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Guo M, Wei X, Chen S, Xiao J, Huang D. Enhancing nonspecific enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin to oligosaccharides pretreated by acid and green solvents under simultaneous microwave-radiation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:631-641. [PMID: 35413325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
It is hard to degrade untreated highly crystalline chitin. In this study, two solvents pretreatment chitin (acid swollen chitin (AC), super fine chitin (FC)) and microwave-heating method were used to enhance nonspecific enzymatic hydrolysis (lysozyme and pepsin), which obviously improved the enzymolysis rates by at least 1.31 times. Characterizations of chitin substrates (Mv, SEM, XRD) showed that calcium solvent pretreatment (obtained FC) was milder but effective than phosphoric acid pretreatment (obtained AC). The highest yield of chitin oligosaccharides (37.58 mg/g) were obtained after hydrolyzing AC under five-hour simultaneous microwave radiation by pepsin, among them, the content of N-acetylglucosamine was 13.76 mg/g. While, more chitin oligosaccharides with DP (degree of polymerization) 3-4 and lower DA (degree of acetylation) were obtained when using lysozyme than pepsin. Significantly, the conversion rate of chitin to oligosaccharides went best only when microwave and enzymes acting together (simultaneous strategy), which were at least 35.59% higher than separately pretreatment enzymes and substrates by microwave. The damages of microwave radiation on lysozyme and chitin substrates were revealed, and the operating principle of the whole enzyme reaction system heated by microwave was preliminatively explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xunfan Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Sicong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jinhua Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Dawei Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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2
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Mathew GM, Huang CC, Sindhu R, Binod P, Sirohi R, Awsathi MK, Pillai S, Pandey A. Enzymatic approaches in the bioprocessing of shellfish wastes. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:367. [PMID: 34290950 PMCID: PMC8260653 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several tonnes of shellfish wastes are generated globally due to the mass consumption of shellfish meat from crustaceans like prawn, shrimp, lobster, crab, Antarctic krill, etc. These shellfish wastes are a reservoir of valuable by-products like chitin, protein, calcium carbonate, and pigments. In the present scenario, these wastes are treated chemically to recover chitin by the chitin and chitosan industries, using hazardous chemicals like HCl and NaOH. Although this process is efficient in removing proteins and minerals, the unscientific dumping of harmful effluents is hazardous to the ecosystem. Stringent environmental laws and regulations on waste disposal have encouraged researchers to look for alternate strategies to produce near-zero wastes on shellfish degradation. The role of enzymes in degrading shellfish wastes is advantageous yet has not been explored much, although it produces bioactive rich protein hydrolysates with good quality chitin. The main objective of the review is to discuss the potential of various enzymes involved in shellfish degradation and their opportunities and challenges over chemical processes in chitin recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gincy Marina Mathew
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR- NIIST), Trivandrum, 695019 India
| | - Chieh Chen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City, 402 Taiwan
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR- NIIST), Trivandrum, 695019 India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR- NIIST), Trivandrum, 695019 India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136713 Republic of Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awsathi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Santhosh Pillai
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Center for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 31 MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
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Poshina DN, Raik SV, Poshin AN, Skorik YA. Accessibility of chitin and chitosan in enzymatic hydrolysis: A review. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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4
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Mander P, Cho SS, Choi YH, Panthi S, Choi YS, Kim HM, Yoo JC. Purification and characterization of chitinase showing antifungal and biodegradation properties obtained from Streptomyces anulatus CS242. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:878-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Parrado J, Rodriguez-Morgado B, Tejada M, Hernandez T, Garcia C. Proteomic analysis of enzyme production by Bacillus licheniformis using different feather wastes as the sole fermentation media. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 57:1-7. [PMID: 24629261 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the use of different types of feathers as fermentation media for enzyme production. Bacillus licheniformis was grown on the feathers, which lead to total biodegradation due to bacterial enzymatic hydrolytic excretion. B. licheniformis excretes protease and lipase activity, with feather concentration being the main parameter controlling their generation. Using a proteomic approach, the proteins excreted during fermentation were identified, and the influence of the chemical composition of the feathers on protein secretion was tested. The identified proteins are hydrolytic enzymes such as keratinase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, chitosanases, and glicosidases. The diversity of proteins is related to the chemical complexity of the feathers. Understanding the composition of a hydrolytic system, when B. licheniformis is cultured on different feathers, may assist in utilizing such a system for producing different hydrolytic enzymes. The data indicate that proteomics can be a valuable tool for describing the physiological state of B. licheniformis cell populations growing on different wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Parrado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - B Rodriguez-Morgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Tejada
- Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Sevilla, Cta. Utrera Km 1, 41089 Sevilla, Spain
| | - T Hernandez
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Waste Management, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Garcia
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Waste Management, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Chavan SB, Deshpande MV. Chitinolytic enzymes: An appraisal as a product of commercial potential. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:833-46. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. B. Chavan
- Jay Biotech; 111, Matrix, World Trade Centre, Kharadi, Pune 411014 India
| | - M. V. Deshpande
- Biochemical Sciences Division; National Chemical Laboratory; Pune 411008 India
