorio de Inmunología, Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain
| | - Sonia Sánchez-Batán
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain
| | - Irene Rivero-Calle
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain, .,Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain,
| | - Jacobo Pardo-Seco
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain,
| | - José María Martinón-Martínez
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain,
| | - Antonio Salas
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain, .,Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forense, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.,GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain, .,Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bányai K, Estes MK, Martella V, Parashar UD. Viral gastroenteritis. Lancet 2018; 392:175-186. [PMID: 30025810 PMCID: PMC8883799 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteric viruses, particularly rotaviruses and noroviruses, are a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Rotaviruses primarily affect young children, accounting for almost 40% of hospital admissions for diarrhoea and 200 000 deaths worldwide, with the majority of deaths occurring in developing countries. Two vaccines against rotavirus were licensed in 2006 and have been implemented in 95 countries as of April, 2018. Data from eight high-income and middle-income countries showed a 49-89% decline in rotavirus-associated hospital admissions and a 17-55% decline in all-cause gastroenteritis-associated hospital admissions among children younger than 5 years, within 2 years of vaccine introduction. Noroviruses affect people of all ages, and are a leading cause of foodborne disease and outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide. Prevention of norovirus infection relies on frequent hand hygiene, limiting contact with people who are infected with the virus, and disinfection of contaminated environmental surfaces. Norovirus vaccine candidates are in clinical trials; whether vaccines will provide durable protection against the range of genetically and antigenically diverse norovirus strains remains unknown. Treatment of viral gastroenteritis is based primarily on replacement of fluid and electrolytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Umesh D Parashar
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bentes GA, Guimarães JR, Volotão EDM, Fialho AM, Hooper C, Ganime AC, Gardinali NR, Lanzarini NM, da Silva ADS, Pitcovski J, Leite JP, Pinto MA. Cynomolgus Monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis) as an Experimental Infection Model for Human Group A Rotavirus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10070355. [PMID: 29973483 PMCID: PMC6071073 DOI: 10.3390/v10070355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are one of the most common causes of severe acute gastroenteritis in infants worldwide. Rotaviruses spread from person to person, mainly by faecal–oral transmission. Almost all unvaccinated children may become infected with RVA in the first two years of life. The establishment of an experimental monkey model with RVA is important to evaluate new therapeutic approaches. In this study, we demonstrated viral shedding and viraemia in juvenile–adult Macaca fascicularis orally inoculated with Wa RVA prototype. Nine monkeys were inoculated orally: seven animals with human RVA and two control animals with saline solution. During the study, the monkeys were clinically monitored, and faeces and blood samples were tested for RVA infection. In general, the inoculated animals developed an oligosymptomatic infection pattern. The main clinical symptoms observed were diarrhoea in two monkeys for three days, associated with a reduction in plasmatic potassium content. Viral RNA was detected in seven faecal and five sera samples from inoculated animals, suggesting virus replication. Cynomolgus monkeys are susceptible hosts for human Wa RVA infection. When inoculated orally, they presented self-limited diarrhoea associated with presence of RVA infectious particles in faeces. Thus, cynomolgus monkeys may be useful as animal models to evaluate the efficacy of new antiviral approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gentil Arthur Bentes
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Rodrigues Guimarães
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo de Mello Volotão
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Madi Fialho
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Cleber Hooper
- Serviço de Controle da Qualidade Animal, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Ganime
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Noemi Rovaris Gardinali
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Natália Maria Lanzarini
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Dos Santos da Silva
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Jacob Pitcovski
- Virology and Vaccine Development Laboratory, MIGAL Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel.
