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Journey of the Probiotic Bacteria: Survival of the Fittest. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010095. [PMID: 36677387 PMCID: PMC9861974 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to bring a more general view of the technological and biological challenges regarding production and use of probiotic bacteria in promoting human health. After a brief description of the current concepts, the challenges for the production at an industrial level are presented from the physiology of the central metabolism to the ability to face the main forms of stress in the industrial process. Once produced, these cells are processed to be commercialized in suspension or dried forms or added to food matrices. At this stage, the maintenance of cell viability and vitality is of paramount for the quality of the product. Powder products requires the development of strategies that ensure the integrity of components and cellular functions that allow complete recovery of cells at the time of consumption. Finally, once consumed, probiotic cells must face a very powerful set of physicochemical mechanisms within the body, which include enzymes, antibacterial molecules and sudden changes in pH. Understanding the action of these agents and the induction of cellular tolerance mechanisms is fundamental for the selection of increasingly efficient strains in order to survive from production to colonization of the intestinal tract and to promote the desired health benefits.
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Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics: Safe options for next-generation therapeutics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:505-521. [PMID: 35015145 PMCID: PMC8749913 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Probiotics have been considered as an economical and safe alternative for the treatment of a large number of chronic diseases and improvement of human health. They are known to modulate the host immunity and protect from several infectious and non-infectious diseases. The colonization, killing of pathogens and induction of host cells are few of the important probiotic attributes which affect several functions of the host. In addition, prebiotics and non-digestible food substances selectively promote the growth of probiotics and human health through nutrient enrichment, and modulation of gut microbiota and immune system. This review highlights the role of probiotics and prebiotics alone and in combination (synbiotics) in the modulation of immune system, treatment of infections, management of inflammatory bowel disease and cancer therapy. Key points • Probiotics and their derivatives against several human diseases. • Prebiotics feed probiotics and induce several functions in the host. • Discovery of novel and biosafe products needs attention for human health.
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Ryu IS, Yoon SS, Choi MJ, Lee YE, Kim JS, Kim WH, Cheong JH, Kim HJ, Jang C, Lee YS, Steffensen SC, Ka M, Woo DH, Jang EY, Seo J. The potent psychomotor, rewarding and reinforcing properties of 3-fluoromethamphetamine in rodents. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12846. [PMID: 31797481 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
3-fluoromethamphetamine (3-FMA), a derivative of methamphetamine (METH), produces behavioral impairment and deficits in dopaminergic transmission in the striatum of mice. The abuse potential of 3-FMA has not been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 3-FMA on locomotor activity as well as its rewarding and reinforcing properties in the conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration procedures. Intravenous (i.v.) administration of 3-FMA (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) significantly increased locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner in rats. In the CPP procedure, intraperitoneal administration of 3-FMA (10 and 30 mg/kg) produced a significant alteration in place preference in mice. In the self-administration paradigms, 3-FMA showed drug-taking behavior at the dose of 0.1 mg/kg/infusion (i.v.) during 2 hr sessions under fixed ratio schedules and high breakpoints at the dose of 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg/infusion (i.v.) during 6 hr sessions under progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement in rats. A priming injection of 3-FMA (0.4 mg/kg, i.v.), METH (0.2 mg/kg, i.v.), or cocaine (2.0 mg/kg, i.v.) reinstated 3-FMA-seeking behavior after an extinction period in 3-FMA-trained rats during 2 hr session. Taken together, these findings demonstrate robust psychomotor, rewarding and reinforcing properties of 3-FMA, which may underlie its potential for compulsive use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Soo Ryu
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Seong Shoon Yoon
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Mee Jung Choi
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Young Eun Lee
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Ji Sun Kim
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Kim
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul South Korea
| | - Choon‐Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University Suwon South Korea
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Kyung Hee University Seoul South Korea
| | - Scott C. Steffensen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | - Minhan Ka
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Dong Ho Woo
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Joung‐Wook Seo
