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Schwaiger C, Haider T, Endmayr V, Zrzavy T, Gruber VE, Ricken G, Simonovska A, Hametner S, Schwab JM, Höftberger R. Dynamic induction of the myelin-associated growth inhibitor Nogo-A in perilesional plasticity regions after human spinal cord injury. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13098. [PMID: 35698271 PMCID: PMC9836369 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The myelin-associated inhibitor Nogo-A (Reticulon 4, RTN4) restricts axonal outgrowth, plasticity, and neural circuitry formation in experimental models of spinal cord injury (SCI) and is targeted in clinical interventions starting treatment within 4 weeks post-SCI. Specifically, Nogo-A expressed by oligodendroglia restricts compensatory neurite sprouting. To interrogate the hypothesis of an inducible, lesion reactive Nogo-A expression over time, we analyzed the spatiotemporal Nogo-A expression at the spinal lesion core (region of tissue necrosis and axonal damage/pruning) and perilesional rim (region of plasticity formation). Spinal cord specimens of SCI subjects (n = 22) were compared to neuropathologically unaltered controls (n = 9). Nogo-A expression was investigated ranging from acute (0-3 days), early subacute (4-21 days), late subacute (22-90 days) to early chronic-chronic (91 days to 1.5 years after SCI) stages after SCI. Nogo-A expression in controls is confined to motoneurons in the anterior horn and to oligodendrocytes in gray and white matter. After SCI, the number of Nogo-A+ and TPPP/p25+ oligodendrocytes (i) inclined at the organizing perilesional rim specifically, (ii) increased further over time, and (iii) peaked at chronic stages after SCI. By contrast, at the lesion core, the number of Nogo-A+ and TPPP/p25+ oligodendrocytes did not increase. Increasing numbers of Nogo-A+ oligodendrocytes coincided with oligodendrogenesis corroborated by Nogo-A coexpression of Ki67+ , TPPP/p25+ proliferating oligodendrocytes. Nogo-A oligodendrocyte expression emerges at perilesional (plasticity) regions over time and suggests an extended therapeutical window for anti-Nogo-A pathway targeting interventions beyond 4 weeks in patients after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Schwaiger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Haider
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Verena Endmayr
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Tobias Zrzavy
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Victoria E. Gruber
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineMedical University of Vienna (Affiliated Partner of the ERN EpiCARE)ViennaAustria
| | - Gerda Ricken
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Anika Simonovska
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Simon Hametner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jan M. Schwab
- The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury and Departments of Neurology, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and NeurosciencesThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Feng Z, Zhang X, Liu N, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Glebov OO, Wu T. Promotion of Neurite Outgrowth and Extension Using Injectable Welded Nanofibers. Chem Res Chin Univ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-1104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mecha M, Yanguas-Casás N, Feliú A, Mestre L, Carrillo-Salinas F, Azcoitia I, Yong VW, Guaza C. The endocannabinoid 2-AG enhances spontaneous remyelination by targeting microglia. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 77:110-126. [PMID: 30582962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination is an endogenous process by which functional recovery of damaged neurons is achieved by reinstating the myelin sheath around axons. Remyelination has been documented in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions and experimental models, although it is often incomplete or fails to affect the integrity of the axon, thereby leading to progressive disability. Microglia play a crucial role in the clearance of the myelin debris produced by demyelination and in inflammation-dependent OPC activation, two processes necessary for remyelination to occur. We show here that following corpus callosum demyelination in the TMEV-IDD viral murine model of MS, there is spontaneous and partial remyelination that involves a temporal discordance between OPC mobilization and microglia activation. Pharmacological treatment with the endocannabinoid 2-AG enhances the clearance of myelin debris by microglia and OPC differentiation, resulting in complete remyelination and a thickening of the myelin sheath. These results highlight the importance of targeting microglia during the repair processes in order to enhance remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mecha
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Spain.
| | - N Yanguas-Casás
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Spain; CIBER de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Feliú
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Spain
| | - L Mestre
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Spain
| | - F Carrillo-Salinas
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Spain
| | - I Azcoitia
- CIBER de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - V W Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Oncology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - C Guaza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Spain.
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Restoring GM1 ganglioside expression ameliorates axonal outgrowth inhibition and cognitive impairments induced by blast traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41269. [PMID: 28112258 PMCID: PMC5255550 DOI: 10.1038/srep41269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Blast induced traumatic brain injury (B-TBI) may cause various degrees of cognitive and behavioral disturbances but the exact brain pathophysiology involved is poorly understood. It was previously suggested that ganglioside alteration on the axon surface as well as axonal regenerating inhibitors (ARIs) such as myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) were involved in axonal outgrowth inhibition (AOI), leading to brain damage. GM1 ganglioside content in the brain was significantly reduced while GD1 ganglioside was not affected. The axonal regeneration was also reduced as seen by the phosphorylated NF-H expression. Moreover, B-TBI induced a significant elevation in MAG expression in the brains of the injured mice. The blast injured mice exhibited a significant decline in spatial memory as seen by the Y-maze test. In addition, the injured mice showed pronounced damage to the visual memory (as evaluated by the Novel object recognition test). A single low dose of GM1 (2 mg/kg; IP), shortly after the injury, prevented both the cognitive and the cellular changes in the brains of the injured mice. These results enlighten part of the complicated mechanism that underlies the damage induced by B-TBI and may also suggest a potential new treatment strategy for brain injuries.