| | - José Paulo Leite
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Alves Pinto
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21.040-360, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Viral Gastroenteritis. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7151782 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-40181-4.00056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
18
|
Rotavirus Degrades Multiple Interferon (IFN) Type Receptors To Inhibit IFN Signaling and Protects against Mortality from Endotoxin in Suckling Mice. J Virol 2017; 92:JVI.01394-17. [PMID: 29070687 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01394-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT1 phosphorylation in response to exogenous interferon (IFN) administration can be inhibited by rotaviral replication both in vitro and in vivo In addition many rotavirus strains are resistant to the actions of different IFN types. The regulation by rotaviruses (RVs) of antiviral pathways mediated by multiple IFN types is not well understood. In this study, we find that during infection in vitro and in vivo, RVs significantly deplete IFN type I, II, and III receptors (IFNRs). Regulation of IFNRs occurred exclusively within RV-infected cells and could be abrogated by inhibiting the lysosomal-endosomal degradation pathway. In vitro, IFNR degradation was conserved across multiple RV strains that differ in their modes of regulating IFN induction. In suckling mice, exogenously administered type I, II, or III IFN induced phosphorylation of STAT1-Y701 within intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) of suckling mice. Murine EW strain RV infection transiently activated intestinal STAT1 at 1 day postinfection (dpi) but not subsequently at 2 to 3 dpi. In response to injection of purified IFN-α/β or -λ, IECs in EW-infected mice exhibited impaired STAT1-Y701 phosphorylation, correlating with depletion of different intestinal IFNRs and impaired IFN-mediated transcription. The ability of EW murine RV to inhibit multiple IFN types led us to test protection of suckling mice from endotoxin-mediated shock, an outcome that is dependent on the host IFN response. Compared to mortality in controls, mice infected with EW murine RV were substantially protected against mortality following parenteral endotoxin administration. These studies identify a novel mechanism of IFN subversion by RV and reveal an unexpected protective effect of RV infection on endotoxin-mediated shock in suckling mice.IMPORTANCE Antiviral functions of types I, II, and III IFNs are mediated by receptor-dependent activation of STAT1. Here, we find that RV degrades the types I, II, and III IFN receptors (IFNRs) in vitro In a suckling mouse model, RV effectively blocked STAT1 activation and transcription following injection of different purified IFNs. This correlated with significantly decreased protein expression of intestinal types I and II IFNRs. Recent studies demonstrate that in mice lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lethality is prevented by genetic ablation of IFN signaling genes such as IFNAR1 and STAT1. When suckling mice were infected with RV, they were substantially protected from lethal exposure to endotoxin. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying rotavirus regulation of different interferons and are likely to stimulate new research into both rotavirus pathogenesis and endotoxemia.
Collapse
|
19
|
Changotra H, Vij A. Rotavirus virus-like particles (RV-VLPs) vaccines: An update. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harish Changotra
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Solan Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Avni Vij
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Solan Himachal Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Desselberger U. 7th European rotavirus biology conference, Cork/Ireland, 18–21 June 2017. Virus Res 2017; 240:197-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Xiong X, Hu Y, Liu C, Li X. Rotavirus NSP4 86-175 interacts with H9c2(2-1) cells in vitro, elevates intracellular Ca 2+ levels and can become cytotoxic: a possible mechanism for extra-intestinal pathogenesis. Virus Genes 2016; 53:179-189. [PMID: 28000081 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the predominant cause of infantile gastroenteritis with multiple pathogenic factors, among which enterotoxin NSP4 is the most significant factor. NSP4 has been shown to induce elevation of the intracellular calcium concentration, alteration of the cytoskeleton organization, and cytopathic effect among other processes. However, increasing evidence suggests that RVs can escape from the gastrointestinal tract and invade other organs and tissues to cause extra-intestinal diseases. In this study, we investigated whether NSP4 has a pathogenic effect on extra-intestinal cells and examined possible molecular mechanisms in vitro. Our results showed that NSP486-175 has important functions in increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentration, altering actin cytoskeleton organization and inducing cellular damage in H9c2(2-1) cells. Blockade of the integrin α2 receptor using a specific antibody attenuated the increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration and alleviated the observed cytopathic effects, suggesting that integrin α2 may be a receptor for NSP486-175. Collectively, these results indicate that extracellular NSP486-175 can induce elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, cause cytotoxic changes, and disrupt the actin cytoskeleton in H9c2(2-1) cells, which may constitute a possible mechanism for RV extra-intestinal pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshun Xiong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinyin Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Rotavirus, a member of the family Reoviridae, was identified as the leading etiological agent of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children in 1973. The rotavirus genome is composed of 11 gene segments of double-stranded (ds)RNA. During the last 40 years, a large amount of basic research on rotavirus structure, genome, antigen, replication, pathogenesis, epidemiology, immune responses, and evolution has been accumulated. This article reviews the fundamental aspects of rotavirology including recent important achievements in research.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