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
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Neicun J, Yang JC, Shih H, Nadella P, van Kessel R, Negri A, Czabanowska K, Brayne C, Roman-Urrestarazu A. Lifetime prevalence of novel psychoactive substances use among adults in the USA: Sociodemographic, mental health and illicit drug use correlates. Evidence from a population-based survey 2007-2014. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241056. [PMID: 33125395 PMCID: PMC7598490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are conceived to mimic the effects of common illicit drugs, they represent a serious public health challenge due to the spike in intoxications and fatalities that have been linked to their use. This study aims to provide epidemiological data on NPS use in the USA, determining lifetime prevalence of use and defining demographic, socioeconomic, drug use patterns and mental health correlates. METHODS This study uses secondary data from the US National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), which is a large cross-sectional population-based survey carried out annually in the USA. We analysed data from 2007-14 (N = 307,935) using bivariate descriptive analysis and binary logistic regression to calculate prevalence and determine factors underlying NPS consumption. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% CI's were calculated for a set of selected independent variables. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Our analysis NSDUH from 2007-14 highlights an increase in NPS use among adults, especially among white young men aged 18 to 25. Although the level of education of NPS users was relatively higher as compared to non-users, NPS users seemed to have a less wealthy situation. However, socioeconomic vulnerability appeared to be less important than mental health issues as a correlate to NPS use. NPS users seem to have followed a pattern of polysubstance use throughout their life, which involves both traditional illicit drugs and classic synthetic drugs. As NPS use seemed to be more prevalent among people having mental health issues, the rise in their use may have a negative impact on population mental health outcomes. CONCLUSION Further comparative research on trends in NPS use and potential public health responses would be instrumental for developing appropriate health interventions, including drug checking, education for users and training for healthcare professionals working both within emergency wards and in/outpatient addiction and mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Neicun
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Hueyjong Shih
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pranay Nadella
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robin van Kessel
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Attilio Negri
- Novel Psychoactive Substance Unit, Centre for Clinical & Health Research Services, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Kasia Czabanowska
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- National Institute of Public Health, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carol Brayne
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andres Roman-Urrestarazu
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Miraj SS, Parveen N, Chaudhari SA. In the Back Drop of Overuse of Synthetic Drugs, can Botanicals be One of the Answers: A Pilot Study on the Medicinal Use of Chlorophytum and Curcuma by Tribals of Central India. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083805666190612143120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
In several recent surveys, it has been found that more people suffer
because of over and indiscriminate use of synthetic drugs, chemicals and antibiotics, particularly
with regard to issues like drug sensitivity, resistance, immune disturbances, and economic
burdens, ultimately leading to a weak prognosis of a large number of diseases, eventually
defeating the purpose of medicinal efficacy. We propose the old age use of scientifically
validated natural compounds of plants and their products for a strong immune system
along with a successful treatment regimen which can be effective as well as safe without side
effects.
Objective:
The aim of the present work is to evaluate the various medicinal uses and applicability
of Chlorophytum borivilianum, Chlorophytum tuberosum and Curcuma longa as
natural plant-based ingredients by tribal communities.
Methods:
A survey was carried on the rural folks who used natural botanicals for alleviating
their several common disorders successfully. Chlorophytum species of Liliaceae and Curcuma
of Zingiberaceae are traditional rare Indian medicinal herbs widely used in the indigenous
system of medicine since ancient time. A total number of 196 individuals were interviewed
which included both men and women, in which the main objective was to explore the
different forms of these medicinal plant species used with water or with milk by tribal folk
for their wide range of common ailments such as pain in joints, loss of appetite, cold, sore
throat, fever and general weakness.
Results:
The tribal people were found to use these plants for many of their problems such as
physical weakness, natal and postnatal problems, lactation problems, cold and fever, sore
throat, inflammation, joint pain, etc. Many of them (60-80%) were able to overcome their
varied health problems to a great extent such as inflammation (69.4%), joint pain and arthritis
(66.6%), sore throat and cold (87.5%), physical weakness (66%), natal and postnatal
problems (75%).
