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Agarwal SK, Naha M. COVID-19 Vaccine Coverage in India: A District-Level Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050948. [PMID: 37243052 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
India implemented the largest COVID-19 vaccination drive in the world, through which it vaccinated the majority of its population. Lessons from the Indian COVID-19 vaccination experience can be invaluable for other LMICs as well as for preparedness for future outbreaks. Our study is designed to explore the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination coverage in India at the district level. We used data from COVID-19 vaccination in India combined with several other administrative data to create a unique data set that facilitated a spatio-temporal exploratory analysis by uncovering the factors associated with vaccination rates across different vaccination phases and districts. We found evidence that past reported infection rates were positively correlated with COVID-19 vaccination outcomes. Past cumulative COVID-19 deaths as a proportion of district populations were associated with lower COVID-19 vaccination, but the percentage of past reported infection was positively correlated with first-dose COVID-19 vaccination, which might indicate a positive role of higher awareness created by a higher reported infection rate. Districts that on average had a higher population burden per health centre were likely to have lower COVID-19 vaccination rates. Vaccination rates were lower in rural areas relative to urban areas, whereas the association with literacy rate was positive. Districts with a higher percentage of children with complete immunisation were associated with higher COVID-19 vaccination, whereas low vaccination was observed in districts that had higher percentages of wasted children. COVID-19 vaccination was lower among pregnant and lactating women. Higher vaccination was observed among populations with higher blood pressure and hypertension (which were a few of the co-morbidities associated with COVID-19 infection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip K Agarwal
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Maharnab Naha
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal 462066, India
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Statistical Model for COVID-19 in Different Waves of South Indian States. DIALOGUES IN HEALTH 2022; 1:100016. [PMID: 36785627 PMCID: PMC9135483 DOI: 10.1016/j.dialog.2022.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID-19 has resurfaced in India, where it is rapidly spreading and wreaking havoc in rural areas. An effort has been undertaken to assess the levels and patterns of COVID-19 active cases in the southern states of India. To trace and reason out anomalous trends in the COVID-19 curve so that particular actions such as lockdown, de-lockdown, and healthcare improvisation can be implemented at the appropriate time. Methods The data has retrieved from the government websites through a platform called Kaggle. The entire duration of COVID - 19 were classified into three compartments: Phase one, Resting phase, and Phase two. The Case Fatality Rate in south Indian states was analysed corresponding to the phases, and a compartmental model for COVID-19 dynamics in the region was proposed. Results The quadratic regression model was fitted and found to be the best model for the phases except for the resting phase. Phase one was comparatively less fitted when compared to phase two. In most of the south Indian states, the active cases in phase one were almost more than four times that of phase two. The average CFR value in phase one was lower than the subsequent phase in all of the southern Indian states. In phase one, Telangana, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu had the highest CFR (4.77,4.22, and 3.71, respectively), whereas Lakshadweep and Kerala had the lowest CFR (0.27 and 0.71, respectively). In the resting phase, the CFR stabilized in all states and reached a value between 0.2 to 2. The trend was similar in phase two also, CFR of Lakshadweep, Kerala, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh (0.143, 0.416,0.553, 0.803) were very low, while the CFR of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu (1.237, 1.306, 1.490) were very high. Conclusion The first and second phases of the COVID-19 virus in south Indian states had different characteristics. A District-level working group with the autonomy to respond to rapidly changing local situations must be empowered to tackle the next phase. The upcoming phases could be more peaked in less time and could be a hectic situation for the health care system.
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Developing a Roadmap for Mass Vaccination of COVID-19 in Iran: A Qualitative Study. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2022; 17:e295. [PMID: 36380492 PMCID: PMC9837420 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2022.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, the Covid-19 pandemic is 1 of the most important challenges worldwide, especially in terms of health. The most important strategy to prevent and control the Covid-19 pandemic is mass vaccination. This study aimed at developing a roadmap for the mass vaccination of COVID-19 in Iran. METHODS The current study was conducted using a qualitative approach with a content analysis method. In the first step, the review of literature and documents was carried out by a search in scientific databases. In the next step, the data were amassed via in-depth and semi-structured interviews with experts who were selected purposefully, including policymakers, health care workers, and managers. After this, 3 multidisciplinary expert panels for roadmap development were held. RESULTS Based on the literature review, interviews, and 3 stages of an expert panel, the final roadmap was developed with 5 dimensions. These included outcomes, planning and preparation, strategies, and preparation, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. CONCLUSIONS This roadmap was developed to improve mass vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to our findings, it is strongly recommended that the vaccination roadmap with all the above-mentioned features and comprehensive structure should be applied to mitigate the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Souyris S, Hao S, Bose S, England ACI, Ivanov A, Mukherjee UK, Seshadri S. Detecting and mitigating simultaneous waves of COVID-19 infections. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16727. [PMID: 36202867 PMCID: PMC9537162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The sudden spread of COVID-19 infections in a region can catch its healthcare system by surprise. Can one anticipate such a spread and allow healthcare administrators to prepare for a surge a priori? We posit that the answer lies in distinguishing between two types of waves in epidemic dynamics. The first kind resembles a spatio-temporal diffusion pattern. Its gradual spread allows administrators to marshal resources to combat the epidemic. The second kind is caused by super-spreader events, which provide shocks to the disease propagation dynamics. Such shocks simultaneously affect a large geographical region and leave little time for the healthcare system to respond. We use time-series analysis and epidemiological model estimation to detect and react to such simultaneous waves using COVID-19 data from the time when the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus dominated the spread. We first analyze India's second wave from April to May 2021 that overwhelmed the Indian healthcare system. Then, we analyze data of COVID-19 infections in the United States (US) and countries with a high and low Indian diaspora. We identify the Kumbh Mela festival as the likely super-spreader event, the exogenous shock, behind India's second wave. We show that a multi-area compartmental epidemiological model does not fit such shock-induced disease dynamics well, in contrast to its performance with diffusion-type spread. The insufficient fit to infection data can be detected in the early stages of a shock-wave propagation and can be used as an early warning sign, providing valuable time for a planned healthcare response. Our analysis of COVID-19 infections in the US reveals that simultaneous waves due to super-spreader events in one country (India) can lead to simultaneous waves in other places. The US wave in the summer of 2021 does not fit a diffusion pattern either. We postulate that international travels from India may have caused this wave. To support that hypothesis, we demonstrate that countries with a high Indian diaspora exhibit infection growth soon after India's second wave, compared to countries with a low Indian diaspora. Based on our data analysis, we provide concrete policy recommendations at various stages of a simultaneous wave, including how to avoid it, how to detect it quickly after a potential super-spreader event occurs, and how to proactively contain its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Souyris
- Lally School of Management, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Shuai Hao
- Department of Business Administration, Gies College of Business, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Subhonmesh Bose
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Anton Ivanov
- Department of Business Administration, Gies College of Business, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Ujjal Kumar Mukherjee
- Department of Business Administration, Gies College of Business, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61820, USA.,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Sridhar Seshadri
- Department of Business Administration, Gies College of Business, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61820, USA.,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61820, USA
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Avgoulea K, Beredaki MI, Vourli S, Siopi M, Siafakas N, Pournaras S. Field Evaluation of the New Rapid NG-Test® SARS-CoV-2 Ag for Diagnosis of COVID-19 in the Emergency Department of an Academic Referral Hospital. Front Public Health 2022; 10:840984. [PMID: 35548072 PMCID: PMC9081334 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.840984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As the COVID-19 pandemic resurges affecting large numbers of patients, rapid, and accurate diagnosis using point-of-care tests is very important. Objectives To evaluate the NG-Test® SARS-CoV-2 Ag (NG-Test) immunoassay for qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen in nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) samples compared with RT-PCR, in patients attending the Emergencies of an academic referral hospital. Methods All adult ambulatory patients presenting to the Emergencies of “Attikon” University hospital (Athens, Greece) within three consecutive hours per day between December 2020 and March 2021 and for whom SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing was requested were included. Two NP and one OP samples obtained from each participant were analyzed to determine the diagnostic performance [sensitivity, specificity, positive/negative predictive values (PPV/NPV)] of the NG-Test (NP/OP swabs) in comparison to the reference RT-PCR (NP swab). Results Overall, 134/263 (51%) patients tested were RT-PCR positive, whereof 108 (overall sensitivity 81%, 95% CI 73–87%) were NP NG-Test positive (PPV 99%, NPV 83%) and 68 (overall sensitivity 51%, 95% CI 42–59%) were OP NG-Test positive (PPV 100%, NPV 66%). The test's specificity (95% CI) was 99% (95–100%) and 100% (96–100%) for NP and OP swabs, respectively. The assay's sensitivity (95% CI) for high viral load (Ct ≤25) was 99% (92–100%) and 71% (60–81%) for NP and OP swabs, respectively. Conclusions NG-Test using NP swabs detected almost all patients with high viral loads, showing satisfactory performance as a point-of-care test for NP samples obtained from patients with acute infection.