A growing body of evidence warrants a revision of the received/conventional wisdom of rotavirus infection as synonymous with acute gastroenteritis. Rotavirus vaccines have boosted our interest and knowledge of this virus, but also importantly, they may have changed the landscape of the disease. Extraintestinal spread of rotavirus is well documented, and the clinical spectrum of the disease is widening. Furthermore, the positive impact of current rotavirus vaccines in reducing seizure hospitalization rates should prompt a reassessment of the actual burden of extraintestinal manifestations of rotavirus diseases. This article discusses current knowledge of the systemic extraintestinal manifestations of rotavirus infection and their underlying mechanisms, and aims to pave the way for future clinical, public health and research questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rivero-Calle
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Genetics, Vaccines, Infections and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain
| | - José Gómez-Rial
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Genetics, Vaccines, Infections and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Genetics, Vaccines, Infections and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Norovirus detection from sera of young children with acute norovirus gastroenteritis. J Clin Virol 2016; 79:6-9. [PMID: 27043968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigenemia and viremia are common in rotavirus infection but only few studies have shown norovirus (NoV) RNA in the blood circulation. OBJECTIVES To detect NoV RNA from serum of NoV-infected children and study if NoV RNAemia correlates with clinical severity of acute gastroenteritis. STUDY DESIGN Serum specimens were collected from 176 Finnish children with acute NoV gastroenteritis. Semi-nested PCR was optimized to detect NoV capsid RNA from sera. NoV positive samples were further analyzed by sequencing. RESULTS NoV RNA was found in 11/176 (6.3%) of serum specimens. NoV GII.4 was found in 8 cases and GII.3, GII.6 and GII.7 in one case each. The genotypes detected in serum were identical to findings in stools in all cases. Most of the NoV RNA detections in serum were in young children less than 18 months of age. The clinical features of NoV serum-positive cases were not different from NoV serum-negative cases. CONCLUSION NoV RNA in serum is an uncommon finding limited to young children.
Collapse
|
25
|
Das S, Sahoo GC, Das P, Singh UK, Jaiswal AK, Singh P, Kumar R, Kumar R. Evaluating the Impact of Breastfeeding on Rotavirus Antigenemia and Disease Severity in Indian Children. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146243. [PMID: 26828823 PMCID: PMC4734603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the contribution of breastfeeding to Rotavirus (RV)-induced antigenemia and/or RNAemia and disease severity in Indian children (<2 yrs age). Methods Paired stool and serum samples were collected from (a) hospitalized infants with diarrhea (n = 145) and (b) healthy control infants without diarrhea (n = 28). Stool RV-antigen was screened in both groups by commercial rapid-test and enzyme immunoassay. The disease severity was scored and real-time-PCR was used for viral-load estimation. Serum was evaluated for RV-antigenemia by EIA and RV-RNAemia by RT-PCR. Data was stratified by age-group and breastfeeding status and compared. Results Presence of RV-antigenemia and RV-RNAemia was positively related with presence of RV in stool. Disease severity and stool viral-load was significantly associated with RV-antigenemia[(r = 0.74; CI:0.66 to 0.84; P<0.0001,R2 = 0.59) and (r = -0.55; CI:-0.68 to -0.39; P<0.0001,R2 = 0.31) respectively], but not with RV-RNAemia. There was significant reduction in RV-antigenemiarate in the breast-fed group compared to non-breastfed infants, especially in 0–6 month age group (P<0.001). Non-breastfed infants were at risk for RV-antigenemia with severe disease manifestations in form of high Vesikari scores correlating with high fever, more vomiting episodes and dehydration. Conclusion RV-antigenemia was common in nonbreastfed children with severe RV-diarrhea and correlated with stool RV-load and disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology, All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Ganesh Chandra Sahoo
- Virology Unit, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Virology Unit, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Utpal Kant Singh
- Department of Paediatrics, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India
| | - Anil Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Paediatrics, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India
| | - Prachi Singh
- Department of Paediatrics, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- Virology Unit, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Rishikesh Kumar