Conclusion:
The findings strongly support the use of natural compounds for a safe and effective
means of treating loss of appetite, general weakness, pain of the joints, inflammation
and other related ailments by the people of tribal areas of Border States of MP and Maharashtra,
having little access to modern health care facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaima S.A. Miraj
- Department of Public Health, Saudi Electronic University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naima Parveen
- Department of Biotechnology, Saifia College of Science, Bhopal-462001, India
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Dingwoke EJ, Adamude FA, Chukwuocha CE, Ambi AA, Nwobodo NN, Sallau AB, Nzelibe HC. Inhibition of Trypanosoma evansi Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase by Myristic Acid Analogues Isolated from Khaya senegalensis and Tamarindus indica. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 11:135-148. [PMID: 31908547 PMCID: PMC6927228 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s226632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosome infections still pose severe health and economic consequences, especially in the endemic regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. Trypanosome differentiation to the procyclic forms which lack the immune evasion mechanisms for survival in the bloodstream is prevented by tyrosine dephosphorylation which is catalyzed by protein-tyrosine phosphatase; thereby promoting survival of the parasites in the host. Inhibition of Protein-tyrosine phosphatase is a strategic therapeutic target that could attenuate trypanosomiasis. This study investigated the in vitro inhibitory effect of stem bark extracts of Khaya senegalensis and Tamarindus indica on the enzymatic activity of protein-tyrosine phosphatase. Methods All determinations were carried out following standard procedures for analytical experiments. The analogues of myristic acid that inhibited the enzymatic activity of protein-tyrosine phosphatase were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation of stem bark extracts of Khaya senegalensis and Tamarindus indica. Results Analogues of myristic acid proved to be potent inhibitors of protein-tyrosine phosphatase. Double reciprocal (Lineweaver–Burk) plots of the initial velocity data indicated non-competitive inhibition with Ki of 0.67 mg/mL for Khaya senegalensis and 2.17 mg/mL for Tamarindus indica. The kinetic parameters for the cleavage of para-nitrophenylphosphate by the enzyme showed a KM of 3.44 mM and Vmax of 0.19 µmol/min. Sodium orthovanadate, the enzymes’ specific inhibitor, inhibited the enzyme competitively with Ki of 0.20 mg/mL. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the stem bark bioactive fractions of Khaya senegalensis and Tamarindus indica revealed the presence of myristic acid analogues. Conclusion Analogues of myristic acid are potent inhibitors of protein-tyrosine phosphatase that could be developed as trypanocide to inhibit the enzymatic activity of protein-tyrosine phosphatase in order to prevent transmission of trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeka John Dingwoke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Fatima Amin Adamude
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Federal University Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
| | - Chimee Ethel Chukwuocha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed Adamu Ambi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Nwobodo Ndubuisi Nwobodo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi Balarabe Sallau
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
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Gupta P, Mohammad T, Dahiya R, Roy S, Noman OMA, Alajmi MF, Hussain A, Hassan MI. Evaluation of binding and inhibition mechanism of dietary phytochemicals with sphingosine kinase 1: Towards targeted anticancer therapy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18727. [PMID: 31822735 PMCID: PMC6904568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) has recently gained attention as a potential drug target for its association with cancer and other inflammatory diseases. Here, we have investigated the binding affinity of dietary phytochemicals viz., ursolic acid, capsaicin, DL-α tocopherol acetate, quercetin, vanillin, citral, limonin and simvastatin with the SphK1. Docking studies revealed that all these compounds bind to the SphK1 with varying affinities. Fluorescence binding and isothermal titration calorimetric measurements suggested that quercetin and capsaicin bind to SphK1 with an excellent affinity, and significantly inhibits its activity with an admirable IC50 values. The binding mechanism of quercetin was assessed by docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies for 100 ns in detail. We found that quercetin acts as a lipid substrate competitive inhibitor, and it interacts with important residues of active-site pocket through hydrogen bonds and other non-covalent interactions. Quercetin forms a stable complex with SphK1 without inducing any significant conformational changes in the protein structure. In conclusion, we infer that quercetin and capsaicin provide a chemical scaffold to develop potent and selective inhibitors of SphK1 after required modifications for the clinical management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Gupta
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Taj Mohammad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Rashmi Dahiya
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Sonam Roy
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Omar Mohammed Ali Noman