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Petutschnig EK, Jones AME, Serazetdinova L, Lipka U, Lipka V. The lysin motif receptor-like kinase (LysM-RLK) CERK1 is a major chitin-binding protein in Arabidopsis thaliana and subject to chitin-induced phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:28902-11. [PMID: 20610395 PMCID: PMC2937917 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.116657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants detect potential pathogens by sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns via pattern recognition receptors. In the dicot model plant Arabidopsis, the lysin motif (LysM)-containing chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 (CERK1) has been shown to be essential for perception of the fungal cell wall component chitin and for resistance to fungal pathogens. Recent in vitro studies with CERK1 protein expressed heterologously in yeast suggested direct chitin binding activity. Here we show in an affinity purification approach that CERK1 is a major chitin-binding protein of Arabidopsis cells, along with several known and putative chitinases. The ectodomain of CERK1 harbors three distinct LysM domains with potential ligand binding capacity. We demonstrate that the CERK1 ectodomain binds chitin and partially deacetylated chitosan directly without any requirement for interacting proteins and that all three LysM domains are necessary for chitin binding. Ligand-induced phosphorylation events are a general feature of animal and plant signal transduction pathways. Our studies show that chitin, chitin oligomers, and chitosan rapidly induce in vivo phosphorylation of CERK1 at multiple residues in the juxtamembrane and kinase domain. Functional analyses with a kinase dead variant provide evidence that kinase activity of CERK1 is required for its chitin-dependent in vivo phosphorylation, as well as for early defense responses and downstream signaling. Collectively, our data suggest that in Arabidopsis, CERK1 is a major chitin, chitosan, and chito-oligomer binding component and that chitin signaling depends on CERK1 post-translational modification and kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena K. Petutschnig
- From the Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Untere Karspuele 2, D-37073 Goettingen, Germany and
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M. E. Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Liliya Serazetdinova
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Lipka
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Lipka
- From the Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Untere Karspuele 2, D-37073 Goettingen, Germany and
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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8
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Negm NA, Ali HE. Modification of heavy metal uptake efficiency by modified chitosan/anionic surfactant systems. Eng Life Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200900110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Roy I, Nath Gupta M. Repeated Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Polygalacturonic Acid, Chitosan and Chitin Using a Novel Reversibly-soluble Pectinase with the Aid of κ-carrageenan. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/1024242032000156585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Xia W, Liu P, Liu J. Advance in chitosan hydrolysis by non-specific cellulases. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:6751-6762. [PMID: 18328693 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Besides the specific chitinase, chitosanase and lysozyme, chitosan also could be hydrolyzed by some non-specific enzymes such as cellulase, protease, lipase and pepsin, especially cellulase, which show high activity on chitosan. Almost all the cellulases produced by different kinds of microorganisms could degrade chitosan to chitooligomers. The existence of bifunctional enzymes with cellulase and chitosanase activity is one of the reasons for cellulase on chitosan hydrolysis. The bifunctional cellulase-chitosanases mainly belong to glycoside hydrolase family 8 (GH-8), few belong to GH-5 and GH-7, according to the homogeneity analysis of amino acids sequences. Their three dimensional structures however have not been clearly determined. This paper may serve as a guide for a further study on the relationship between structure and function of chitosanolytic cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshui Xia
- Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 Hubei, PR China.
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Verma M, Brar SK, Tyagi R, Sahai V, Prévost D, Valéro J, Surampalli R. Bench-scale fermentation of Trichoderma viride on wastewater sludge: Rheology, lytic enzymes and biocontrol activity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Wang SL, Lin TY, Yen YH, Liao HF, Chen YJ. Bioconversion of shellfish chitin wastes for the production of Bacillus subtilis W-118 chitinase. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:2507-15. [PMID: 16920090 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis W-118, a strain that produces antifungal materials, excreted a chitinase when cultured in a medium containing shrimp- and crab-shell powder as the major carbon source. This chitinase, purified by sequential chromatography, had a molecular mass of 20,600 Da and a pI of 6. The optimum pH, optimum temperature, and pH stability of the chitinase were pH 6, 37 degrees C, and pH 5-7, respectively. The unique characteristics of the purified chitinase include low molecular mass and acidic pI. In the investigation of the inhibitory activity, it was found that the growth of Fusarium oxysporum was 100% inhibited after incubation for 1 day with sterilized W-118 chitinase solution (5.6 units/mL). The chitinase hydrolyzates of chitin with low degrees of polymerization (DP 1-6) were analyzed by HPLC. Longer reaction times led to the generation of chitin oligosaccharides with lower DP. The chitin oligosaccharides were examined for their inhibitory effects on F. oxysporum and human leukemia cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan.
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Cabrera JC, Van Cutsem P. Preparation of chitooligosaccharides with degree of polymerization higher than 6 by acid or enzymatic degradation of chitosan. Biochem Eng J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2005.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Ghazi I, De Segura AG, Fernández-Arrojo L, Alcalde M, Yates M, Rojas-Cervantes ML, Plou FJ, Ballesteros A. Immobilisation of fructosyltransferase from Aspergillus aculeatus on epoxy-activated Sepabeads EC for the synthesis of fructo-oligosaccharides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Kumar MNVR, Muzzarelli RAA, Muzzarelli C, Sashiwa H, Domb AJ. Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives. Chem Rev 2005; 104:6017-84. [PMID: 15584695 DOI: 10.1021/cr030441b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1795] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M N V Ravi Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab-160 062, India.
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Susceptibility of dibutyryl chitin and regenerated chitin fibres to deacylation and depolymerization by lipases. Carbohydr Polym 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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