- Virology Unit, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kawamura Y, Gotoh K, Takeuchi N, Miura H, Nishimura N, Ozaki T, Yoshikawa T. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of childhood gastroenteritis. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1341-6. [PMID: 26765397 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases, such as rotavirus gastroenteritis (GE). Kinetics of these biomarkers were examined in paired serum samples collected from bacterial enteritis patients with Campylobacter (n = 2) and Salmonella (n = 4) and viral GE patients with rotavirus (n = 27), norovirus (n = 25), and adenovirus (n = 11). At the time of hospital admission, all viral GE patients demonstrated increased MMP-9 and decreased MMP-2 and TIMP-2 serum levels. In contrast to viral GE patients, serum MMP-9 levels were not elevated at the time of hospital admission but elevated at the time of discharge; serum MMP-2 and TIMP-2 levels were decreased both at the time of admission and discharge in bacterial enteritis patients. Interestingly, the kinetics of serum MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-2 levels were similar among the viral GE patients but distinct from bacterial enteritis patients. Thus, the involvement of MMPs and TIMPs in the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal symptoms likely varies depending on the etiological agent. Further studies are required to verify whether the extent of the bacterial enteritis or age of the patients influences these serum biomarkers. J. Med. Virol. 88:1341-1346, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kensei Gotoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nao Takeuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoko Nishimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Ozaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Comparative In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Porcine Rotavirus G9P[13] and Human Rotavirus Wa G1P[8]. J Virol 2015; 90:142-51. [PMID: 26468523 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02401-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The changing epidemiology of group A rotavirus (RV) strains in humans and swine, including emerging G9 strains, poses new challenges to current vaccines. In this study, we comparatively assessed the pathogenesis of porcine RV (PRV) G9P[13] and evaluated the short-term cross-protection between this strain and human RV (HRV) Wa G1P[8] in gnotobiotic pigs. Complete genome sequencing demonstrated that PRV G9P[13] possessed a human-like G9 VP7 genotype but shared higher overall nucleotide identity with historic PRV strains. PRV G9P[13] induced longer rectal virus shedding and RV RNAemia in pigs than HRV Wa G1P[8] and generated complete short-term cross-protection in pigs challenged with HRV or PRV, whereas HRV Wa G1P[8] induced only partial protection against PRV challenge. Moreover, PRV G9P[13] replicated more extensively in porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) than did HRV Wa G1P[8]. Cross-protection was likely not dependent on serum virus-neutralizing (VN) antibodies, as the heterologous VN antibody titers in the sera of G9P[13]-inoculated pigs were low. Thus, our results suggest that heterologous protection by the current monovalent G1P[8] HRV vaccine against emerging G9 strains should be evaluated in clinical and experimental studies to prevent further dissemination of G9 strains. Differences in the pathogenesis of these two strains may be partially attributable to their variable abilities to replicate and persist in porcine immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs). Additional studies are needed to evaluate the emerging G9 strains as potential vaccine candidates and to test the susceptibility of various immune cells to infection by G9 and other common HRV/PRV genotypes. IMPORTANCE The changing epidemiology of porcine and human group A rotaviruses (RVs), including emerging G9 strains, may compromise the efficacy of current vaccines. An understanding of the pathogenesis and genetic, immunological, and biological features of the new emerging RV strains will contribute to the development of new surveillance and prevention tools. Additionally, studies of cross-protection between the newly identified emerging G9 porcine RV strains and a human G1 RV vaccine strain in a susceptible host (swine) will allow evaluation of G9 strains as potential novel vaccine candidates to be included in porcine or human vaccines.
Collapse
|
29
|
Mitake H, Ito N, Okadera K, Kasahara K, Okada K, Nihongi T, Sakurai S, Nakagawa K, Tsunemitsu H, Tanaka T, Sugiyama M, Katsuragi K. Persistence of the rotavirus A genome in mesenteric lymph nodes of cattle raised on farms. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2708-2713. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
30
|
Pane JA, Coulson BS. Lessons from the mouse: potential contribution of bystander lymphocyte activation by viruses to human type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1149-59. [PMID: 25794781 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are considered to be potential key modulators of type 1 diabetes mellitus, with several possible mechanisms proposed for their modes of action. Here we discuss the evidence for virus involvement, including pancreatic infection and the induction of T cell-mediated molecular mimicry. A particular focus of this review is the further possibility that virus infection triggers bystander activation of pre-existing autoreactive lymphocytes. In this scenario, the virus triggers dendritic cell maturation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion by engaging pattern recognition receptors. These proinflammatory cytokines provoke bystander autoreactive lymphocyte activation in the presence of cognate autoantigen, which leads to enhanced beta cell destruction. Importantly, this mechanism does not necessarily involve pancreatic virus infection, and its virally non-specific nature suggests that it might represent a means commonly