- Department of Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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The ongoing challenge of novel psychoactive drugs of abuse. Part I. Synthetic cannabinoids (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the past decade, the world has experienced a large increase in the number of novel compounds appearing on the illicit drug market for recreational purposes. Such substances are designed to circumvent governmental regulations; the illegal drug manufacturers take a known psychoactive compound reported in the scientific literature and slightly modify its chemical structure in order to produce analogues that will mimic the pharmacological activity of the original substance. Many of these novel substances are sold via the Internet. Among the various chemical classes, synthetic cannabinoid receptor modulators, commonly referred to as “synthetic cannabinoids” have been at the forefront, as demonstrated by the frequency of drug seizures, numerous severe toxic effects, and fatalities associated with some of these substances. This review presents the chemical structures of relevant synthetic cannabinoids and describes their mechanism of action, pharmacological features, metabolic pathways, and structure-activity relationships. It illustrates the approaches used in forensic testing, both for bulk analysis (drug seizures) and for analytical toxicology (biological matrices) and discusses aspects of regulation surrounding this drug class. This report is intended to provide pertinent information for the purposes of informing scientific, medical, social, and governmental bodies about this ever-evolving recreational drug class and the challenges it poses worldwide.
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Burns NK, Ashton TD, Stevenson PG, Pearson JR, Fox IL, Pfeffer FM, Francis PS, Smith ZM, Barnett NW, Chen L, White JM, Conlan XA. Extraction, identification and detection of synthetic cannabinoids found pre-ban in herbal products in Victoria, Australia. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Schilling L, Zeeb H, Pischke C, Helmer S, Schmidt-Pokrzywniak A, Reintjes R, Walter U, Girbig M, Krämer A, Icks A, Schneider S. Licit and illicit substance use patterns among university students in Germany using cluster analysis. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2017; 12:44. [PMID: 29058635 PMCID: PMC5651633 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-017-0128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of multiple licit and illicit substances plays an important role in many university students' lives. Previous research on multiple substance use patterns of university students, however, often fails to examine use of different illicit substances and/or hookah. Our objective was to complement and advance the current knowledge about common consumption patterns regarding illicit substances and hookah use in this group. METHODS Students from eight German universities completed an online survey as part of the INSIST study ('INternet-based Social norms Intervention for the prevention of substance use among STudents') regarding their consumption of alcohol, tobacco, hookah, cannabis and other illicit substances. Cluster analysis identified distinct consumption patterns of concurrent and non-concurrent substance use and multinomial logistic regressions described key sociodemographic factors associated with these clusters. RESULTS Six homogeneous groups were identified: 'Alcohol Abstainers' (10.8%), 'Drinkers Only' (48.2%), 'Drinkers and Cigarette Smokers' (14.6%), 'Cannabis and Licit Substance Users' (11.2%), 'Hookah Users with Co-Use' (9.8%) and 'Illicit Substance Users with Co-Use' (5.4%). Illicit substance use clustered with the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis. Hookah use was regularly associated with alcohol consumption, less commonly associated with tobacco or cannabis use and very rarely associated with use of other illicit substances. Individuals consuming licit and illicit substances or hookah were mostly male and lived together with other students. Characteristics such as the number of years an individual had spent studying at a university, subject of study, immigrant background and religious affiliation were less commonly associated with cluster membership. CONCLUSIONS Although we found substance use patterns in our sample largely similar to previous reports, we identified an important subgroup of individuals using both illicit and licit substances. These individuals may benefit especially from targeted interventions that focus on modifying addictive behavior patterns. TRIAL REGISTRATION DRKS00007635 . Registered 17 December 2014 (retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schilling
- Mannheim Institute for Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hajo Zeeb
- Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology -BIPS, Achterstr. 30, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Claudia Pischke
- Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology -BIPS, Achterstr. 30, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Helmer
- Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology -BIPS, Achterstr. 30, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Andrea Schmidt-Pokrzywniak
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Ralf Reintjes
- Department Health Sciences, Faculty Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Lohbrügger Kirchstr. 65, D-21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulla Walter
- Department of Epidemiology, Social Medicine and Health System Research, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Girbig
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute and Policlinic for Occupational and Social Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Krämer
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andrea Icks
- Institute of Health Services Research and Health Economics, Centre for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Mannheim Institute for Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167, Mannheim, Germany.