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Abstract
Stem cells, especially neural stem cells (NSCs), are a very attractive cell source for potential reconstruction of injured spinal cord though either neuroprotection, neural regeneration, remyelination, replacement of lost neural cells, or reconnection of disrupted axons. The later have great potential since recent studies demonstrate long-distance growth and connectivity of axons derived from transplanted NSCs after spinal cord injury (SCI). In addition, transplanted NSCs constitute a permissive environment for host axonal regeneration and serve as new targets for host axonal connection. This reciprocal connection between grafted neurons and host neurons constitutes a neuronal relay formation that could restore functional connectivity after SCI.
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Iwadate Y, Fukuda K, Matsutani T, Saeki N. Intrinsic protective mechanisms of the neuron-glia network against glioma invasion. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 26:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rosochowicz TW, Wrotek S, Kozak W. Axonal regeneration inhibitors: emerging therapeutic options. Acta Neurol Belg 2015; 115:527-32. [PMID: 25567550 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-015-0425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For the most part, the central nervous system is unable to regenerate. The majority of injuries of vascular, inflammatory, degenerative and traumatic aetiology lead to an irreversible loss of central nervous system function. The paper presents the role of Nogo-A, MAG and OMgp proteins in the inhibition of central nervous system regeneration, and their potential clinical significance.
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Lu P, Woodruff G, Wang Y, Graham L, Hunt M, Wu D, Boehle E, Ahmad R, Poplawski G, Brock J, Goldstein LSB, Tuszynski MH. Long-distance axonal growth from human induced pluripotent stem cells after spinal cord injury. Neuron 2014; 83:789-96. [PMID: 25123310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a healthy 86-year-old male were differentiated into neural stem cells and grafted into adult immunodeficient rats after spinal cord injury. Three months after C5 lateral hemisections, iPSCs survived and differentiated into neurons and glia and extended tens of thousands of axons from the lesion site over virtually the entire length of the rat CNS. These iPSC-derived axons extended through adult white matter of the injured spinal cord, frequently penetrating gray matter and forming synapses with rat neurons. In turn, host supraspinal motor axons penetrated human iPSC grafts and formed synapses. These findings indicate that intrinsic neuronal mechanisms readily overcome the inhibitory milieu of the adult injured spinal cord to extend many axons over very long distances; these capabilities persist even in neurons reprogrammed from very aged human cells. VIDEO ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lu
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Grace Woodruff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yaozhi Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lori Graham
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matt Hunt
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eileen Boehle
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ruhel Ahmad
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gunnar Poplawski
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John Brock
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lawrence S B Goldstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mark H Tuszynski
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Prokosch V, Chiwitt C, Rose K, Thanos S. Deciphering proteins and their functions in the regenerating retina. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 7:775-95. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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10
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Vidal PM, Lemmens E, Dooley D, Hendrix S. The role of “anti-inflammatory” cytokines in axon regeneration. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Foscarin S, Gianola S, Carulli D, Fazzari P, Mi S, Tamagnone L, Rossi F. Overexpression of GAP-43 modifies the distribution of the receptors for myelin-associated growth-inhibitory proteins in injured Purkinje axons. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:1837-48. [PMID: 19895561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Neurons with enhanced intrinsic growth capabilities can elongate their axons into non-permissive territories, but the mechanisms that enable the outgrowing processes to overcome environmental inhibition are largely unknown. To address this issue, we examined adult mouse Purkinje cells that overexpress the axonal growth-associated protein GAP-43. After injury, these neurons exhibit sprouting along the intracortical neuritic course and at the severed stump in the white matter. To determine whether GAP-43-overexpressing Purkinje cells are responsive to extrinsic inhibitory cues, we investigated the content and subcellular localization of major receptors for myelin-associated inhibitory proteins, PlexinB1 and the Nogo receptor (NgR) with the related co-receptors LINGO-1 and p75. Expression of these molecules, estimated by measuring perikaryal immunostaining intensity and Western blot, was not different in wild-type or transgenic mice, and it was not overtly modified after axotomy. Following injury, however, the content of PlexinB1 was significantly reduced in GAP-43-overexpressing neurites. Furthermore, in the same axons the distribution of both PlexinB1 and NgR was altered, being inverse to that of GAP-43. Labelling for the two receptors was conspicuously reduced on the axonal surface and it was almost undetectable in the outgrowing sprouts, which showed strong GAP-43 immunoreactivity. These observations indicate that although GAP-43 overexpression does not modify the expression of receptors for myelin-associated inhibitory factors, it interferes with their subcellular localization and exposure on the neuritic membrane. Therefore, GAP-43 promotes axon growth by multiple synergistic mechanisms that potentiate the intrinsic motility of the elongating processes, while reducing their sensitivity to environmental inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Foscarin