employed by multiple viruses. The ability of viruses specifically associated with type 1 diabetes, including group B coxsackievirus, rotavirus and influenza A virus, to induce these responses is also examined. The elucidation of a mechanism shared amongst several viruses for accelerating progression to type 1 diabetes would facilitate the identification of important targets for disease intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Pane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Prevalence of groups A and C rotavirus antibodies in infants with biliary atresia and cholestatic controls. J Pediatr 2015; 166:79-84. [PMID: 25444003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of acute asymptomatic group A and C rotavirus (RV-A and RV-C) infection in neonates with cholestasis. STUDY DESIGN Participants were infants <180 days of age with cholestasis (serum direct or conjugated bilirubin >20% of total and ≥2 mg/dL) enrolled in the Childhood Liver Disease Research and Education Network during RV season (December-May). Forty infants with biliary atresia (BA), age 62 ± 29 days (range, 4.7-13 weeks) and 38 infants with cholestasis, age 67 ± 44 days (range, 3-15.8 weeks) were enrolled. RESULTS At enrollment, RV-A IgM positivity rates did not differ between infants with BA (10%) vs those without (18%) (P = .349). RV-C IgM was positive in 0% of infants with BA vs 3% in those without BA (P = .49). RV-A IgG was lower in infants with BA: 51 ± 39 vs 56 ± 44 enzyme-linked immunoassay unit, P = .045 but this difference may lack biological relevance as maternal RV-A IgG titers were similar between groups. Infant RV-A IgM titers at 2-6 months follow-up increased markedly vs at presentation in both infants with BA (50 ± 30 vs 9 ± 9) and those without (43 ± 18 vs 16 ± 20 enzyme-linked immunoassay unit) (P < .0001), without differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS RV-A infection in the first 6 months of life is common in infants with cholestasis of any cause. RV-A could have different pathogenetic effects by initiating different hepatic immune responses in infants with vs without BA or could lack pathogenetic significance.
Collapse
|
32
|
Yokoyama T, Sugimoto N, Kato E, Ohta K, Ishikawa S, Ueno K, Shimizu M, Yachie A. Rotavirus gastroenteritis-associated urinary ammonium acid urate crystals. Pediatr Int 2015; 57:158-60. [PMID: 25711254 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although ammonium acid urate (AAU) calculi are extremely rare renal stone components, it was recently found that many urinary tract calculi that cause post-renal renal failure in rotavirus (RV) gastroenteritis are AAU calculi. The mechanism of AAU calculi development in RV gastroenteritis has not been fully elucidated. We analyzed data from eight RV gastroenteritis patients who transiently had AAU crystals in their urinary sediment. In these patients, formation of AAU crystals occurred earlier than the formation of AAU calculi. No difference was observed in serum and urine uric acid levels between RV gastroenteritis patients with or without AAU crystals. Interestingly, fractional excretion of sodium was extremely low among patients with AAU crystals. These results suggest that the formation of AAU crystals might not be due to excretion of uric acid, but excretion of sodium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadafumi Yokoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukuiken Saiseikai Hospital, Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Correlates of protection against human rotavirus disease and the factors influencing protection in low-income settings. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1-17. [PMID: 25465100 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RV) are the leading cause of gastroenteritis in infants and children worldwide and are associated with high mortality predominately in low-income settings. The virus is classified into G and P serotypes and further into P genotypes based on differences in the surface-exposed proteins VP7 and VP4, respectively. Infection results in a variable level of protection from subsequent reinfection and disease. This protection is predominantly homotypic in some settings, whereas broader heterotypic protection is reported in other cohorts. Two antigenically distinct oral RV vaccines are licensed and are being rolled out widely, including in resource-poor setting, with funding provided by the GAVI alliance. First is a monovalent vaccine derived from a live-attenuated human RV strain, whereas the second is a pentavalent bovine-human reassortment vaccine. Both vaccines are highly efficacious in high-income settings, but greatly reduced levels of protection are reported in low-income countries. Here, the current challenges facing mucosal immunologists and vaccinologists aiming to define immunological correlates and to understand the variable levels of protection conferred by these vaccines in humans is considered. Such understanding is critical to maximize the public health impact of the current vaccines and also to the development of the next generation of RV vaccines, which are needed.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ramani S, Atmar RL. Acute Gastroenteritis Viruses. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
35
|