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Gooyit M, Miranda PO, Wenthur CJ, Ducime A, Janda KD. Influencing Antibody-Mediated Attenuation of Methamphetamine CNS Distribution through Vaccine Linker Design. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:468-472. [PMID: 27958709 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Active vaccination examining a single hapten engendered with a series of peptidic linkers has resulted in the production of antimethamphetamine antibodies. Given the limited chemical complexity of methamphetamine, the structure of the linker species embedded within the hapten could have a substantial effect on the ultimate efficacy of the resulting vaccines. Herein, we investigate linker effects by generating a series of methamphetamine haptens that harbor a linker with varying amino acid identity, peptide length, and associated carrier protein. Independent changes in each of these parameters were found to result in alterations in both the quantity and quality of the antibodies induced by vaccination. Although it was found that the consequence of the linker design was also dependent on the identity of the carrier protein, we demonstrate overall that the inclusion of a short, structurally simple, amino acid linker benefits the efficacy of a methamphetamine vaccine in limiting brain penetration of the free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Major Gooyit
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology
and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology,
and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Pedro O. Miranda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology
and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology,
and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Cody J. Wenthur
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology
and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology,
and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alex Ducime
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology
and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology,
and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology
and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology,
and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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12
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A case of ischemic stroke after bonzai: syntetic cannabinoid from Turkey. Neurol Sci 2015; 37:299-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Ergül DF, Ekemen S, Yelken BB. Synthetic Cannabinoid 'Bonzai' Intoxication: Six Case Series. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim 2015; 43:347-51. [PMID: 27366526 DOI: 10.5152/tjar.2015.05668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the language of the streets, 'bonzai', known as '1-naphthalenyl of methanol', also known as JWH-18 group, is a drug belonging to the group of synthetic cannabinoids. At the beginning of 2004, it started to be sold on the internet and it is seen that private markets. It has structurally similar chemical characteristics as delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active substance in marijuana. In 2013, in a study conducted by the European Monitoring Centre of Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), 102 varieties of synthetic cannabinoids were identified; however, more than 200 substances have been reported since 1997. In this study, we report the difficulties in the clinical course, treatment and management of six patients that had a use history of bonzai although it was not detected in blood in a short period of time in the intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dursun Fırat Ergül
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Unit of Intensive Care, Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Serdar Ekemen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Unit of Intensive Care, Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Birgül Büyükkıdan Yelken
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Unit of Intensive Care, Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir, Turkey
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14
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Tittarelli R, Mannocchi G, Pantano F, Romolo FS. Recreational use, analysis and toxicity of tryptamines. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:26-46. [PMID: 26074742 PMCID: PMC4462041 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141210222409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The definition New psychoactive substances (NPS) refers to emerging drugs whose chemical structures are similar to other psychoactive compounds but not identical, representing a "legal" alternative to internationally controlled drugs. There are many categories of NPS, such as synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, phenylethylamines, piperazines, ketamine derivatives and tryptamines. Tryptamines are naturally occurring compounds, which can derive from the amino acid tryptophan by several biosynthetic pathways: their structure is a combination of a benzene ring and a pyrrole ring, with the addition of a 2-carbon side chain. Tryptamines include serotonin and melatonin as well as other compounds known for their hallucinogenic properties, such as psilocybin in 'Magic mushrooms' and dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in Ayahuasca brews. AIM To review the scientific literature regarding tryptamines and their derivatives, providing a summary of all the available information about the structure of these compounds, their effects in relationship with the routes of administration, their pharmacology and toxicity, including articles reporting cases of death related to intake of these substances. METHODS A comprehensive review of the published scientific literature was performed, using also non peer-reviewed information sources, such as books, government publications and drug user web fora. CONCLUSIONS Information from Internet and from published scientific literature, organized in the way we proposed in this review, provides an effective tool for specialists facing the emerging NPS threat to public health and public security, including the personnel working in Emergency Department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Tittarelli