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Maier IC, Schwab ME. Sprouting, regeneration and circuit formation in the injured spinal cord: factors and activity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006; 361:1611-34. [PMID: 16939978 PMCID: PMC1664674 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injuries are particularly traumatic, owing to the limited capabilities of the mammalian CNS for repair. Nevertheless, functional recovery is observed in patients and experimental animals, but the degree of recovery is variable. We review the crucial characteristics of mammalian spinal cord function, tract development, injury and the current experimental therapeutic approaches for repair. Regenerative or compensatory growth of neurites and the formation of new, functional circuits require spontaneous and experimental reactivation of developmental mechanisms, suppression of the growth-inhibitory properties of the adult CNS tissue and specific targeted activation of new connections by rehabilitative training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irin C Maier
- Brain Research Institute, University and ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Schwab JM, Tuli SK, Failli V. The Nogo receptor complex: confining molecules to molecular mechanisms. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12:293-7. [PMID: 16723274 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Myelin inhibitory ligands of the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1) limit axon regeneration in the adult CNS. Recent findings have identified additional co-receptors (functional homologues) of the trimeric NgR1 complex, post-translational modifications of the co-receptors within the cell membrane and novel Ca(2+)-dependent cytoplasmic-protein phosphorylation mechanisms. Such unique signalling pathways provide the potential to transduce myelin-derived growth inhibitory signals to the axonal cytoskeleton, and have been areas of intense investigation in recent years. Here, we summarize current understanding of the molecular basis of myelin-derived axon-growth inhibition in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Schwab
- CNRS 7102, Equipe Développement Neuronal, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France.
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Schwab JM, Brechtel K, Mueller CA, Failli V, Kaps HP, Tuli SK, Schluesener HJ. Experimental strategies to promote spinal cord regeneration--an integrative perspective. Prog Neurobiol 2006; 78:91-116. [PMID: 16487649 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Detailed pathophysiological findings of secondary damage phenomena after spinal cord injury (SCI) as well as the identification of inhibitory and neurotrophic proteins have yielded a plethora of experimental therapeutic approaches. Main targets are (i) to minimize secondary damage progression (neuroprotection), (ii) to foster axon conduction (neurorestoration) and (iii) to supply a permissive environment to promote axonal sprouting (neuroregenerative therapies). Pre-clinical studies have raised hope in functional recovery through the antagonism of growth inhibitors, application of growth factors, cell transplantation, and vaccination strategies. To date, even though based on successful pre-clinical animal studies, results of clinical trials are characterized by dampened effects attributable to difficulties in the study design (patient heterogeneity) and species differences. A combination of complementary therapeutic strategies might be considered pre-requisite for future synergistic approaches. Here, we line out pre-clinical interventions resulting in improved functional neurological outcome after spinal cord injury and track them on their intended way to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Schwab
- Institute of Brain Research, Calwer Str. 3, University of Tuebingen, Medical School, Calwerstr. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Glezer I, Lapointe A, Rivest S. Innate immunity triggers oligodendrocyte progenitor reactivity and confines damages to brain injuries. FASEB J 2006; 20:750-2. [PMID: 16464958 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5234fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Regarded as a damaging reaction, innate immune response can either improve or worsen brain outcome after injury. Hence, inflammatory molecules might modulate cell susceptibility or healing events. The remyelination that follows brain lesions is dependent on the recruitment of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and expression of genes controlling differentiation and myelin production, such as Olig1 and Olig2 bHLH transcription factors. We aimed to determine how innate immunity affects these processes. Here we report that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion triggered OPC reactivity. Acute inflammation changed the distribution of Olig1- and Olig2-expressing cells following chemical demyelination, enhanced reappearance of transcription signals linked to remyelination and rapidly cleared myelin debris. Although cells expressing Olig1, Olig2, and proteolipid protein were attracted to demyelinated sites in the course of chronic inflammation, myelin loss was not associated with the effects of inflammation on OPC reactivity. In addition, the beneficial properties of brain immunity are broadened to an aggressive model of injury, wherein LPS through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) reduced surfactant-mediated damage while anti-inflammatory treatment enlarged the lesion. In conclusion, TLR4 activation in microglia is a powerful mechanism for improving repair at the remyelination level and protecting the cerebral tissue in presence of agents with strong cytolytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaias Glezer
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology CHUL Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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