Girard A, Roques E, Massie B, Archambault D. Flagellin in fusion with human rotavirus structural proteins exerts an adjuvant effect when delivered with replicating but non-disseminating adenovectors through the intrarectal route. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 56:394-407. [PMID: 24271565 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-013-9723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is the worldwide leading cause of gastroenteritis in young children. Two live attenuated HRV vaccines have been approved since 2006. However, these live vaccines still have potential risks including reversion of virulence. Adenoviruses are suitable vectors for mucosal administration of subunit vaccines. In addition to the adjuvant effect of certain adenovirus components, the use of an adjuvant like flagellin is also another means to increase the immune response to the immunogen. The aim of this study was to determine whether flagellin in fusion with HRV structural proteins stimulates the innate immune response and enhances the HRV-specific immune response when delivered through the intrarectal route with replicating but non-disseminating adenovector (R-AdV). Salmonella typhimurium flagellin B (FljB) in fusion with HRV VP4Δ::VP7 protein induced IL-1β production in J774A.1 macrophages exposed to the R-AdV. Intrarectal administration of R-AdVs expressing either VP4Δ::VP7 or VP4Δ::VP7::FljB in BALB/c mice resulted in HRV-specific mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses. The HRV-specific antibody response elicited with the use of R-AdV expressing VP4Δ::VP7::FljB was higher than that with R-AdV expressing VP4Δ::VP7. The results also show that the replication capability of R-AdVs contributed to enhance the HRV-specific immune response as compared with that obtained with non-replicative AdVs. This work lays the foundation for using the R-AdV system and FljB-adjuvanted formulation to elicit a mucosal immune response specific to HRV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Girard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Québec at Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lee KY, Oh KW, Weon YC, Choi SH. Neonatal seizures accompanied by diffuse cerebral white matter lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging are associated with rotavirus infection. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2014; 18:624-31. [PMID: 24813656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Some full-term neonates presenting seizures show diffusion-restricted lesions in the cerebral white matter on brain diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and DWI findings in a group of neonates with seizures, white matter lesions on DWI, and a high incidence of rotavirus infection. METHODS Total 30 full-term neonates with seizures were admitted between 2008 and 2010. Of these, 13 (group A) had the following characteristics on brain DWI: (1) diffusion-restricted lesions in the diffuse symmetric cerebral white matter, including the corpus callosum, and (2) no cerebral cortical lesions. The remaining 17 patients (group B) did not exhibit the DWI findings. The clinical characteristics were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS The 1-min and 5-min Apgar scores ranged between 7 and 10 in all group A patients, whereas the scores were more diverse in the group B patients. Patients' age at seizure onset was 4.6 ± 0.6 days (range, 4-6 days) in group A and 8.3 ± 7.4 days (range, 1-27 days) in group B. Twelve of 13 patients (92.3%) in group A tested positive for stool rotavirus antigen, while only 2 of 12 (16.7%) in group B tested positive (p < 0.001). Six of 10 group A patients showed normal neurodevelopment, but 4 had delayed development between 6 and 30 months. CONCLUSIONS Rotavirus infection should be considered in neonates with seizures accompanied by diffuse cerebral white matter lesions on DWI, particularly around 5 days of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Yeon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Won Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Cheol Weon
- Department of Radiology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong Hoon Choi
- Department of Radiology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Desselberger U. Rotaviruses. Virus Res 2014; 190:75-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
38
|
Kawamura Y, Ohashi M, Ihira M, Hashimoto S, Taniguchi K, Yoshikawa T. Nationwide survey of rotavirus-associated encephalopathy and sudden unexpected death in Japan. Brain Dev 2014; 36:601-7. [PMID: 23972382 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus can cause severe complications such as encephalopathy/encephalitis and sudden unexpected death. The incidence of rotavirus-associated encephalopathy/encephalitis or sudden unexpected death remains unknown. To clarify the clinical features of rotavirus-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy and sudden unexpected death, we conducted a nationwide survey in Japan. METHOD A two-part questionnaire was designed to determine the number of the cases and the clinical features of severe cases of rotavirus infection, including encephalitis/encephalopathy and sudden unexpected death, between 2009 and 2011. RESULT Of the 1365 questionnaires sent to hospitals, 963 (70.5%) were returned and eligible for analysis. We determined 58 cases of rotavirus-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy and 7 cases of sudden unexpected death. These patients were diagnosed with rotavirus infection by immunochromatography. Although 36/58 (62.1%) encephalitis/encephalopathy patients had no sequelae, 15/58 (25.9%) patients had neurological sequelae, and 7/58 (12.1%) patients had fatal outcomes. Pleocytosis was observed in 9/40 (22.5%) patients and cerebrospinal fluid protein levels were elevated in only 4/40 (10%) patients. Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (>500 IU/L) or acidemia (pH<7.15) were related to a poor prognosis. CONCLUSION We estimate that annual cases of rotavirus-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy and sudden unexpected death were 44.0 and 4.9 cases in Japan, respectively. Elevated LDH (>500 IU/L) or acidemia (pH<7.15) were related to a poor prognosis of the encephalitis/encephalopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihira