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Mannocchi
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Pantano
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Romolo
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Institut de Police Scientifique, Université de Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Musselman ME, Hampton JP. "Not for human consumption": a review of emerging designer drugs. Pharmacotherapy 2014; 34:745-57. [PMID: 24710806 DOI: 10.1002/phar.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic, or "designer" drugs, are created by manipulating the chemical structures of other psychoactive drugs so that the resulting product is structurally similar but not identical to illegal psychoactive drugs. Originally developed in the 1960s as a way to evade existing drug laws, the use of designer drugs has increased dramatically over the past few years. These drugs are deceptively packaged as "research chemicals," "incense," "bath salts," or "plant food," among other names, with labels that may contain warnings such as "not for human consumption" or "not for sale to minors." The clinical effects of most new designer drugs can be described as either hallucinogenic, stimulant, or opioid-like. They may also have a combination of these effects due to designer side-chain substitutions. The easy accessibility and rapid emergence of new designer drugs have created challenges for health care providers when treating patients presenting with acute toxicity from these substances, many of which can produce significant and/or life-threatening adverse effects. Moreover, the health care provider has no way to verify the contents and/or potency of the agent ingested because it can vary between packages and distributors. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of the available designer drugs, common signs and symptoms of toxicity associated with these agents, and potential effective treatment modalities are essential to appropriately manage these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Musselman
- Emergency Medicine/Critical Care, North Kansas City Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
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16
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Van Buskirk J, Roxburgh A, Farrell M, Burns L. The closure of the Silk Road: what has this meant for online drug trading? Addiction 2014; 109:517-8. [PMID: 24397386 DOI: 10.1111/add.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Van Buskirk
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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17
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Luciano RL, Perazella MA. Nephrotoxic effects of designer drugs: synthetic is not better! Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 10:314-24. [PMID: 24662435 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Designer drugs are synthetic, psychoactive substances with similar structures and activity to existing scheduled drugs or controlled chemical compounds. The use of these drugs is not generally considered illegal and they cannot be detected using standard toxicology tests--essentially they are considered to be 'legal highs'. Over the past several years, increasing numbers of designer drugs have become available. These drugs are classified as amphetamine derivatives, phenylpiperazine derivatives, synthetic cathinones, synthetic cannabinoids, phencyclidine derivatives and synthetic opioids. Although euphoria is the desired effect, neuropsychiatric and cardiac manifestations are frequently observed in individuals using these drugs at high doses or using drugs that are contaminated with other substances. Some designer drugs are also associated with adverse renal effects, including acute kidney injury from pigment nephropathy, acute tubular necrosis, obstructive nephropathy and hyponatraemia. The misuse of these drugs should be recognized and clinicians made aware of the potential for acute nephrotoxicity as the health burden of these compounds increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy L Luciano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, BB 114, 330 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8029, USA
| | - Mark A Perazella
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, BB 114, 330 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8029, USA
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18
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Simone KE. Thirty U.S. Poison Center reports later: greater demand, more difficult problems. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52:91-2. [PMID: 24460237 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2013.878949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K E Simone
- MaineHealth/Maine Medical Center, Northern New England Poison Center , Portland, ME , USA
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