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Lokossou VK, Umeokonkwo CD, Okolo S, Nguku PM, Ogbureke N, Sombie I. COVID-19 pandemic waves: how prepared is West Africa for managing a high COVID-19 caseload? Urgent actions needed. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 40:249. [PMID: 35233269 PMCID: PMC8831218 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.249.31107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ECOWAS Region and the world have learnt a lot in the last year and a half concerning the pandemic. As the pandemic continues to evolve, the region needs to put together all these lessons in other to better protect its people, rebuild its economy and strengthen the regional health security for better regional prosperity. We reviewed the response mounted by the region from January 2020 to July 2021 and the existing body of knowledge. We recommend that the region quickly increase the COVID-19 immunization coverage, sustain the enhance genomic surveillance, improve testing and the strengthen point of entry surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo
- Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.,African Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja Nigeria
| | - Stanley Okolo
- West African Health Organization, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Nanlop Ogbureke
- West African Health Organization, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Issiaka Sombie
- West African Health Organization, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Kumar VM, Pandi-Perumal SR, Gupta DK. Are the Medical Journals Justified in Criticizing India’s COVID-19 Management Policy? ANNALS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (INDIA) 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Velayudhan Mohan Kumar
- Retired Professor and Head, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal
- Somnogen Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Gupta
- Retired Professor and Head, Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Hsieh WY, Lin CH, Lin TC, Lin CH, Chang HF, Tsai CH, Wu HT, Lin CS. Development and Efficacy of Lateral Flow Point-of-Care Testing Devices for Rapid and Mass COVID-19 Diagnosis by the Detections of SARS-CoV-2 Antigen and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1760. [PMID: 34679458 PMCID: PMC8534532 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2020-2021. COVID-19 is becoming one of the most fatal pandemics in history and brings a huge challenge to the global healthcare system. Opportune detection, confinement, and early treatment of infected cases present the first step in combating COVID-19. Diagnosis via viral nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) is frequently employed and considered the standard procedure. However, with an increasing urge for point-of-care tests, rapid and cheaper immunoassays are widely utilized, such as lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), which can be used for rapid, early, and large-scale detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this narrative review, the principle and technique of LFIA applied in COVID-19 antigen and antibody detection are introduced. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the commercial LFIA tests are outlined and compared. Generally, LFIA antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 are less sensitive than viral NAATs, the "gold standard" for clinical COVID-19 diagnosis. However, antigen tests can be used for rapid and mass testing in high-risk congregate housing to quickly identify people with COVID-19, implementing infection prevention and control measures, thus preventing transmission. LFIA anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests, IgM and/or IgG, known as serology tests, are used for identification if a person has previously been exposed to the virus or vaccine immunization. Notably, advanced techniques, such as LFT-based CRISPR-Cas9 and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), have added new dimensions to the COVID-19 diagnosis and are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yeh Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Chest Medicine, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Han Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.L.); (H.-F.C.); (C.-H.T.)
| | - Tzu-Ching Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Hsu Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.L.); (H.-F.C.); (C.-H.T.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 30071, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fang Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.L.); (H.-F.C.); (C.-H.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 30071, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hung Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.L.); (H.-F.C.); (C.-H.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Tungs’ Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung 43503, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Tien Wu
- Department of BioAgricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.L.); (H.-F.C.); (C.-H.T.)
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
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Ghosh N, Saha I, Sarkar JP, Maulik U. Strategies for COVID-19 Epidemiological Surveillance in India: Overall Policies Till June 2021. Front Public Health 2021; 9:708224. [PMID: 34368070 PMCID: PMC8339284 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.708224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has gripped the entire world, almost paralysing the human race in its entirety. The virus rapidly transmits via human-to-human medium resulting in a massive increase of patients with COVID-19. In order to curb the spread of the disease, an immediate action of complete lockdown was implemented across the globe. India with a population of over 1.3 billion was not an exception and took the challenge to execute phase-wise lockdown, unlock and partial lockdown activities. In this study, we intend to summarise these different phases that the Government of India (GoI) imposed to fight against SARS-CoV-2 so that it can act as a reference guideline to help controlling future waves of COVID-19 and similar pandemic situations in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Indrajit Saha
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Ujjwal Maulik
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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Lathabhavan R. First and Second Waves of COVID-19: A Comparative Study on the Impact of Pandemic Fear on the Mental Health of University Students in India. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2021.1950432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Remya Lathabhavan
- Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Technology Management, VIT University, Vellore, India
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Rao VUS, Arakeri G, Madikeri G, Shah A, Oeppen RS, Brennan PA. COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM) in India: a formidable challenge. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 59:1095-1098. [PMID: 34507870 PMCID: PMC8239211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Together with the ongoing serious COVID-19 second wave in India, a serious fungal infection, mucormycosis has been increasingly found in COVID-19-recovered patients. Colloquially known as 'black fungus', mucormycosis commonly causes necrosis in the head and neck including the nose, paranasal sinuses, orbits, and facial bones, with possible intracranial spread. The disease causes high morbidity and mortality given that it progresses rapidly and diagnosis is often delayed. Given the sheer magnitude of the outbreak, the Indian Health Ministry has advised all states to declare mucormycosis an epidemic. Typically, the disease has been found to be linked to COVID-19 infections caused by the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant, which has spread rapidly throughout the country. This variant has already become a cause for global concern, having spread to at least 40 countries, including the USA and UK. We present the findings of a study conducted on COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM) patients, and discuss the associated risk factors to raise awareness for OMFS colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal U S Rao
- COVID Task Force & Sub-Committee on Mucormycosis, Government of Karnataka, India; Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Centre for Academic Research, HCG Cancer Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gururaj Arakeri
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Centre for Academic Research, HCG Cancer Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India.
| | - Gaurav Madikeri
- Department of Skull-base Surgery, HCG Cancer Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwin Shah
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Al-Badar Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Rachel S Oeppen
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A Brennan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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