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuji Hashimoto
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koki Taniguchi
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Park JG, Kim DS, Matthijnssens J, Kwon HJ, Zeller M, Alfajaro MM, Son KY, Hosmillo M, Ryu EH, Kim JY, Lee JH, Park SJ, Kang MI, Kwon J, Choi JS, Cho KO. Comparison of pathogenicities and nucleotide changes between porcine and bovine reassortant rotavirus strains possessing the same genotype constellation in piglets and calves. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:51-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
40
|
Kang B, Kwon YS. Benign convulsion with mild gastroenteritis. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2014; 57:304-9. [PMID: 25114690 PMCID: PMC4127392 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2014.57.7.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Benign convulsion with mild gastroenteritis (CwG) is a type of afebrile seizure that occurs in children. CwG is defined as a convulsion in a previously healthy child with no known central nervous system infection or encephalopathy, accompanying mild diarrhea without fever, electrolyte imbalance, or moderate to severe dehydration. Convulsions in CwG are characterized by multiple brief episodes of generalized or focal seizures. Although the etiology and pathophysiology have yet to be fully explained, many pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed including the possibility of direct invasion of the central nervous system by a gastrointestinal virus such as rotavirus or the possibility of indirect influence by the production and effects of certain mediators. The electroencephalogram findings are benign and long-term antiepileptic treatment is typically not required. Long-term prognosis has been favorable with normal psychomotor development. This review provides a general overview of CwG with the goal of allowing physicians practicing in the field of pediatrics to better recognize this unique entity and, ultimately, to minimize unnecessary evaluation and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Se Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Desselberger U. Global issues related to enteric viral infections. Virusdisease 2014; 25:147-9. [PMID: 25674580 PMCID: PMC4188186 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute viral gastroenteritis is a major health issue worldwide and is associated with high annual mortality, particularly in children of developing countries. Rotaviruses, caliciviruses and astroviruses are the main causes. Accurate diagnoses are possible by recently developed molecular techniques. In many setups, zoonotic transmission is an important epidemiological factor. Treatment consists of rehydration and is otherwise symptomatic. The worldwide introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination of infants has significantly reduced rotavirus disease and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yeom JS, Kim YS, Park JS, Seo JH, Park ES, Lim JY, Park CH, Woo HO, Youn HS. Role of Ca2+ homeostasis disruption in rotavirus-associated seizures. J Child Neurol 2014; 29:331-5. [PMID: 23271755 DOI: 10.1177/0883073812469052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus infection disturbs cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis by triggering an increase in Ca(2+) permeation. A theoretical link between Ca(2+) dysregulation and seizures in patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis has been suggested, but no prior studies have investigated this relationship. To test our hypothesis that patients with rotavirus-associated seizures have greater Ca(2+) homeostasis disruption than those without seizures, we compared clinical and laboratory data--including corrected total serum Ca(2+) levels--between the 2 groups. Age, gender, maximum body temperature, day of admission, levels of electrolytes except Ca(2+), blood pH, and urine ketone levels were not related to seizure occurrence. Significantly lower Ca(2+) levels were found among the seizure (+) group (9.22 ± 0.50 vs 9.66 ± 0.46 mg/dL, P = .01). Although Ca(2+) levels were within normal ranges and did not directly cause the seizures, our results provide preliminary evidence for a relationship between Ca(2+) homeostasis disruption and seizures in rotavirus patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Sook Yeom
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Evidences and consequences of extra-intestinal spread of rotaviruses in humans and animals. Virusdisease 2014; 25:186-94. [PMID: 25674584 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is recognized as one of the main diarrheal pathogens in young children and animals. The prevailing central dogma of rotavirus infection states that the infection is confined in the gastrointestinal tract. However, increasing evidences indicate that rotavirus infection is systemic. Clinical case reports of systemic manifestations to rotavirus infection in children has continued to accumulate over the past years. The use of animal models provided pathological and molecular evidences for extra-intestinal infection of rotaviruses. The mechanism correlated with the extra-intestinal spread of rotavirus infection from the intestine is through cell-free and cell-associated viremia. The extent of the extra-intestinal spread of rotavirus infection has not yet been fully elucidated; whether it can only affect a limited number of organs and tissues or capable of involving the body as a whole. Moreover, the influence of systemic rotavirus infections remains to be determined. In this review, combination of previous and new data are outlined to help in better understanding of the extra-intestinal infections of rotaviruses.
Collapse
|
44
|
Parra M, Herrera D, Calvo-Calle JM, Stern LJ, Parra-López CA, Butcher E, Franco M, Angel J. Circulating human rotavirus specific CD4 T cells identified with a class II tetramer express the intestinal homing receptors α4β7 and CCR9. Virology 2014; 452-453:191-201. [PMID: 24606696 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using a consensus epitope prediction approach, three rotavirus (RV) peptides that induce cytokine secretion by CD4 T cells from healthy volunteers were identified. The peptides were shown to bind HLA-DRB1*0101 and then used to generate MHC II tetramers. RV specific T cell lines specific for one of the three peptides studied were restricted by MHC class II molecules and contained T cells that bound the tetramer and secreted cytokines upon activation with the peptide. The majority of RV and Flu tetramer(+) CD4 T cells in healthy volunteers expressed markers of antigen experienced T cells, but only RV specific CD4 T cells expressed intestinal homing receptors. CD4 T cells from children that received a RV vaccine, but not placebo recipients, were stained with the RV-VP6 tetramer and also expressed intestinal homing receptors. Circulating RV-specific CD4 T cells represent a unique subset that expresses intestinal homing receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Parra
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel Herrera
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J Mauricio Calvo-Calle
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Lawrence J Stern
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Carlos A Parra-López
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eugene Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Manuel Franco
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juana Angel
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rinder M, Tran AN, Bennet R, Brytting M, Cassel T, Eriksson M, Frithiof D, Gothefors L, Storsaeter J, Trollfors B, Valdimarsson S, Wennerström M, Johansen K. Burden of severe rotavirus disease leading to hospitalization assessed in a prospective cohort study in Sweden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 46:294-302. [DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2013.876511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
46
|
Abstract
A new paradigm of rotavirus disease is emerging and rotavirus infection is no longer considered to be localized and confined to the GI tract. New evidence indicates that rotavirus infection is systemic. Viral antigen and infectious virus frequently enter the circulation in both children and animal model systems. Clinical case reports of systemic sequelae to rotavirus infection in children continue to accumulate, suggesting involvement in systemic disease syndromes. The use of animal models is providing biological and molecular evidence for infection at peripheral sites. Thus, infection at peripheral sites may account for reports of systemic sequelae to rotavirus infection. The importance of systemic sequelae and the ability of vaccination to prevent such sequelae remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Ramig
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Universal introduction of rotavirus vaccines into childhood immunization programs is expected to substantially reduce the mortality from rotavirus gastroenteritis in developing countries (currently estimated at 702,000 annual deaths among children less than 5 years of age). In addition, it is expected to virtually eliminate hospitalizations due to rotavirus gastroenteritis in developed countries. Two rotavirus vaccines, Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Belgium) and RotaTeq (Merck & Co., USA) have recently completed Phase III clinical trials, each involving more than 60,000 children. Both vaccines appear safe with respect to intussusception, and are highly efficacious in preventing severe gastroenteritis due to rotavirus strains carrying predominantly serotype G1. The monovalent human rotavirus vaccine Rotarix, possessing serotype P1A[8],G1, is being first introduced into developing countries, whereas the pentavalent bovine-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine RotaTeq, comprising G-types G1, G2, G3, G4 and P-type P1A[8], will be initially introduced into the USA and Europe. Current disease burden estimates and economic justification will be required wherever the vaccines are introduced. Confirmation of the safety of both vaccines will require extensive postlicensure evaluation in which it will be key to assure adherence to administration of the first dose of either vaccine before 3 months of age. Assessment of the ability of each vaccine to provide protection against an increasingly diverse population of rotavirus strains will crucially depend on continuous global strain surveillance. Finally, efforts to improve existing rotavirus vaccines and to develop alternative vaccines should continue, so as to ensure that the prerotavirus vaccine era is consigned to a historical context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel A Cunliffe
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Genitourinary Medicine, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, NHS Trust, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Azevedo MP, Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Human rotavirus virus-like particle vaccines evaluated in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model of human rotavirus disease. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:169-81. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
49
|
Cunliffe NA, Glass RI, Nakagomi O. Rotavirus and Other Viral Diarrhoea. MANSON'S TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7149922 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5101-2.00019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
50
|
Affiliation(s)
- Umesh D Parashar
- National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|